{"id":1036,"date":"2018-01-20T14:05:14","date_gmt":"2018-01-20T11:05:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/?p=1036"},"modified":"2018-03-10T12:00:35","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T09:00:35","slug":"dusuk-karbonlu-ekonomiye-gecis-yesil-ekonomi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/dusuk-karbonlu-ekonomiye-gecis-yesil-ekonomi\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f: ye\u015fil ekonomi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1037 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/336043-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/336043-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/336043-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/336043.jpg 670w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve \u00e7evre aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin ters bir U \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu ifade eden <em>\u00c7evresel Kuznets E\u011frisi<\/em> ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu e\u011fri, b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile \u00e7evre aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi farkl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015ftur. S\u00f6z konusu e\u011fri, b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin geliri artt\u0131rmas\u0131 ile kirlenmenin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir. \u00dclkelerin kirli sanayilerden, b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011fland\u0131k\u00e7a temiz ve y\u00fcksek teknolojili sanayilere ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve gelir d\u00fczeylerinin y\u00fckselmesinin \u00e7evre d\u00fczenlemeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki uygulamalar\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda bask\u0131lar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7evreyi kirletici sanayilerin de yoksul \u00fclkelere kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptamas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve y\u00fcksek refaha ula\u015fan \u00fclkeler \u00e7evre kirliliklerini yoksul \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 etmekte ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u00e7evre \u00fczerindeki etkisi ihra\u00e7 edilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle <em>2008 ekonomik ve ekolojik krizi<\/em> ile birlikte \u00c7evresel Kuznets E\u011frisi\u2019nin iddialar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130ddia edildi\u011fi gibi zenginle\u015fen \u00fclkeler \u00e7evresel \u015fartlarda yeterli d\u00fczenlemeleri yapamam\u0131\u015f, kapal\u0131 ekonomik sisteme kar\u015f\u0131n zengin \u00fclkelerce desteklenen kapitalist ekonomik sistem verimli bir ekonomi yaratmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n <em>verimsiz bir \u00e7evreye<\/em> neden olarak <em>iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin<\/em> in\u015fac\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi meselesi uzun bir s\u00fcre gelece\u011fin sorunu olarak resmedilmi\u015ftir. Ancak gelinen bu noktada gelece\u011fin \u015fimdi burada oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Artan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ekstrem hava olaylar\u0131 gibi parametreler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin somut etkileri tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131zda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, art\u0131k <em>\u00e7evre ve kalk\u0131nma aras\u0131nda bir dengenin kurgulanmas\u0131, yenilenemeyen ve sera gazlar\u0131na neden olan fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n terk edilmesi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir kalk\u0131nma modelinin<\/em> in\u015fa edilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu yeni kalk\u0131nma modelinin ad\u0131 <em>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi \/ Ye\u015fil Ekonomi<\/em>\u2019dir. Bu model 2008 k\u00fcresel krizi sonras\u0131 iflas eden neoliberal politikalara emek yo\u011fun yeni sekt\u00f6rler olu\u015fturarak istihdam \u00f6nerisi getirmekte, ekolojik krize kar\u015f\u0131 da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisinin k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde <em>3,5 ile 4 trilyon dolarl\u0131k bir piyasa<\/em> yarataca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcresel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine do\u011fru bir y\u00f6nelim, T\u00fcrkiye gibi rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir. Yeni piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131na adapte olacak \u015fekilde ekonominin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn korunarak bu piyasadan pay al\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayacakt\u0131r. Genel stratejilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, son y\u0131llarda haz\u0131rlanan sekt\u00f6rel stratejilerin de bu yeni e\u011filimi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak planlanmalar\u0131 rekabet\u00e7i bir ekonominin sekt\u00f6rel olarak d\u00fczenlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin istihdam yaratmay\u0131 ve \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadeleyi hedefleyen stratejileri olu\u015fturulurken, sanayi politikas\u0131, enerji politikalar\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m destekleri ve te\u015fvikleri, d\u0131\u015f ticaret, yerel y\u00f6netimler, b\u00f6lgesel kalk\u0131nma gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli konular entegre bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Literat\u00fcr taramas\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131larak haz\u0131rlanan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonominin ne oldu\u011fu, bu modelin hangi alanlar\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hangi \u015fartlar\u0131n bu ekonomik modelin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu, bu model \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan istihdam\u0131n yeni bi\u00e7imi, ye\u015fil i\u015flerin ve ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fi sorular\u0131na yan\u0131t verilecektir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde; neden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fin \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu, bu ekonomik modelin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki potansiyelinin neler oldu\u011fu ve son olarak bu modele ge\u00e7i\u015fte enerji, kentle\u015fme ve ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6rlerinde neler yap\u0131labilece\u011fine dair sorulara yan\u0131t verilecektir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise enerji verimsiz in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131, at\u0131l kapasiteye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr enerjisine dayanan, b\u00fcy\u00fcme trendi d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, gen\u00e7 ve kad\u0131n i\u015fsizli\u011fi \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rlara ula\u015fan, kendisine bi\u00e7ilen t\u00fcketici rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynayan T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine yeni bir hik\u00e2ye \u00f6nerisi olarak D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi \u00f6nerisi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523171\"><\/a><strong>1.B\u00d6L\u00dcM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523172\"><\/a><strong>1.1. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi Nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi en basit ifadesi ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve etkin kaynak da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal yarar\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen bir ekonomiyi ifade etmektedir. Ye\u015fil Ekonomi de denen bu model ile karbondioksit sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve beraberinde getirdi\u011fi kirlili\u011fin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, enerji ve kaynak verimlili\u011finin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine y\u00f6nelik kamu &#8211; \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da istihdam ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>UNEP\u2019e g\u00f6re ye\u015fil ekonomi; \u00e7evresel riskleri ve ekolojik k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131rken, bireylerin refah\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran ve sosyal adaletin geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7an ekonomi olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ye\u015fil ekonomi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yayg\u0131nla\u015fan yeni \u00fcretim modeli olarak da tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisi olan ye\u015fil ekonomi, geleneksel ekonominin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00fcrecinde \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6rlerinde temiz \u00fcretim ve eko-verimlilik ile hem \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 hem de rekabet\u00e7ili\u011fin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Fosil yak\u0131t a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bu \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde <em>\u201cKahverengi Ekonomi\u201d<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ye\u015fil ekonomi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ard\u0131nda ise fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yerine yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelme fikri yatmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sadece enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek hatal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sanayi, kentle\u015fme, ula\u015f\u0131m, tar\u0131m ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde de k\u00f6kl\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine neden olan sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7mek gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle d\u00fcnyada yeni bir ekonomik d\u00fczen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin temel unsurlar\u0131 olan ula\u015f\u0131m, bilgi ve haberle\u015fme teknolojilerindeki h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan \u015fimdi s\u0131rada geli\u015fmi\u015f enerji, malzeme ve kaynak verimlili\u011fine, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131ma odaklanan yeni bir kalk\u0131nma modeline ge\u00e7ilmektedir. Enerji verimlili\u011fini temel alan bina teknolojileri \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme potansiyeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan muazzam f\u0131rsatlar sunacakt\u0131r. \u00c7evre dostu teknolojiler aras\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme potansiyeline sahip alan olarak beyaz e\u015fya g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunu bina yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, ayd\u0131nlatma, \u0131s\u0131tma ve so\u011futma teknolojileri izleyecektir. Malzeme ve enerji maliyetlerinde azalma sa\u011flanmas\u0131 durumunda ARGE\u2019ye daha fazla b\u00fct\u00e7e ayr\u0131labilecek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimi ve \u00fccretlerinde art\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523173\"><\/a><strong>1.2. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi Hangi Sekt\u00f6rleri \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadele ve uyumun sadece \u00e7evreci bir duyarl\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ekonomik ve ticari anlamda da ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve gerekli bir ad\u0131m oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bu kapsamda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisinin amac\u0131, imalat sanayi, tar\u0131m, ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve elektrik \u00fcretimi gibi alanlarda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede emisyon ile enerji elde edilmesini ve \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve b\u00f6ylelikle \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketim kapsam\u0131nda t\u00fcm kesimler taraf\u0131ndan enerjinin ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n daha verimli bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektir. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisinin sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda; enerji ile ilgili maliyetlerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, fosil yak\u0131tlara olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, yeni i\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131n <em>(Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015f)<\/em> olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, hava kalitesinin ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi gibi daha bir\u00e7ok hedefi oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>G20 grubu i\u00e7erisindeki geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etmektedir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n verimli kullan\u0131m\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Eko verimlilik,<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu kalk\u0131nma,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum,<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kent y\u00f6netimi,<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon sal\u0131n\u0131ml\u0131 kamu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilerletilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>Ye\u015fil \u0130stihdam,<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir At\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi,<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7evreci ARGE \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilerletilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>Ekolojik binalar,<\/li>\n<li>Eko vergi- Ye\u015fil b\u00fct\u00e7e reformlar\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00d6nder Algedik\u2019e g\u00f6re ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisinin bile\u015feni olan sekt\u00f6rler, temelde arz merkezli yenilenebilir enerji ve verim, tasarruf ya da alternatif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler olan, daha \u00e7ok talep merkezli yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon hizmet ve \u00fcr\u00fcnleri olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tablo-1: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ve \u00c7evre Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Sekt\u00f6rel Bile\u015fenleri Ve Alt Sekt\u00f6rleri Listesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\"><strong>Yenilenebilir Enerji<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\"><strong>Yeni D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\"><strong>\u00c7evre<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">R\u00fczg\u00e2r<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Alternatif Yak\u0131tlar<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Hava kirlili\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">Jeotermal<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Alternatif Ta\u015f\u0131t Yak\u0131tlar\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">\u00c7evre Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">Fotovoltaik<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Yeni Enerji Kaynaklar\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">\u00c7evresel \u0130zleme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">Hidro<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Bina Teknolojileri<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Deniz Kirlili\u011fi Kontrol\u00fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">Dalga ve Gelgit Enerjisi<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Enerji Y\u00f6netimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Ses ve Vibrasyon Kontrol\u00fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">Bio k\u00fctle<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Karbon Tutma ve Saklama<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Toprak Kirlili\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\">Yenilenebilir Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Karbon Finansman\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">At\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Su ve At\u0131k Su Ar\u0131tma<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"186\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"186\">Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve At\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan ba\u015fl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin kapasite art\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi sa\u011flanarak, yerel y\u00f6netimlerde yenilenebilir enerji ve enerji verimlili\u011fi ile yal\u0131t\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gibi yeni \u00e7evre sekt\u00f6rlerinin geli\u015fmesine destek verilerek, ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar diye tabir edilen \u00e7evre emek\u00e7ileri, \u00e7evre m\u00fchendisleri, \u00e7evre dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131, ekolojik mimarlar, \u00e7evre avukatlar\u0131, \u00e7evre e\u011fitmenleri, \u00e7evre koruma ve Eko-teknoloji alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve \u00e7evre denet\u00e7ileri gibi alanlarda yeni istihdam olanaklar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle enerji tasarrufu ve yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi, karbon yo\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00e7evre dostu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon teknolojilerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yenilik\u00e7i ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisinin temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523174\"><\/a><strong>1.3. K\u00fcresel D\u00fczeyde D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi\u2019nin \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci Nas\u0131l Ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonominin k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcndeme gelmesinde belirleyici olan 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ekonomik ve ekolojik kriz olmu\u015ftur. \u00dclkeler \u00f6zellikle 2008 k\u00fcresel ekonomik krizden ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in kriz paketleri a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flar, bu kriz paketlerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedefi ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bir yandan i\u015fsizlik sorununa yan\u0131t aran\u0131rken bir yandan da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin yeni \u00e7er\u00e7evesi \u00e7izilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kapsamda bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te k\u00fcresel toplumda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ili\u015fkin bir tak\u0131m teorik ve pratik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; UNEP 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda; yoksullu\u011fun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, ye\u015fil yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve ye\u015file d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6nerileri i\u00e7eren Ye\u015fil Ekonomi \u0130nisiyatifi adl\u0131 bir giri\u015fim ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6steren New Economics Foundation, ABD eski ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan Roosevelt\u2019in 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ekonomik bunal\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi New Deal politikalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcp iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, i\u015fsizlik ve finansal kriz ile ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in New Green Deal\u00a0 (Yeni Ye\u015fil D\u00fczen) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda 100 ayda uygulanacak bir program \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Hemen ard\u0131ndan, UNEP Global Green New Deal (Global Ye\u015fil Yeni D\u00fczen) politika belgesi ile ye\u015fil tabanl\u0131 bir yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma stratejisi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 UNEP taraf\u0131ndan,\u00a0 ye\u015fil ekonomi tabanl\u0131 yeni bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma modeli olarak ortaya konulan Ye\u015fil Yeni D\u00fczen, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ve istihdam\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak ekonomiyi tekrardan canland\u0131rmak ve ayn\u0131 zamanda da karbon seviyesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla do\u011fa ve insan refah\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece krizlerin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik, sosyal ve \u00e7evresel olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm sorunlara s\u00f6z konusu modelle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019de Ye\u015fil \u0130stihdam konusunda bir\u00e7ok belge yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa Komisyonu\u2019nun 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Green Economy belgesi bunlardan birisidir. Bu belgeye g\u00f6re ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 20 milyonun \u00fcst\u00fcnde yeni ve eski i\u015f anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte yeni i\u015f alanlar\u0131 yaratmak AB&#8217;nin \u00f6ncelikli istihdam politikalar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar enerji, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik hizmetleri, at\u0131k i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve karbon gelirlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 gibi alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir. \u0130stihdam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ye\u015fil ekonominin potansiyelinden faydalanmak i\u00e7in, yeni i\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne yeni geli\u015fen becerilerin e\u011fitiminin verilmesi ve kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015ftir. Kaynaklar\u0131n etkin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte, bir \u00e7evre fonu yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu fondan elde edilen gelir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu teknolojiye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda ve \u2018\u2019vergileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmede\u2019\u2019 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcre\u00e7te teknolojiye yat\u0131r\u0131m, insan sermayesine yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve bireysel giri\u015fimcilere mikro-finans yoluyla destek sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Avrupa 2020 stratejisinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 &#8220;<em>Ye\u015fil Ekonomi ve Ye\u015fil \u0130stihdam<\/em>&#8221; olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>5 Eyl\u00fcl 2016 tarihinde \u00c7in\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen\u00a0G20 Zirvesinin en \u00f6nemli ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan birisi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f ve ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile enerji ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konular\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7in\u2019deki geli\u015fmeler ve \u00c7in\u2019in zirvedeki liderli\u011fi ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f G20 g\u00fcndeminin temel ta\u015flar\u0131ndan birisi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu giri\u015fimlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra G7 \u00fclkeleri de fosil yak\u0131t te\u015fviklerini 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kald\u0131rma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ekonomik kriz sonucunda G\u00fcney Kore gibi geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin de bulundu\u011fu toplam 13 \u00fclke, ekonomik canland\u0131rma paketlerinde k\u00fcresel mali kriz ile birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f ve ekonomide yeni bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik temelinde istihdam art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ye\u015fil mali ve finansal programlar geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda bu \u00fclkelerin a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 krizle m\u00fccadele paketlerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in ay\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 paylar kriz paketinin y\u00fczdesi olarak verilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle G\u00fcney Kore ve \u00c7in\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 krizle m\u00fccadele paketi i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinin pay\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tablo-2: Ekonomik Canland\u0131rma Paketlerinde Ye\u015fil Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Fonlar(milyar dolar)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Ye\u015fil Fonlar (milyar dolar)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Ye\u015fil Fonlar (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Avustralya<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">26,7<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-12<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2,5<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">9,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>\u00c7in<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">586,1<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-10<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">221,3<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">37,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Hindistan<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">13,7<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Japonya<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">485,9<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009\u2019dan itibaren<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">12,4<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2,6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>G\u00fcney Kore<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">38,1<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-12<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">30,7<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">80,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Tayland<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">3,3<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Ara toplam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">1153,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">266,9<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">23,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Avrupa Konseyi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">38,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-10<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">22,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">58,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Almanya <\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">104,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-10<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">13,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">13,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Fransa<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">33,7<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-10<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">7,1<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">21,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>\u0130talya<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">103,5<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009\u2019dan itibaren<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">1,3<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">1,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>\u0130spanya<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">14,2<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">5,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">30,4<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-12<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2,1<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">6,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Di\u011fer AB \u00dclkeleri<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">308,7<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">6,2<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2,0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Ara toplam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">634,4<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">54,2<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">8,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Kanada<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">31,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009-13<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2,6<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">8,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>\u015eili<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">4,0<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2009<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>ABD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">972<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">10 y\u0131ll\u0131k<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">112,3<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">21,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Ara toplam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">1007,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">114,9<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">11,4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Toplam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">2796<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">436<\/td>\n<td width=\"111\">15,6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Paket kapsam\u0131nda; \u00c7in\u2019de sadece 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda 17 milyar dolarl\u0131k r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve bu yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n sonucunda 300.000 ki\u015fiye yeni istihdam olana\u011f\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fcresel krizle m\u00fccadele paketinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerine en fazla pay\u0131 ay\u0131ran G\u00fcney Kore olmu\u015ftur. Krizle m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan 38 milyar dolarl\u0131k paketin 30 milyar dolar\u0131; toplu ta\u015f\u0131ma ve rayl\u0131 sistemin geni\u015fletilmesi, Enerji tasarrufu, yak\u0131t verimli ara\u00e7lar, yenilenebilir enerji, enerji etkin binalar\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi, su ve kat\u0131 at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi, \u00e7evre dostu ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131, kaynak geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, ulusal ye\u015fil bilgilendirme altyap\u0131s\u0131 gibi sistemlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Ye\u015fil kurtarma paketi ile toplam 702,944 ki\u015fiye istihdam sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, 2008-2013 d\u00f6nemi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6nemi olarak belirlenmi\u015f, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7teki her y\u0131l GSY\u0130H\u2019n\u0131n % 2\u2019si kadar \u00e7evreci yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparak 5 y\u0131lda 1,8 milyon yeni istihdam yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523175\"><\/a><strong>1.4. Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015fler Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (ILO) son y\u0131llarda \u00fczerinde dikkatle durdu\u011fu noktalardan biri de \u201cYe\u015fil \u0130\u015fler\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. ILO\u2019ya g\u00f6re, ye\u015fil i\u015fler kavram\u0131 ekonomilerin, giri\u015fimlerin, i\u015f yerlerinin ve i\u015f piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n insan onuruna yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015f standartlar\u0131 sa\u011flayan, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015fi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilecek i\u015flerdir. Bu sekt\u00f6rlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara da Ye\u015fil Yakal\u0131lar ismi verilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>ILO yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7in iki temel problem tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. \u0130lki; iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ikincisi ise yoksulluk ve i\u015fsizliktir. Ye\u015fil i\u015fler, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda 1,3 milyar insan\u0131 yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 (bu da d\u00fcnyadaki her 10 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fandan 4\u2019\u00fc demektir) ve i\u015f piyasas\u0131na girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 500 milyon gen\u00e7 i\u00e7in insan onuruna yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r i\u015f f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 yaratmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Ye\u015fil i\u015fler kentsel ve k\u0131rsal alanlardaki t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerde ve giri\u015fim t\u00fcrlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>ILO taraf\u0131ndan 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan \u201cYe\u015fil \u0130\u015fler\u201d raporuna g\u00f6re ba\u015fta g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ve \u00e7\u00f6p gaz\u0131 olmak \u00fczere yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kurulu g\u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015f\u0131na yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 istihdam, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011fal gaz ve di\u011fer fosil yak\u0131tlara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu tespitine yer verilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 da, \u00fcretilen birim elektrik ba\u015f\u0131na yarat\u0131lan i\u015f miktar\u0131nda yenilenebilir enerji teknolojilerinin fosil yak\u0131tlardan ve n\u00fckleer santrallerden enerji \u00fcretiminin olduk\u00e7a ilerisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>O nedenle Ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle yenilenebilir enerji (r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00fcne\u015f, jeotermal, biyogaz), enerji verimlili\u011fi, organik tar\u0131m, yal\u0131t\u0131m sekt\u00f6rleri say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7evre m\u00fchendisleri, \u00e7evre dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131, ekolojik mimarlar, \u00e7evre avukatlar\u0131, \u00e7evre e\u011fitmenleri, \u00e7evre koruma ve ekoteknoloji alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da bu kategoriye girmektedir. Somut olarak r\u00fczgar trib\u00fcnlerini ve g\u00fcne\u015f panellerini projelendirenler, \u00fcretenler ve yerle\u015ftirenler; binalar\u0131n yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapanlar; ekolojik \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcreticileri ye\u015fil yakal\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo, yenilenebilir enerji alan\u0131nda k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde istihdam edilen ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 istihdam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan geleneksel ekonomiden sanayi 4.0\u2019a ge\u00e7ilen bir d\u00f6nemde emek yo\u011fun ye\u015fil istihdam\u0131n \u00f6nemi daha da artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tablo-3: D\u00fcnyada \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00dclkelerde Yenilenebilir Enerji Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>Yenilenebilir Enerji Kayna\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00fcnya<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Se\u00e7ili \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00fczgar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>300,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"129\">Almanya<\/p>\n<p>ABD<\/p>\n<p>\u0130spanya<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7in<\/p>\n<p>Danimarka<\/p>\n<p>Hindistan<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">82100<\/p>\n<p>36800<\/p>\n<p>35000<\/p>\n<p>22000<\/p>\n<p>21000<\/p>\n<p>10000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>G\u00fcne\u015f fotovoltaik<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>170,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"129\">\u00c7in<\/p>\n<p>Almanya<\/p>\n<p>\u0130spanya<\/p>\n<p>ABD<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">55,000<\/p>\n<p>35,000<\/p>\n<p>26,449<\/p>\n<p>15,700<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>G\u00fcne\u015f termal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>624,000 +<\/td>\n<td width=\"129\">\u00c7in<\/p>\n<p>Almanya<\/p>\n<p>\u0130spanya<\/p>\n<p>ABD<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">600,000<\/p>\n<p>13,300<\/p>\n<p>9,142<\/p>\n<p>1900<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Biok\u00fctle<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1,174,000<\/td>\n<td width=\"129\">Brezilya<\/p>\n<p>ABD<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7in<\/p>\n<p>Almanya<\/p>\n<p>\u0130spanya<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">500,000<\/p>\n<p>312,000<\/p>\n<p>266,000<\/p>\n<p>95,400<\/p>\n<p>10,349<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hidroelektrik<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>39,000 +<\/td>\n<td width=\"129\">Avrupa<\/p>\n<p>ABD<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">20,000<\/p>\n<p>19,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jeotermal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>25000<\/td>\n<td width=\"129\">ABD<\/p>\n<p>Almanya<\/td>\n<td width=\"122\">21,000<\/p>\n<p>4,200<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"179\"><strong>Yenilenebilir, toplam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"116\">2,332,000<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"251\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ye\u015fil i\u015fler yaratan D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in, sekt\u00f6rel temelde azalt\u0131m hedeflerinin belirlenmesi en temel \u015fartt\u0131r. Ye\u015fil bir d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda mali te\u015fvikler, vergiler ve s\u00fcbvansiyonlar \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Paralel olarak, hedeflerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacak orta ve uzun vadeli mevzuat\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, kamu al\u0131m desteklerinin s\u00fcrece d\u00e2hil edilmesi (AB \u00f6rne\u011finde bunun ad\u0131 ye\u015fil sat\u0131n almad\u0131r), ARGE desteklerinin ortaya konulmas\u0131, teknoloji potansiyelinin belirlenerek i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n da katk\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Finansman konusunda ise \u00f6n finansman ba\u011flam\u0131nda etkin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretilmelidir. Bu kapsamda karbon vergileri ve emisyon ticareti ara\u00e7lar\u0131 etkin kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523176\"><\/a><strong>2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a name=\"_Toc503523177\"><\/a>2.1. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomiye Ge\u00e7i\u015f Neden \u00d6nemlidir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130ktisat Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Erin\u00e7 Yeldan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk ekonomisine ili\u015fkin verdi\u011fi bir m\u00fcl\u00e2katta, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli parametreler sunmu\u015ftur. Yeldan m\u00fcl\u00e2kat\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201c <\/em><em>T\u00fcrkiye 1980\u2019lerden bu yana ithalata dayal\u0131 ve ta\u015feronla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sanayi ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 (ya da d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m) ile y\u00fcr\u00fcyen bir ekonomi kurgusuna sahiptir. Oysa bunun bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc vard\u0131r: Ulusal tasarruflara dayal\u0131, kamu ile \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmaya ve inovasyona y\u00f6nelerek \u00fcretkenli\u011fi \u00f6n planda tutan ama b\u00f6lgesel e\u015fitsizliklerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne \u00f6ncelik veren bir sanayile\u015fme stratejisine ge\u00e7ilmelidir. \u0130n\u015faata dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir sorundur. \u0130n\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle d\u00f6viz kazand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olmayan bir sekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr.\u00a0 Oysa girdilerinin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ithaldir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ithalata dayal\u0131 girdi kullanan, ancak ihracat ve d\u00f6viz yetisi olmayan bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geni\u015flemesi d\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa neden olmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye y\u0131lda ortalama 35-45 milyar dolar aras\u0131nda cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 vermekte ve bunun getirdi\u011fi d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda 130 milyar dolar olan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131, \u015fimdi 450 milyar dolara dayanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin geli\u015fmekte olan y\u00fckselen ekonomiler aras\u0131nda d\u00f6viz baz\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f borcunu art\u0131ran \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n do\u011fal uzant\u0131s\u0131 ise \u00fcretkenlikte ya\u015fanan yava\u015flamad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Yine Profes\u00f6r Erin\u00e7 Yeldan\u2019\u0131n 5. \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresinde T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin geli\u015fme dinamikleri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeler dikkat \u00e7ekici olmu\u015ftur. Yeldan kongrede \u015fu tespitlerde bulunmu\u015ftur;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cT\u00fcrkiye Orta Gelir E\u015fi\u011fi\u2019nde bir \u00fclkedir. Bu e\u015fi\u011fi a\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fcme kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k yeni sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00fcretkenlik kazan\u0131mlar\u0131ndan elde edilmesi gerekmektedir. Aksi halde T\u00dcRK\u0130YE Orta Gelir Tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fecektir. \u00dcretkenli\u011fin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ise be\u015feri sermayeye e\u011fitim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma-geli\u015ftirme (ARGE) yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla, kurumsal reformlarla ve ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile sa\u011flanabilecektir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Do\u00e7ent Doktor Ahmet A\u015f\u0131c\u0131\u2019da <em>\u201c\u0130klim i\u00e7in Ye\u015fil Ekonomi Politikalar\u0131\u201d<\/em> raporunda T\u00fcrk ekonomisi i\u00e7in \u015fu tespitleri yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde ekonomik yap\u0131y\u0131 belirleyen fiyat seti, ne yaz\u0131k ki, ranta dayal\u0131, in\u015faat odakl\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck katma-de\u011ferli bir \u00fcretim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ekonomik canlanma i\u00e7in her \u00fclkenin zaman zaman ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu kamu destekli b\u00fcy\u00fck altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mevcut durumu daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirmektedir. Otoyol, k\u00f6pr\u00fc gibi altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi bir s\u00fcreklilik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, fiyat sistemi daha da bozulmakta, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in in\u015faat ve onunla ilgili sekt\u00f6rler daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 hale gelmekte, bu da ekonomik yap\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez hal almas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faat odakl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin tercih edilmesiyle ekonomi enerji-yo\u011fun bir yap\u0131ya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f, bu da enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hassasiyetini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Enerjide arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na te\u015fvik edilen fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 termik santraller kapasitelerinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda i\u015fletilebildi\u011finden birim \u00fcretim maliyetleri y\u00fcksek olmakta, bunun neden oldu\u011fu zarar da t\u00fcketiciler ve \u00fcreticiler \u00f6demektedir.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye y\u00fckselen bu enerji talebini kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra do\u011fal gaz, petrol ve ithal k\u00f6m\u00fcrde ithalat ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam birincil enerji t\u00fcketiminin %77\u2019sini kendi kaynaklar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131lamaktayken, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran %28\u2019e gerilemi\u015ftir. Bu gerek\u00e7elerle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6ncelikle yapmas\u0131 gereken yenilenebilir enerjiye ve enerji verimlili\u011fine odaklanarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi planlamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fclkemizde de i\u015fsizlik problemleri artarak devam etmektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomi paketi ba\u011flam\u0131nda olu\u015fturulacak bir iklim a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile meydana gelecek yeni alternatifler, ortalama olarak %12 oran\u0131nda var olan i\u015fsizlik rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekilmesine katk\u0131da bulunacak, yeni istihdam imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 do\u011furarak, b\u00e2kir f\u0131rsat ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler getirecektir. Bu istikamet, piyasalardaki belirsizli\u011fi azaltacak ve uzun vadeli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7acak bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturarak, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n temsilcilerini vizyoner bir hedef do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlendirerek gelece\u011fe \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130klim Dostu Kalk\u0131nma paradigmas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yeni vizyonudur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisi, art\u0131k sadece siyasi bir tercihten \u00f6te, ekonomi temelli yeni bir politika zorunlulu\u011fu haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin kal\u0131c\u0131 zararlar\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ancak bug\u00fcn at\u0131lacak ad\u0131mlar ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilecektir. Bu ad\u0131mlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine ge\u00e7 kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik kay\u0131p anlam\u0131na gelecektir. Bu kapsamda hibrit otomobiller, az yak\u0131t ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emisyonlu teknolojiler, ekolojik binalar ve eko-kentler, ormanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesi gibi alanlarda yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in gerekli yasal altyap\u0131 ve y\u00f6neti\u015fim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131, olu\u015fturulacak s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131 ve mali d\u00fczenlemeleri iklim dostu ARGE faaliyetlerine ve teknolojilerine y\u00f6nlendirmeli b\u00f6ylece ekonomi i\u00e7in gerekli olan rekabet ve kalk\u0131nma ortam\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu noktada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle tek bir fiyat\u0131n (havay\u0131 kirletme bedeli olarak karbon vergisi gibi) de\u011fil, ilgili t\u00fcm fiyatlar\u0131n (hammadde, ara mal\u0131, emek, ta\u015f\u0131ma, vb.) belirli bir sistematik i\u00e7inde uyumlu hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523178\"><\/a><strong>2.2. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonominin Potansiyeli Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisi pazar\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi bir listede ilk 3 \u00fclkeyi ABD, \u00c7in ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ise bu listede yakla\u015f\u0131k 31,8 milyar avro (Pazar pay\u0131 %0,87) ile 22. s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 106,5 Milyar Avro\u2019ya ula\u015fan toplam ihracat\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, D\u00fcnya D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisi Pazar\u0131n\u0131n 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplam ihracat\u0131n 36 kat\u0131ndan fazla bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisi modelinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin az\u0131msanmayacak bir pazar potansiyeli bulunmaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo da bu durumun somut g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tablo-4: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisi Pazar\u0131\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"111\"><strong>Alan<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\"><strong>Faaliyet<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><strong>\u00c7evresel Duyarl\u0131l\u0131k Potansiyeli<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><strong>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Kadar Olan Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015f Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"110\"><strong>Uzun D\u00f6nemdeki Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015f Potansiyeli<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"111\"><strong>Enerji<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">Yenilenebilir Enerji<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Karbon Yakalama Ve Depolama<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Yok<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">Bilinmiyor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" width=\"111\"><strong>Sanayi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">\u00c7elik<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">Orta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Al\u00fcminyum<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">Orta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">\u00c7imento<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">Orta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Ka\u011f\u0131t<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"111\"><strong>Ula\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">Enerji Verimli Ara\u00e7lar<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta-\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Toplu Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Demiryolu<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Negatif<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Havayolu<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"111\"><strong>Binalar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">Ye\u015fil Binalar<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">\u0130yile\u015ftirme<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Ayd\u0131nlatma<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Verimli Ekipmanlar<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Orta<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" width=\"111\"><strong>Tar\u0131m<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00d6l\u00e7ekli S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Tar\u0131m<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">Negatif<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Organik Tar\u0131m<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">\u0130Y\u0130 -M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">\u00c7evresel Hizmetler<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">Bilinmiyor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" width=\"111\"><strong>Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"168\">A\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">Tar\u0131msal Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130- M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">\u0130Y\u0130 -M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"168\">S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<td width=\"90\">\u0130Y\u0130<\/td>\n<td width=\"110\">M\u00fckemmel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 +1,5 santigrat derece ve +2 santigrat derece hedeflerine uygun bir \u015fekilde, % 100 yenilenebilir enerji ve enerji verimlili\u011fini hedefleyen bir politik yolu takip etti\u011fi takdirde; enerji ithalat\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k 23 milyar dolar tasarruf edebilece\u011fi, hava kirlili\u011fi kaynakl\u0131 35 bin erken \u00f6l\u00fcm vakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilece\u011fi ortaya konmaktad\u0131r. Yine Yeldan\u2019a g\u00f6re yenilenebilir enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 finansman\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilecek bir karbon vergisinin ve enerji verimlili\u011findeki otonom art\u0131\u015f\u0131n birlikte yarataca\u011f\u0131 etkiyle 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin karbondioksit emisyonunun resmi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanan d\u00fczeyden %40 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ye\u015fil ekonomi, geleneksel ekonomideki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ifade etmektedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn ilk kural\u0131 fosil yak\u0131t temelli ekonomik sistemin terk edilmesidir. Bunun i\u00e7in gereken finansal kayna\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc fosil yak\u0131t temelli yap\u0131y\u0131 ayakta tutmak i\u00e7in harcanan te\u015fviklerden sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda incelendi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin fosil yak\u0131t te\u015fvikleri bir vergi muafiyeti \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermekte ve \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 milyon ABD dolar\u0131) yeni fosil yak\u0131t rezervlerinin aranmas\u0131na ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ocak 2012\u2019de, T\u00fcrkiye petrol ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 (madencilik, sondaj ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcretimi dahil) s\u00fcbvanse etmek i\u00e7in Yeni Yat\u0131r\u0131m Te\u015fvikleri Rejimini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrkiye Ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc Kurumu (TTK) gibi devlete ait fosil yak\u0131t \u00fcreticilerini desteklemektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu fosil yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u0131rakmak yerine TTK\u2019yi iyile\u015ftirmek, istihdam ve zararlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak ve verimlili\u011fini artt\u0131rarak, verimsiz \u00fcretici te\u015fviklerini kald\u0131rmay\u0131 planlamas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a verimsiz (!) bir politikay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Enerji, t\u00fcm ekonomik sekt\u00f6rlerdeki b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin motorudur. Fosil yak\u0131tlar yerine yenilenebilir enerji temelinde geli\u015fen, n\u00fckleer santrallerdeki gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ve merkeziyet\u00e7i olmak yerine, \u00e7at\u0131lara kurulacak g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinde oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ve ademi merkeziyet\u00e7i bir sisteme ge\u00e7i\u015fin, ekonomik aktivitenin daha az enerji kullanacak bi\u00e7imde tasarlanmas\u0131yla birlikte iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadelede ve istihdam yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnyada enerji sisteminin yenilenebilir enerji ve enerji verimlili\u011fi temelinde ciddi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme girdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni santrallerde \u00fcretilen elektri\u011fin %90\u2019\u0131 yenilenebilir kaynakl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcne\u015f panellerinden elektrik \u00fcretim maliyeti 2009\u2019dan bu yana %80 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6m\u00fcrden \u00e7ekilme e\u011filimi h\u0131zlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenilenebilir enerji d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde g\u00fcne\u015f giderek \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de g\u00fcne\u015f paneli kurulumu yap\u0131labilecek 8 milyona yak\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131 oldu\u011funun hesaplanmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6nemli bir pazar potansiyelinin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan model Almanya\u2019da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde uygulanan Yurtta\u015f\u0131n Enerji Santralleridir. YES, Yurtta\u015flar\u0131n enerji kooperatifleri kurarak, t\u00fcketim birle\u015ftirme \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde apartman, site, k\u00f6y ve yazl\u0131klardaki \u00e7at\u0131larda veya bireysel olarak kendi \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131nda kuracaklar\u0131 sistemler gibi farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde \u00f6z t\u00fcketim ya da ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015febekeye sat\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in enerji \u00fcretmeleri anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Avrupa Enerji Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (E\u0130E) verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye`de \u015fuana kadar g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi kapasitesinin ancak binde 1\u2019inden yararlanabilmi\u015ftir. Bu noktada Almanya ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fczerinden bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin potansiyelini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015flenme s\u00fcresi 2737 saat iken, Almanya\u2019da bu s\u00fcre 1600 saattir. Bu de\u011ferlere ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de g\u00fcne\u015ften elde edilen enerji 860 MW iken Almanya\u2019da elde edilen enerji 40 bin MW\u2019d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den %60 daha az g\u00fcne\u015f alan Almanya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den 46 kat daha fazla g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi \u00fcretmektedir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak T\u00fcrkiye bu alandaki potansiyelini \u00e7ok boyutlu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda tam verimlilik ile de\u011ferlendirmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye g\u00fcne\u015fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra r\u00fczg\u00e2r sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde de \u00f6nemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Bu potansiyeli istihdam \u00fczerinden analiz etti\u011fimizde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 rakamlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Y\u0131lda 350 megavat (MW) kurulu g\u00fcce sahip r\u00fczg\u00e2r t\u00fcrbinleri i\u00e7in kanat \u00fcretiminde 410 ki\u015filik bir istihdam gerekmektedir. \u0130\u015fin projelendirme, kule imalat\u0131, jenerat\u00f6r imalat\u0131, in\u015faat, montaj gibi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 350 MW t\u00fcrbini \u00fcretmek ve devreye almak i\u00e7in en iyi ihtimalle 2 bin 500 ki\u015filik bir ekip gerekmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin y\u0131lda 1.000 MW\u2019l\u0131k r\u00fczg\u00e2r g\u00fcc\u00fc kurmak gibi bir hedefi olsa yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 bin 500 ki\u015fi, 3 bin MW\u2019l\u0131k bir hedefi olsa 20-25 bin ki\u015fi direkt olarak r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecektir. Hammadde ve hizmet al\u0131m\u0131 gibi ba\u015fkaca firmalar\u0131 ve bu firmalar\u0131nda ortalama iki ile \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu sekt\u00f6rde 100 binden fazla ki\u015fiye rahatl\u0131kla istihdam imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flanabilecektir. Tabi bu y\u00fcksek istihdam rakamlar\u0131n\u0131 elde edebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle r\u00fczg\u00e2r trib\u00fcnlerinin yurt i\u00e7inde imal edilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu noktada yarat\u0131lacak bu i\u015flerin hepsinin m\u00fchendis olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemek gerekmektedir. Montaj hatt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerden, teknisyenlere ve \u015fof\u00f6rlere kadar her alan\u0131 kapsayan bir istihdam imk\u00e2n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim 2009 Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde Barrack Obama, se\u00e7im vaadinde 210 milyar dolarl\u0131k in\u015faat ve \u00e7evre sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015f, bunun sadece 150 milyar dolar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cye\u015fil yakal\u0131\u201d istihdam yaratmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla benzer bir iklim paketi T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yenilenebilir enerji end\u00fcstrisinin di\u011fer alanlar\u0131nda (jeotermal, hidroelektrik, biok\u00fctle gibi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve ileride \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar\u0131n potansiyeli y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar\u0131n yenilenebilir enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesinde tar\u0131mda da kendine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sahas\u0131 buldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, organik tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fcreticiler; ekolojik pazarlarda, ekolojik \u00fcr\u00fcn da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarda ye\u015fil yakal\u0131 istihdam\u0131n\u0131n birer par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve gelecekte bu alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yapabilece\u011fi di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemeler ise yerel y\u00f6netimlerle ilgili kentle\u015fmeye ili\u015fkin uygulamalard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye sa\u00e7aklanm\u0131\u015f yerine kompakt kentler kurgulayarak, iklim dostu kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm d\u00fczenleyerek, kentsel ula\u015f\u0131mda toplu ta\u015f\u0131maya ve motorlu ara\u00e7lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6ntemlere \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131yarak; daha \u00e7ok geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, daha az kentsel at\u0131k hedefleyerek; ak\u0131ll\u0131, enerji etkin ve pasif binalar ile kentsel ye\u015fil alan sistemlerini hayata ge\u00e7irerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiyi yerelde in\u015fa edebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Kentlerdeki g\u0131da at\u0131klar\u0131ndan kompost yaparak kent bah\u00e7eleri kurmak, tar\u0131m arazilerinde pulluksuz tar\u0131m yapmak gibi y\u00f6ntemler topra\u011fa kal\u0131c\u0131 organik madde kazand\u0131rman\u0131n yollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131labilir. Bir di\u011fer uygulama ise yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn neredeyse tamam\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mera, \u00e7ay\u0131r ve otlaklarda planl\u0131 otlatma ve hayvan etkisi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl Y\u00f6netim ve B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl Planl\u0131 Otlatma yoluyla kullanmak ve elbette \u00e7ay\u0131r ve mera arazilerinin miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Onar\u0131c\u0131 tar\u0131m pratiklerinin yayg\u0131n olarak hayata ge\u00e7irilmesiyle atmosferdeki karbon dioksiti geni\u015f miktarlarda atmosferden \u00e7ekip topra\u011fa g\u00f6mmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. G\u00f6m\u00fclen karbonun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 pratiklerinden kaynaklanan sal\u0131m\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n toplam sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme etkisi de hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda etkinli\u011fin artaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu raporda yer verdi\u011fimiz pasif binalar, enerji kooperatifleri, topluluk destekli tar\u0131m, bisiklete dayal\u0131 kent i\u00e7i ula\u015f\u0131m, kent bostanlar\u0131, onar\u0131c\u0131 tar\u0131m gibi yenilik\u00e7i uygulamalar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi bir yandan kolay ve yayg\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7ekte uygulanabilir \u00e7evre ve iklim dostu alternatifler yarat\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan da yurtta\u015flar\u0131n ekonomiye do\u011frudan kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, hatta gelir elde ettikleri yeni ye\u015fil i\u015fleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523179\"><\/a><strong>2.3.Enerji Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Yap\u0131labilecekler Nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin y\u00fcksek karbon yo\u011funluklu bir enerji altyap\u0131s\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin planlar \u00fclkeyi riskli bir ekonomik kulvara sokmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, k\u00f6m\u00fcre dayal\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretiminin toplamdaki pay\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rmay\u0131, bunun yan\u0131nda do\u011fusundaki do\u011fal gaz \u00fcreticileri ile bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki t\u00fcketiciler (Avrupa Birli\u011fi) aras\u0131nda bir gaz merkezi olmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Bu politikalar, \u00f6l\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131m haline gelme riskini ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli yat\u0131r\u0131mlard\u0131r. Piyasalardaki g\u00fcncel durum ile iklim ve enerji politikalar\u0131na dair mevcut e\u011filimler k\u00f6m\u00fcre dayal\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretimini gittik\u00e7e daha kars\u0131z hale getirirken, AB\u2019nin do\u011fal gaz talebindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f e\u011filimi yeni gaz boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011finin sorgulanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu fakt\u00f6rler, k\u00f6m\u00fcrden gittik\u00e7e artan oranda uzakla\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 topluluk ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7maz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctmektedir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo, 2050\u2019ye giden yolda uluslararas\u0131 toplumun enerji felsefesini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tablo-5: 2050\u2019li Y\u0131llarda \u00dclkelerin Enerji Trendleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"470\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>\u0130lgili Alan<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"76\"><strong>Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\"><strong>Geli\u015fmekte ve Az Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00dclkeler<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\"><strong>Genel<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Genel Eneri T\u00fcketimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Enerji Verimlili\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">\u00c7evresel Hususlara Duyarl\u0131l\u0131k<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Petrol T\u00fcketimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Do\u011fal Gaz T\u00fcketimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Yenilenebilir \u00dcretim<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">N\u00fckleer \u00dcretimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">++<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">K\u00f6m\u00fcr T\u00fcketimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Ula\u015f\u0131mda Petrol Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Ula\u015f\u0131mda Elektrik Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Ula\u015f\u0131mda Gaz Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Kapal\u0131 Alanlarda Petrol Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Kapal\u0131 Alanlarda Gaz Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Kapal\u0131 Alanlarda K\u00f6m\u00fcr Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Kapal\u0131 Alanlarda Biyoyak\u0131t Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">End\u00fcstride Petrol Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">End\u00fcstride Gaz Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">End\u00fcstride K\u00f6m\u00fcr Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">End\u00fcstride Biyoyak\u0131t Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Elektrik \u00dcretiminde Petrol Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Elektrik \u00dcretiminde Gaz Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Elektrik \u00dcretiminde K\u00f6m\u00fcr Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Elektrik \u00dcretiminde N\u00fckleer Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Elektrik \u00dcretiminde Yenilenebilir Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">++<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">+<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Elektrik \u00dcretiminde Biyoyak\u0131t Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"76\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">x<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tablodan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, geli\u015fmekte olan ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin y\u00f6nelimleri ve durumlar\u0131 as\u0131l denklemde daha fazla belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler daha \u00e7evreci, ucuz, temiz, verimli ve yenilenebilir politikalara odaklan\u0131rken, geli\u015fmekte olan ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler ayn\u0131 trendi g\u00f6stermemekte; eski teknoloji n\u00fckleer santrallere, kirli k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine olan taleplerini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye istihdam art\u0131rmak, k\u0131t kaynaklarda verimlilik sa\u011flamak, enerjiyi ucuzlatmak i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin enerji trendini takip etmeli, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomi hayata ge\u00e7irerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelece\u011fi kucaklamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye daha az riskli bir yolu se\u00e7ebilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hedeflerine ula\u015fabilmesi, yukar\u0131da belirtilen risklere maruz kalmadan jeopolitik konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcnde f\u0131rsatlar vard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, enerji verimlili\u011fi, bir numaral\u0131 politika \u00f6nceli\u011fi olarak belirlenmelidir. R\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisi teknik potansiyeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan T\u00fcrkiye, g\u00fcne\u015f potansiyelinde ise \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Avrupa ikincisidir. Ancak, T\u00fcrk ve yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kayda de\u011fer ilgisine ra\u011fmen \u00f6zellikle lisansl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcne koyulan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmalar sonucunda \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi alan\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ilerleme sa\u011flanamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00f6m\u00fcrden elektrik \u00fcretimini art\u0131rma planlar\u0131, \u00fclkenin teknolojik de\u011fi\u015fim ve ekonomik e\u011filimlere kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcrek \u00e7ekmesine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kayda de\u011fer ekonomik kay\u0131plara u\u011framas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Enerji verimlili\u011fi ve yenilenebilir enerjiye \u00f6ncelik verilmesi halinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve g\u00fcvenli bir enerji sistemi daha az risk al\u0131narak tesis edilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye bug\u00fcn itibar\u0131yla toplam 16,6 GW Kurulu g\u00fcce ula\u015fan 39 k\u00f6m\u00fcr santraline sahiptir. Bu alanda 2023 hedefi ise bu kapasiteyi ikiye katlamakt\u0131r. Enerji mevzuat\u0131nda \u201cmadde 80\u201d olarak da bilinen de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile linyitten elektrik \u00fcretiminin ard\u0131ndaki destek art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile \u201cstratejik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u201d olarak nitelendirilen t\u00fcm projeler kurumlar vergisi ile \u00e7evresel etki de\u011ferlendirme ve hatta izin uygulamalar\u0131ndan muaf tutulmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin mevcut enerji mevzuat\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr santralleri arazi tahsisi, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik prim deste\u011fi, faiz deste\u011fi gibi te\u015fviklerden yararlan\u0131rken, i\u015fletmelerin elektrik faturalar\u0131na da %50 indirim uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren bir karar ile y\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde enerji \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcrden \u00fcretilecek 6 TWs\u2019l\u0131k elektrik enerjisi i\u00e7in kilovat saat ba\u015f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 5,2 cent\/kwh gibi c\u00f6mert bir fiyattan al\u0131m garantisi getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, s\u00f6z konusu garanti, 2017\u2019de 18 TWs enerji i\u00e7in de yenilenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde bahsi ge\u00e7en toplam 24 TWs enerji TETA\u015e taraf\u0131ndan 185 TL\/MWh fiyatla sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 2 Aral\u0131k 2017 Bakanlar Kurulu karar\u0131 ile bu al\u0131m garantilerinde bir tak\u0131m d\u00fczenlemelere gidilmi\u015ftir. 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren kararda al\u0131m garantisi konusunda bir s\u00fcre belirtilmemi\u015fken 2017 tarihli karar ile yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr yak\u0131tl\u0131 santrallerin \u00fcretiminin 2018 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 7 y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile (2024 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna kadar) belirlenen fiyat ve miktarda TETA\u015e taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu noktada d\u00fcnyada yenilenebilir enerji her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn ucuzlarken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u0131t kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan (istihdam, kaynak, sa\u011fl\u0131k) verimsiz k\u00f6m\u00fcr enerjisine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 rasyonellikten uzak kararlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yeni kararlardan dikkat \u00e7ekici bir ba\u015fka de\u011fi\u015fiklik al\u0131m garantisine ili\u015fkindir. 2016 karar\u0131nda al\u0131m garantisi fiyat\u0131n\u0131n her y\u0131l tekrar belirlenmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken son d\u00fczenleme ile fiyat\u0131n enflasyona g\u00f6re art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermesine karar verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, 2016\u2019da belirlenen al\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131n her y\u0131l Bakanlar Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi ifadesi son d\u00fczenleme ile kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yerine, bir sonraki y\u0131l i\u00e7in yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr yak\u0131tl\u0131 santrallerden TETA\u015e\u2019\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131 enerji miktar\u0131, santrallerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00fcretiminin yar\u0131s\u0131 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. TETA\u015e belirlenen al\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131 her y\u0131l % 40\u2019a kadar art\u0131rmaya yetkili hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Bakanlar Kurulu karar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr yak\u0131tl\u0131 santral sahibi serbest \u00fcretim \u015firketlerine verilen al\u0131m garantisi miktar\u0131 ise 21,2 TWs\u2019dir. Bu de\u011fer 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in TETA\u015e\u2019\u0131n yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinden planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131m miktar\u0131 olan 18 TWs\u2019in %18 \u00fczerindedir. Ek olarak ithal k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinin yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla al\u0131m garantisi miktar\u0131 da artacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile h\u00fck\u00fcmet hem k\u00f6m\u00fcr enerjisinde daha fazla al\u0131ma gitmekte hem de yerli ithal fark etmeksizin al\u0131m garantisi miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Mevcut d\u00f6viz kuruna g\u00f6re al\u0131m garantisi 5,2 cent\/kwh\u2019a tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. EP\u0130A\u015e g\u00fcn \u00f6ncesi piyasas\u0131 elektrik fiyat ortalamas\u0131 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda da 2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki gibi yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,5 cent\/kwh olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. 2018 ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n da bu seviyede olaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerine verilecek ek te\u015fvikin 0,7 cent\/kWh olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrali i\u015fleticilerine \u00f6denecek ilave tutar\u0131n 147 milyon dolar olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu tutar MW ba\u015f\u0131na 22.630 dolara tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. B\u00f6ylece, \u00f6rne\u011fin 500 MW\u2019l\u0131k bir yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr santraline \u00f6denecek y\u0131ll\u0131k te\u015fvik tutar\u0131 11,3 milyon dolar olacakt\u0131r. Bu da yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinin sabit ve finansman maliyetlerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda, kapasite \u00f6demelerine ilaveten ek gelir sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca te\u015fvikin 7 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131, santrallerin madencilik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik ve ek bir kaynak yaratacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fosil yak\u0131tlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclecektir. Y\u0131ll\u0131k 147 milyon dolar olan bu enerji maliyeti ise 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fcketici faturalar\u0131na vergiler hari\u00e7 0,19 kr\u015f\/kWh olarak yans\u0131yacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Peki, yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcre verilen bu te\u015fvikler asgari \u00fccrete verilmi\u015f olsayd\u0131 nas\u0131l bir manzara ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131? Bu soruya yan\u0131t 9 Ocak 2018 tarihli k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile enerji uzman\u0131 \u00d6nder Algedik\u2019ten gelmi\u015ftir. Algedik\u2019in hesaplamas\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde olmu\u015ftur;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cBenim hesaplar\u0131ma g\u00f6re, yeni asgari \u00fccret y\u0131lda 1200 TL artacak!<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Hesap \u00e7ok basit: Asgari \u00fccretin neti 1404 TL\u2019den y\u00fczde 14,2 art\u0131\u015fla 1603 TL\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yani 199 TL art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015f. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 milyon asgari \u00fccretli var. Bu kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccrete ra\u011fmen 579 TL her ay \u00fccretlerinden kesiliyor.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ama yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00f6yle mi? 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortalama elektrik \u00fcretici fiyat\u0131 1 kwh elektrik i\u00e7in 16,38 kuru\u015f \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcre devlet ne vermi\u015f? Ya piyasa fiyat\u0131 ya da piyasan\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir fiyat, tam 18,5 kuru\u015f vermi\u015f. \u015eimdi bu garanti fiyat\u0131n\u0131 20,134 kuru\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Yani k\u00f6m\u00fcre verilen garanti fiyat bile zam ald\u0131. B\u00f6yle giderse 2018\u2019de \u00fcretimin yar\u0131s\u0131 garantili fiyattan olmak \u00fczere 8,5 milyar TL\u2019den fazla para, yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcrden elde edilen elektri\u011fe verilecek. Asgari \u00fccretliye verilmeyecek. Hatta asgari \u00fccretliden faturas\u0131 yoluyla al\u0131nacak, kirli k\u00f6m\u00fcre verecek.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Peki, yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcre verilen garanti fiyat\u0131 asgari \u00fccretliye verirsek tablo nas\u0131l olur? 7 milyon asgari \u00fccretli aras\u0131nda bu 8,5 milyar TL\u2019den fazla yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcre verilen paray\u0131 asgari \u00fccretliye verirsek her bir i\u015f\u00e7i y\u0131lda en az 1200 TL daha fazla para al\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Bunu ayl\u0131k olarak da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise yap\u0131lan zam y\u00fczde 14,2 de\u011fil y\u00fczde 21\u2019e \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. B\u00f6ylece ayl\u0131k 1603 TL de\u011fil, 1703 TL al\u0131yor asgari \u00fccretli. Maa\u015flar\u0131 da 2018\u2019de sadece 199 TL de\u011fil, tam 299 TL art\u0131yor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsenize k\u00f6m\u00fcre al\u0131m garantisini bitirip bu paray\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na vererek tarihe ge\u00e7ebilirsiniz. Bunun i\u00e7in bir torba kanun ya da KHK da yapmam\u0131za gerek yok. Hatta kanun yapsak, 3-5 madde, ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise \u201cAsgari \u00dccretlinin Gelirinin Ve Toplumun \u0130klim Dostu Refah\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6m\u00fcre Verilen Garantilerin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Yoluyla Artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u201d koysak?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>2018 \u00e7ok g\u00fczel olacak. Bak\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr garantilerine verilen zamlar\u0131 asgari \u00fccretliye verdik, kafadan her ay 100 TL fazla al\u0131nacak. Bir de ithal k\u00f6m\u00fcre verilen te\u015fvikleri, halk\u0131n paras\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan ama sat\u0131lan yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerini filan koyarsak asgari \u00fccret 2000 TL\u2019yi b\u0131rak\u0131n 2500 TL\u2019ye bile gelir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fta linyit ve n\u00fckleer enerji olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 kaynaklara piyasa dinamiklerinden koruma sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in giderek daha masrafl\u0131 bir hale gelmektedir. Finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6m\u00fcr sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne finansman sa\u011flamak konusunda isteksiz davranmas\u0131 sonucunda h\u00fck\u00fcmet, yeni projeleri \u00e7ekici k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaratmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan fatura t\u00fcketiciler ve vergi m\u00fckellefleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Elektrik fiyatlar\u0131nda k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda linyit santrallerine sa\u011flanan al\u0131m garantileri ve \u015febekeye eri\u015fim \u00f6nceli\u011fi maliyeti h\u0131zla artmaktad\u0131r. IEEFA, linyitten \u00fcretilen elektrik i\u00e7in sa\u011flanan al\u0131m garantilerinin maliyetinin y\u0131lda 1,1 ile 2 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olabilece\u011fini belirtmektedir. Bu da elektri\u011fin piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131 % 19 ile 29 oran\u0131nda art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu maliyet, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00f6m\u00fcr te\u015fvikleri i\u00e7in hali haz\u0131rda harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k 730 milyon ABD Dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131ndaki faturan\u0131n \u00fczerine eklenecektir. IMF\u2019nin tahminlerine g\u00f6re, k\u00f6m\u00fcrden kaynaklanan d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131klar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye maliyeti 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 18,74 milyar Avro seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Toplam fatura, k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn 2015\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin GSYH\u2019na olan 1,88 milyar avroluk katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse 10 kat\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr kaynakl\u0131 d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131klar\u0131n etkisi, \u00f6zellikle sa\u011fl\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kendisini hissettirmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc termik santrallerin senede 2 bin 879 erken \u00f6l\u00fcm, 637 bin 643 i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc kayb\u0131, 3 bin 823 yeni kronik bron\u015fit vakas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sa\u011fl\u0131k faturas\u0131 y\u0131lda 2,9-3,6 milyar Avro aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda seyretmektedir. Daha vahim olan bir \u015fey varsa o da \u015fudur; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00f6m\u00fcr kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik stratejisi, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde at\u0131l varl\u0131k riski i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00dclkenin enerji gelece\u011fi karbon yo\u011fun ve kirletici niteli\u011fi y\u00fcksek, esnekli\u011fi sorgulan\u0131r elektrik \u00fcretim tesislerine mahk\u00fbm edilmektedir, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi i\u00e7in patlamaya haz\u0131r bir \u201ckarbon balonu\u201d yarat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bankalar enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri nedeniyle alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 tahsilde hali haz\u0131rda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015farken, k\u00f6m\u00fcr sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde muhtemel bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f, finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn istikrar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi risklere neden olabilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn 50 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131ndaki kredi portf\u00f6y\u00fc nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok \u015firketin bankalarla s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmekte, k\u00f6m\u00fcr sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7ekilen krediler artmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de planlanan k\u00f6m\u00fcr projelerinin maruz oldu\u011fu at\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fme riski enerji \u015firketlerinin kredi anla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirememeleri olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r. Bu da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bankac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmektedir. ABD ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede tecr\u00fcbe edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, b\u00f6yle bir durum k\u00f6m\u00fcr sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde bir iflas dalgas\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyebilecek, bunun neticesinde bankalar ve emeklilik fonlar\u0131 gibi kurumsal yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00fczerinde olumsuz zincirleme etkiler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Enerji piyasalar\u0131 ve politikalar\u0131na y\u00f6n veren ko\u015fullarda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler teknolojik de\u011fi\u015fimler ve uluslararas\u0131 e\u011filimler, yenilenebilir enerjide ya\u015fanan ucuzluk, k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc termik santrallerin ekonomik \u00f6m\u00fcrlerini doldurmadan \u00f6nce ekonomik (k\u00e2rl\u0131) i\u015fletmeler olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r. Bu da \u015fu anda planlama a\u015famas\u0131nda olan on binlerce MW Kurulu g\u00fcce sahip k\u00f6m\u00fcr projelerini T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u00fck haline getirecektir. Tahminlere g\u00f6re, k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinin on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda 17,4 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 (60,9 milyar T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131) tutar\u0131nda mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayb\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. At\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fme riskine maruz varl\u0131klar\u0131n toplam de\u011ferleri, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2015 GSYH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %1,5 ila %2,4\u2019\u00fcne denk gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eu an planlama a\u015famas\u0131nda bulunan t\u00fcm k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc termik santrallerin devreye al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayarsak, k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerinin on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde at\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fmesi durumunda 152,8 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 (534,8 milyar T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131) tutar\u0131nda mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayb\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer bu yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015firse, kay\u0131p 109,9 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 (384,6 milyar T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131) d\u00fczeyinde olacakt\u0131r. At\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fme riskine maruz varl\u0131klar\u0131n toplam de\u011ferleri, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2015 GSYH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %15 ila %21\u2019ine denk gelecektir. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir \u015fokun \u00fclke ekonomisi \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6m\u00fcrde at\u0131l kapasite olu\u015fumuna neden olacak ba\u015fka bir fakt\u00f6rde iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi etkisi olacakt\u0131r. Artan hava s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve azalan su kaynaklar\u0131 su so\u011futmal\u0131 termik santrallerin enerji \u00fcretimini aksatacak performanslar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecektir. Bu nedenle termik santrallerin enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi sorunludur, at\u0131l kapasite yaratma riski y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 150%; background: white; vertical-align: baseline; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt; text-align: center;\"><b>\u015eekil-1: 2026 Y\u0131l\u0131nda At\u0131l Duruma D\u00fc\u015fecek Planl\u0131 K\u00f6m\u00fcr Santralleri<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1040 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ds-300x199.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ds-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ds-150x99.png 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ds-768x509.png 768w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ds.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Mersin, Adana ve Hatay gibi birtak\u0131m k\u0131y\u0131 kentleri, ithal k\u00f6m\u00fcre kolay eri\u015fimleri nedeniyle \u00f6nemli oranda yeni ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc santralinin planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar aras\u0131nda yer almakta ve bu nedenle at\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fme riskine en \u00e7ok maruz kalacak b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde \u0130l baz\u0131nda at\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fen varl\u0131k riskine maruz kalma durumu s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 29 il i\u00e7erisinde Adana 2\u2019inci, Mersin 13. Riskli il olarak tespit edilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr end\u00fcstrisine verilen toplam \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir te\u015fvik miktar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 730 milyon ABD dolar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu rakam ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc end\u00fcstrisine yap\u0131lan do\u011frudan aktar\u0131mlar\u0131, k\u00f6m\u00fcr kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen te\u015fvikleri, elektrik santrallerinin iyile\u015ftirilmesini ve yoksul ailelere yap\u0131lan k\u00f6m\u00fcr yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, tespit edilen ancak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyen ba\u015fka te\u015fvikler de vard\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyen yat\u0131r\u0131m garantileri, y\u00fcksek fiyattan al\u0131m garantileri, g\u00fcmr\u00fck har\u00e7 ve katma de\u011fer vergisi (KDV) muafiyetleri, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik prim deste\u011fi, AR-GE destekleri, arazi tahsisi ve piyasan\u0131n alt\u0131nda uygulanan faiz oranlar\u0131 da hesaba d\u00e2hil edilebilseydi, bu tahmini de\u011ferin \u00f6nemli oranda artaca\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak ekonomi y\u00f6netimi k\u0131t kaynaklarla maksimum verimlilik elde etmek \u00fczerine kuruludur. H\u00fck\u00fcmette bu hedefi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik te\u015fvik ve vergi gibi bir tak\u0131m ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131r. Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin durumu k\u0131t kaynaklar\u0131n verimsiz kullan\u0131m\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fczlemde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi takdirde fosil yak\u0131tlara verilen bu te\u015fvikler yeni ye\u015fil sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na, enerji verimlili\u011fine y\u00f6nlendirilerek tasarrufa, istihdama ya da yoksullar\u0131n enerji faturalar\u0131na yans\u0131t\u0131larak sosyal devlete ili\u015fkin harcamalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilecektir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonominin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 enerjide fosil yak\u0131tlardan uzakla\u015fmak ve yenilenebilir enerji ile enerji verimlili\u011fine odaklanmaktan ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523180\"><\/a><strong>2.3.1. Yenilenebilir Enerji<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1990-2004 d\u00f6neminde OECD \u00fclkeleri b\u00fcnyesinde enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131nda karbon yo\u011funlu\u011fu %4.2 azal\u0131rken T\u00fcrkiye\u00b4de %6.5 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye artan bu enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 zengin yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan ve bug\u00fcne kadar de\u011ferlendirilmemi\u015f enerji verimlili\u011finden kar\u015f\u0131layabilir. T\u00fcrkiye b\u00f6ylece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisinin \u00f6nde gelen \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda yer alabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin enerji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve 2015\u2019te \u00fclkenin GSYH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %4,5\u2019i d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fan cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmakta b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynayabilir. Yenilenebilir enerji potansiyelinden faydalan\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 36,6 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 seviyesine ula\u015fan ve cari a\u00e7\u0131kta \u00f6nemli bir pay\u0131 olan enerji ithalat\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na da izin verecektir. Sadece 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda r\u00fczg\u00e2r g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki art\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin enerji ithalat\u0131 faturas\u0131nda 850 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda bir tasarruf sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, 45 GW\u2019l\u0131k yeni ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kapasitesinin in\u015fa edilmesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin enerji ithalat\u0131 faturas\u0131na tahmini olarak y\u0131ll\u0131k 6,2 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda (21,7 milyar T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131) ek y\u00fck getirecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfus i\u00e7in istihdam f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u00fcretilen her bir GWh elektrik i\u00e7in 0,4 -1,1 i\u015f yarat\u0131l\u0131rken, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve do\u011fal gaz sekt\u00f6rlerinde GWh ba\u015f\u0131na yarat\u0131lan i\u015f 0,1 &#8211; 0,2 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu tespit edilmektedir. Yani, 1000 megavatl\u0131k (MW) bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrali yerine \u00e7at\u0131lara 1000 MW\u2019l\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015f paneli kurulursa 1000 de\u011fil 11 bin ki\u015fiye do\u011frudan istihdam sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Her y\u0131l ayn\u0131 miktarda kurulum yapmak bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirecek, teknoloji transferinin de \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve n\u00fckleer gibi kirli enerji kaynaklar\u0131na verilen te\u015fvikler hem \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na neden olmakta hem de bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131kamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>A\u015f\u0131c\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplamaya g\u00f6re ise her 1 MW\u2019l\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011falgazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan santraller 5 ki\u015fiye, k\u00f6m\u00fcr santralleri 7 ki\u015fiye, r\u00fczg\u00e2r santralleri 13 ki\u015fiye, g\u00fcne\u015f santralleri ise 20 ki\u015fiye istihdam sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 23 GW\u2019l\u0131k bir hedef olu\u015fturuldu\u011funda bunun asgari 400 bin ki\u015fiye do\u011frudan istihdam sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Mevcut resme g\u00f6re, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran T\u00fcrkiye, yenilenebilir enerjinin daha yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve ekonomi a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan getirece\u011fi faydalardan yararlanma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 da ka\u00e7\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bununla beraber, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemde modas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mesi, k\u00f6hnele\u015fmesi olas\u0131 bir enerji sistemine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, \u00fclkeyi rekabet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dezavantaja sokma riski ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Avrupa Birli\u011finin yenilenebilir enerjideki y\u00f6neliminin de i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00fczere, elektrik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131yla hareket etmenin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye maliyeti olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015fte yenilenebilir enerji konusunda at\u0131labilecek ad\u0131mlar \u015f\u00f6yledir;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ulusal yenilenebilir enerji stratejisi olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bu santrallerin siber g\u00fcvenli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Fotovoltaik \u00e7at\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f santrallerine y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131sal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yenilenebilir enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde gen\u00e7 ve kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemeler tamamlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck 500 \u015firketin yenilenebilir enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik te\u015fvik d\u00fczenlemeleri yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yerli \u00fcretimin tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131 ve hedefleri belirlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Elektrik depolama sorunu ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Mevzuat basitle\u015ftirilmeli ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Bilgilendirme-bilin\u00e7lendirme kampanyalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6z t\u00fcketim destek program\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fcz davranan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketleri ile uzla\u015fma zemini olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ak\u0131ll\u0131 finans y\u00f6ntemleri devreye sokulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130n\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ile entegrasyon sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yenilenebilir enerji kapasitesi kadar ak\u0131ll\u0131 \u015febeke, ak\u0131ll\u0131 binalar ve \u015feylerin interneti (internet of things) e\u015fanl\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523181\"><\/a><strong>2.3.1.1. Yurtta\u015f\u0131n Enerji Santrali<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Almanya Yenilenebilir Enerji Yasas\u0131 20 y\u0131l boyunca fiyat garantisi vermektedir. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7ek yaratmak i\u00e7in 2 program hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Birincisi 1. 100 bin \u00e7at\u0131 i\u00e7in 50 avro cent\/kwh al\u0131m garantili fiyat olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu fiyat 2016\u2019da 16 avro cent\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130kincisi olarak da Yurtta\u015f\u0131n Enerji Santrali (YES) program\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. YES, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n evlerinin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131na kurduklar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00fcne\u015f panellerine verilen isimdir. YES ile yurtta\u015flar\u0131n enerji kooperatifleri kurarak, t\u00fcketim birle\u015ftirme \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde apartman, site, k\u00f6y ve yazl\u0131klardaki \u00e7at\u0131larda veya bireysel olarak kendi \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131nda kuracaklar\u0131 sistemler gibi farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu programlar\u0131n Almanya\u2019da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda yatan temel neden toplumsalla\u015fabilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Enerjideki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm birtak\u0131m firmalara rant yaratacak \u015fekilde olmak yerine s\u0131radan yurtta\u015flara, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilere ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere ek gelir sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde programlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanya\u2019daki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm bilin\u00e7li olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici temelli sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanya\u2019da toplam yenilenebilir enerji \u00fcretiminin %50\u2019sini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha fazla istihdam sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise tarife garantisi, yenilenebilir enerji santrallerinin ilk on y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015fletimi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu s\u00fcre, \u00f6zellikle r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve g\u00fcne\u015f gibi aral\u0131kl\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretimi sa\u011flayan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131nda mali yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 almada yetersiz g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tarife garantisi fiyat\u0131da di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi i\u00e7in kilovat saat (kWh) ba\u015f\u0131na 9,47 ile 14,22 Euro cent aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen tarife garantisi r\u00fczg\u00e2r i\u00e7in 5,19-7,82 Euro cent\u2019dir. Bu durum, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti olan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r enerjisi projelerinin hayata ge\u00e7irilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir engel olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Oysa g\u00fcne\u015f alma oran\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Almanya, kilovat saat ba\u015f\u0131na 31,94-43,01 Euro cent tarife garantisi vererek \u00fclkede fotovoltaik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak T\u00fcrkiye Almanya\u2019n\u0131n izledi\u011fi bu modeli uyarlayarak istihdam yaratan ucuz ve temiz enerji \u00fcreten bir yenilenebilir enerji d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flayabilecektir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ekonominin en \u00f6nemli sac aya\u011f\u0131 budur.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523182\"><\/a><strong>2.3.2. Enerji Verimlili\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Enerji verimlili\u011finin temel g\u00f6stergelerinden birisi, 1 dolarl\u0131k mal ve hizmet \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in ne kadar birincil enerji kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fudur. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00fcnyada %20, AB b\u00f6lgesinde %22, \u00c7in\u2019de %47 oran\u0131nda azal\u0131rken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de %11 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re elektrik t\u00fcketiminde iletim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kay\u0131plar\u0131 toplam arz\u0131n %16,7\u2019si seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130letim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kay\u0131plar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya ortalamas\u0131 %8,9, OECD ortalamas\u0131 ise %6,7 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde T\u00fcrkiye verimsizlik konusunda \u00fcst s\u0131ralardad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye enerji verimlili\u011fi konusunda 34 OECD \u00fcyesi aras\u0131nda sadece Meksika\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerinde, 33. s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Enerji verimlili\u011finin bir altyap\u0131 \u00f6nceli\u011fi olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131, enerji verimlili\u011fine dair faydalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m seviyelerinin artmas\u0131 ve at\u0131l duruma d\u00fc\u015fen varl\u0131k riskinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye enerji verimlili\u011fi konusunda bir tak\u0131m ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanun \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, strateji belgesi ilan etmi\u015ftir ve 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2011\u2019e g\u00f6re %20 oran\u0131nda enerji verimlili\u011fi hedefi koymu\u015ftur. \u00d6te yandan, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en mevzuat\u0131n \u015fu ana kadar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir etkisi olmu\u015ftur. 2005 ile 2015 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fu %7,1 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131\u2019na \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fu ortalama %16,3 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye, 2011-2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda enerji ithalat\u0131na y\u0131lda 50 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131\u2019ndan fazla kaynak aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yenilenebilir Enerji Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (YEGM) tahminlerine g\u00f6re enerji verimlili\u011finde sa\u011flanacak ilerlemelerle 2020 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki enerji arz\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 %20 oran\u0131nda (45Mtep) azalt\u0131labilecektir. B\u00f6yle bir verimlilik art\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k enerji ithalat\u0131 faturas\u0131nda 6 ile 10 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131 civar\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe tekab\u00fcl ederken, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin GSYH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %4,5\u2019ine tekab\u00fcl eden cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Avrupa Birli\u011fi enerji verimlili\u011findeki her %1\u2019lik art\u0131\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7 milyon evin d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu, yedi milyon civar\u0131nda insan\u0131n enerji yoksullu\u011fundan kurtulabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu rakamlar enerji verimlili\u011fi \u00f6nlemlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli, korunmas\u0131z toplumsal gruplar\u0131n ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltti\u011fini, bu sayede ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bir sosyal politikan\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Enerji verimlili\u011fi ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir istihdam kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmektedir. Enerji verimlili\u011fine yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lan her bir milyon dolar i\u00e7in fosil yak\u0131t tedarikine k\u0131yasla \u00fc\u00e7 kata kadar daha fazla i\u015f yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ve y\u00fcksek enerji verimlili\u011fine sahip \u00fcr\u00fcnler ulusal d\u00fczenlemeler, t\u00fcketiciler, piyasalar ve uluslararas\u0131 ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan gittik\u00e7e daha fazla tercih edilmektedir. Bu nedenle buralara yap\u0131lacak olan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar rekabet \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece kritiktir. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, enerji t\u00fcketiminde sa\u011flanacak tasarruf enerji ithalat\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesinin iyile\u015ftirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir analize g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin imalat sanayinde 2 milyar avro, ula\u015ft\u0131rma sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 5,4 milyar avro, binalar sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 5,8 milyar avro, toplamda ise 13,2 milyar avro tutar\u0131nda bir tasarruf potansiyeli vard\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 sekt\u00f6rde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek verimlilik kazan\u0131mlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin nihai enerji t\u00fcketimini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltabilecektir. Buralardan elde edilebilecek tasarruflar AB modelinde oldu\u011fu gibi yoksullar\u0131n enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 azaltmada kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi istihdam yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda da \u00f6nemli bir etkin piyasa arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523183\"><\/a><strong>2.4. Kentle\u015fme Alan\u0131nda Yap\u0131labilecekler?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisini \u00f6nemli bir aya\u011f\u0131 da yerel y\u00f6netimlerdir. Bu alanda kentlerde uygulanacak bina y\u00f6netmelikleri, kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ula\u015f\u0131m ve at\u0131k y\u00f6netimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisine enerji verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rma, yenilenebilir enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile enerjide ithalat\u0131 azaltma dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan tasarruflar\u0131 yeni yat\u0131r\u0131m alanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirme \u015fans\u0131 verecektir. Bu nedenle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir gelecek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelik yerel y\u00f6netimlerdedir. Yerelde olu\u015fturulacak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kent y\u00f6netimi ve diren\u00e7li-iklim dostu kentler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yeni bir d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece iklime dost yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n k\u0131sa ve orta vadede art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile piyasalar canland\u0131r\u0131labilecek, istihdam art\u0131r\u0131labilecek ve bu \u015fekilde hem ekonomik hem de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi sorunu ile m\u00fccadele edilebilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>Kentsel alanlar, beton yap\u0131la\u015fma ve yap\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle, k\u0131rsal alanlardan ortalama +5 ile +6 santigrat derece daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r. Bu Kentsel Is\u0131 Adas\u0131 (KIA) etkisi olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z genel bir durum olup, s\u0131cak iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde yaz aylar\u0131nda artan s\u0131cakl\u0131klarla birlikte kentsel ya\u015fam konforunu olumsuz etkilemektedir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile birlikte artan g\u00fcne\u015flenme ile azalan r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve hava dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak KIA etkisinin artaca\u011f\u0131, pek \u00e7ok kentin daha derin KIA etkisine, s\u0131cak dalgalar\u0131na ve kurakl\u0131\u011fa maruz kalaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Kentlerdeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n beraberinde getirdi\u011fi so\u011futma ama\u00e7l\u0131 enerji talebi \u00fclkelerin enerji sistemi i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli tehditler yaratmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcney Avustralya kentleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortalama 24 dereceden 38 dereceye \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda enerji talebinin %70 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, mevcut enerji \u00fcretim kapasitesinin \u00fc\u00e7te birinin senenin sadece %3\u2019\u00fcnde (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak olan 11 g\u00fcn) artan enerji talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu at\u0131l kapasite, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar\u0131n etkisini art\u0131ran ve onunla ba\u015f edemeyen kentsel yap\u0131lanman\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu ciddi boyutlarda bir kaynak israf\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer bir tespiti T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in yapmak \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kentsel \u0131s\u0131 adas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm meselesi de dikkatli bir bi\u00e7imde incelenmelidir. \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te hayata ge\u00e7irilen Hammarby modeli kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, \u0131s\u0131tma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7 ortalamas\u0131na g\u00f6re %50 ve elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar azaltmay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00f6p kamyonu trafi\u011fini azaltan \u00f6zel bir vakum sistemiyle \u00e7\u00f6plerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahallede at\u0131klar \u0131s\u0131nma ve elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmakta, ya\u011fmur sular\u0131 toplan\u0131p art\u0131r\u0131larak tekrar dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmaktad\u0131r. Hammarby\u2019de binalar r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 kesip g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan azami faydalanmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan geni\u015f bah\u00e7elerin etraf\u0131nda 4-5 katl\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir ve bah\u00e7elerde serac\u0131l\u0131k ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bah\u00e7ecilik yap\u0131labilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca ya\u011fmur sular\u0131n\u0131n toplanmas\u0131na ve \u00f6zel bir habitat yaratan ye\u015fil \u00e7at\u0131 uygulamas\u0131na da yer verilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmde yeni bir sayfay\u0131 bu model uygun bir bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7mal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrk kentle\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir sorun ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bina yal\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131d\u0131r. Acaba T\u00fcrkiye yal\u0131t\u0131ms\u0131z evlerde oturacak kadar zengin midir? T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcrken cari a\u00e7\u0131k veren yap\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren giderek enerji-yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rler eliyle sa\u011flanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bu da b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin yan\u0131nda artan cari a\u00e7\u0131k sorununu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyreden enerji fiyatlar\u0131 (her ne kadar son t\u00fcketiciye ya da sanayiye tam olarak yans\u0131mam\u0131\u015f olsa da) cari dengeye olumlu katk\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ne var ki bunun ge\u00e7ici bir durum oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. \u0130thal edilen enerjinin yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte biri binalarda \u0131s\u0131tma\/so\u011futma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, binalar\u0131n etkin hale getirilmesinin ve yeni binalar\u0131n enerji standartlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesinin hem ev hem de \u00fclke b\u00fct\u00e7esine ne denli \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. AB \u00fclkelerinde 2019\u2019dan itibaren t\u00fcm yeni yap\u0131lar\u0131n pasif ev standard\u0131na uygun olarak in\u015fa edilme zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise pasif ev kavram\u0131 hen\u00fcz \u00f6rnek bina in\u015fa etmekten \u00f6teye gidememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in Daha \u00c7ok Geri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Daha Az Kentsel At\u0131k hedeflenmelidir. Ak\u0131ll\u0131, Enerji Etkin ve Pasif Binalar kurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aktif tasar\u0131m stratejileri, binalar\u0131n tasar\u0131m, in\u015fa ve kullan\u0131m a\u015famalar\u0131nda uygun teknolojik \u00fcr\u00fcn ve donan\u0131mlar kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla enerji ve kaynak verimlili\u011fi sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Bu teknolojik \u00fcr\u00fcn ve donan\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda fotovoltaik g\u00fcne\u015f pil ya da dizinleri, ayd\u0131nlatma sens\u00f6rleri, LED ayd\u0131nlatma \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, \u0131s\u0131 kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flayan kaplamal\u0131 camlar ve bilgisayar kontroll\u00fc enerji y\u00f6netim sistemleri yer almaktad\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in kentle\u015fme alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak politika \u00f6nerilerini s\u0131ralayacak olursak;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sekt\u00f6re sadece y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck getirmeyen, olumlu uygulamalar\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcllendiren ak\u0131ll\u0131ca olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir te\u015fvik sistemi hayata ge\u00e7irilmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Yeni tan\u0131mlar ve mevzuat de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: Yeni binalar\u0131n enerji verimlili\u011fi tam olarak sa\u011flanacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilmesinin zorunlu tutulmas\u0131, y\u0131k\u0131lmayacak eski binalara mantolaman\u0131n \u015fart ko\u015fulmas\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131lacak binalarda asbest vb. etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Fransa gibi baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde getirilen yeni yap\u0131lara Ye\u015fil \u00c7at\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de uygulanabilir.<\/li>\n<li>Kamu kurumlar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler \u00f6rnek binalar yaparak sekt\u00f6re ve kamuoyuna \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcrden baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler olsa da say\u0131lar\u0131 yetersizdir.<\/li>\n<li>TOK\u0130\u2019nin, kooperatiflerin ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn pasif ve normal bina maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak \u00f6\u011frenmesi sa\u011flanarak iyi tasar\u0131m ve do\u011fru planlamayla yap\u0131lacak pasif binalar\u0131n ekonomiye katk\u0131s\u0131 raporlanmal\u0131 ve ileti\u015fimini yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Su duyarl\u0131 kentsel tasar\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri kentlere uyarlanmal\u0131, kentlerde eko verimlilik hedeflenerek s\u0131f\u0131r at\u0131kl\u0131 kentler hayata ge\u00e7irilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523184\"><\/a><strong>2.5. Ula\u015f\u0131m Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Yap\u0131labilecekler?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kentlerin kompakt tasarlanmas\u0131 ya da kentsel sa\u00e7aklanman\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesiyle ula\u015f\u0131m mesafeleri k\u0131salmakta, ula\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in harcanan zaman ve enerjiden tasarruf edilebilmektedir. Dahas\u0131, kompakt kentlerde altyap\u0131 i\u00e7in harcanan para ve enerjiden tasarruf yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sa\u00e7aklanm\u0131\u015f kentlerde, su \u015febekesi maliyetinin %70\u2019inin borulardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, kentsel altyap\u0131da t\u00fcketilen enerjinin %30\u2019unun temiz suyu pompalama ve at\u0131k suyu toplamak i\u00e7in harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bisikletli ula\u015f\u0131m master planlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, kent at\u0131klar\u0131ndan toplu ula\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in enerji \u00fcretilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yap\u0131labilecek d\u00fczenlemeler tablodaki gibidir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tablo- 6: S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Ula\u015f\u0131m \u0130\u00e7in Maliye Politikalar\u0131 ve \u00d6rnekleri<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Akaryak\u0131t Vergisi<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">Benzin\/Dizel vergisi (Polonya), Karbon Vergisi (\u0130sve\u00e7)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Ta\u015f\u0131t Vergileri<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">Ara\u00e7lar\u0131n niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi ve har\u00e7lar (AB), yak\u0131t tasarruflu ve yeni (temiz) arabalardan vergi ve har\u00e7 azaltma veya istisna (Danimarka, Almanya, Japonya), karbon ve hava kirletme vergisi (Danimarka, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k), Ara\u00e7 ruhsatlar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 (Singapur)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Yeni Ara\u00e7 \u0130ndirimleri<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">Temiz ara\u00e7 indirimi (Japonya, ABD); \u00e7ok yak\u0131t t\u00fcketenlerden vergi al\u0131m\u0131 (ABD); \u00e7e\u015fitli yak\u0131t t\u00fcketim vergileri (ABD)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Yol Har\u00e7lar\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">\u015eeritli otoyollar\u0131n kullan\u0131ma g\u00f6re fiyatland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (California, ABD); yo\u011funlu\u011fa g\u00f6re fiyatlama (Londra, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Har\u00e7lar\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">Park \u00fccretleri (Kalifornia, ABD), in lieu fees for parking (Kanada, Almanya, \u0130zlanda, G\u00fcney Afrika)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Ta\u015f\u0131t Sigortas\u0131<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">Zorunlu sigortan\u0131n yoklu\u011funda para cezas\u0131\u00a0 (Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, ABD), Sigorta-spesifik ara\u00e7 vergisi (Fransa); kullan\u0131m vergisi (Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"279\">Filo Ara\u00e7 \u0130ndirimi<\/td>\n<td width=\"279\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli, temiz ve yak\u0131t tasarruflu kamu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (Kanada); temiz, yak\u0131t tasarruflu ara\u00e7lar(Bir. K\u0131r.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc503523185\"><\/a>\u00a0<strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015fsizlik sorununun tek kayna\u011f\u0131 siyasi krizlerle tetiklenen ekonomik sorunlar de\u011fildir. \u00dczerinden ara\u00e7 ge\u00e7meyen ama bedeli vatanda\u015flardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, ger\u00e7ek talep hesaplanmadan yap\u0131lan ve zarar etmemesi i\u00e7in te\u015fvik verilen elektrik santralleri ile trafik sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmayan ama \u015firketlere gelir yaratan t\u00fcneller gibi bir\u00e7ok \u2018yat\u0131r\u0131m\u2019, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 maddi kaynaklar\u0131 ekonomik faydaya \u00e7eviremeyecek kanallara aktar\u0131rken, istihdama da sabun k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ge\u00e7ici bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zel bir ba\u015fl\u0131k a\u00e7acak olursak sermayenin fosil enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na olan ilgisi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin belirlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu garantili al\u0131m fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve verilen ekstra desteklerle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilmektedir. Bu desteklere g\u00fcvenerek yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r firmalar\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde enerji fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen EPDK\u2019y\u0131 bir anlamda esir almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun y\u0131llar devam edecek y\u00fcksek al\u0131m fiyat\u0131 garantili uluslararas\u0131 enerji anla\u015fmalar\u0131 fosil yak\u0131tlara olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada enerji fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ferken, bunun T\u00fcrkiye sanayicisi ve s\u0131radan t\u00fcketiciye yans\u0131t\u0131lam\u0131yor olu\u015funun arkas\u0131ndaki izlek budur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclemeyen enflasyon ve faizin arkas\u0131nda y\u00fcksek tutulmak zorunda kal\u0131nan enerji fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Y\u00fcksek enerji maliyeti y\u00fcksek faizle birle\u015fince T\u00fcrkiye sanayisinin uluslararas\u0131 piyasalardaki rekabeti olumsuz etkilenmekte, t\u00fcketicilerin al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ekonomi durgunlu\u011fa itilmektedir. \u00dclke ekonomisinin genelinin aksine bu t\u00fcr bir enerji politikas\u0131n\u0131n tek kazanan\u0131 bu enerjiyi \u00fcreten \u00f6zel \u015firketlerdir. \u0130\u015fin k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, bu enerji politikalar\u0131 sermaye kesiminin yat\u0131r\u0131m kararlar\u0131n\u0131 da etkilemekte, k\u0131t olan finansal kaynaklar\u0131n at\u0131l kapasite yaratmak amac\u0131yla enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne akmas\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015faat\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i, in\u015faat bitince i\u015fsiz ve g\u00fcvencesiz kalmaktad\u0131r. Elde etti\u011fi gelirden birikim sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca yeni bir bilgi veya yetenek de \u00f6\u011frenememekte sosyal sermayenin geli\u015fimine de katk\u0131 sa\u011flayamamaktad\u0131r. Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar rant odakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in i\u015f kazalar\u0131 da kader olmaktad\u0131r. Yarat\u0131lan bu ge\u00e7ici i\u015fler ekonomide d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yaratmaktan uzakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle T\u00fcrkiye bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fcretememe sanc\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gerekli mal ve hizmetler \u00fcretilemedi\u011fi gibi yanl\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hizmetlerin \u00fcretilme \u00e7abas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri insandan, do\u011fadan ve ihtiya\u00e7lardan kopuktur. Bu sanc\u0131y\u0131 dindirmenin yolu ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcretme bi\u00e7imlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmesinden ge\u00e7mektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomi, ye\u015fil sekt\u00f6rler, ye\u015fil i\u015fler ve elbette ye\u015fil yakal\u0131lar i\u015fte bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmde anahtar rol oynayacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye geleneksel ekonomide ortaya \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden korkmamal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ekonomisi ilk kez yap\u0131sal bir reformdan ge\u00e7memektedir. T\u00fcrkiye bahsi ge\u00e7en yap\u0131sal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerden birisini daha \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Montreal Protokol\u00fc\u00b4ne kat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk Ekonomisi \u00f6nemli bir avantaj sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye yap\u0131sal uyum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 itibari ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin CFC (kloro floro karbon) sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131 5000 ton\/y\u0131l d\u00fczeyinden 300\/ton y\u0131l d\u00fczeyine inmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu maddelerin en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 otomotiv ve beyaz e\u015fya sekt\u00f6rlerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen teknolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler sayesinde \u00fcretici T\u00fcrk firmalar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Avrupa Pazar\u0131\u2019nda rekabet \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede pazarda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir paya sahip olan T\u00fcrk firmalar\u0131 ciddi bir ekonomik gelir ve istihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>O nedenle T\u00fcrkiye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fin gerekliliklerine yerine getirmekte \u00f6z g\u00fcven sorunu ya\u015famamal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa&#8217;n\u0131n en iyi r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f potansiyeline sahip \u00fclkesidir. Yal\u0131t\u0131mdan, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme kadar bu alanda daha i\u015fin \u00e7ok ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ye\u015fil yakal\u0131 i\u015fler konusunda ciddi bir potansiyele sahiptir.<\/p>\n<p>Ye\u015fil i\u015flerin bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131na daha fazla f\u0131rsat sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r. ABD\u2019de g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 24\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kad\u0131nlar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr madeninde kad\u0131n g\u00f6rmek neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zken ye\u015fil i\u015fler, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha az \u015fans buldu\u011fu alanlar\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir. Geleneksel enerji alan\u0131nda kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 20-25\u2019lerdeyken, enerji alanlar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 35\u2019lere kadar \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisi ile i\u015fler ye\u015ferdik\u00e7e ayn\u0131 zamanda morla\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ekonomisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde; yarat\u0131lacak istihdam, kapat\u0131lacak d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, olu\u015fturulacak tasarruf, ucuz enerji, temiz kentlerle T\u00fcrkiye s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir gelecek konusunda emin ad\u0131mlar atacakt\u0131r. O nedenle \u0130Y\u0130 Parti T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cY\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc G\u00fcne\u015fe d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, S\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 R\u00fczg\u00e2ra verdi\u011fi\u201d bir iktidar olmal\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk milleti i\u00e7in \u201cG\u00fcne\u015fli bir Gelecek\u201d in\u015fa etmelidir.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc503523186\"><\/a>.<strong>KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ahmet A\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00dcmit \u015eahin, Ye\u015fil Ekonomi, Yeni \u0130nsan Yay\u0131nevi -52, Ye\u015fil Politika Serisi-2, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n<p>Ahmet A\u015f\u0131c\u0131, 2017, \u0130klim \u0130\u00e7in Ye\u015fil Ekonomi Politikalar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n<p>Arif Cem G\u00fcndo\u011fan, Cem \u0130skender Ayd\u0131n, Ebru Voyvoda, Ethemcan Turhan, \u0130lhan Can \u00d6zen, 2017, Ataletin Bedeli Ortak Sosyoekonomik Patikalar \u00dczerinden \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Hedeflerine Ula\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Maliyeti \u00dczerine Bir De\u011ferlendirme, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>Arman Zafer Yal\u00e7\u0131n, 2010, S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma \u0130\u00e7in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisinin \u00d6nemi ve T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7in Bir De\u011ferlendirme, Bal\u0131kesir \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, Cilt 13, Say\u0131 24, s.186-203<\/p>\n<p>Ays\u0131t Tansel, 2012, 2050&#8217;ye Do\u011fru N\u00fcfusbilim ve Y\u00f6netim: \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc Piyasas\u0131na Bak\u0131\u015f, T\u00dcS\u0130AD, Yay\u0131n No. T\u00dcS\u0130AD-T\/2012-11\/536<\/p>\n<p>Ay\u015fen Sat\u0131r Reyhan ve Ergin Duygu, 2015, \u00c7evre Politikalar\u0131nda Yeni Bir Yakla\u015f\u0131m:\u00a0 Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015fler Ve Ye\u015fil \u0130stihdam, Memleket Siyaset Y\u00f6netim, Cilt 10, Say\u0131 23, s. 21-39<\/p>\n<p>Bengisu \u00d6zen\u00e7 ve Ay\u015feg\u00fcl Ta\u015f\u00f6z D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndere, 2017, Yenilenebilir Enerjide F\u0131rsat Nerede?, TEPAV<\/p>\n<p>Ceyda Erden \u00d6zsoy, 2015, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Karbon Ayak \u0130zi, Hak-\u0130\u015f Uluslararas\u0131 Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, Cilt: 4, Y\u0131l: 4, Say\u0131: 9 (2015\/2)<\/p>\n<p>Erin\u00e7 Yeldan, 2013, T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisinin B\u00fcy\u00fcme Dinamikleri ve Ye\u015fillendirilmesi, S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Ye\u015fil B\u00fcy\u00fcme Oturumu, 5. \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi, K\u00fcresel Ekonomik Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma S\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi, VII. Cilt, \u0130zmir<\/p>\n<p>Erin\u00e7 Yeldan ve Ebru Voyvoda, 2015, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7in D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Kalk\u0131nma Yollar\u0131 ve \u00d6ncelikleri, \u0130stanbul Politikalar Merkezi, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n<p>Hadeezah Suleiman, 2015, D\u00fcnyadaki Baz\u0131 Uygulamalar Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Ye\u015fil \u015eehircilik Kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u0130rdelenmesi, Ege \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130zmir<\/p>\n<p>Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung Derne\u011fi, 2012, Ye\u015fil Ula\u015f\u0131m, 3. Ye\u015fil Ekonomi Konferans\u0131<\/p>\n<p>Heinrich B\u00f6ll Stiftung Derne\u011fi, 2017, K\u00f6m\u00fcr Atlas\u0131<\/p>\n<p>HSBC Climate Change Global, 2009, A Climate For Recovery<\/p>\n<p>OECD, 2010, Ye\u015fil B\u00fcy\u00fcme Stratejisi Ge\u00e7ici Raporu: S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Bir Gelecek \u0130\u00e7in Taahh\u00fctlerimizin Yerine Getirilmesi, Green Growth Strategy<\/p>\n<p>O\u011fuz Ba\u015fol, 2013, Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015fler S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Giri\u015fimlerde \u0130nsan Onuruna Yak\u0131\u015f\u0131r \u0130\u015fler ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisi, K\u0131rklareli \u00dcniversitesi Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi, K\u0131rklareli<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6nder Algedik, 2010, 21. YY Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Yakalamak D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisine Ge\u00e7i\u015fte Teknoloji &#8211; Finans &#8211; Tedarik Zinciri, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zge Yal\u00e7\u0131ner Erco\u015fkun, 2010, Ye\u015fil Yakal\u0131 Kavram\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Ye\u015fil Yakal\u0131lar, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Yerel Y\u00f6netimler, Cilt 19, Say\u0131 3, s. 25-48<\/p>\n<p>Selen Ar\u0131 Y\u0131lmaz, 2014, Ye\u015fil \u0130\u015fler ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yenilenebilir Enerji Alan\u0131ndaki Potansiyeli, T.C. Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sosyal Sekt\u00f6rler Ve Koordinasyon Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Uzmanl\u0131k Tezi, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye R\u00fczg\u00e2r Enerjisi Birli\u011fi, 2016, R\u00fczg\u00e2r Enerjisi ve Etkile\u015fim Raporu, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>T\u00dcS\u0130AD, 2012, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisine Ge\u00e7i\u015f: \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi M\u00fczakereleri Ve \u00d6zel Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn Rol\u00fc, Yay\u0131n No. T\u00dcS\u0130AD-T\/2012-11\/538<\/p>\n<p>WWF T\u00fcrkiye, 2011, Yenilenebilir Enerji Gelece\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>WWF T\u00fcrkiye, 2013, G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesinden Dersler, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>Yery\u00fcz\u00fc Derne\u011fi, 2017, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbon Ekonomisi, Ankara<\/p>\n<p>Yusuf Alper, \u00c7a\u011fa\u00e7an De\u011fer, Serdar Sayan, 2012, 2050\u2019ye Do\u011fru N\u00fcfusbilim ve Y\u00f6netim: Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik (Emeklilik) Sistemine Bak\u0131\u015f, T\u00dcS\u0130AD, Yay\u0131n No. T\u00dcS\u0130AD-T\/2012-11\/535<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00fcksel Kavak, 2010, 2050\u2019ye Do\u011fru N\u00fcfusbilim ve Y\u00f6netim: E\u011fitim Sistemine Bak\u0131\u015f, T\u00dcS\u0130AD, Yay\u0131n No. T\u00dcS\u0130AD-T\/2010-11\/506<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.bilgiustam.com\/dusuk-karbonlu-ekonomi-cagi\/ 08.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/anahtar.sanayi.gov.tr\/tr\/news\/dusuk-karbonlu-kalkinma\/490 07.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/yesilgazete.org\/blog\/2016\/09\/07\/g20den-cikan-sonuc-dusuk-karbonlu-ekonomiye-gecis-ve-yesil-buyume\/ 08.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.kobi-efor.com.tr\/m\/ekonomist\/profdr-erinc-yeldan-uretkenlik-yavasliyor-h6714.html 08.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/ozgurgurbuz.blogspot.com.tr\/2008\/12\/devir-yeil-yakallarn-devri.html 08.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/ozgurgurbuz.blogspot.com.tr\/2017\/03\/issizlige-yesil-cozum.html 08.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.tenva.org\/tetasin-yerli-komur-yakitli-elektrik-uretim-santrallerinden-enerji-alimi\/09.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/yazarlar\/2018\/01\/09\/2018de-paralar-yerli-komure-degil-asgari-ucretliye\/ 09.01.2018<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.tenva.org\/yeni-ipek-yolu-projesi-enerji-politikalari-2050\/ 07.01.2018<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Kaynak: UNEP (2009, s. 21)\u201fdan al\u0131nt\u0131. \u201cFiscal Policies for Sustainable Transportation: International Best Practices. \u201c Gordon, Deborah, 2005 in Studies on International Fiscal Policies for Sustainable Transportation. The Energy Foundation, San Francisco.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[2]<\/a> Kaynak: HSBC Global Research (2009), \u201cA Climate Recovery? The Climate Change Investment Dimension of Economic Stimulus Plans, London, http:\/\/www.sbc.org.nz\/_attachments\/A_Climate_for_Recovery_Feb_09HSBC.pdf (07.01.2018).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c7evre ve kalk\u0131nma aras\u0131nda bir dengenin kurgulanmas\u0131, yenilenemeyen ve sera gazlar\u0131na neden olan fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n terk edilmesi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir kalk\u0131nma modelinin in\u015fa edilmesi i\u00e7in model, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Karbonlu Ekonomi \/ Ye\u015fil Ekonomi\u2019dir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":1038,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[60,63,2],"tags":[],"coauthors":[33,34],"class_list":["post-1036","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-teknoloji","category-ekonomi","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1036","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1036"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1036\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1038"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1036"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1036"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1036"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1036"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}