{"id":10683,"date":"2020-07-02T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=10683&preview=true&preview_id=10683"},"modified":"2020-06-27T15:05:52","modified_gmt":"2020-06-27T12:05:52","slug":"bosna-hersek-savasina-giden-surec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/bosna-hersek-savasina-giden-surec\/","title":{"rendered":"Bosna-Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131’na giden s\u00fcre\u00e7"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Yazar\u0131m\u0131z Demet Yener’in Yugoslavya’n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flay\u0131p bir soyk\u0131r\u0131mla biten Bosna-Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde; bu s\u00fcrecin nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca ne t\u00fcr uluslararas\u0131 giri\u015fimlerde bulunuldu\u011fu ele al\u0131n\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yugoslavya\u2019y\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcren sava\u015f s\u00fcrecinde, \u00e7oklu etnik yap\u0131 ve \u00e7oklu din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, devleti meydana getiren cumhuriyetler aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik geli\u015fim farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a etkili olmu\u015ftur. K\u0131sacas\u0131 \u00e7oklu din ve \u00e7oklu etnik yap\u0131, ekonomik etkenler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve en \u00f6nemlisi de milliyet\u00e7i duygular bu sava\u015f\u0131n temel nedenleri olarak say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Tekin C. H., 2012, s. 10).<\/p>\n

Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Bosna-Hersek\u2019i i\u015fgal ve idare etme karar\u0131; 1878 y\u0131l\u0131 Temmuz ay\u0131nda, Berlin Kongresi\u2019nde bir araya gelen Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletler taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015ftir (\u0130zetbegovi\u00e7, 2003, s. 4). Bosna-Hersek\u2019i Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na dayanarak 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda 29 Temmuz\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p 28 Ekim\u2019de sona erecek bi\u00e7imde i\u015fgal eden Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, hukuken Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bu b\u00f6lgeyi kendine ba\u011flama hedefine ula\u015fmay\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 10; Bora, 1999, s. 29; Eker, 2006, s. 73).<\/p>\n

2.Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan edilmesinden sonra, 5 Ekim 1908 tarihinde Bosna-Hersek\u2019in Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ilhak\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bunu istemeyerek de olsa kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Elia\u00e7\u0131k, ?, s. 41; Kaptan, 2008, s. 16; \u00c7au\u015fevi\u00e7, 1994, s. 38). Avusturya-Macaristan i\u015fgalinin ard\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131 ve eziyetler uygulanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 15). I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f ve 24 Kas\u0131m 1918 tarihinde Bosna-Hersek, S\u0131rbistan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ilhak edilmi\u015ftir (Kaptan, 2008, s. 17). 1929 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011findeyse Bosna-Hersek, Yugoslavya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2 Kas\u0131m 1944 tarihinde Bosna-Hersek art\u0131k Yugoslavya Federatif Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur (Kaptan, 2008, s. 18).<\/p>\n

1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kom\u00fcnist Parti Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ve 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda da S\u0131rbistan Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na gelen Slobodan Milosevi\u00e7, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131rbistan\u201d idealini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar izlemeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, federasyon da h\u0131zl\u0131 bir da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine girilmi\u015ftir\u00a0(Sa\u011flam, 2015, s. 575; Arap & Bay\u00fcn, 2014, s. 83). \u201cT\u00fcm S\u0131rplar bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda\u201d slogan\u0131yla, Yugoslav Halk Ordusu\u2019nu da denetimi alt\u0131na alan S\u0131rplar, t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi ele ge\u00e7irmeyi planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 27). Milosevi\u00e7, S\u0131rplar aras\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sonsuz bir kin uyand\u0131rmak, S\u0131rplar\u0131 etnik temizli\u011fe (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 2005, s. 54), \u015fiddete, tecav\u00fcze ve ter\u00f6re te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z propagandalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 38; \u00dclker, 2011, s. 150). Bununla da kalmam\u0131\u015f, sonuca bir ay i\u00e7inde ula\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Bosna-Hersek i\u00e7inde yerel radyolar ve \u00f6zel televizyonlar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f[1]<\/sup><\/a>, buralarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n S\u0131rp k\u00f6ylerini basarak S\u0131rplar\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zca \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini, kiliseleri y\u0131karak camiler in\u015fa ettiklerini, S\u0131rp topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bu yolla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn boyu kesintisiz yay\u0131n yaparak propaganda yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine bas\u0131nda, Saraybosna Hayvanat Bah\u00e7esi\u2019ndeki a\u00e7 hayvanlara yem olarak S\u0131rp \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n verildi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, as\u0131ls\u0131z bir\u00e7ok haberler yay\u0131nlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 38; Ko\u00e7ak, 2010, s. 104).<\/p>\n

Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k etnik yap\u0131s\u0131yla Bosna-Hersek\u2019te 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, S\u0131rplar ve H\u0131rvatlar kendi milliyet\u00e7i partilerini kurmu\u015f ve o y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda yap\u0131lan \u00e7ok partili genel se\u00e7imler b\u00f6lgedeki etnik par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 \u00e7ok daha belirgin bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015ftir (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 2005, s. 49; Tekin C. H., 2012, s. 6; Erbesler, 2014, s. 136). Bu se\u00e7imleri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131 temsil eden Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7 \u00f6nderli\u011findeki, Demokratik Eylem Partisi (SDA) kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 23; Erbesler, 2014, s. 127). Ayr\u0131ca bu se\u00e7imlerde S\u0131rp Demokratik Partisi (SDS) ve Parti Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Radovan Karadzi\u00e7, H\u0131rvat Demokratik Birli\u011fi (HDZ) ve Parti Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mate Baban da sandalye kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Can, 1992, s. 11; Bora, 1999, s. 63). SDA ile koalisyon olu\u015fturan SDS Bosna-Hersek y\u00f6netimine gelmi\u015f, cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine de Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7 se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, iki S\u0131rp, iki H\u0131rvat ve Macar-Arnavut-Karada\u011fl\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 temsil eden birer ki\u015fiyle olu\u015fturulan, Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k Kurulu\u2019nun ba\u015f\u0131na da yine Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7 getirilmi\u015ftir\u00a0(S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 112; Ko\u00e7ak, 2010, s. 113).<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131nda, Bosna-Hersek\u2019i, S\u0131rp ve H\u0131rvat liderlerin kendi aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve S\u0131rp-H\u0131rvat b\u00f6lgesinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6lgeyi tampon \u0130slam b\u00f6lgesi yapmaya karar verdikleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde haberler \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 180). T\u00fcm bu ya\u015fananlar\u0131n \u00fczerine Bosna-Hersek\u2019in kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesinden ba\u015fka bir \u00e7\u0131kar yolu kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 180; \u0130zetbegovi\u00e7, 2003, s. 9).<\/p>\n

18 Kas\u0131m-2 Aral\u0131k 1990 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen se\u00e7imlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da bir anlamda n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Se\u00e7im, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kolayca g\u00f6zlenebildi\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar vermi\u015ftir. Bu se\u00e7imlerde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131 temsil eden ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Demokratik Eylem Partisi ile Ortodoks S\u0131rplar\u0131 temsil eden ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Radovan Karadzi\u00e7\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 S\u0131rp Demokrat Partisi ve Katolik H\u0131rvatlar\u0131 temsil eden, ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Franko Tudjman\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Demokratik H\u0131rvat Partisi yar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re elde edilen veriler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 219):<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Grafik 1: Bosna-Hersek Parlamentosu Etnik Yap\u0131s\u0131 (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 219)<\/p><\/div>\n

Yugoslavya\u2019da federasyondan kopan ilk \u00fclke Slovenya olmu\u015ftur. Slovenya\u2019n\u0131n 25 Haziran 1991 tarihinde federasyondan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, as\u0131l korkulan \u015fey olmu\u015f ve Almanlardan a\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k destek alan H\u0131rvatlar da (Selver, 2003, s. 95; \u00dclger, 2003, s. 44) ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir (Alili, 2010, s. 52; Kaptan, 2008, s. 23). S\u0131rbistan, bunun \u00fczerine i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 tetikleyecek askeri m\u00fccadelelere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Sa\u011flam, 2015, s. 575). Art\u0131k olay, \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 meselesi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak uluslararas\u0131 bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Yugoslavya, art\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan iki devlete sald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r ve bu da uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesini s\u00f6z konusu etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle \u201cYugoslavya\u201d ismi de tarih sahnesini terk etmi\u015ftir (Alili, 2010, s. 51). Bu \u015fekilde Slovenya ve ard\u0131ndan da H\u0131rvatistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmeleri ve tan\u0131nmalar\u0131, Bosna-Hersek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00e2busun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famalar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur (Crampton, 2007, s. 246). Bosna-Hersek i\u00e7indeki S\u0131rplar ve H\u0131rvatlar az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015fmeyi kabullenemediklerinden, sald\u0131rgan tav\u0131rlar sergilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (G\u00f6kda\u011f & Karatay, 2013, s. 181). Bu geli\u015fmelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Bosna-Hersek, 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan referandumun ard\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederken, Bosna-Hersek Parlamentosu da 5 Nisan 1992 tarihinde, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in Yugoslavya Federal Cumhuriyeti\u2019nden ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir\u00a0(\u00d6ner & N., 2013, s. 50; Ekinci, 2014, s. 17).<\/p>\n

Oylamada \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k karar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, S\u0131rplar\u0131n huzursuzla\u015fmas\u0131yla, adeta bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 256). Karadzi\u00e7 \u00f6nderli\u011finde ba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda S\u0131rplar, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f, milyonun \u00fczerinde Bo\u015fnak ve H\u0131rvat g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, y\u00fcz bin civar\u0131nda insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, ayr\u0131ca toplu katliamlar ve tecav\u00fczler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 180). Belgrad ve bu b\u00f6lgedeki S\u0131rplar, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve bunun sonunda Bosna-Hersek\u2019te sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mihailov ise bu esnada, Belgrad\u2019da ya\u015fayan iki milyon civar\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Avrupa\u2019dan atarak, \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131 kurmay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 113).<\/p>\n

H\u0131rvatlar donan\u0131ml\u0131 askeri birimlere ve S\u0131rplar da Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck ordusu olan Yugoslav Federal Ordusu\u2019na (JNA) sahipken, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in elinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir askeri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ya da a\u011f\u0131r silahlar hi\u00e7 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ar\u0131 & Pirin\u00e7\u00e7i, 2013, s. 6). Bosna-Hersek\u2019te, S\u0131rp askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Yugoslav Federal Ordusu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur (\u00dclger, 2003, s. 5; Bora, 1999, s. 97). Bosna-Hersek\u2019te S\u0131rplar\u0131n en fazla taban buldu\u011fu yer, Banja Luka olmu\u015ftur (Bora, 1999, s. 96). Banja Luka\u2019daki S\u0131rp milliyet\u00e7ileri askeri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken, \u201cetnik temizli\u011fi\u201d[2]<\/sup><\/a> sivil y\u00f6ntemle ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f ve yerel y\u00f6netim, imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n % 80\u2019ini S\u0131rplara, geriye kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da S\u0131rp olmayanlara vermi\u015ftir\u00a0(Bora, 1999, s. 83). Ard\u0131ndan Banja Luka\u2019daki S\u0131rp Milli Meclisi de Bosna-Hersek S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni ilan etmi\u015f, S\u0131rp n\u00fcfus silahland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 bir propaganda ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve S\u0131rplar Federal Ordu\u2019dan koruma istemi\u015ftir (\u00d6ner & N., 2013, s. 50). Bosna-Hersek\u2019te 1992 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki referandum sonras\u0131, tam bir Bo\u015fnak katliam\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Savunmas\u0131z Bo\u015fnaklar, Yugoslav Ordusu\u2019ndan al\u0131nan silahlarla, S\u0131rp \u00e7eteler taraf\u0131ndan, kitlesel bi\u00e7imde yok edilmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u0131rada Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) ve Kuzey Atlantik Anla\u015fmas\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (NATO) deste\u011finde uygulanan ambargo bahanesiyle silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar, tam anlam\u0131yla savunmas\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Alili, 2010, s. 56; Ko\u00e7ak, 2010, s. 165; Keser, 2012, s. 137).<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Balkanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi Bosna-Hersek i\u00e7inde de k\u00fclt\u00fcr, inan\u00e7 ve etnik yap\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve bir arada ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f durumu s\u00fcregelmi\u015ftir. S\u0131rplar, kozmopolit Bosna-Hersek yerine, saf bir \u0131rka dayal\u0131 Bosna-Hersek hayaliyle, kendileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakileri yok etme fikrine kilitlenmi\u015ftir. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131; G\u00fcney Slavlar\u0131n\u0131, S\u0131rp liderli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bir araya getirmek olmu\u015ftur (Ko\u00e7ak, 2010, s. 31).<\/p>\n

Bosna-Hersek\u2019te M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, milli kimlik \u00fczerine dini bir kimli\u011fin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6yleyecek olursak; dini kimlikleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfle \u201cm\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u201d ve milli kimlikleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck harfle \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u201d bi\u00e7iminde i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki \u0130slamiyet bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7ten d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bile kamusal alandan silinmemi\u015ftir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k birliktelik sonucunda Bosnal\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmak birbiriyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Bosna\u2019n\u0131n hem ahlaki hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bora, 1999, s. 52). Bosnal\u0131lar, ekonomik ve toplumsal stat\u00fcleri i\u00e7in de \u0130slam dinine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. H\u0131ristiyanlara uygulanan cizye ve hara\u00e7 vergileri elbette din de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli bir sebep de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar da \u0130slamiyet\u2019in temel \u015fartlar\u0131na uygun olarak zek\u00e2t vermek zorundayd\u0131lar (Malcolm, 1999, s. 121).<\/p>\n

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Katliam kutlamas\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, y\u00f6netimindeki gayrim\u00fcslim halka ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc ve uzla\u015f\u0131m \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n dini kurumlar\u0131na, adetlerine ve yerel kurumlar\u0131na etki etmemi\u015flerdir (\u0130nalc\u0131k, 2000, s. 42). Halk\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk (inananlar) ve z\u0131mni (M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan fakat Osmanl\u0131 idaresinde ya\u015fayanlar) olarak ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, 2000, s. 1007). Bosna\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kilise te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n (Katolik-Ortodoks gibi) olmamas\u0131, burada \u0130slamiyet\u2019in yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Bosna\u2019n\u0131n fethinden k\u0131sa zaman \u00f6nce Bosna halk\u0131na yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar uygulayan Katolik Kilisesi de buna zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Y\u0131lmazata, 2013, s. 33). Bunun yan\u0131nda, en az\u0131ndan 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7inde bir meslek sahibi olabilmenin ko\u015fulu da yine M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmak \u015feklinde belirlenmi\u015ftir (Malcolm, 1999, s. 122).<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc korusa da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda gayrim\u00fcslim tebaaya getirilmi\u015f olan yasaklar ve engeller de etkili olmu\u015ftur. Gayrim\u00fcslim halk\u0131n ata binmeleri yasakt\u0131, bu insanlar ye\u015fil giyemezlerdi, hi\u00e7bir ko\u015fulda silah ta\u015f\u0131yamazlard\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u00f6zg\u00fc \u015fekilde giyinemezlerdi. Yeni bir kilise in\u015fa etmek bir yana, var olan bir kiliseyi tamir ya da restore etmeleri i\u00e7in bile izin almalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. Kiliselerin cami minarelerinden y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 da yasaklar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. H\u0131ristiyanlar askere al\u0131nmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in de fazla vergi veriyorlard\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7amazlar, mahkemelerde bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n \u015fahitli\u011fi kabul edilirken,buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ancak iki Hristiyan\u2019\u0131n \u015fahitli\u011fi kabul edilirdi (Malcolm, 1999, s. 123; Mazower, 2014, s. 92). Sava\u015flarda esir al\u0131nan gayrim\u00fcslimler, ancak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduktan sonra \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kazanabilmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuruda bulunma hakk\u0131 elde edebiliyordu (Malcolm, 1999, s. 124). M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde \u00e7an \u00e7almalar\u0131 yasak olan H\u0131ristiyanlar, ancak tahtaya vurabiliyordu (Mazower, 2014, s. 112).<\/p>\n

Bosna-Hersek\u2019in M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsemesiyle ilgili, ortaya at\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u015fekli ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan taraftar bulmu\u015f ve farkl\u0131 yorumlara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f, iki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 u\u00e7 olarak nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz fikirler \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130lkinde, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015farak ge\u00e7mi\u015fine ihanet etti\u011fi kabul edilen Bo\u015fnaklar tezi savunulmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci olarak da tamamen ideolojiye dayanan ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin gelmesiyle, Bo\u015fnak Bogomillerin bunu, Ortodoks ve Katolik kiliseleri taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan, bask\u0131lardan kurtulma f\u0131rsat\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirip M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tercih etti\u011finin savunuldu\u011fu tez ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Popov\u0131c, 1995, s. 186).<\/p>\n

Eski Yugoslavya \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131c\u0131 rejim \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde hem dini hem de etnik a\u00e7\u0131dan birbiri i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7en, farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 kimliklerden olu\u015fan ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcrde k\u0131r\u0131lmalar olu\u015fmu\u015f, o homojen toplum ayr\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan b\u00f6yle etnik ve dini kimlikler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sayg\u0131 bitmi\u015f, insanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda kentler ve ibadethaneler bile hedef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bosna-Hersek\u2019te ya\u015fananlar da aynen bu \u015fekilde geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. S\u0131rplar; sadece insanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, onlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini, dinlerini, dillerini, ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131sacas\u0131 ya\u015fama bi\u00e7imlerini yok etme \u00e7abas\u0131na giri\u015fmi\u015ftir (Coward, 2006, s. 24). Etnik kimliklerin \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bu anlamdaki ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n orta yerindeki Bosna-Hersek olmu\u015ftur. Bu etnik milliyet\u00e7ilik, daha sonralar\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131k gibi farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere de s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00c7akmak, 2014, s. 68; Ko\u00e7ak, 2010, s. 41).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bosna-Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Sava\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f nedenlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; genel anlamda iktisadi konular, ideolojiler, dini inan\u00e7lar ve etnik yap\u0131 gibi ortak ba\u015fl\u0131klar ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Genel olarak Eski Yugoslavya\u2019da ya\u015fanan; ama en korkutucu anlar\u0131n\u0131n Bosna-Hersek \u00f6zelinde ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sava\u015fta da b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn etnik gruplar, kendilerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir cumhuriyetin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015famak ve di\u011fer etnik gruplar\u0131n boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda bir hayat ya\u015famamak arzusunu duymu\u015ftur. (Tekin C. H., 2012, s. 9).<\/p>\n

1992 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilkbahar mevsimiyle 1995 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve en \u015fiddetli sava\u015f, Avrupa\u2019da, H\u0131rvatistan ve Bosna-Hersek b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bosna-Hersek\u2019te s\u00fcren sava\u015f, herkesin bildi\u011fi sava\u015f kurallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir (Erbesler, 2014, s. 13; Crampton, 2007, s. 250). \u00dc\u00e7 temel etnik topluluk olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar, Katolik H\u0131rvatlar ve Ortodoks S\u0131rplar aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir bi\u00e7imde ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa dayanan kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Crampton, 2007, s. 250).<\/p>\n

1992-1995 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sava\u015f\u0131n ideolojik anlamdaki ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131, 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda S\u0131rbistan Sanatlar ve Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan ve Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin (YSFC) ele\u015ftirildi\u011fi memorandumun yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131yla at\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Memorandumda alt\u0131 cumhuriyetten biri olan S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer cumhuriyetler taraf\u0131ndan istismar edildi\u011fi\u00a0(Atabay, 2012, s. 269) ve YSFC\u2019nin yeni ba\u015ftan yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olaca\u011f\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kosova Mitingi ile Slobodan Milosevi\u00e7 \u00f6nce 29 Haziran 1989 tarihinde, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin S\u0131rplar\u0131 Kosova\u2019da ma\u011flup edi\u015finin 600. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan, 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda verilen Kosova\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fini kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; b\u00f6ylece Yugoslavya’n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Vatansever, 2011, s. 3). Tam ad\u0131 \u201cS\u0131rp Bilim ve Sanat Akademisi (SANU), Akademisyenler Grubu\u2019nun A. \u0130sakovi\u00e7 Y\u00f6netiminde \u00dclkemizin Akt\u00fcel ve Toplumsal Sorunlar\u0131 \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri\u201d olan memorandum, 24-25 Eyl\u00fcl 1986 tarihinde \u201cVe\u00e7erniye Novosti\u201d adl\u0131 Belgrad gazetesinde \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00f6nemli konular; Tito\u2019nun \u00e7izdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlara g\u00f6re ya\u015fanan Yugoslavya Federasyonu\u2019nda, S\u0131rp halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131rbistan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015famak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Voyvodina ve Kosova\u2019n\u0131n otonomi hakk\u0131 kazanmas\u0131yla S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Arnavut halk\u0131n Kosova\u2019da S\u0131rplara y\u00f6nelik sistemli bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Slovenya ile H\u0131rvatistan\u2019\u0131n 1945 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri S\u0131rbistan ekonomisinde sistematik bi\u00e7imde zarara neden oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ifadelerle anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 120-121).<\/p>\n

As\u0131l Bosna-Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131, as\u0131l katliam ve eziyetler s\u00fcreci, 1 Mart 1992\u2019de, Bo\u015fnak Ramiz Delali\u00e7\u2019in, S\u0131rplara ait bir kilisede d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kat\u0131lanlara sald\u0131rarak damad\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp Papaz\u0131 yaralamas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cKanl\u0131 D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en ve \u00e7o\u011fu kimse taraf\u0131ndan unutulmu\u015f olan bu olay esasen sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndaki en son tetikleyici etken olmu\u015ftur. Ertesi g\u00fcn Saraybosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar, kendilerini Bo\u015fnak sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan koruma bahanesiyle barikatlar kurmaya ve silaha sar\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Alili, 2010, s. 56; Kaptan, 2008, s. 26). Federal ordunun a\u011f\u0131r silahlarla etkisizle\u015ftirdi\u011fi kentlere giren S\u0131rplar, insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131labilecek i\u015fkencelerle sivil halk\u0131 katletmi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde S\u0131rp tanklar\u0131ndan ve toplar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan ate\u015fin alt\u0131nda kalan Saraybosna halk\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda a\u00e7l\u0131kla ve susuzlukla da u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fatman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden 1993 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131na dek sekiz binden fazla insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, elli binden fazlas\u0131 ise yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u00e7l\u0131k ve so\u011fuk gibi sebepler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz ellisi \u00e7ocuk olmak \u00fczere, sekiz y\u00fcz civar\u0131nda sivil hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir\u00a0(Bora, 1999, s. 90).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tito D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Yugoslavya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na uzak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in cephanelik olarak kullan\u0131lan Bosna-Hersek, Yugoslav Federal Ordusu i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ve kaybedilemez olmu\u015ftur (Bora, 1995, s. 90). Milosevi\u00e7\u2019in destekledi\u011fi ve S\u0131rp as\u0131ll\u0131 subaylar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetindeki Yugoslav Ordusu taraf\u0131ndan da desteklenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i S\u0131rp \u00c7etnikler[3]<\/sup><\/a>; yak\u0131p y\u0131karak, bombalayarak ya da say\u0131s\u0131z tecav\u00fcz su\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015fleyerek Bosna-Hersek\u2019in % 60\u2019l\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 25; Can, 1992, s. 92; T\u00fcrbedar, 2010, s. 42).<\/p>\n

Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu (AT) ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri (ABD), Bosna-Hersek\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 7 Nisan 1992 tarihinde tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve Yugoslavya\u2019ya ait cumhuriyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddet kullanmak suretiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin kabul edilemez oldu\u011funu belirten ortak bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r (Ta\u015far, Metin, & \u00dcnaltay, 1996, s. 225). Her \u015feye ra\u011fmen uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nma ve yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bile Bosna-Hersek\u2019i bu kanl\u0131 sava\u015ftan kurtaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(\u00dclger, 2003, s. 5). S\u0131rplar \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca, uluslararas\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 ya da uyar\u0131ya kulak asmayarak, Bosna-Hersek\u2019te Bosnal\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131, pervas\u0131zca sergilemi\u015flerdir. Ku\u015fatma alt\u0131ndaki kentlerde ve m\u00fclteci kamplar\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve i\u015fkenceyle katledilmi\u015ftir\u00a0(Kaptan, 2008, s. 27).<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler, ba\u015fta Saraybosna olmak \u00fczere, S\u0131rplar\u0131n ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu kentleri bombalamas\u0131na, sniper ate\u015fiyle masum sivilleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesine, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ki\u015filerin toplama kamplar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen etnik temizlik ya da ar\u0131nd\u0131rma hareketine \u00e7ok uzun bir s\u00fcre seyirci kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 26; \u00c7au\u015fevi\u00e7, 1994, s. 62). Etnik temizli\u011fi plan olarak uygulayan S\u0131rplar, bu plan dahilinde kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlama, kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirme, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve tecav\u00fcz y\u00f6ntemlerini ac\u0131mas\u0131zca kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 373) . Bosna-Hersek, S\u0131rplar\u0131n ve federal ordunun artan sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonunda, \u00fclkenin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve demokrasi ile bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ad\u0131na, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeleri ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131; AT, Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Konferans\u0131 (AG\u0130K) ve BM\u2019yi acil yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Kaptan, 2008, s. 27).<\/p>\n

Saraybosna kentinde \u00e7ok ac\u0131 olaylar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Ta\u015far, Metin, & \u00dcnaltay, 1996, s. 160). Mart ay\u0131 ortas\u0131ndan itibaren S\u0131rplar kentin yirmiden fazla yerine otob\u00fcslerle ve arabalarla barikatlar kurmu\u015ftur. Bosna-Hersek\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn g\u00f6steri yapan k\u0131rk bin ki\u015finin \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, olaylarda alt\u0131 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, onlarca insan yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar\u0131n Lideri Karadzi\u00e7, oradaki otuz bin S\u0131rp\u2019\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in Saraybosna kentini ku\u015fatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir (Ta\u015far, Metin, & \u00dcnaltay, 1996, s. 254). 5 \u015eubat 1995\u2019te tarihe \u201cPazar Yeri Katliam\u0131\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en S\u0131rp sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan Saraybosna\u2019da, havan topu sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda, Markale Pazar\u0131\u2019nda sivil halktan altm\u0131\u015f sekiz ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve en az y\u00fcz ki\u015fi de yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Karasu, 2008, s. 56; Atabay, 2013, s. 181). 28 A\u011fustos 1995 g\u00fcn\u00fc S\u0131rp bombard\u0131man\u0131 esnas\u0131nda yine Saraybosna\u2019da bir pazar yerinin yak\u0131n\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen havan mermileri nedeniyle otuz yedi sivil hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, seksen be\u015f sivil de yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Atabay, 2013, s. 182).<\/p>\n

Saraybosna’ n\u0131n g\u0131da ya da ila\u00e7 gibi hayati a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, BM Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc’n\u00fcn denetiminde, havaalan\u0131na gelen yard\u0131mlarla asgari derecede kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmi\u015ftir ki bu yard\u0131mlar asl\u0131nda fiilen S\u0131rp milislerinin denetimi alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir (Bora, 1999, s. 90). Bosna-Hersek\u2019te BM\u2019nin Bo\u015fnak kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumunun en a\u00e7\u0131k kan\u0131t\u0131, 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1991 tarihinde konulan ambargonun S\u0131rp ve H\u0131rvatlar\u0131n yarar\u0131na bozulmas\u0131na sessiz kalan ve hatta arka \u00e7\u0131kan bir davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi sergilenmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 51; Sa\u011flam, 2015, s. 576).<\/p>\n

Londra Konferans\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Otuz civar\u0131nda \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanlar\u0131 ve Eski Yugoslavya Federal Cumhuriyeti liderlerinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Londra Konferans\u0131, AT d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan 26-27 A\u011fustos 1992 tarihinde, AT ve BM g\u00f6zetiminde, Londra\u2019da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 257; Crampton, 2007, s. 252).<\/p>\n

Londra Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Bosna-Hersek\u2019in var olan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131nmas\u0131na, S\u0131rplar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak toprak kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve yerli halk\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesine, a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na, insanc\u0131l yard\u0131mlar\u0131n BM korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve son \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in Cenevre\u2019de bir mekanizma kurulmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 257; Erbesler, 2014, s. 142). Al\u0131nan t\u00fcm bu kararlara ra\u011fmen Bosna-Hersek\u2019te sular durulmam\u0131\u015f, sald\u0131r\u0131lar kesilmemi\u015ftir. Konferans kararlar\u0131 etkin olarak uygulanamam\u0131\u015f ve bunun yan\u0131nda Bosna-Hersek\u2019teki zul\u00fcm de artarak devam etmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 257). Londra Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sonucu, b\u00f6lgede g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla herhangi bir bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011finin d\u00fcnya kamuoyuna ilan edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 260).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/h2>\n

Sava\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcyor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bosna-Hersek\u2019te etnik temizlik ad\u0131na dine dair ne varsa yok etmek arzusuyla S\u0131rplar, 25 A\u011fustos 1992 tarihinde, Saraybosna\u2019daki Bosna-Hersek Ulusal ve \u00dcniversite K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019ni bombalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 2005, s. 57). \u00c7o\u011fu 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma \u0130slam metinleri olan, y\u00fcz elli be\u015f bin nadir kitap da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, bir bu\u00e7uk milyon cilt eseri yok etmi\u015flerdir (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 38).<\/p>\n

S\u0131rplar, sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha da art\u0131yorken \u00fcst\u00fcne bir de 27 May\u0131s 1992 tarihinde, Saraybosna\u2019da ekmek kuyru\u011fundaki insanlar \u00fczerine bomba ya\u011fd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ta\u015far, Metin, & \u00dcnaltay, 1996, s. 254; \u00c7au\u015fevi\u00e7, 1994, s. 132). Bu S\u0131rp bombalar\u0131 nedeniyle de otuz sivil hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcndeki trajedi s\u00fcrmektedir (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 253). Sava\u015f, S\u0131rplar\u0131n lehine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve sonu\u00e7 neredeyse bu olayla belirlenmi\u015ftir\u00a0(Erbesler, 2014, s. 138). \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 durdurmak ad\u0131na \u00f6nemli hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015f olan BM\u2019nin, Yugoslavya\u2019ya uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silah ambargosu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc silahlar kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (G\u00f6kda\u011f & Karatay, 2013, s. 200). Bu geri al\u0131nmayan ambargo karar\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n eziyet g\u00f6ren taraf\u0131 olan Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n durumunu da iyiden iyiye zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, ambargo sonunda mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm gere\u011fince S\u0131rplar, neredeyse tamamen otonom bir cumhuriyet kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti \u2013 Bosna-Hersek Federasyonu ayr\u0131m\u0131) (\u00c7akmak, 2014, s. 69). 5 \u015eubat 1994 tarihinde Saraybosna\u2019da pazar yerine att\u0131klar\u0131 bombayla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apta bir katliam daha yapm\u0131\u015f olan Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplardan, NATO\u2019dan gelen \u00fcltimatomla, a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131n\u0131 on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Saraybosna\u2019n\u0131n yirmi km d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 istenmi\u015f ve \u015fehir onsekiz ay boyunca bu sayede top\u00e7u sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na maruz kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tekin C. H., 2012, s. 26).<\/p>\n

S\u0131rplara ait bu vah\u015fete dayal\u0131 politikan\u0131n d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan duyulup \u00f6\u011frenilmesi, Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklara kurtulu\u015f umudu vermemi\u015ftir. BM ve NATO deste\u011fiyle S\u0131rplara y\u00f6nelik bir ambargo ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; ancak Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar eski m\u00fcttefikleri olan Ruslardan yard\u0131m almalar\u0131 ve co\u011frafi bak\u0131mdan i\u00e7erde bulunan Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara nazaran daha avantajl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle bu ambargodan hemen hemen hi\u00e7 etkilenmemi\u015ftir\u00a0(Kaptan, 2008, s. 27). S\u0131rplara silah yard\u0131m\u0131 yapan Yugoslav Federal Ordusu, bununla da yetinmeyip, bizzat \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda taraf olarak yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada zarar g\u00f6ren taraf, silah ve lojistik anlamda \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc halde olan Bo\u015fnak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar olmu\u015ftur\u00a0(\u00c7akmak, 2014, s. 71). Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin pasif davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 nedeniyle, sava\u015f durmak yerine daha da kanl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara sahne olmu\u015ftur ve bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kontrol\u00fc eline alan ABD, S\u0131rplara y\u00f6nelik a\u011f\u0131r hava sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 yapma konusunda NATO m\u00fcttefiklerini ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lkin ileti\u015fim merkezleri, hava savunma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve cephane depolar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeyi ama\u00e7layan bombard\u0131man, 31 A\u011fustos 1995 tarihinde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve iki hafta sonunda hava savunmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n vermeden, S\u0131rp cephanelerini yok etmi\u015ftir. Sonras\u0131nda Mladi\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131n neredeyse hepsini Saraybosna\u2019dan \u00e7ekmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Malcolm, 1999, s. 410; S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 261).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/h2>\n

Vance-Owen Bar\u0131\u015f Plan\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

BM temsilcisi Cyrus Vance ve AT temsilcisi David Owen\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fimleriyle 2 Ocak 1993 tarihinde S\u0131rp, H\u0131rvat ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6nderler, Cenevre Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Crampton, 2007, s. 252; Erbesler, 2014, s. 142). Vance\u2013Owen Bar\u0131\u015f Plan\u0131, temel olarak zay\u0131f bir merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet etraf\u0131nda olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc eyaletler hedeflemi\u015ftir. Burada anayasa, askeri konular ve yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir konfederal sistemde toprak d\u00fczenlemeleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu planla; Bosna-Hersek\u2019in on adet yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgenin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir konfederasyon haline gelmesi, her etnik gruba \u00fc\u00e7er b\u00f6lge verilmesi ve Saraybosna\u2019n\u0131n serbest kent olmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Planda ge\u00e7en \u201c\u00e7at\u0131\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131, Bosna-Hersek\u2019te \u2018sald\u0131rgan taraf\u2019 kabul edilmi\u015f olan Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar ile Londra Konferans\u0131\u2019nda toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131nan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Bosna-Hersek H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ni konum olarak bir kabul etmi\u015ftir. Bo\u015fnak, H\u0131rvat ve S\u0131rp taraflar\u0131n konferansa e\u015fit konumda kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 sonucu, Bosna- Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda sald\u0131ran ve sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f taraf ayr\u0131m\u0131 kaybedilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 257).<\/p>\n

Merkez\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7in her \u00fc\u00e7 gruptan se\u00e7ilecek \u00fc\u00e7er temsilcinin, bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin ortak ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n onay\u0131na sunulmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 257). Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin uygulanmas\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da d\u00f6rt ayda bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kararlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine dayanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 getirilmi\u015f, \u00fczerinde anla\u015f\u0131lamayan konulardaysa, acil g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere, ortak ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa havale edilmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Saraybosna\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkent yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ve burada ortak ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daim\u00ee bir \u00fcyesinin bulunmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir\u00a0(Kaptan, 2008, s. 35). Bu plana g\u00f6re Bosna-Hersek\u2019in on kantondan olu\u015fmas\u0131na, her etnik gruba \u00fc\u00e7er kanton verilmesine ve Saraybosna\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkent ilan edilip tarafs\u0131z bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olarak onuncu kanton say\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bunlar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki ve Bo\u015fnak, S\u0131rp, H\u0131rvat devletleriyle olan ili\u015fkileri belirsizli\u011fini korumu\u015ftur (Samary, 1995, s. 100; Crampton, 2007, s. 252; \u0130lhan, 2010, s. 189). Kantonlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sava\u015ftan \u00f6nceki etnik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ma g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olsa da \u00e7o\u011funluk kanton sivil halka y\u00f6nelik sava\u015fta i\u015fgal edilen yerlerin i\u015fgalcilere b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Buna g\u00f6re S\u0131rplar % 43, Bo\u015fnaklar % 32 ve H\u0131rvatlar % 25 oran\u0131nda topra\u011fa sahip olmu\u015ftur (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 267).<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 etnik temele g\u00f6re \u00e7izilen on ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgede, \u00fc\u00e7 grubun da olu\u015fturulan yerel y\u00f6netimlerde bulunmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u0131rp temsilciler, konferanstan sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namazsa asker\u00ee bir m\u00fcdahale yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 tehdidiyle birlikte, plan\u0131 Bosna-Hersek\u2019teki S\u0131rp Parlamentosu\u2019nun onay\u0131na sunmu\u015flard\u0131r. S\u0131rplar\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 olarak ilan ettikleri Bosna-S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti Parlamentosu, 21 Ocak 1993 tarihinde Cenevre Bar\u0131\u015f Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kabul etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 258). Cenevre Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde Bosna-Hersek\u2019e uygulanan silah ambargosunun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde d\u00f6k\u00fclen kan\u0131n artaca\u011f\u0131, u\u00e7u\u015f yasa\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen u\u00e7maya devam eden S\u0131rp u\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n vurulmas\u0131n\u0131n da BM Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc askerlerinin can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlike yarataca\u011f\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn siyasi yollardan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fulmu\u015ftur (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 69).<\/p>\n

Temsilciler, toprak payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in Cenevre\u2019de tekrar bir araya gelmi\u015flerdir. Bu s\u0131rada H\u0131rvatistan birliklerinin S\u0131rplar\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 ilan etti\u011fi Krajina S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne sald\u0131rmalar\u0131 sonucunda S\u0131rp lider Radovan Karadzi\u00e7 konferanstan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toprak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve silahs\u0131zlanma konular\u0131 \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya varamayan taraflar, bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerini 31 Ocak 1993 tarihinde hen\u00fcz sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namadan bitirmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 258). Bu plan, bir yan\u0131yla Bosna-Hersek i\u00e7in milliyet\u00e7i H\u0131rvatlar\u0131n ve S\u0131rplar\u0131n hayalini kurdu\u011fu par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 tasvip eder nitelikte olmu\u015f, di\u011fer yan\u0131yla da Bosna-Hersek\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne vurguda bulunmu\u015ftur (Samary, 1995, s. 100; \u0130lhan, 2010, s. 190).<\/p>\n

Vance-Owen Bar\u0131\u015f Plan\u0131, Mart 1992 tarihinde ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca sorgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Plan, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in kantonlara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 konusundaki ilk \u00f6nerilerin farkl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imi \u015feklindedir. Son haliyle, AB temsilcisi Lord Owen ve BM Yugoslavya \u00f6zel temsilcisi Cyrus Vance taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlan\u0131p Ocak 1993 tarihinde sunulmu\u015ftur (Samary, 1995, s. 100; \u0130lhan, 2010, s. 189). Cenevre g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan iki e\u015f ba\u015fkan, BM temsilcisi Cyrus Vance ve AT temsilcisi David Owen haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 plan\u0131 BM deste\u011fi ile taraflara kabul ettirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r\u00a0 (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 258; Crampton, 2007, s. 253).<\/p>\n

Bo\u015fnak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, etnik temellere g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olan eyaletlerle, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz bir merkez\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Vance-Owen Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kesin olarak Bosna-Hersek\u2019i par\u00e7alayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek bundan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duymu\u015flarsa da Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar\u0131n kazanacaklar\u0131 % 65 oran\u0131ndaki toprak, Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n plan\u0131 reddetmelerini zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Plan\u0131 kabul edenler sadece H\u0131rvatlar olmu\u015ftur. S\u0131rplar kendi geleceklerini belirleme haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumada \u0131srar ederken M\u00fcsl\u00fcman temsilciler de Bosna-Hersek\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet oldu\u011fu ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini savunmu\u015flard\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 258; Crampton, 2007, s. 253).<\/p>\n

Bo\u015fnak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n baz\u0131 isteklerinin plan i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131 ve baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte, 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti plan\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Plan\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve H\u0131rvat temsilciler ilke olarak kabul etmi\u015f, S\u0131rplar ise eyaletlerin uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fki kurma yetkisi de almas\u0131n\u0131 isteyerek reddetmi\u015ftir. Yine de S\u0131rp Parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla plan\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir. Cyrus Vance ve David Owen\u2019in bar\u0131\u015f plan\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesiyle BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nden bar\u0131\u015f plan\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koymalar\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fler; ancak bu defa da plan ABD taraf\u0131ndan reddedilmi\u015f ve Avrupa ile Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yeni bir bar\u0131\u015f plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 259; Crampton, 2007, s. 254). Yugoslavya\u2019y\u0131 par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve milliyet\u00e7i taraflar\u0131 birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 dolduran ABD ve AB bunu \u00f6rtbas etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Alili, 2010, s. 57). AT, Haziran 1993 tarihinde halen Bosna-Hersek sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zememi\u015ftir. Kopenhag\u2019daki AT \u00f6nderlik toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Bosna-Hersek\u2019e y\u00f6nelik sil\u00e2h ambargosunun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na itiraz eden AT, b\u00f6ylelikle Bosna-Hersek\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 plan\u0131n\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 259).<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n S\u0131rplara kar\u015f\u0131 hava sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda kararl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterememi\u015f olmas\u0131, Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar\u0131n plana y\u00f6nelik olumsuz tav\u0131rlar\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur ve 25 Mart 1993 tarihinde S\u0131rp parlamentosunda yap\u0131lan oylama sonunda Vance-Owen Plan\u0131 S\u0131rplar taraf\u0131ndan reddedilmi\u015ftir. David Owen, 17 Haziran 1993tarihinde Vance-Owen Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n art\u0131k ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 259).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lgeler plan\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

ABD, Rusya Federasyonu, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n temsilcileri taraf\u0131ndan 22 May\u0131s 1993 tarihinde a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u201cOrtak Hareket Plan\u0131\u201d uyar\u0131nca ve BM\u2019nin 824 ve 836 say\u0131l\u0131 kararlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Bosna-Hersek\u2019in alt\u0131 kenti, Saraybosna, Tuzla, Zepa, Gorazde, Biha\u00e7 ve Srebrenica, BM korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131narak \u201cG\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lge\u201d ilan edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca plan gere\u011fi bu b\u00f6lgeler silahtan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 259; Erbesler, 2014, s. 143). Fa\u015fist olarak an\u0131lan S\u0131rplar ve H\u0131rvatlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sald\u0131r\u0131lardan ka\u00e7an sivil Bo\u015fnak halk Srebrenica\u2019ya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lgenin korunmas\u0131 g\u00f6revini de BM askerleri \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. S\u0131rplar Srebrenica\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatarak top at\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu alan\u0131 korumakla sorumlu BM askerleri, Frans\u0131z Komuta Merkezi\u2019nden geri \u00e7ekilmeyi talep etmi\u015fler ve Frans\u0131z komutan\u0131n verdi\u011fi geri \u00e7ekilme emriyle birlikte Hollanda birlikleri kenti bo\u015faltm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Alili, 2010, s. 57). BM taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015f olan bu G\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lgeler, gereken \u015fekilde korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, BM\u2019nin koydu\u011fu u\u00e7u\u015f yasaklar\u0131 da defalarca (d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz altm\u0131\u015f be\u015f defa) ihlal edilmi\u015ftir (\u0130lhan, 2010, s. 49). Esasen \u201cG\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lge\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan plan\u0131n, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir tuzak oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc dile getirilmi\u015ftir. Bosna-Hersek\u2019te g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fturma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini diline ilk alan ki\u015fi \u0130srail ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle \u201cMossad Ajan\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan Amerikal\u0131 Yahudi Morton Abramowitz olmu\u015ftur\u00a0(Ko\u00e7ak, 2010, s. 166).<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir f\u0131rsat kollayan Karadzi\u00e7\u2019in verdi\u011fi emir \u00fczerine S\u0131rplar, paramiliter Albay Miladi\u00e7 komutas\u0131nda Srebrenica kentine girmi\u015ftir. Bunun da \u00f6tesinde neredeyse t\u00fcm a\u011f\u0131r silahlar\u0131n\u0131n BM\u2019ye ait olmas\u0131 ve Hollanda askerlerinin z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131rplarda olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a dikkat \u00e7ekici olmu\u015ftur (Alili, 2010, s. 58). G\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lge ilan edilen Srebrenica ve Zepa\u2019n\u0131n 1995 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131nda S\u0131rplar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131, G\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lgeler Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u015flevini yerine getiremedi\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 259; Erbesler, 2014, s. 143). G\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lgeler Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Bosnal\u0131 H\u0131rvatlar, Bo\u015fnaklarla kurduklar\u0131 ittifak\u0131 bitirmi\u015f ve Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplarla ittifak kurmu\u015ftur. Bu durumda Bo\u015fnaklar Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, Bosnal\u0131 H\u0131rvatlarla da sava\u015fmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bosna-Hersek\u2019i ikiye b\u00f6lmek isteyen yeni S\u0131rp-H\u0131rvat Plan\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 260).<\/p>\n

Owen-Stoltenberg Plan\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Cyrus Vance\u2019\u0131n yerine gelen Stoltenberg ile David Owen\u2019\u0131n, 20 A\u011fustos 1993 tarihinde yeni haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 Owen-Stoltenberg Plan\u0131\u2019nda, devletin bi\u00e7imi ve etnik gruplar aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 259). Plan, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in % 52\u2019sinin Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplara, % 30\u2019unun Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ve % 18\u2019inin de Bosnal\u0131 H\u0131rvatlara b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Samary, 1995, s. 166; Erbesler, 2014, s. 143). Bu plan dahilinde Bosna-Hersek, S\u0131rplar\u0131n, H\u0131rvatlar\u0131n ve Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n cumhuriyetlerinden olu\u015facak \u201cBosna-Hersek Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi\u201dne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (M. Murat Ta\u015far, 1996, s. 270). S\u0131rplar toprak kaybedecekleri i\u00e7in buna uzak durmu\u015flar, bu nedenle AT, taraflara Cenevre\u2019de sunulmak \u00fczere S\u0131rplar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara daha fazla toprak vermeleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, S\u0131rbistan\u2019a uygulanan yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n a\u015famal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir plan \u00f6nermi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 260).<\/p>\n

Owen-Stoltenberg Plan\u0131\u2019na Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar s\u0131n\u0131r problemleri yarataca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle, ba\u015fta s\u0131cak bakmamakla birlikte, artan bask\u0131lar sonucu plan\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u0131rvatlar plan\u0131 uygun bulmu\u015flar, S\u0131rplar ise plan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek reddetmi\u015flerdir. Nihai durumda, kendinden \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer planlar gibi 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6nerilen Owen-Stoltenberg Plan\u0131 da Bosna-Hersek\u2019le ile ilgili bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecindeki yerini ve \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015f ve herhangi bir sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcrememi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 260; Crampton, 2007, s. 253).<\/p>\n

Washington Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

ABD\u2019nin giri\u015fimleriyle 24 \u015eubat 1994 tarihinde Bo\u015fnak-H\u0131rvat<\/em> Federasy<\/em>onu<\/em>\u2019nun olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Washington Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla, Bosnal\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Bosnal\u0131 H\u0131rvatlar aras\u0131nda ate\u015fkes sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Crampton, 2007, s. 255; Erbesler, 2014, s. 144). Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sorumluluk alanlar\u0131; savunma, d\u0131\u015f siyaset ve ekonomi olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Federasyonda, siyas\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve H\u0131rvatlar aras\u0131nda e\u015fit olarak b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fi i\u00e7in cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k g\u00f6revlerinin Bo\u015fnaklarla H\u0131rvatlar aras\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u015feklinde el de\u011fi\u015ftirerek y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine karar verilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 260; \u0130lhan, 2010, s. 192). Washington Anla\u015fmas\u0131 asker\u00ee anlamda taraflar aras\u0131nda gerekli i\u015f birli\u011fini olu\u015fturamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama yine de 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131rvatistan\u2019\u0131n da Bosna-Hersek\u2019in de topraklar\u0131n\u0131 S\u0131rplar\u0131n i\u015fgal etmesi, iki taraf aras\u0131nda asker\u00ee i\u015f birli\u011fini kabul edilebilir k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bo\u015fnak-H\u0131rvatistan Federasyonu\u2019nun s\u00fcreklili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda ABD ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Federasyona destek vermeleri ile birlikte H\u0131rvat ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki durumda \u00fclkelerinin gelece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 da etkili olmu\u015ftur (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 260; Erbesler, 2014, s. 144).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/h2>\n

Bat\u0131 temas grubu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

S\u0131rplar\u0131n Washington Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na (Bo\u015fnak-H\u0131rvat Federasyonu Anla\u015fmas\u0131) taraf olmay\u0131 reddedi\u015finin ard\u0131ndan; ABD, Rusya, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla Bosna-Hersek konusunda, 26 Nisan 1994 tarihinde, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n etkisiyle Eski Yugoslavya\u2019da ya\u015fanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 askeri yollar yerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerle \u00e7\u00f6zmek amac\u0131yla \u201cBat\u0131 Temas Grubu\u201d olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 260; Erbesler, 2014, s. 144). 26 Nisan 1994 tarihinde Bat\u0131 Temas Grubu taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen planda, H\u0131rvat-Bo\u015fnak Federasyonu\u2019na % 51 ve S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne % 49 oran\u0131nda pay verilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir teklif sunulmu\u015ftur (Samary, 1995, s. 166; S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 261; Crampton, 2007, s. 255). Bo\u015fnaklar, S\u0131rplar\u0131n zul\u00fcm yoluyla % 49\u2019 luk toprak kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in plan\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kabul etmemi\u015f; ancak sonras\u0131nda Temas Grubu \u00dclkeleri\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131lar sonucu mecburen kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Zepa, Srebrenica ve Gorazde g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lgelerinin S\u0131rp denetimine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Saraybosna\u2019n\u0131n etnik olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi \u015feklindeki istekleri kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, S\u0131rplar da plana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 261; Erbesler, 2014, s. 145).<\/p>\n

1995 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131na kadar S\u0131rplara bask\u0131 yaparak uygulamaya konmas\u0131 beklenen plan, May\u0131s 1995\u2019te Krajina S\u0131rplar\u0131n\u0131n Bosna-Hersek S\u0131rplar\u0131 ile birle\u015fme karar\u0131 almalar\u0131 sonucu, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeniden bir bar\u0131\u015f plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlama amac\u0131yla Londra\u2019da, \u201cBosna-Hersek\u2019te Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n Uygulanmas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in 8 Aral\u0131k 1995 tarihinde aralar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de bulundu\u011fu k\u0131rk iki \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla bir konferans ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 261).<\/p>\n

S\u0131rplar, 7-11 Temmuz 1995 tarihlerinde, katliamdan ka\u00e7an Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Srebrenica\u2019da g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lge ilan edilmesine ra\u011fmen binlerce Bo\u015fnak\u2019\u0131 eziyet, zul\u00fcm, ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131k, tecav\u00fcz ve i\u015fkenceyle katletmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zde g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lge olan Srebrenica\u2019da adeta bir katliam yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 28). Yugoslavya\u2019da 1991-1995 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cetnik temizlik\u201d ad\u0131yla yap\u0131lan katliam, basit bir kin kusma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde askeri nitelikli sivil olu\u015fumlarla ordunun bir araya gelerek, sivil insanlara, bilerek ve planlayarak \u015fiddet uygulamas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir (Mazower, 2014, s. 189).<\/p>\n

Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

S\u0131rp, H\u0131rvat ve Bo\u015fnak grubun kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bosna-Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131, 1995 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde, ABD arabuluculu\u011fu ve NATO g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin m\u00fcdahalesiyle sona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve Ohio eyaletinin Dayton \u015fehrinde, Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0(Crampton, 2007, s. 259; Kaptan, 2008, s. 34; Selver, 2003, s. 41). Bu sayede 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan tam be\u015f y\u0131l sonra ilk defa Yugoslavya\u2019da silahlar sessizli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve Yugoslavya tek bir devletken be\u015f ayr\u0131 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00a0(\u00dclger, 2003, s. 5-7; S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 262). 1 Kas\u0131m 1995 tarihinde Amerikan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Richard Holbrooke ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir araya gelen Bosna-Hersek Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Aliya \u0130zzetbegovi\u00e7, S\u0131rbistan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Slobodan Milosevi\u00e7 ve H\u0131rvatistan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Franjo Tudjman, ABD\u2019nin Ohio eyaletindeki Dayton kentinde, Wright-Patterson Hava \u00dcss\u00fc\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 14 Aral\u0131k 1995 tarihindeyse kat\u0131lan devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan Paris\u2019te resmen anla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 34; Erbesler, 2014, s. 15). Bu anla\u015fmayla Bosna-Hersek\u2019in egemenli\u011fi ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anla\u015fma gere\u011fince Bosna-Hersek, iki birimli bir devlet halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkenin % 51\u2019i Bo\u015fnak-H\u0131rvat Federasyonu\u2019na, % 49\u2019u da Bosna-Hersek\u2019teki S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fkentin de Saraybosna olarak kalmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir (\u00dclker, 2011, s. 76; Ar\u0131 & Pirin\u00e7\u00e7i, 2013, s. 9; \u0130lhan, 2010, s. 194). \u00c7at\u0131\u015fan taraflar\u0131n onay\u0131 olmadan imzalanan Dayton, uluslararas\u0131 topluma hem geni\u015f bir yetki alan\u0131 hem de dokunulmazl\u0131k imk\u00e2n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir (Dalar, 2008, s. 103). K\u0131sa s\u00fcreli ama\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sava\u015f\u0131 sonland\u0131rarak daha fazla can ve mal kayb\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeyi hedefleyen, uzun s\u00fcreli ama\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar\u0131 sa\u011flamak isteyen bu anla\u015fma Bosna-Hersek Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli olmu\u015ftur (T\u00fcrbedar, 2010, s. 4). On bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n her bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Bosna-Hersek\u2019teki sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik olarak haz\u0131rlan\u0131p farkl\u0131 kurulu\u015flara yetkiler vermi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyada, anayasas\u0131 bir anla\u015fman\u0131n eki olan tek devlet olarak Bosna-Hersek tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 263). Ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer \u00fclkelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan iki-\u00fc\u00e7 milyon civar\u0131 ki\u015finin de yeniden evlerine d\u00f6nmesi ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tek bir para birimi ve merkez bankas\u0131 olmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 35).<\/p>\n

Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel ilkeleri gere\u011fince Bosna-Hersek\u2019in, ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan ve daha \u00f6nce kendisine tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan uluslararas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlara sahip olan tek bir devlet olmas\u0131na, devletin anayasas\u0131 ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc siyasetinden sorumlu bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet bulunmas\u0131na, devletin, Bosna-Hersek Federasyonu ve Bosna-S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti \u015feklindeki iki birimden olu\u015fmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Son olarak da AG\u0130K\u2019in denetimiyle anla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonraki alt\u0131 ila dokuz ayl\u0131k s\u00fcrede, Federasyon\u2019da, Bosna-Hersek\u2019te ve Bosna S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde se\u00e7imler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrgevil & \u00d6zg\u00fcn, 2012, s. 263; Ekinci, 2014, s. 17). Bu anla\u015fma beklenildi\u011fi kadar iyi sonu\u00e7lanmam\u0131\u015f, taraflar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar elde etmeksizin uzla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sava\u015fla birlikte ayyuka \u00e7\u0131kan etnik farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 da kabul edilebilir hale getirmi\u015ftir. K\u0131saca s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse Dayton Anla\u015fmas\u0131; Bosna-Hersek\u2019te ya\u015fayan farkl\u0131 etnik gruplar\u0131n ve farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ne \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 uzla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ne de \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma nedenlerini \u00e7\u00f6zerek ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tek yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 ertelemek olmu\u015ftur (Erbesler, 2014, s. 152). Dayton Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek birtak\u0131m zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, federasyonun ve S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin \u00fclke egemenli\u011fine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayacak \u015fekilde kom\u015fu devletlerle \u00f6zel ili\u015fkiler kurmas\u0131na izin vermesi ve hem federasyon hem de S\u0131rplar\u0131n kendi ordular\u0131n\u0131 kurmalar\u0131na izin vermesi anla\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli zay\u0131f noktalar\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaptan, 2008, s. 35).<\/p>\n

Bosna-Hersek\u2019te ya\u015fanan katliamdan sorumlu olmakla su\u00e7lanan ve yarg\u0131lanan Slobodan Milosevi\u00e7, kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 silah ve te\u00e7hizat\u0131 ABD, Rusya ve \u0130srail \u015firketlerinden edinmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00fclkelerin olaylarla ilgisi olan yetkilileri mahkemeye dahi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkeme, devam etti\u011fi be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve be\u015f bin sunumu dinlemi\u015f; ama yaz\u0131k ki yarg\u0131lama, Milosevi\u00e7\u2019in 11 Mat 2006 tarihinde aniden \u00f6lmesi nedeniyle sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. San\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih boyunca s\u00fcren Milosevi\u00e7, tarihe \u201cBosna Kasab\u0131\u201d olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 26 \u015eubat 2007 tarihinde Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131\u2019nda yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamayla S\u0131rbistan\u2019\u0131n Bosna-Hersek\u2019te katliamda bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda katliam\u0131 da engellemedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc S\u0131rbistan su\u00e7lu bulunmu\u015f, S\u0131rbistan topraklar\u0131ndaki sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n adalete teslim edilmesi emredilmi\u015ftir (Kaptan, 2008, s. 35). Bosna-Hersek\u2019te \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l s\u00fcren sava\u015f\u0131n bilan\u00e7osu olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r olmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, yani 6 Nisan 1992 ile 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1995 tarihleri aras\u0131nda y\u00fcz-y\u00fcz on bin insan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, iki milyon insan yerinden edilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0(Canda, 2013, s. 1).<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u201c\u2026 Milosevi\u00e7\u2019in planlar\u0131, ihtiraslar\u0131 ve yardak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131. Ba\u015f \u00e7\u00f6mezi, Belgrad Televizyonu\u2019nun ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Du\u015fan Mitevi\u00e7, televizyonun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ylesine k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanacak, S\u0131rplar\u0131 \u00f6ylesine tahrik edecek, halk\u0131 kurmaca senaryolarla \u00f6ylesine dolduru\u015fa getirecekti ki Yugoslavya\u2019n\u0131n Milosevi\u00e7\u2019in rehberli\u011finde eceline ko\u015fusunu hi\u00e7 kimse durduramayacakt\u0131.\u201d\u00a0(Sevdalinka, 2016, s. 36).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z her iki romanda da \u201cetnik temizlik\u201d vurgusu \u00f6zellikle dile getirilmi\u015ftir. Kulin, Sevdalinka roman\u0131nda \u201cEtnik temizlik tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d<\/em> diyerek roman\u0131 bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveye oturtmu\u015ftur (Sevdalinka, 2016, s. 153). Kavakl\u0131, \u0130nsanl\u0131k Aya\u011fa Kalk roman\u0131nda \u201cEtnik temizlik m\u00fckemmel i\u015fliyordu; b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde!..\u201d<\/em> diyerek etnik temizli\u011fe dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00c7etnik:<\/strong> 1800\u2019lerden beri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i S\u0131rp \u00e7etelerine verilen isim (Crampton, 2007, s. 11).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bosna’da S\u0131rplar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan vah\u015fetin, birileri taraf\u0131ndan, \u00f6nceden bilinmiyor olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor.G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc; uygar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu insanl\u0131k ay\u0131b\u0131na,bu soyk\u0131r\u0131ma bilerek ve isteyerek g\u00f6z yumdu\u011fudur. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":10691,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[58,59,70,66],"tags":[162,1385,167,163,287],"coauthors":[216],"class_list":["post-10683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ab","category-abd","category-rusya","category-siyaset-tarih","tag-bosna","tag-hirvatistan","tag-saraybosna","tag-sirbistan","tag-soykirim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10683"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10717,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10683\/revisions\/10717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10683"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=10683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}