![\"Tem\u00fcr\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Temursb.jpg\")
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\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131ndan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na dek, Osmanl\u0131 ve Azerbaycan sahas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin (Do\u011fu ve Kuzey T\u00fcrklerinin) kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortak yaz\u0131 dilidir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7a\u011fatayca veya \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, T\u00fcrk dilinin belli bir co\u011frafyadaki belli bir d\u00f6nemini ifade eden bir T\u00fcrkl\u00fck Bilimi (T\u00fcrkoloji) terimidir. T\u00fcrkl\u00fck Bilimi\u2019nde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin belli d\u00f6nemlerini anlatmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli terimler kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Eski Uygurca, Karahanl\u0131ca, Harezm-K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Eski Anadolu \/ Eski O\u011fuz T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Osmanl\u0131ca \/ Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, \u00c7a\u011fatayca gibi. Ancak ilgili d\u00f6nemlerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar kendi dillerini bu terimlerle ifade etmezler; T\u00fcrk dili \/ tili, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrk\u00ee, T\u00fcrk\u00ee til kelimelerini kullan\u0131rlar. 15-20. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan eserlerde \u00c7a\u011fatayca \/ \u00c7a\u011fatay tili kelimelerine \u00e7ok az rastlan\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131 dili ile yazanlar da dillerine T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrk tili, T\u00fcrk\u00ee, T\u00fcrk\u00ee til demi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Genel olarak T\u00fcrk dili tarihi, \u00f6zel olarak \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bu yaz\u0131 dilinin co\u011frafyas\u0131 olarak genellikle \u201cKaradeniz, Kafkaslar ve Hazar\u2019\u0131n kuzeyi; Hazar ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusu\u201d denilip ge\u00e7ilir. Belli ki\u015fi ve eserlerle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ise \u015fair ve yazar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, eserin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ve devlet \u00e7o\u011funlukla belirtilir. Ancak \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 400 k\u00fcsur y\u0131l boyunca bu geni\u015f co\u011frafyan\u0131n neresinde, hangi siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcller bulundu\u011fu toplu olarak g\u00f6sterilmez.<\/p>\n
Haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir kitap dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini kullanan siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fclleri, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f tarihlerini, co\u011frafyalar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek istedim. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki iki sayfal\u0131k bilgi i\u00e7in haftalarca u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131m. \u00d6zellikle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f tarihleri konusunda \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ektim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki tarihler birbirini tutmuyordu. Baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ise tarihler belirtilmiyordu. Zeki Velid\u00ee Togan, Ren\u00e9 Grousset, Peter Golden gibi tarih\u00e7ilerin \u00e7ok bilinen genel tarihleri yan\u0131nda Mustafa Kafal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kurulu\u015f ve Y\u00fckseli\u015f Devirleri,<\/em> \u0130smail Aka\u2019n\u0131n Timurlular Devleti Tarihi,<\/em> Konuralp Ercilasun\u2019un Tarihin Derinliklerinden 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131la K\u00e2\u015fgar<\/em> gibi belirli konular\u0131 i\u015fleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 elden ge\u00e7irdim. Hasan Celal G\u00fczel\u2019in haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkler<\/em> kitab\u0131ndaki ilgili makaleleri okudum. T\u00fcrkiye Diyanet Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi\u2019<\/em>ndeki ilgili maddeleri tek tek g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdim. \u00d6zellikle haritalar i\u00e7in Wikipedia\u2019daki maddelere bakt\u0131m. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak en do\u011fru tarihlere ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Yine de tespit etti\u011fim ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f tarihlerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sapmalar olabilir. Ancak derli toplu ve do\u011fruya en yak\u0131n bir sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 san\u0131yorum. Konu \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak olanlarla merakl\u0131lar i\u00e7in ve tabii kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u201cicmal\u201di elde ettim.<\/p>\n 15-20. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Kuzey ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok devlet, hanedan ve hanl\u0131k kurulmu\u015ftur. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayan bu siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcller, kurulu\u015f tarihleri s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015funlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1241-1502: Karadeniz, Kafkaslar ve Hazar\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde, Bat\u0131 Sibirya\u2019da ve Kazak bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda (De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u2019ta) Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1347-1478: Is\u0131k G\u00f6l, Yedisu ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da (Mo\u011fulistan\u2019da) Do\u011fu \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n 1370-1507: Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan, G\u00fcney T\u00fcrkistan ve Harezm\u2019de Tem\u00fcrl\u00fcler.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n 1420-1598: Bat\u0131 Sibirya\u2019da Sibir (T\u00fcmen) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1420-1495: \u015eibanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131, 1495-1563: Taybuga hanedan\u0131, 1563-1598: \u015eibanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131).<\/p>\n 1430-1783: K\u0131r\u0131m yar\u0131madas\u0131 ile Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde, Don \u2013 \u00d6zi (Dinyeper) aras\u0131ndaki topraklarda, zaman zaman kuzeyde Moskova\u2019ya, do\u011fuda Kafkaslara dek uzanan co\u011frafyada K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n 1437-1552: \u0130dil boyunda, Kazan, Bulgar, Alabu\u011fa \u015fehirleri ve \u00e7evrelerinde Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1465-1718: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kazakistan topraklar\u0131nda Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1466-1556: Hazar\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde, \u0130dil boylar\u0131nda Astarhan (Hac\u0131 Tarhan) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1500-1920: Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019de Buhara Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1500-1599: \u015eibanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131, 1599-1785: Cano\u011fullar\u0131 hanedan\u0131, 1785-1920: Mang\u0131t hanedan\u0131).<\/p>\n 1502-1634: Hazar\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki Yay\u0131k boyu ile Hazar-Aral aras\u0131ndaki \u00dcst Yurt\u2019ta Nogay Ordas\u0131.<\/p>\n 1510-1858: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Afganistan, Pakistan ve Hindistan\u2019da Bab\u00fcrl\u00fc \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu.<\/p>\n 1512-1920: Harezm, Mang\u0131\u015flak ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019da Hive Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1512-1740: Y\u00e2dig\u00e2r\u00ce hanedan\u0131, 1740-1804: kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6nem, 1804-1920: Kongrat hanedan\u0131).<\/p>\n 1514-1678: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Yarkent (Saidiye) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1557-1783: Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boyunda ve Azak\u2019a kadar Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Nogay Ordas\u0131.<\/p>\n 1678-1759: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Hocalar Devri.<\/p>\n 1710-1876: Fergana Vadisi\u2019nin do\u011fusu ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da Hokand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1718-1731-1824: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131 ve G\u00fcney-Bat\u0131 Kazakistan\u2019da Ki\u00e7i C\u00fcz Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1718-1740-1822: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kuzey-Do\u011fu Kazakistan\u2019da Orta C\u00fcz Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1718-1742-1822[3]<\/a>: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcney-Do\u011fu Kazakistan\u2019da Ulu C\u00fcz Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n 1863-1877: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Yakup Bey Devleti.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki cetvelden hareketle ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 bilgilerle \u015f\u00f6yle bir genel tablo ortaya konabilir.<\/p>\n 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri iki siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcn y\u00f6netimindedir. Bat\u0131 ve G\u00fcney T\u00fcrkistan ile Harezm\u2019de Tem\u00fcrl\u00fcler; Is\u0131k G\u00f6l, Yedisu ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Do\u011fu \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n Kuzey (K\u0131p\u00e7ak) T\u00fcrkleri ise Bat\u0131 Sibirya b\u00f6lgesi hari\u00e7 Alt\u0131n Orda idaresindedir. Bat\u0131 Sibirya\u2019da Sibir Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ancak 1430-1466 aras\u0131nda Alt\u0131n Orda ve Sibir Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda birka\u00e7 hanl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: K\u0131r\u0131m, Kazan, Kazak ve Astarhan hanl\u0131klar\u0131. 1466\u2019dan sonra Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019ya, Hazar\u2019\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan Don-\u0130dil boyunca uzanan bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi kal\u0131r. Ba\u015fkent Saray da bu b\u00f6lge i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n 1447\u2019de Sibir hanlar\u0131ndan Eb\u00fclhayr Han\u2019\u0131n devlet merkezini S\u0131rderya boyundaki S\u0131\u011fnak\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. B\u00f6ylece S\u0131rderya boylar\u0131na dayanan \u015eibanl\u0131lar daha sonra Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019e de h\u00e2kim olacaklard\u0131r. Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu da Eb\u00fclhayr Han\u2019\u0131n bu hareketine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcmen merkezli Sibir Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise \u015eibanl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fka bir kolu taraf\u0131ndan devam ettirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda, 1502\u2019de Alt\u0131n Orda sona ermi\u015f, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda da Rus istilas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1552\u2019de Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1556\u2019da Astarhan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1598\u2019de Sibir Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan istila edilir. B\u00f6ylece Kuzey T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Rus h\u00e2kimiyetine girer ve \u00c7arl\u0131k Hazar\u2019a dayanm\u0131\u015f olur. Kuzey T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netimindedir. Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u0130dil\u2019den Altaylara dek uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1507\u2019de Tem\u00fcrl\u00fc hanedan\u0131 sona ermi\u015ftir. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7 hanl\u0131k vard\u0131r: Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019de Buhara; Harezm, Mang\u0131\u015flak ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019da Hive; Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Yarkent hanl\u0131klar\u0131.<\/p>\n 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda, 1510\u2019da Tem\u00fcrl\u00fclerden Bab\u00fcr \u015eah da K\u00e2bil\u2019de bir devlet kurarak k\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fct\u00fcn Kuzey Hindistan\u2019a h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur. Bab\u00fcr \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, 1858\u2019deki \u0130ngiliz h\u00e2kimiyetine kadar devam eder.<\/p>\n 17 ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Harezm\u2019de Buhara ve Hive hanl\u0131klar\u0131 devam etmi\u015ftir. Ancak 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Fergana\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda yeni bir hanl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Hokand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ise Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1678\u2019de Kalmuklar taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Hocalar Devri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu devir de 1759\u2019da son bulur ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Man\u00e7u h\u00e2kimiyetine girer.<\/p>\n Kazak bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1718\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 c\u00fcze b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olsa da 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n otuzlu y\u0131llar\u0131na dek s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1731-1742 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Kazak hanl\u0131klar\u0131 da Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 uydu (vasal) devletler h\u00e2line girer.<\/p>\n 1634\u2019te Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda kurulan Kalmuk (Cungar) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da T\u00fcrkistan ve Kazak bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 tarihi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Kalmuklar \u00f6nce (1678\u2019de) Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 y\u0131karak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 istila etmi\u015fler; sonra S\u0131rderya boylar\u0131na y\u00f6nelerek Ta\u015fkent ve Sayram\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fler, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131 kendilerine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1680\u2019lerde Kazaklarla \u00e7etin sava\u015flar yaparak onlar\u0131 bat\u0131ya itmi\u015flerdir. Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nce \u00fc\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, sonra Rus h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na girmesinde Kalmuk sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Kazak ve K\u0131rg\u0131z T\u00fcrklerinin Kalmuklarla sava\u015flar\u0131, Manas Destan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ana konusunu te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kazak bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Ruslar, 1865-1885 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Harezm b\u00f6lgesindeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131 da i\u015fgal ettiler. Yakup Beyin 1863\u2019te Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da kurdu\u011fu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrk devleti de 1877\u2019de \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan da \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyetine girmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki yirmi siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcn tamam\u0131nda \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, ortak yaz\u0131 dili olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortak \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, \u00c7in ve Rus istilalar\u0131ndan sonra da 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na dek s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yaz\u0131 dili, 1475\u2019teki Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden sonra Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 15-20. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131ndaki bu siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerin iki ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi daha vard\u0131r: 1) Tamam\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019d\u0131r. 2) Tem\u00fcrl\u00fc ve Bab\u00fcrl\u00fc hanedanlar\u0131yla Mang\u0131t, Kongrat gibi birka\u00e7 k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli hanedan ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Hocalar Devri ile Yakup Bey devleti hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn hanl\u0131klar, \u00c7engiz soyundan gelen hanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerde 400 k\u00fcsur y\u0131l i\u00e7inde binlerce yazma eser meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. Ali \u015eir Nevayi, Bab\u00fcr \u015eah ve Eb\u00fclgazi Bahad\u0131r Han\u2019\u0131 pek \u00e7ok insan bilir. Ancak \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle yazan y\u00fczlerce, belki de binlerce isim vard\u0131r. Yarl\u0131k, bitig, ferman gibi resm\u00ee yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, telif ve terc\u00fcme tarih kitaplar\u0131, divanlar, mesneviler, din\u00ee eserler, destanlar, menk\u0131beler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda binlerce eser hep \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yazma eserlere, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ta\u015f bask\u0131s\u0131 eserler de eklenmi\u015ftir. Elbette b\u00fct\u00fcn co\u011frafyalarda ayn\u0131 veya e\u015fit yo\u011funlukta eser yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eskiden beri yerle\u015fik olan b\u00f6lgelerde daha \u00e7ok, bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde ise daha az eser yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ister bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinden, ister yerle\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerden olsun bir ki\u015fi belli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesine ula\u015f\u0131p eser yazma noktas\u0131na geldi\u011fi zaman kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131 dili, \u00c7a\u011fatay yaz\u0131 dili olmu\u015ftur. Eski tarihlerdeki okur yazar oran\u0131n\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi % 80 – % 100 civar\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da burada hat\u0131rlamal\u0131y\u0131z. 1928\u2019deki Harf \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki okur yazarlar\u0131n oran\u0131 % 10\u2019un alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Avrasya ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki geni\u015f co\u011frafyada \u00c7a\u011fatayca, ortak yaz\u0131 dili olarak devam ederken tabii ki birbirinden farkl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zlar da konu\u015fma dili olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131, Rus misyoner ve oryantalistlerinin te\u015fvik ve telkinleriyle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda yaz\u0131 dili h\u00e2line getirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bol\u015fevik devriminden sonra, te\u015fvik ve telkinlerin yerini Moskova\u2019dan y\u00f6netilen leng\u00fcistik kurultaylar\u0131ndaki zorlay\u0131c\u0131 kararlar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda tamamlanan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonunda \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi d\u00f6nemi sona ermi\u015f, Kuzey ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u201cYeni T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dilleri\u201d d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> 1405\u2019te Tem\u00fcr \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman Anadolu, Irak, Kafkaslar, \u0130ran, Horasan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Afganistan, Pakistan ve Delhi d\u00e2hil Hindistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131 Tem\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi.<\/p>\n