{"id":11169,"date":"2020-09-07T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-07T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=11169&preview=true&preview_id=11169"},"modified":"2020-09-04T13:51:29","modified_gmt":"2020-09-04T10:51:29","slug":"cinin-gizli-stratejisi-100-yillik-maraton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/cinin-gizli-stratejisi-100-yillik-maraton\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7in’in gizli stratejisi: 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k maraton"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u0131ra, okuyucular\u0131ma aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00c7in hakk\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n sonuncusuna geldi: Michael Pillsbury’nin 100 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Maraton (100-Year Marathon) eseri. Kitab\u0131n alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u00c7in’in, K\u00fcresel S\u00fcper-g\u00fc\u00e7 Olarak Amerika’n\u0131n Yerine Ge\u00e7mek \u0130\u00e7in Gizli Stratejisi<\/em>. Kitap ABD’de uzun s\u00fcre en \u00e7ok satan listelerinin ba\u015flar\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f. Kore, Taiwan, Hindistan, Mo\u011folistan ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde \u00e7evrilip yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f. Bu sonuncunun yay\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7in Mill\u00ee Savunma \u00dcniversitesi. 2017′ de, ABD \u00d6zel Harekat Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n “Komutanlar\u0131n Okuma Listesi”nde yer alm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce \u00fc\u00e7 yazardan bahsettim. Ayn\u0131 konuyu inceleyen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnden daha k\u0131demli ve daha ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 Pillsbury. 1945 do\u011fumlu. Stanford’da Tarih dal\u0131nda lisans, Columbia’da Zbigniew Brzezinski ve Michel Oksenberg y\u00f6netiminde y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktora derecelerini alm\u0131\u015f. Bu iki isim, Carter y\u00f6netiminde, \u00c7in ve Afganistan siyasetinin tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131. Mezuniyetinden sonra ABD D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. 1969-70′ te Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’ de Siyas\u00ee Memur Yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, 71-72′ de Tayvan’ da doktora bursiyeri, 73-77′ te RAND’da Sosyal Bilimler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc analisti ve 1978′ de Harvard’da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olarak bulunmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

Reagan y\u00f6netiminde, Siyaset Planlamas\u0131’ndan sorumlu Bakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Asistanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine tayin edilmi\u015f ve “Reagan Doktrini” diye bilinen gizli yard\u0131m program\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f. RAND \u015eirketi’ndeyken, ABD’nin \u00c7in’le istihbarat ve askerlik alanlar\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye eden makaleler yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri Ronald Reagan, Henry Kissinger ve James Schlesinger taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f. Makalelerindeki teklifler, Carter ve Reagan y\u00f6netimlerinde, ABD politikas\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

ABD Senato Komiteleri’nde uzun y\u0131llar g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f. National Endowment for Democracy, k\u0131saca NED kanunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f. NED, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki STK ve \u015fah\u0131slara daha \u00f6nce gizlice CIA’in verdi\u011fi madd\u00ee deste\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131ktan veren bir GONGO- H\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00e7e Kurulan STK![i]<\/a> Mill\u00ee Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n her y\u0131l \u00c7in’in asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc hakk\u0131nda bir rapor vermesini mecbur tutan mevzuat\u0131 haz\u0131rlayanlar aras\u0131nda da Pillsbury var. 1992’de, Ba\u015fkan George Bush zaman\u0131nda, Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 Asya Masas\u0131’nda \u00d6zel Yard\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

Kendi sayfas\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klamalara g\u00f6re ABD-\u00c7in aras\u0131nda asker\u00ee ve istihbarat i\u015fbirli\u011finde; Afganistan’a Stinger f\u00fczelerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda kilit roller \u00fcstlendi. Sovyetler’e kar\u015f\u0131 ABD-\u00c7in yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rl\u0131k safhas\u0131nda, \u00c7in yetkilileri ile yak\u0131n temas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Mensup oldu\u011fu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurumlar uzun bir liste tutuyor; Hudson Institute, Freedom House, T\u00fcrk okuyucusunun tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131ndan ikisi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceki iki kitab\u0131 kendime g\u00f6re d\u00fczenleyip \u00f6yle sunmu\u015ftum. Pilssbury’nin yar\u0131m asr\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n b\u00fcrokrasi tecr\u00fcbesinden olmal\u0131, onun d\u00fczenlemesi gayet uygun. Bu y\u00fczden onun b\u00f6l\u00fcm yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f: H\u00fcsn\u00fc kuruntu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201cDenizi ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc aldat.\u201d<\/em> – Otuz Alt\u0131 Strateji<\/em><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda “Cehenneme giden yol, iyi niyet ta\u015flar\u0131yla d\u00f6\u015felidir<\/em>” diye ba\u015flamal\u0131yd\u0131m ama yazar\u0131n koydu\u011fu alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kulland\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, 30 Ocak 2012 tarihinde Washington’da Smithsonian Ensitit\u00fcsi m\u00fczelerinin konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 National Mall’da, D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Hillary Clinton’un \u00c7in havai fi\u015fek sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Cai Guo Qiang’a madalya vermesiyle a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor. (Hat\u0131rlatay\u0131m, \u00c7in dilinde, ilk isim, soyadd\u0131r.) Cai, 2008 Pekin Olimpiyatlar\u0131’n\u0131n havai fi\u015fek g\u00f6sterilerini, \u00c7in Seddi’nin boydan boya ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ki\u015fi. O g\u00fcn, ABD mill\u00ee m\u00fczesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne dev bir Noel a\u011fac\u0131 kurmu\u015f. Ve misafirlerin \u015fa\u015fk\u0131n ve hayran alk\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla Cai, art arda patlamalarla, a\u011fac\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131p tuzla buz ediyor.<\/p>\n

Tuhaf bir “sanat g\u00f6sterisi”. Pillsbury bu g\u00f6sterinin \u00c7in’deki yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor: “Cai’nin hayranlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, ying pai (\u015fahinler veya kartallar) denilen \u00c7in milliyet\u00e7ileri ve bunlar Cai’yi, Bat\u0131 seyircisi \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir Bat\u0131 sembol\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in alk\u0131\u015fl\u0131yorlar! Bu ying pailerin \u00e7o\u011fu general, amiral ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7indeki \u015fahinler. Amerikanlar’ \u0131n pek az\u0131 onlar\u0131 tan\u0131r. H\u00e2lbuki yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00c7in memur ve yazarlar bunlar. Sebebi \u015fu, 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD H\u00fck\u00fcmeti bana onlarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6revini verdi. Baz\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131m ying pai’nin bir ka\u00e7\u0131k g\u00fcruhu oldu\u011fu fikrindedir. Kanaatimce onlar \u00c7in’in ger\u00e7ek sesidir.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Ben diyor Pillsbury, Beyaz Saray’a,\u00a0 \u00c7in’e yak\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6stermek gerekti\u011fi istihbarat\u0131n\u0131 veren ilk birka\u00e7 ki\u015fiden biriyim. Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda zay\u0131f bir \u00c7in var diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorduk. Liderlerinin d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bizimki gibi diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorduk. Bu yap\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mla \u00c7in, demokratik ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelecek, b\u00f6lgede veya d\u00fcnyada h\u00e2kimiyet pe\u015finde ko\u015fmayacakt\u0131. \u00c7in \u015fahinlerinin etki alan\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirememi\u015ftik.<\/p>\n

Pillsbury’den alay\u0131m: “1971’de Ba\u015fkan Nixon’un a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan beri ABD’nin \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti politikas\u0131, \u00c7in’in geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in “yap\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim” arayanlarca y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. Sekiz ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi boyunca bu tutum, pek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/em>”<\/p>\n

ABD b\u00f6yle iken Avrupa daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7iydi. 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6nde gelen bir orta-sol think-tank\u0131; Avrupa D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Konseyi, AB ile \u00c7in temasa girerse, “\u00c7in ekonomisini serbestle\u015ftirir, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirir ve siyasetini demokratikle\u015ftirir” d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin anakronistik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Akademisyenler, \u00c7in’de y\u00fckselen \u015fey serbest pazar de\u011fil, “otoriter kapitalizm” diyor. Columbia \u00dcniversitesi’nden Andrew Nathan, Journal of Democracy makalesinde, \u00c7in’deki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe, “otoriter elastikiyet” ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in’i kucaklayal\u0131m politikas\u0131n\u0131n ilk savunucular\u0131ndan olan yazar\u0131m\u0131z, g\u00f6z\u00fcm 1997’de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 diyor. O tarihte \u00c7in’de, k\u00f6ylerde “demokratik” se\u00e7imler yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 duyurulmu\u015ftu. Onu da olan biteni g\u00f6zlesin diye Dongguan end\u00fcstri \u015fehri yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki bir k\u00f6ye g\u00f6ndermi\u015fler. Yazar\u0131m\u0131z, t\u0131pk\u0131 General Spalding gibi gayet iyi \u00c7ince konu\u015fuyor. “Adaylarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm<\/em>” diyor. “K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede oyunun yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan kurallar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Adaylar\u0131n toplant\u0131 yapmas\u0131, televizyona reklam vermesi, afi\u015f asmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131. Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin (\u00c7KP) herhangi bir politikas\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftirilmesi veya hangi konuda olursa olsun rakiplerini ele\u015ftirmeleri yasakt\u0131. Amerika’daki gibi vergi ve harcama politikalar\u0131 veya \u00fclkenin gelece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda m\u00fcnazara yap\u0131lmayacakt\u0131. Aday\u0131n yapabilece\u011fi tek \u015fey kendi \u015fahs\u00ee \u00f6zellikleriyle rakibininkileri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Bu kurallar\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesi su\u00e7tu.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00c7in hakk\u0131nda ABD’nin yanl\u0131\u015f varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 say\u0131larak sona eriyor. Kitaba g\u00f6re bunlardan belki en \u00f6nemlisi; \u00c7in’in narin bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Ger\u00e7e\u011fin bundan farkl\u0131 olabilece\u011fi, 1940’larda ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Hedef, \u00c7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve bunun i\u00e7in New York \u00c7in Mahallesi’nden 150 denek inceleniyor.<\/p>\n

ABD \u00fcniversitelerinden en a\u011f\u0131r toplar ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n direksiyonunda: Nathan Leites, Ruth Benedict, ve Margaret Mead. Pop\u00fcler \u00c7in kitap ve filmlerini de inceliyorlar. Rorschach lekeleri gibi o zaman\u0131n “yeni” metotlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Pillsbury’den aktaray\u0131m:<\/p>\n

“\u00c7\u0131kan neticelerden biri; \u00c7inlilerin stratejiyi Amerikanlar gibi g\u00f6rmedi\u011fiydi. Amerikanlar do\u011frudan hareketi tercih ederken \u00c7in etnik k\u00f6kenliler do\u011frudana dolayl\u0131y\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve \u015feffafl\u0131\u011fa bulan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve aldatmay\u0131 tercih ediyordu. Ba\u015fka bir bulgu; strateji hakk\u0131ndaki \u00c7in edebiyat\u0131 ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hileye verdikleri de\u011ferdi. Yirmi y\u0131l sonra, psikanaliz ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla \u00fcnlenen Nathan Leites, SunTzu ve Mao Tse-tung’un strateji eserlerinde, asker\u00ee doktrinden ziyade \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmay\u0131 vurgulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemliyordu. \u00c7in hileleri, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 zamans\u0131z harekete ge\u00e7irmeye odakl\u0131yd\u0131. Kendi planlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ancak bundan sonra geliyordu. Ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde, \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde, hile, kendi kuvvetlerine en y\u00fcksek darbe potansiyelini kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7in hilesinin as\u0131l hedefi, kendi kuvvetlerini kullanmaya gerek kalmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7in, vas\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131n bir \u00f6rt\u00fcyle gizler ve iktidardakilerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck eylemlerini kamuyla payla\u015fmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00fcrpriz ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtman\u0131n hayat\u00ee oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7in edebiyat\u0131, s\u0131kl\u0131kla hilenin rol\u00fcn\u00fc ve ‘hikmet sahibi’nin- bilge devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n- \u00e7evresindeki hileyi delerek ger\u00e7ekte saklanan oyunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi gerekti\u011fini anlat\u0131r.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00c7in r\u00fcyas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun “Avrupa’n\u0131n hasta adam\u0131” etiketine benzeterek 19. asr\u0131n sonunda \u00c7in’e de “Asya’n\u0131n hasta adam\u0131” deniyordu. Bu terim, \u00c7in entelekt\u00fcellerine hakaret gibi etki etti. 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda ihtilalci Chen Tianhua, “Yabanc\u0131lar\u2026 bizi barbar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir \u0131rk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.” diye yaz\u0131yordu. Bu kapanmayan yara, \u00c7in d\u00fcnya milletler hiyerar\u015fisinin tepesindeki yerini alana kadar iyile\u015fmeyecekti.<\/p>\n

Yan Fu adl\u0131 bir yazar, Huxley’in Evrim ve Etik kitab\u0131n\u0131 Mandarin diline \u00e7evirirken, “tabi\u00ee se\u00e7im” ifadesini, ” tao tai- eliminasyon” diye terc\u00fcme etmi\u015f. O g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne \u00c7in’de Darwin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu hata \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f. Tabi\u00ee se\u00e7im, de\u011fil, yok etmek\u2026<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k makam\u0131ndaki ilk konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u015ei, o g\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7bir \u00c7in liderinin kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ifade kulland\u0131, “g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc millet r\u00fcyas\u0131”. \u015ei, bu r\u00fcyan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi tarih olarak 2049′ u g\u00f6sterdi. Mao’nun Kom\u00fcnist devleti kurmas\u0131n\u0131n 100. y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc. Asl\u0131nda bu ifadeyle \u015ei, Bat\u0131’da bilinmeyen, “\u00c7in R\u00fcyas\u0131” adl\u0131 2009 bas\u0131m\u0131 bir kitaba at\u0131f yap\u0131yordu. Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu Albay\u0131 Liu Mingfu, o tarihte \u00c7in Mill\u00ee Savunma \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00f6nde gelen bir akademisyendi, “\u00c7in R\u00fcyas\u0131” kitab\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131yd\u0131. “Ben” diyor Pillsbury,\u00a0 ” ‘Y\u00fcz Y\u0131ll\u0131k Maraton’a ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 at\u0131fa o kitapta rastlad\u0131m.” Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in R\u00fcyas\u0131, devlet kontrol\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn kitap\u00e7\u0131larda tavsiye edilen okumalar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Mingfu, bu \u00fclk\u00fcy\u00fc dile getiren tek yazar de\u011fil. Mesela Zhao Tingyang’\u0131n, G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc-Alt\u0131nda Sistemi: D\u00fcnya Kurumu’nun Felsefesi<\/em> 2005’te yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f. Bug\u00fcn, \u00c7in ana ak\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde, gittik\u00e7e y\u00fckselen bir eser. Zhao’nun “sistem” i global yap\u0131lar\u0131 geleneksel \u00c7in ideallerine g\u00f6re yeniden tasarl\u0131yor. Yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ad\u0131, tianxia (tian\u015fi). Mandarince’den bu kelimeyi “g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn-alt\u0131”, \u00a0“imparatorluk” ve “\u00c7in” diye \u00e7evirebilirsiniz. \u00c7in uzman\u0131 William A. Callahan, tianxia’y\u0131 \u00c7in’in \u00fcst\u00fcn medeniyetiyle en \u00fcstte yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, birle\u015fik global sistem olarak terc\u00fcme ediyor. ABD ve di\u011fer medeniyetler, “barbar vah\u015fet”in mensuplar\u0131. Meden\u00ee d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezi olan \u00c7in, d\u00fcnyadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn milletleri ve halklar\u0131 “uyumla\u015ft\u0131rarak- harmonize ederek” “iyile\u015ftirme” g\u00f6revini y\u00fckleniyor. Benim anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir nevi “sar\u0131 adam\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc”[ii]<\/a> bu! Uyum, \u00c7in de\u011ferlerini, dilini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc benimsemeleri ki “g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn alt\u0131”na daha iyi uysunlar. Bu imparatorluk, h\u00fcrriyet yerine nizam\u0131, kanun yerine eti\u011fi, demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131 yerine se\u00e7kinlerin y\u00f6netimini \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015fan devletler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bu yaz\u0131 dizisinin giri\u015finde, \u00c7in’in Sava\u015fan Devletler d\u00f6neminden s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftim. Kendimden kopya \u00e7ekeyim: “\u00c7in tarihinin M.\u00d6. 770-476 aras\u0131nda Zhou Hanedan\u0131\u2019\u0131n \u201c\u0130lkbahar-Sonbahar\u201c, M.\u00d6. 475- 221 aras\u0131nda da \u201cSava\u015fan Devletler\u201d d\u00f6nemleri var. Bunlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 5,5 as\u0131r s\u00fcren fetret, m\u00fccadele ve harp as\u0131rlar\u0131. Fakat bu muharebeler meydan muharebesi de\u011fil. Bazen o da var fakat as\u0131l m\u00fccadele vas\u0131talar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle say\u0131labilir: saray darbesi, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n adam\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almak, ittifak, m\u00fcttefiki aldatmak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n m\u00fcttefi\u011fini kendinize \u00e7ekmek\u2026 Makyavel\u2019in Prens\u2019i, \u0130talya\u2019 n\u0131n suikastli, zehirlemeli, saray darbeli bir d\u00f6neminden seslenir. Fakat hem s\u00fcre hem de \u015fiddet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Borgialar\u2019\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019s\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in o be\u015f bu\u00e7uk asr\u0131n\u0131n eline su d\u00f6kemez. Makyavel\u2019den 1500 k\u00fcsur y\u0131l \u00f6nce, onu birka\u00e7 defa \u00e7\u0131rak \u00e7\u0131karacak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr!” <\/em><\/p>\n

1991’de \u00c7in y\u00f6neticileri gizli bir dok\u00fcmanda, Sava\u015fan Devletler d\u00f6neminden kalma bir ifadeyi kulland\u0131: tao guang, yang hui. Sonra dok\u00fcman a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Beijing terc\u00fcmeyi, “a\u011f\u0131rdan al, yeteneklerini geli\u015ftir” diye verdi. Fakat do\u011fru ba\u011flamda bu vecize, eski egemeni devirip intikam almay\u0131 kasteder, fakat yeni y\u00fckselen g\u00fcc\u00fcn bunu ba\u015faracak kapasiteye eri\u015finceye kadar beklemesini sal\u0131k verir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in’in Y\u00fcz Y\u0131ll\u0131k Maraton’unun oturdu\u011fu stratejinin dokuz temel ilkesi var diyor Pillbury.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Rakibini uyand\u0131rma; rahat etmesini sa\u011fla. \u00c7in stratejisine g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir d\u00fc\u015fman zaman\u0131 gelmeden tahrik edilmemeli. Ger\u00e7ek niyet, darbeyi vurma zaman\u0131 gelinceye kadar dikkatle gizlenmeli.<\/li>\n
  2. Rakibinizin dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131n. Rakibin y\u00f6netim mekanizmas\u0131ndaki etkili dan\u0131\u015fmanlar sizin taraf\u0131n\u0131za ge\u00e7meli. Bu tarz, \u00c7in’in ABD ile ili\u015fkilerinde uzun zaman uygulanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/li>\n
  3. Zafere giderken gerekirse onlarca y\u0131l, gerekirse daha uzun s\u00fcre sabredin. Sava\u015fan Devletler d\u00f6neminde tayin edici zaferler asla \u00e7abuk kazan\u0131lmad\u0131. Zafer bazen on y\u0131llar s\u00fcren dikkatli, hesapl\u0131 bekleme sonunda elde edildi. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in liderleri de bekleme oyununu oynarken gayet mutludur.<\/li>\n
  4. Stratejik hedefleri elde etmek i\u00e7in rakibinin fikirlerini ve teknolojisini \u00e7al. \u00c7in, Bat\u0131 tipi hukuk\u00ee engelleri ve anayasa ilkelerini pek umursamaz ve stratejik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7in h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onaylar. Bu h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, zay\u0131f bir devletin, daha kuvvetliden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetle g\u00fc\u00e7 nakletmesini sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n
  5. Uzun vadeli bir rekabeti kazanmada asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7, kritik etmen de\u011fildir. Bu, \u00c7in’in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc asker\u00ee kuvvet in\u015fas\u0131na ni\u00e7in daha fazla kaynak ay\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131klar. \u00c7in stratejisi, kaba kuvvet biriktirmektense i\u015fi zamana b\u0131rakmay\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n zay\u0131f noktalar\u0131n\u0131 hedeflemeyi savunur.<\/li>\n
  6. Hegemonun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumak i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ve pervas\u0131z hareketlere kalk\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplay\u0131n. Hegemonlar\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, belki de Sava\u015fan Devletler d\u00f6nemini belirleyen \u00f6zellikti. \u00c7in stratejisine g\u00f6re hegemon \u2013 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011flam\u0131nda ABD- di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybedip gecenin karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaybolmayacakt\u0131r. Ve yine \u00c7in stratejisi, hegemonun eninde sonunda b\u00fct\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek ve olas\u0131 rakipleri yok etmeye y\u00f6nelece\u011fini kabul eder.<\/li>\n
  7. \u015ei’yi hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rmay\u0131n. \u015ei, \u00c7in anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sanki kaderin sizin lehinize veya aleyhinize \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Liderin bunu hissetmesi ve aleyhteyken k\u0131p\u0131rdamay\u0131p, desteklerken harekete ge\u00e7mesi beklenir.<\/li>\n
  8. Di\u011fer rakiplere g\u00f6re durumunuzu \u00f6l\u00e7ecek kriterler koyun ve kullan\u0131n. \u00c7in stratejisi, bar\u0131\u015fta da harp h\u00e2linde de \u00c7in’in bir\u00e7ok boyutta, asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 de d\u00e2hil fakat onun \u00f6tesinde, g\u00f6rece g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verir.<\/li>\n
  9. Aldat\u0131lmamak ve ku\u015fat\u0131lmamak i\u00e7in her zaman uyan\u0131k olun.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00c7in paranoyas\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyadaki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn rakipler onu kand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7in de onlara her zaman ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fckle muamele etmelidir. Sava\u015fan Devletler d\u00f6neminde iyi niyetli, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00fcvenen lider sava\u015fta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, tamamen mahvolmu\u015ftur. \u00c7in’in en b\u00fcy\u00fck korkusu ku\u015fat\u0131lmakt\u0131r. \u00c7in’in \u00e7ok eski bir oyunu wei qi’de, hedef, rakibin sizi ku\u015fatmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in hem aldanmamak hem de aldatmak esast\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7in liderleri, rakip devletlerin s\u00fcrekli bir birini \u00e7evirme gayretinde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederler. T\u0131pk\u0131 wei qi’deki gibi.<\/p>\n

    Pillsbury, 1970 Haziran’\u0131nda, Tayvan Mill\u00ee \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc incelemelerine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hocalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00c7in gelene\u011fini bir birine z\u0131t iki manzarayla tarif ettiklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs’\u00fcn alicenapl\u0131k ve samimiyet d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve Sava\u015fan Devletler’in ac\u0131mas\u0131z hegemonlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131. Bize, \u00c7in tarihini \u00f6zetleyen ve \u00c7inlilerin \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n olarak bildi\u011fi \u015fu atas\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ezberlettiler diyor: Wai ru, nei fa. D\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan alicenap, i\u00e7inden ac\u0131mas\u0131z ol.<\/p>\n

    Sava\u015fan Devletler’i Pillsbury’den do\u011frudan al\u0131nt\u0131larla bitireyim:<\/p>\n

    “Ger\u00e7ekte, \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnyay\u0131, yeni bir d\u00fcnya hiyerar\u015fisine gidi\u015fte sadece ara istasyon diye g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Bu yeni hiyerar\u015fide \u00c7in, tek ba\u015f\u0131na tepededir. Yeni d\u00fczenin \u00c7incesi, da tong’dur. Bat\u0131l\u0131 akademisyenler bunu ‘m\u00fc\u015fterek refah’ veya ‘uyum d\u00f6nemi’ diye terc\u00fcme ediyorlar. H\u00e2lbuki da tong’un do\u011fru terc\u00fcmesi, ‘tek kutuplu h\u00e2kimiyet’ tir. 2005′ ten beri \u00c7in liderleri Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’de ve ba\u015fka platformlarda vizyonlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir uyumlu d\u00fcnya oldu\u011funu anlatt\u0131lar.”<\/em><\/p>\n

    Daha \u00f6nce ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z G\u00f6r\u00fcnmez Sava\u015f’ta milletlerin g\u00fcne\u015fe d\u00f6nen g\u00fcnebakanlara (ay\u00e7i\u00e7eklerine) benzetildi\u011fini hat\u0131rlay\u0131n. G\u00fcne\u015f, tabi\u00ee ki \u00c7in’di! Bu, tarihte Pax Romana, Pax Ottomana gibi Roma ve Osmanl\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 denilen Roma ve Osmanl\u0131 imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00f6nemleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan tarifler gibidir. Bar\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na bar\u0131\u015f. Hegemon tek olunca, bar\u0131\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ve sava\u015fta teknoloji \u00e7almak, teknoloji casuslu\u011fu mubaht\u0131r: “Sava\u015fan Devletler edebiyat\u0131 ve \u00c7in folklorundaki kahramanlar, rakipten fikir ve teknoloji \u00e7almay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli vurgular. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in istihbarat servislerinin teknoloji ve rekabeti destekleyici bilgi \u00e7almalar\u0131 rutin g\u00f6revleridir. Bu bilgiler, do\u011frudan \u00c7in \u015firketlerinin y\u00f6neticilerine verilir. Amerikan yetkililerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, \u00c7in’in son y\u0131llardaki sald\u0131rgan ekonomik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n- mesela sanayi casuslu\u011fu yapmalar\u0131n\u0131n veya fikir m\u00fclkiyeti haklar\u0131na tecav\u00fcz\u00fcn- ge\u00e7ici bir d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu kabul eder. Tam aksine, bu davran\u0131\u015flar, Sava\u015fan Devletler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131p dam\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir stratejinin unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r.” <\/em><\/p>\n

    [i]<\/a> Bak\u0131n\u0131z, \u0130skender \u00d6ks\u00fcz, T\u00fcrk’\u00fcm \u00d6z\u00fcr Dilerim, Panama Yay\u0131nevi, 2016, sayfa: 100.<\/p>\n

    [ii]<\/a> Bak\u0131n\u0131z, \u0130skender \u00d6ks\u00fcz, Millet ve Milliyet\u00e7ilik, Panama Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2019, sayfa 59 ve devam\u0131, “Beyaz Adam\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fc”, ek b\u00f6l\u00fcm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sava\u015fan Devletler edebiyat\u0131 ve \u00c7in folklorundaki kahramanlar, rakipten fikir ve teknoloji \u00e7almay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli vurgular. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in istihbarat servislerinin teknoloji ve rekabeti destekleyici bilgi \u00e7almalar\u0131 rutin g\u00f6revleridir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11226,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[59,65,66,67],"tags":[414,199,188,1489,1490],"coauthors":[5],"class_list":["post-11169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abd","category-pasifik","category-siyaset-tarih","category-tehditler","tag-ab","tag-abd","tag-cin","tag-soguk-savas","tag-stratji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11169"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11322,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11169\/revisions\/11322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11226"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11169"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11169"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11169"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=11169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}