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<\/h2>\n<\/h2>\nT\u00fcrk-Amerikan ili\u015fkilerinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi olarak bir\u00e7ok akademisyen ABD ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda 1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ve 5 Ekim 1831 tarihinde imzalanan Seyr-\u00fc Sefain ve Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 esas almaktad\u0131r. Oysa ABD\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda faaliyetleri s\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6ncesine dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
ABD\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile ilk temas\u0131 1784 y\u0131l\u0131nda ticari ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi John Adams, Benjamin Franklin ve Thomas Jefferson\u2019dan olu\u015fan ticaret heyetiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[1]<\/a>. Bu heyet vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile irtibata kuran ABD takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini kullanarak ba\u015fta Ermeniler olmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgedeki gayr-\u0131 M\u00fcslim unsurlarla temasa ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n ABD, Osmanl\u0131 Devletindeki misyoner faaliyetlerini de\u011fi\u015fik bir y\u00f6ntemle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin tebaas\u0131 olan Ermenilerden se\u00e7tiklerini 1840\u2019lardan itibaren ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek e\u011fittikten sonra as\u0131l faaliyet alanlar\u0131 olarak belirledi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne geri g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan isyanlarda ABD\u2019de e\u011fitilen Ermeniler \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n ABD Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki faaliyetleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sefaret ve konsolosluk g\u00f6revlilerini de yo\u011fun olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130stanbul sefareti ile konsolosluklar\u0131nda g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi ki\u015fileri Ermeni k\u00f6kenliler aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. ABD\u2019nin sefir ve konsoloslar\u0131 diplomatik g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hatta ondan daha \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev olarak az\u0131nl\u0131klar ve \u00f6zellikle Ermeniler aras\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin, e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 ile irtibat kuran benzeri kurulu\u015flar\u0131n faaliyetlerinin koordinasyonu ve y\u00f6nlendirilmesi g\u00f6revini de \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Osmanl\u0131-ABD ili\u015fkilerinin k\u0131sa bir \u00f6zeti verildikten sonra ABD\u2019li Protestan Misyonerlerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki faaliyetleri, Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin ABD\u2019ye G\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek E\u011fitilmeleri, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki ABD Sefirlerinin ve Konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n Faaliyetleri, ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Morgenthau ile Lord Bryce\u2019\u0131n \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi, ABD Senatosu\u2019nun I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesinde Ermenilere \u0130li\u015fkin Kararlar\u0131, ABD\u2019nin Ermenistan Mandas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve ABD\u2019nin Lozan\u2019daki Ermeni Politikas\u0131 ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar halinde ele al\u0131narak incelenmi\u015f, sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde ele al\u0131narak incelenen konular\u0131n genel de\u011ferlendirilmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019nin Protestan misyoner te\u015fkilat\u0131 ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions-Amerikan Yabanc\u0131 Misyon \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) 1810 y\u0131l\u0131nda Boston\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur. 1819 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni program\u0131na alan ABCFM 1820\u2019lerden itibaren ilk misyonerlerini Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015f[2]<\/a> ve ilk misyonerler 9 Ocak 1820\u2019den itibaren \u0130zmir\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ermeniler ile misyonerlerin ilk temas\u0131 ise misyoner rahip Levi Parsons vas\u0131tas\u0131yla 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra misyoner H.G. Otis Dwight Ermenice \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ve Ermeni tarihi ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABCFM taraf\u0131ndan \u201cErmenistan\u201d ad\u0131 verilen Anadolu topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen Eli Smith ve Dwight \u00f6nce \u0130zmir\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Bal\u0131kesir \u00fczerinden \u0130stanbul\u2019a ge\u00e7ip Ermeni patri\u011fi ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra \u0130zmit, Ankara, Tosya, Merzifon, Amasya, Tokat, Sivas, Erzincan, Erzurum, Kars, Arpa\u00e7ay, Tiflis, \u015eu\u015fa, Datev, Nahcivan, Erivan, E\u00e7miyazin, Tebriz ve Urmiye\u2019yi ziyaret ederek Ermenilerin n\u00fcfus, sosyal, ekonomik, idari, e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr yap\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi toplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Amerikan Protestan Kilisesi\u2019nin hedef kitle olarak Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini se\u00e7mesi ve Anadolu\u2019daki Ermeniler \u00fczerinde faaliyet g\u00f6stermesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki siyasi Ermeni hareketinin filizlenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019li misyonerlerin Ermeniler \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni milliyet\u00e7ilik fikrini filizlendirdi\u011fini bizzat Ermeni tarih\u00e7i Robert Mirak \u201cTorn Between Two Lands: Armenians in America 1890 to World War I\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahlillerle ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Mirak, Yunanl\u0131lar, Bulgarlar ve Makedonyal\u0131lara a\u015f\u0131lanan milliyet\u00e7ilik \u015fuurunun ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019li misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ya\u015fayan Ermenilere a\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedir[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABCFM\u2019nin 1825\u2019te Beyrut ve Suriye\u2019de, 1828\u2019de \u0130zmir\u2019de a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 istasyonlar 1830\u2019da rahats\u0131z edici siyasi faaliyetleri sebebiyle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[6]<\/a>. 1831\u2019de Beyrut\u2019taki istasyonu tekrar faaliyete ge\u00e7iren ve Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a misyonerler g\u00f6nderen ABCFM, 1831\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da, 1835\u2019te Trabzon\u2019da, 1839\u2019da Erzurum\u2019da misyoner merkezleri a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 1847\u2019de Antep\u2019te, 1851\u2019de Sivas\u2019ta ve 1852\u2019de Adana ve Merzifon\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lan misyoner merkezleri izlemi\u015ftir[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Anadolu\u2019daki merkezlerine her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn yenisini ekleyen ABCFM, 1853\u2019te Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da, 1854\u2019te Mara\u015f, Kayseri ve Urfa\u2019da, 1855\u2019te Harput\u2019ta, 1859\u2019da Tarsus\u2019ta, 1872\u2019de Van\u2019da merkezler a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu merkezlerde Amerikan binalar\u0131 kurulmu\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle Ermeniler aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen faaliyetler sonucunda 1860\u2019larda Ermeniler, art\u0131k Amerikan kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00fcreli yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 takip edebilir hale gelmi\u015ftir[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Misyonerlerin ilk temaslar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda onlara en s\u0131cak yakla\u015fanlar H\u0131ristiyan Araplar ve Ermeniler olmu\u015f ve ilk Protestanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan grup Ermeniler aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Misyonerler, Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na sessizce ve dikkatli bir \u015fekilde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar, Smith ve Dwight yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Ermenilerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7indeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve enerjik grubu olu\u015fturdu\u011funu belirlemi\u015flerdir[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin iki \u00f6nemli ismi olan William Goodel ve Dwight\u2019\u0131n 1832\u2019de birlikte kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 mektupta yer alan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bilgiler misyonerlik faaliyetlerine ilkokuldan ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir:[10]<\/a><\/p>\n \u201cSorun Ermenilerin iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en yararl\u0131 i\u015fi hangi yoldan yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. Onlarla ilgili olarak i\u015fe do\u011fru u\u00e7tan ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in ilkokullar a\u00e7mal\u0131y\u0131z\u2026 Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun kafas\u0131nda yeti\u015fkin insan\u0131nkinden \u00e7ok daha kolay iz b\u0131rakabiliriz\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n 1840-1850\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde misyonerler ortaokul ve liseleri de faaliyet alan\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve ilk Amerikan kolejleri \u0130stanbul ve Suriye\u2019de e\u011fitim vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ermeniler aras\u0131nda milliyet\u00e7ilik duygular\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ABCFM\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kontrol\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki okullar da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f[12]<\/a> ve bu okullarda okuyan \u00f6\u011frenciler, Ermeni, Bulgar ve Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerinin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri olmu\u015ftur[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Kiliseler ve okullar yoluyla faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren misyonerler bir yandan da kendi kurduklar\u0131 matbaalarda gazeteler \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak Avedaper[14]<\/a> adl\u0131 gazeteyi \u00e7\u0131karan misyonerler bu gazeteyi Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde bulunan misyoner merkezlerine da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta faaliyetlerini belli merkezlerde y\u00fcr\u00fcten misyonerler zaman i\u00e7inde faaliyetlerini Karadeniz ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgeleri de d\u00e2hil i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere do\u011fru geni\u015fletmi\u015flerdir[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Misyonerler kilisenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Anadolu halk\u0131na iki kanaldan daha n\u00fcfuz sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlardan biri e\u011fitim, di\u011feri ise sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleridir. \u00d6zellikle iyi te\u00e7hiz edilmi\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131k ekiplerinin uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren isyan, ya\u011fma, talan gibi etkilerle ezilmi\u015f Anadolu halk\u0131na g\u00fcler y\u00fczle ve \u015fefkatle yakla\u015fmalar\u0131 halk \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok etkili olmu\u015ftur. Sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinde kad\u0131n doktor ve hem\u015firelere \u00f6ncelik verilmesi de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve H\u0131ristiyan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sempatisinin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli maskesi ile Anadolu\u2019ya gelen Amerikal\u0131 kad\u0131n Doktor Isabel Grant, t\u0131p personelinin Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6revlendirilip \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[16]<\/a>. Bu faaliyetler en ziyade Gregoryen Ermeniler \u00fczerinde etkili olmu\u015f ve Merzifon ve Harput Ermenileri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Ermeniler toplu olarak Protestanla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda ilk hedef olarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 se\u00e7en, ancak 1861 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar sadece 23 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131 Protestanla\u015ft\u0131rabilen misyonerler, Ermeniler ve Yahudiler \u00fczerinde odaklanm\u0131\u015f ve misyonun ad\u0131 \u201cErmeniler i\u00e7in Misyon ve Yahudiler i\u00e7in Misyon\u201d olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. 1857\u2019de Rum ve Yahudi misyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 durdurarak Ermeniler \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan Amerikan misyonu 1858\u2019de tekrar ad de\u011fi\u015ftirerek \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lge h\u00e2linde yeniden te\u015fkilatlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u201cMerkez\u00ee T\u00fcrkiye Misyonu\u201d, \u201cBat\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Misyonu\u201d ve \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye Misyonu\u201d adlar\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Merkezi Harput olmak \u00fczere Bitlis, Erzurum ve Mardin\u2019i i\u00e7ine alan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye Misyonu \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6lge\u2019deki Ermeni n\u00fcfusu di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerden daha fazla oldu\u011fundan bu b\u00f6lgede misyonerler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Ermeniler \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Amerikan misyonerleri; 1848\u2019de Antep\u2019te, 1850\u2019de Musul\u2019da, 1853\u2019te Arapkir\u2019de, 1854\u2019de Tokat ve Kayseri\u2019de, 1855\u2019te Mara\u015f, Halep ve Sivas\u2019ta, 1856\u2019da Urfa, Antakya ve \u0130zmit\u2019te, 1857\u2019de Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da, 1858\u2019de Mardin, Bitlis ve Edirne\u2019de, 1863\u2019te Adana\u2019da istasyonlar kurarak faaliyete ge\u00e7mi\u015f, 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda ana istasyonlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 17\u2019ye, ana istasyonlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kurulan u\u00e7 istasyonlarla birlikte istasyon say\u0131s\u0131 180\u2019e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[19]<\/a>. Bu say\u0131 sadece T\u00fcrkiye co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki istasyonlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r[20]<\/a>. Bu say\u0131ya L\u00fcbnan, Suriye ve Balkanlardaki istasyonlar d\u00e2hil de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6nemde sadece Malatya, Arapkir, E\u011fin ve Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da misyonerlere ait 26 Protestan kilisesi, 32 hizmet merkezi, 58 tali merkez, 9 y\u00fcksekokul ve 71 adet okul faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi[21]<\/a>. D\u00f6rt y\u00f6rede bu kadar \u00e7ok kurumun toplanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bile Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Ermeniler \u00fczerinde ne denli yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu ve Ermeni projesine ne kadar \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. 1850 y\u0131l\u0131nda sadece 6.000 Ermeni\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bitlis\u2019te 50 Amerikan misyoner okulunun bulundu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 misyonerlerin bu b\u00f6lgede neredeyse her Ermeni\u2019ye bir misyoner d\u00fc\u015fecek \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Amerikan Board\u2019\u0131n faaliyetlerini \u00f6zetleyen Samuel Colcord Bartlett\u2019in raporunun ilk c\u00fcmlesi \u015f\u00f6yledir[23]<\/a>: \u201cMisyoner faaliyetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye, Asya\u2019n\u0131n anahtar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d<\/em>. Tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu c\u00fcmle bile ABCFM\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki faaliyetlerine verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemi ve bu topraklarda Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc misyoner faaliyetlerinin hedeflerini g\u00f6stermeye yeterlidir. Ger\u00e7ekten de ABCFM, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131nda o kadar yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki 1840\u2019larda sadece Suriye\u2019de y\u0131ll\u0131k kutsal kitap bas\u0131m ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 alt\u0131 milyon sayfan\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f[24]<\/a>, 1869\u2019da 21 ana istasyonla t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na yay\u0131lan ABCFM, 1870\u2019de okul say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 185\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Misyonerler 1893 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda 624 okul[26]<\/a> ile 436 ibadethane a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu okul ve ibadethanelerde g\u00f6rev yapan misyoner say\u0131s\u0131 ise 1317\u2019dir[27]<\/a>. Misyonerler 1893 tarihine kadar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 milyon \u0130ncil ile d\u00f6rt milyon muhtelif kitap da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[28]<\/a>. Misyonerlik faaliyetleri i\u00e7in sadece ABCFM\u2019nin harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 para ise 7 milyon Dolar\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABCFM\u2019nin kurucular\u0131ndan C. Young\u2019\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin yumu\u015fak karn\u0131n\u0131n Ermeniler oldu\u011fu ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne bu damardan girilerek n\u00fcfuz edilebilece\u011fi\u201d[30]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>tespitinden sonra misyonerler Ermenilere \u00f6ncelik vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Jeremy Salt, 1895 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan misyonerlerin yan\u0131nda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak 878 Ermeni\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca 12.787 \u00fcyesiyle 125 kilisenin bulundu\u011funu ve 20.496 \u00f6\u011frencisi ile 423 misyoner okulunun faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini bildirmektedir. ABCFM\u2019nin sekreteri Judson Smith, Jeremy Salt\u2019\u0131n \u201cImperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians\u201d <\/em>adl\u0131 eserinde verdi\u011fi rakamlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131ralad\u0131ktan sonra[31]<\/a>; \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn bu asil hizmetlerimiz, Ermeni milletini bize kar\u015f\u0131 sonsuz sevgi ve \u015f\u00fckran duygular\u0131na gark etti ve Ermenilerin y\u00fcreklerini \u00e7elik bir \u00e7engelle misyonerlere ba\u011flad\u0131. Art\u0131k Ermeni milleti, bu koruyucular\u0131n\u0131n ve velinimetlerinin ellerinde bir balmumu par\u00e7as\u0131 gibidir\u201d[32]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>\u00a0diyerek Ermenilerin ABD\u2019ye nas\u0131l ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 h\u00e2le getirildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABCFM taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen ve Harput Amerikan Koleji\u2019nin kurucusu olan rahip George W. Dunmore, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu kar\u0131\u015f kar\u0131\u015f gezmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lgede yo\u011fun bir Ermeni n\u00fcfusu oldu\u011funu tespit etmi\u015ftir. Bu n\u00fcfusun Protestanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde b\u00f6lgede Amerikan uydusu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurulabilece\u011fini de\u011ferlendiren Dunmore, Anadolu\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etnik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve incelemelerden sonra Boston\u2019daki te\u015fkilat merkezine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda Harput b\u00f6lgesi hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgiyi vermi\u015ftir [33]<\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201cMisyonerlik faaliyetlerimiz i\u00e7in en elveri\u015fli yer Harput ovas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. <\/em>Boston\u2019daki ABCFM merkezi raporu hemen i\u015fleme koyarak 1852\u2019de Harput \u2019da \u00f6nce bir misyoner istasyonu kurmu\u015f, 1859\u2019da ise bir Amerikan koleji a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n E\u011fitim dili Ermenice olan ve Ermeni koleji ad\u0131 verilen kolejin ad\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin itiraz\u0131 sonucu F\u0131rat Koleji olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir[34]<\/a>. Ancak Ermeniler kolejin ad\u0131n\u0131, Yeprud (Ermenistan) Koleji olarak telaffuz etmeye devam etmi\u015ftir. Amerikal\u0131 misyonerler, kolejin \u00f6\u011fretmen kadrosunun tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 ihtilalci fikirler ta\u015f\u0131yan fanatik Ermeni milliyet\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7erek e\u011fittikleri ki\u015filerden olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Harput, Amerikal\u0131 misyonerler i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve buradan i\u015fe ba\u015flayan misyonerler Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun bulundu\u011fu Tunceli, Diyarbak\u0131r, Van, Bitlis, Kars gibi b\u00f6lgelere giderek faaliyetlerini buralarda da s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Harput Ermenilerine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini ve buradan Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesindeki t\u00fcm Ermenileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren en \u00f6nemli i\u015faret, Harput Amerikan Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019ndaki Amerikan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin Harput Konsolosu David J. Hill 13 Mart 1901 tarihli raporunda, konsoloslukta g\u00f6revli 300 Amerikan vatanda\u015f\u0131 ile 16 Ermeni\u2019nin tamam\u0131n\u0131n konsoloslu\u011fun ajanlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015ftir[36]<\/a>. 5.000 n\u00fcfuslu bir Anadolu kasabas\u0131ndaki konsolosluk hizmetlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6revli bile fazla iken 350 kadar ki\u015finin g\u00f6revlendirilmesi[37]<\/a> Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Anadolu\u2019daki Ermenileri kendi devleti aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni b\u00f6lmek \u00fczere Harput\u2019u merkez ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n ABCFM\u2019nin okul faaliyetleri Harput Amerikan Koleji ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f, \u0130stanbul\u2019da Robert Kolej ve Amerikan K\u0131z Koleji, Antep\u2019te Merkez\u00ee T\u00fcrkiye Koleji, Merzifon\u2019da Anadolu Koleji[38]<\/a>, \u0130zmir\u2019de Uluslararas\u0131 Kolej, Van\u2019da Van Koleji, Tarsus\u2019ta St. Paul Koleji[39]<\/a> gibi okullar a\u00e7\u0131lmak suretiyle e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen misyonerlik faaliyetleri t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda 51 y\u0131l misyonerlik yapan ABD\u2019li Joseph K. Green, ABCFM\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki faaliyetlerinin de\u011ferlendirmesini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cLeavening the Levant\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde; 1859 y\u0131l\u0131nda 40 olan Protestan kilisesi say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1909\u2019da 140\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca 17 Yunan ve 19 Bulgar kilisesinin a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kilise cemaatinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise 1.277\u2019den 15.748\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kay\u0131tl\u0131 Protestan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 7.000\u2019den 54.000\u2019e y\u00fckseldi\u011fini, 1859\u2019da k\u0131z ve erkekler i\u00e7in 1 adet olan lise say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 52\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi\u011fini, 1859\u2019da ABD y\u00f6netiminde hi\u00e7 kolej yokken 1909\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda 10 Amerikan kolejinin g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 1914 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye co\u011frafyas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan Protestan misyoner okullar\u0131 ve kolejlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 426\u2019y\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde sekiz kolej, \u00fc\u00e7 teoloji fak\u00fcltesi, 46 orta dereceli okul ve 371 di\u011fer okul bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu okullara kay\u0131tl\u0131 1700 kolej \u00f6\u011frencisi, 4000 lise \u00f6\u011frencisi, ilkokullarda ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 19.500 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan k\u0131z ve erkek \u00f6\u011frenci kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu okullardaki \u00f6\u011frencilerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 Ermeni \u00f6\u011frencilerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ABD\u2019li misyonerlerin az\u0131nl\u0131klar \u00fczerindeki zararl\u0131 faaliyetleri sebebiyle zaman zaman misyoner faaliyetlerini k\u0131s\u0131tlama yoluna gitmi\u015f, ancak bu d\u00f6nemlerde ABD Osmanl\u0131 limanlar\u0131na harp gemileri g\u00f6ndererek ve k\u0131s\u0131tlama karar\u0131 alan valilerin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyerek[42]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kararlar\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD, bir yandan Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana ve tali misyoner merkezleri, misyoner okullar\u0131, kiliseler ve hastaneler yoluyla Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 Ermeniler aras\u0131nda etnik milliyet\u00e7ilik ve din fark\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kartarak onlar\u0131 devlet aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan se\u00e7ti\u011fi bir tak\u0131m Ermenileri Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek e\u011fitmi\u015f ve birer Amerikan ajan\u0131 h\u00e2line getirdi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini yeniden kendi topraklar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcrerek bu ajanlardan Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki misyonerlik ve b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck faaliyetlerinde yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden Amerika\u2019ya Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez misyonerler ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Misyonerler, Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na verdikleri e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretimle Amerika \u00f6zlemi yaratm\u0131\u015flar[43]<\/a> ve Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 gidip g\u00f6rme arzusunu kam\u00e7\u0131lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[44]<\/a>. B\u00f6ylece misyonerlerin e\u011fitiminden ge\u00e7en her Ermeni \u00e7ocu\u011fu birer Amerikan hayran\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Misyonerler, 1840’lardan itibaren ABD’ye Ermeni \u00f6\u011frencileri genellikle teoloji tahsili i\u00e7in g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir. ABD’deki en \u00f6nemli misyoner okulu Massachusetts’teki Andover Teoloji Fak\u00fcltesi’ydi (Andover Theological Seminary). ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirdikleri Ermeni gen\u00e7lerini ilk olarak bu fak\u00fclteye yerle\u015ftiren misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, bir s\u00fcre sonra Yale, Princeton, Amherst, Clark gibi \u00f6teki Amerikan y\u00fcksekokullar\u0131na ve \u00fcniversitelerine de Ermeni \u00f6\u011frencileri yerle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Buralarda misyoner e\u011fitimlerini tamamlayan Ermeni gen\u00e7lerine m\u00fchendislik, t\u0131p, di\u015f\u00e7ilik gibi e\u011fitim imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[45]<\/a>. Misyonerlerin amac\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 Protestan Ermeni gen\u00e7lerinin ABD’de y\u00fcksek tahsil alarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne kalifiye birer Protestan misyoner olarak d\u00f6nmelerini sa\u011flamakt\u0131[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019ye ilk g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ermenilerin say\u0131lar\u0131 az olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bunlar gen\u00e7 ve dinamik ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015f, y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenimlerinden sonra koyu birer T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve bunlara ABD\u2019de normal e\u011fitimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zel olarak silah e\u011fitimi de verildikten sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne geri g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ar\u015fiv belgelerinde I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde T\u00fcrklerle sava\u015fmak \u00fczere 50.000 Ermeni\u2019nin Amerikan ordusunda \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt y\u0131ld\u0131r e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar yer almaktad\u0131r[48]<\/a>. Amerika\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir Ermeni\u2019nin Mamuret-\u00fcl Aziz\u2019de dava vekili olan Murat Muratyan\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta, bir k\u0131s\u0131m Ermeni\u2019nin Rusya\u2019ya ve Amerika\u2019ya gitti\u011fi ve Amerika\u2019da e\u011fitilen 50.000 askerin Kafkasya\u2019ya hareket etmekte oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmektedir[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019nin, kendi \u00fclkesine g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ermenilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc asker\u00ee e\u011fitime tabi tuttu\u011fu ve e\u011fitimi m\u00fcteakip asker\u00ee birlik halinde te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lan Ermenilerin Rusya\u2019ya gelerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan kuvvetlere kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 8 Ocak 1915 tarihli The New York Times gazetesinde de yer alm\u0131\u015f[50]<\/a>, gazete Ermenilere ili\u015fkin s\u00f6z konusu haberinde \u201cAmerika\u2019dan Sava\u015fa Geldiler, Ermeni Birli\u011fi Tiflis\u2019te Hararetle Kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[51]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019deki ilk yerle\u015fik Ermeniler olan ve misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok alanda yeti\u015ftirilen gen\u00e7ler ABD\u2019de T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaymak konusunda da say\u0131lar\u0131 ile k\u0131yaslanamayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[52]<\/a>. Bunlardan Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nenler ise Ermeni isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n planlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve lider kadrosu olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek yerle\u015fen ikinci Ermeni grubu Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ticaret ve misyonerlik yapan Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n ABD\u2019ye getirdi\u011fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ermeni t\u00fcccarlar\u0131yd\u0131. Birinci gruba oranla daha az e\u011fitimli olan bu grubun en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi misyoner okullar\u0131nda ve hizmetinde bulunduklar\u0131 misyonerlerin yan\u0131nda iflah olmaz birer T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131yd\u0131[53]<\/a>. Bu tarihlerde filizlenen d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k babadan o\u011fula adeta bir miras gibi devredilmi\u015f[54]<\/a>, bu Ermenilerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ABD bas\u0131n\u0131na, senatosuna, ba\u015fkan\u0131na mektuplar, telgraflar yollayarak T\u00fcrk aleyhtar\u0131 kamuoyu olu\u015fturman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ABD\u2019de ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklere y\u00f6nelik tedhi\u015f hareketlerinde de bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grubun amac\u0131 siyasi idi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden bu grubun en \u00f6nemli beklentisi ABD\u2019nin kendilerine g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ilgiden yararlanarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7inde kurduklar\u0131 ihtilalci \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi ABD\u2019nin de deste\u011fini alarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, b\u00f6ylece ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerine siyasi destek sa\u011flamakt\u0131[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Siyasi ama\u00e7la ABD\u2019ye giden Ermeniler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik karalama kampanyalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve ABD bas\u0131n\u0131nda bu grubun etkisiyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve T\u00fcrkler aleyhine yap\u0131lan ne\u015friyatta b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[57]<\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu ne\u015friyat\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Avrupa bas\u0131n\u0131n da rol\u00fc olmakla birlikte en b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc ABD taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderilen misyonerler oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1890-1900 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 10.000\u2019in \u00fczerinde Ermeni ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7ler 1916 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam etmi\u015ftir[58]<\/a>. \u00d6zellikle g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131n gev\u015fetildi\u011fi II. Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6neminde Ermenilerin topluca ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3.300, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5.500, 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda 9.355 Ermeni ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f ve ABD\u2019deki Ermeni kolonisinin n\u00fcfusu 50.000\u2019i a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1914 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu rakam 70.982\u2019ye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Bu arada 1909\u2019da Washington\u2019da kurulan Amerikan D\u0131\u015f Politika Karar Alma Komuta Merkezi\u2019ndeki Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu \u0130\u015fleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (The Division of Near Eastern Affairs), T\u00fcrkiye i\u015flerinden sorumlu h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015f, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise \u201cErmeni ve Suriyeliler i\u00e7in Amerikan Yard\u0131m Kurulu\u201d (American Commission for Armenian and Syrian Relief) kurulmu\u015ftur[60]<\/a>. Te\u015fkilat\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan James Barton ile te\u015fkilat\u0131n ba\u015f propagandac\u0131s\u0131 olan William Rockwell \u201cBlue Book\u201dun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda Toynbee\u2019ye en \u00e7ok propaganda malzemesi sa\u011flayan ki\u015filer olmu\u015ftur[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Ermeni sorununun siyasi g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre sonra ABD, Anadolu\u2019da yeni konsolosluklar a\u00e7maya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk konsoloslu\u011funu gayr-\u0131 resmi stat\u00fcde olmak \u00fczere 1802 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019de a\u00e7an ABD, William Steaward\u2019\u0131 bu g\u00f6reve getirmi\u015ftir. Ermeniler ve Anadolu\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren ABD\u2019li misyonerlerle irtibat\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve misyoner faaliyetlerini desteklemek i\u00e7in te\u015fkil edilen ilk ABD konsoloslu\u011fu ise 1886\u2019da Sivas\u2019ta a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Konsolos olarak atanan ve Amerikal\u0131 bir misyonerin o\u011flu olan H. M. Jewett, Tokat\u2019ta do\u011fmu\u015f, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu Ermeniler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015f[62]<\/a> ve misyoner yeti\u015ftirme merkezlerinden biri olan Massachusetts\u2019te e\u011fitime g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. 20 Kas\u0131m 1886\u2019da Sivas konsolosu olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan ve konsolosluk binas\u0131 olarak Derbarbian adl\u0131 bir Ermeni\u2019nin evini kiralayan Jewett, konsolosluk terc\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine de misyonerlerin yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi Robert Kolej \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 Ananie Haralaniyades ve misyoner e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f olan Isaiah Moutisantos adl\u0131 iki Rum\u2019u getirmi\u015ftir[63]<\/a>. Jewett, Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki zararl\u0131 faaliyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni n\u00fcfusu konusunda da ABD\u2019ye \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f raporlar g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Jewett 26 May\u0131s 1887\u2019de Washington\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Sivas\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusu ile ilgili raporda 766.000 olan T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunu 650.000 olarak, 160.000 olan Ermeni n\u00fcfusunu ise 250.000 olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019nin Sivas Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019nun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre sonra Ankara\u2019da Sivas Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 ikinci bir Amerikan Konsoloslu\u011fu daha a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve konsoloslu\u011fun ba\u015f\u0131na Dikran Tabipyan[65]<\/a> isimli bir Ermeni getirilmi\u015ftir. Jewett, ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda Tabipyan\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131 y\u0131l ABD\u2019de kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Amerikal\u0131 misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan hararetle tavsiye edilen birisi oldu\u011funu ve konsolosluk ajan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Jewett\u2019in raporunda da belirtildi\u011fi gibi ABD\u2019nin Sivas Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019nun haber kayna\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki misyonerler ve Ermenilerdi. 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 25 olan Sivas b\u00f6lgesindeki Amerikal\u0131 misyoner say\u0131s\u0131 1892 y\u0131l\u0131nda 73\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan Ermenilerden al\u0131nan bilgiler \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131larak konsoloslu\u011fa rapor edilmekte, bu raporlar konsolosluktaki Ermeni ve Rum terc\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan resm\u00ee raporlara aktar\u0131lmaktayd\u0131[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD 1895\u2019te Erzurum\u2019da yeni bir konsolosluk a\u00e7arak Chilton\u2019u konsolos olarak atam\u0131\u015f, ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Chilton\u2019a berat vermemesi \u00fczerine bir y\u0131l kadar bo\u015f kalan konsolosluk g\u00f6revine 10 Temmuz 1896 g\u00fcn\u00fc Bergholz getirilmi\u015ftir[68]<\/a>. Konsolosluk binas\u0131 olarak Manag Garabedyan adl\u0131 bir Ermeni\u2019nin evini kiralayan ABD Konsolosu Bergholz\u2019un Erzurum Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt ki\u015finin tamam\u0131 Ermeni idi [69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD, Anadolu\u2019daki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc konsoloslu\u011funu 1890\u2019lardan itibaren Harput b\u00f6lgesinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren ABCFM misyonerlerinin \u0131srarlar\u0131 \u00fczerine Harput\u2019ta a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harput Konsolosu olarak atanan Hunter\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kabul etmeyince uzun s\u00fcre bu g\u00f6rev bo\u015f kalm\u0131\u015f ve 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harput Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019na Thomas H. Norton atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harput\u2019taki ABD konsoloslu\u011fu da Serkis K\u00fcrk\u00e7iyan adl\u0131 bir Ermeni\u2019nin evinde kurulmu\u015ftur[70]<\/a>. Konsolosluk terc\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sekiz y\u0131l Harput Amerikan misyoner kolejinde okuduktan sonra bu okulda \u00f6\u011fretmen olan Kevork Kayaryan adl\u0131 bir Ermeni atanm\u0131\u015f, konsoloslu\u011fun posta memurlu\u011funa ise Avedis M\u0131g\u0131ryan adl\u0131 bir ba\u015fka Ermeni getirilmi\u015ftir[71]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Bu tarihlerde Harput konsolosluk \u00e7evresinde 40 Amerikan misyoneri bulunmaktayd\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri misyonerlerin yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma merkezlerinden biri olan Harput\u2019ta ya\u015fayan Ermeniler, art\u0131k yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya Amerikanla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sadece Harput i\u00e7erisinde Amerikan vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015f 260 Ermeni ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Harput ve \u00e7evresindeki Ermenilerin yar\u0131s\u0131 ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, geri kalanlar\u0131n neredeyse hepsi de g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek niyetindeydi. Sadece 1901 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1000 n\u00fcfuslu 200 Ermeni ailesi g\u00f6\u00e7 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131[72]<\/a>. Ayr\u0131ca hemen her y\u0131l 100 kadar Harputlu Ermeni k\u0131z\u0131, Amerika’ya bek\u00e2r gitmi\u015f olan Ermeni gen\u00e7leriyle evlendirilmek \u00fczere Atlantik \u00f6tesine g\u00f6nderiliyordu[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Di\u011fer yandan ABD’nin gerek Erzurum’da gerekse Sivas ve Harput’taki konsolosluklar\u0131 Ermeni evlerinde kurulmu\u015ftu ve \u00fc\u00e7 vilayetteki konsolos yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 da Ermenilerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Personelinin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 Ermeni olan bu konsolosluklar\u0131n \u00e7evreleri ise T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 fanatik Protestan misyonerleriyle \u00e7evrilmi\u015fti. \u0130sim olarak bu konsolosluklar Amerikan konsoloslu\u011fu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte sadece Ermeni \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet eden irtibat b\u00fcrolar\u0131 \u015feklinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131[74]<\/a>. Bu tarihlerden itibaren, Amerika’daki mill\u00ee ar\u015fivler bu Ermeni terc\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu belgelerle dolup ta\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu belgeler ve ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul sefiri Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n Ermeni sekreterinin etkisiyle ABD’ ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporlar; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ermenilerin, \u201cABD\u2019deki ulusal ar\u015fivler, yakla\u015f\u0131k 30.000 sayfal\u0131k Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ispatlayan belgelerle doludur\u201d <\/em>dedikleri belgeleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r[75]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda silahalt\u0131nda bulunan Ermenilerin silahlar\u0131yla birlikte firar ederek Rusya\u2019ya ge\u00e7mesi ve Rus i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinin \u00f6nc\u00fc unsurlar\u0131 olarak Anadolu\u2019ya girerek Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ile sava\u015fmas\u0131, bir k\u0131s\u0131m Ermenilerin ise \u00e7eteler kurarak Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun ikmal ve haberle\u015fme hatlar\u0131na ve erkekleri askerde olan T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerindeki kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131lara sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 almak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Amerikal\u0131 misyonerler ve konsoloslar Ermenileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma faaliyetlerine devam etmi\u015fler ve bunlar\u0131n zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul sefaretine g\u00f6nderdikleri raporlar \u0130stanbul Sefiri Henry Morgenthau taraf\u0131ndan k\u00e2tibi Andonyan\u2019\u0131n da katk\u0131lar\u0131yla baz\u0131 ilaveler yap\u0131larak Washington\u2019a iletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019dan ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden A\u015fkenaz[76]<\/a> bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan ve hukuk tahsilini m\u00fcteakip emlak komisyonculu\u011fu yaparak zengin bir i\u015f adam\u0131 haline gelen Henry Morgenthau ABD Ba\u015fkan aday\u0131 Woodrow Wilson\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7im \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda maddi katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ABD b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olarak atanan Morgenthau, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te zaman\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a, Filistin\u2019e, Beyrut\u2019a, Rodos\u2019a ve Yunanistan\u2019a deniz yoluyla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezilerde harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geziler s\u0131ras\u0131nda terc\u00fcman\u0131 Ar\u015fak \u015eimavonyan\u2019\u0131 da yan\u0131na alan Morgenthau M\u0131s\u0131r gezisi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lord Bryce ile Beyrut gezisini birlikte yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ABD eski b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olan Bryce gen\u00e7li\u011finde Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu kar\u0131\u015f kar\u0131\u015f gezmi\u015f ve Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk kabul eden kavim oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi Ermenilerce kutsal say\u0131lan A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131\u2019na t\u0131rmanma te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcnde bile bulunmu\u015ftur. Bryce daha sonra \u0130ngiliz Sava\u015f Propaganda B\u00fcrosu Wellington House\u2019da g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Ermeni meselesi konusunda ABD\u2019li misyonerlerden ve b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revlilerinden gelen raporlar Morgenthau taraf\u0131ndan Bryce\u2019a iletilmi\u015ftir[77]<\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu raporlar Bryce ve tarih\u00e7i Arnold Toynbee i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile olu\u015fturulan \u201cBlue Book (Mavi Kitap)\u201d\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131nda malzeme olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u0130ngilizler \u201cMavi Kitap\u201d vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ABD\u2019nin ve tarafs\u0131z \u00fclkelerin Ruslar\u0131n Polonya\u2019daki Yahudi katliam\u0131 \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan dikkatlerini bu konudan sapt\u0131rarak Ermeni sorunu \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmeyi hedeflemi\u015fler ve bunu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[78]<\/a>.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n raporlar\u0131 Ermenileri mazlum ve ma\u011fdur, T\u00fcrkleri ise barbar ve zalim g\u00f6steren ifadelerle doludur. ABD konsoloslar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen raporlar\u0131n ise Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha az m\u00fcbala\u011fal\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve ger\u00e7eklere daha yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130tilaf Devletleri, bir yandan propaganda merkezleri arac\u0131yla d\u00fcnya kamuoyunu T\u00fcrkler aleyhine y\u00f6nlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan esas ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ABD y\u00f6netimini Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Almanya ile harbe girmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngilizler bu ama\u00e7la yukar\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi misyonerlerle ve Morgenthau gibi baz\u0131 diplomatlarla da i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[79]<\/a>. 1914 sonbahar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin, Almanya ve m\u00fcttefiklerinin saf\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lma karar\u0131 almas\u0131, ard\u0131ndan kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 kald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve “cihat” il\u00e2n etmesi, ABD-Osmanl\u0131 ili\u015fkilerini gerginle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson’un, Amerika’n\u0131n sava\u015fa kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131racak ve bunun i\u00e7in kamuoyu olu\u015fturacak bir tak\u0131m olaylar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 yolundaki talimat\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul sefiri Henry Morgenthau, Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc meselesini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Morgenthau, ezilmekte ve yok edilmekte olan mazlum bir H\u0131ristiyan millet olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi Ermenilerle ilgili geli\u015fmeleri ve Ermenilerin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm olaylar\u0131n\u0131 bir katliam propagandas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Morgenthau’\u0131n as\u0131l raporlar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ta\u015f\u0131yan bir “senaryo”, B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7inin dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 ve terc\u00fcman\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk Ermenisi Arshag K. Schimavonian, gazeteci Burton J. Hendrick ve ABD d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Robert Lansing taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f[80]<\/a> ve “<\/em>Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n Hik\u00e2yesi)\u201d ad\u0131yla 1918\u2019de New York\u2019ta yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n raporlar\u0131 belge sahtecili\u011fi yoluyla tarih olu\u015fturman\u0131n somut \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n terc\u00fcman\u0131 Ar\u015fak \u015eimavonyan ile k\u00e2tibi Agop Andonyan taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan ve hayal mahsul\u00fc olaylar\u0131 olmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6steren d\u00fczmece raporlar, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinde deniz gezilerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda karayoluyla \u0130stanbul\u2019un d\u0131\u015f\u0131na bile \u00e7\u0131kmayan ve olaylar\u0131 bu iki Ermeni\u2019nin verdi\u011fi raporlarla izleyen Morgenthau taraf\u0131ndan bir yandan ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015flerine, di\u011fer yandan M\u0131s\u0131r ve L\u00fcbnan gezisi s\u0131ras\u0131nda dostluk kurdu\u011fu Lord Bryce\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. \u201cAmbassador Morgenthau’s Story\u201d ad\u0131yla bas\u0131lan bu raporlar Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan halen soyk\u0131r\u0131m delili olarak kullan\u0131lmaya devam edilmektedir. Kitap esasen Morgenthau taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, 15.000 Dolar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Burton J. Hendrick taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[81]<\/a>. Kitapta yaz\u0131lanlar ile Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n kendi tuttu\u011fu \u201cG\u00fcnl\u00fck Hat\u0131ra Defteri\u201d kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca kitapta yer alan sapt\u0131rmalar ve sahtecilik a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Heath Lowry kitapta yer alan bilgilerin ger\u00e7ekleri nas\u0131l sapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cThe Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n Hik\u00e2yesinin Perde Arkas\u0131)\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda detayl\u0131 olarak anlatmaktad\u0131r[82]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n raporlar\u0131ndan birer kopya verdi\u011fi Lord Bryce\u2019\u0131n Arnold Toynbee ile birlikte \u00fcretti\u011fi \u201cBlue Book\u201d da t\u0131pk\u0131 Morgenthau\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131 gibi Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen iddialarla T\u00fcrkleri mahk\u00fbm etme g\u00f6revini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Daha \u00f6nce belirtildi\u011fi gibi Wellington House\u2019un yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u00f6ylentilere ve misyoner raporlar\u0131na dayanan Blue Book\u2019un veri alt yap\u0131s\u0131 ABD b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Morgenthau taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD Senatosu\u2019nun Ermenilere ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131 1894 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gitmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin Bitlis ayaklanmas\u0131ndan hemen sonra 3 Aral\u0131k 1894 tarihinde ABD\u2019nin Louisiana senat\u00f6r\u00fc Newton Blanchard, ABD Senatosu\u2019na Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni Ermenileri katletmekle su\u00e7layan bir karar tasar\u0131s\u0131 sunmu\u015f, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn oylanarak kabul edilen kararda; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin, ABD vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7mek isteyen Ermenilere zul\u00fcm yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve H\u0131ristiyan olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 zul\u00fcm g\u00f6ren Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131 bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in ABD\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti nezdinde giri\u015fimde bulunmas\u0131 ve ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bu konuda di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan devletlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131 konusunda \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Grover Cleveland cevaben Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin, ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n veya ABD vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7mek isteyen Ermenilerin zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerine ili\u015fkin bir bilgi al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir[83]<\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu tasar\u0131 daha o y\u0131llarda Ermeni lobisinin ABD makamlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ne kadar etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Bu ilk tasar\u0131y\u0131 takiben ayn\u0131 hususlar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 talebi ile Aral\u0131k 1895\u2019te ikinci bir Ermeni tasar\u0131s\u0131 daha Senato\u2019ya sunulmu\u015f, ABD d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 konuya ili\u015fkin haberlerin bas\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan abart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirirken, ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131; \u201cAnadolu\u2019daki durumun iyile\u015fmedi\u011fini, ancak ABD\u2019nin bu konuda bir \u015fey yapabilecek durumda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirtmi\u015ftir[84]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 22 Ocak 1896\u2019da ABD Senatosu D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Komisyonu yeni bir karar alarak Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni protesto etmi\u015f[85]<\/a> ve ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa Devletleriyle anla\u015farak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ermenilere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zul\u00fcmleri durdurmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Komisyonu\u2019ndan ge\u00e7en ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da metni sunulan tasar\u0131, 24 Ocak 1896\u2019da Senato\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, 29 Ocak 1896\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ermenilere katliam yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde onaylanarak 31 Ocak 1896\u2019da Kongre taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[87]<\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201cTemsilciler Meclisi ile e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak Senato taraf\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki karara var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: B\u00fct\u00fcn medeniyetlerin \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu prensipler olan, insanl\u0131k ve din ya bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yollarla ya da silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131larak; T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan Ermeni tebaas\u0131na uygulanan katliam ve zalimlikleri medeni g\u00fc\u00e7lerin garantisi ve otoritesi ile kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanacak \u015fekilde kendi insanlar\u0131na[88]<\/strong><\/a> ait bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulu\u015fuyla \u00f6nlemeli ve bast\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d[89]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n 31 Ocak 1896\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan kararda yer alan ifadelerin \u201cABD\u2019nin Ermeni isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemenin yolu olarak Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmedi\u011fi takdirde Ermenilerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesini\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurma hayalinin Woodrow Wilson\u2019un 8 Ocak 1918\u2019de ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 Wilson Prensiplerinden 22 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tasar\u0131n\u0131n Senato\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ohio Senat\u00f6r\u00fc Charles Henry Grosvenor: \u201cErmeniler kurtar\u0131lmay\u0131 bekliyor, onlara sadece sempati g\u00f6stermemiz yetmez\u201d <\/em>demi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin kesilmesini ve ABD\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne silahl\u0131 m\u00fcdahalede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Kongrede g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler devam ederken ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cleveland, ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n canlar\u0131n\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n\u0131 korumak bahanesiyle iki ABD harp gemisini Osmanl\u0131 sular\u0131na g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir[90]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019nin I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam ederken 30 Ekim 1918\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda Mondros M\u00fctarekesi imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve m\u00fctarekenin 1. maddesine istinaden 13 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7anakkale ve \u0130stanbul bo\u011fazlar\u0131 i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f, Aral\u0131k 1918 ve Ocak 1919 aylar\u0131nda ise Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngiliz birlikleri, m\u00fctarekenin 10. ve 16. maddelerine dayanarak Antakya, \u0130skenderun, Adana, Tarsus, Kilis ve Antep’e girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul komiseri Heck 29 Nisan 1919 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 konusunda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri hakk\u0131nda bir rapor haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Heck raporunda[91]<\/a>; \u201cABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinde ve Ermenistan\u2019da manda y\u00f6netimi kurabilece\u011fini, b\u00f6yle bir Ermeni devletinin g\u00fcneyinde Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan kontrol\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini, bat\u0131da ise T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 sorun yarataca\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgede s\u00fcrekli ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir asker\u00ee ya da polis g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundurulmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekece\u011fini\u201d <\/em>bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Raporun haz\u0131rlanma s\u00fcrecinde Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda bulunan ABD d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Robert Lansing, 2 Nisan 1919\u2019da ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson\u2019a Paris\u2019ten g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da; Henry C. King ile Charles R. Crane\u2019i ABD Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu yetkilileri olarak atamas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir[92]<\/a>. ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson\u2019\u0131n emriyle Henry C. King ile Charles R. Crane\u2019den olu\u015fan bir ABD Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu 15 Nisan 1919\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fkan Wilson, King-Crane Kurulu\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemeden A\u011fustos 1919\u2019un ikinci haftas\u0131nda General James G. Harbord ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Wisconsin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden ve \u00e7o\u011fu asker olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer baz\u0131 kurulu\u015flardan al\u0131nan g\u00f6revlilerden olu\u015fan 12 ki\u015filik bir Kurul te\u015fkil ederek ABD mandaterli\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda bir Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve bu kapsamda Anadolu ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki \u015fartlar\u0131n incelenmesi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1919\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015fan General Harbord yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemelerin sonucunda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen olaylar\u0131n Ermenilerin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan tamamen farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu tespit etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Erzurum b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan Ermenilerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen Harbord, kendilerine y\u00f6nelik bir katliam olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sormu\u015f, Ermeniler b\u00f6yle bir hadise olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Harbord\u2019\u0131n kafilesindeki Ermeni terc\u00fcmanlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla anlatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Harbord, b\u00f6lgedeki incelemeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda Erzurum ve \u00e7evresinde Ermenilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman katliam\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da kendi g\u00f6zleri ile g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve sadece Hasankale\u2019de 43 K\u00f6y\u00fcn Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan yerle bir edildi\u011fini tespit etmi\u015ftir[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019nin ACRNE (American Committee for Relief in the Near East-ABD Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019ya Yard\u0131m Komitesi) adl\u0131 kurulu\u015fu ise Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki insan kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Emory H. Niles ve Arthur E. Sutherland Jr.\u2019\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, bu ikili Bitlis\u2019ten Trabzon\u2019a kadar ge\u00e7tikleri t\u00fcm noktalarda Ermenilerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131 ve zul\u00fcmlerde bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6ylerde ve kasabalarda meydana gelen y\u0131k\u0131mlardan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Ermenilerin sorumlu oldu\u011funu, Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonucunda, \u00fclke halk\u0131ndan geriye eski n\u00fcfusunun sadece d\u00f6rtte birinin kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fclkede bulunan binalar\u0131n sekizde yedisinin Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan talan edildi\u011fini tespit etmi\u015ftir[95]<\/a>. Niles ve Sutherland\u2019\u0131n ve General Harbord\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu tespitleri rapor h\u00e2line getirilerek ABD y\u00f6netimine sunulmu\u015f ve \u201cheyetin Karadeniz\u2019den \u0130ran\u2019a kadar t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131lara ili\u015fkin raporlar\u0131 do\u011frulayan hi\u00e7bir \u015feye rastlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d bildirilmi\u015ftir[96]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ancak T\u00fcrklerin Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik katliam\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tersine Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131 katletti\u011fini tespit eden Niles ve Sutherland ile Harbord\u2019\u0131n raporlar\u0131 ve bu raporlarla benzer g\u00f6zlemleri ihtiva eden King-Crane raporu, ABD kamuoyuna duyurulmam\u0131\u015f ve gizli tutulmu\u015ftur[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 2000 millik alanda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren raporunu 16 Ekim 1919\u2019da tamamlayan ve sava\u015fta T\u00fcrklerin de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Ermenilerin T\u00fcrklerden \u00e7ok daha iyi \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011funu belirten Harbord[98]<\/a>; \u201cOrtado\u011fu sorununun ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgenin ABD\u2019nin mandas\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilece\u011fini, ayr\u0131 bir Ermenistan mandas\u0131 kurman\u0131n karga\u015faya neden olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu kapsamda \u0130stanbul ve Ermeni vilayetleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yerleri i\u00e7eren ve T\u00fcrkiye ile G\u00fcrcistan, Rus Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 kapsayan bir manda y\u00f6netiminin b\u00f6lgede d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te 1920 Mart ay\u0131nda T\u00fcrk birlikleri Mara\u015f\u2019\u0131 Frans\u0131zlardan geri al\u0131nca Frans\u0131z top\u00e7u ate\u015fi ve Ermenilerin kasti kundaklamalar\u0131 sonucunda Mara\u015f \u015fehri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tahribata u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve Mara\u015f\u2019tan \u00e7ekilen Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrge askerleri ve Ermeniler \u00e7ekili\u015fleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6ylerini yak\u0131p y\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu konu \u0130stanbul\u2019daki ABD Y\u00fcksek Komiseri Amiral Bristol taraf\u0131ndan ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderilen belgede a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u00f6zlerle rapor edilmi\u015ftir:[99]<\/a> \u201cBirliklerin \u00e7o\u011fu Frans\u0131z askerlerinden ve Ermenilerden olu\u015fuyordu. \u0130lerleyi\u015fleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda cezaland\u0131rma eylemi diye, bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc, Mara\u015f\u2019tan \u00e7ekili\u015fleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda da hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerini yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131lar\u201d[100]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n Amiral Bristol\u2019\u00fcn raporunda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 diye bir olay\u0131n meydana gelmedi\u011finin ve iddialar\u0131n aksine Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkleri katletti\u011finin ABD d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na rapor edilmesine ra\u011fmen ABD Senatosu, 11 May\u0131s 1920 tarihinde Ermenilere mezalim yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin 359 numaral\u0131 Kongre karar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD Kongresi\u2019nde T\u00fcrkler aleyhine karar al\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci devam ederken \u0130talya’n\u0131n San Remo \u015fehrinde 18-26 Nisan 1920 tarihleri aras\u0131nda toplanan konferansta Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin Asya ve Kuzey Afrika’da bulunan topraklar \u00fczerindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn haklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mesi, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan’la \u00f6zerk bir K\u00fcrdistan’\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve Suriye ve L\u00fcbnan’\u0131n Fransa mandas\u0131na, Irak ve Filistin’in ise \u0130ngiltere mandas\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n San Remo g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin sona ermesinden bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce 25 Nisan 1920\u2019de Y\u00fcksek Konsey\u2019in Ermenistan politikas\u0131 \u015fekillenmi\u015f ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki taslak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n Kafkaslar\u0131 terk ederken b\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011fu ABD\u2019nin doldurmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kapsamda ABD mandas\u0131nda bir Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de te\u015fviki ile ABD y\u00f6netimi Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda bir Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131na sempati ile bak\u0131yordu. ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Woodrow Wilson\u2019un 8 Ocak 1918\u2019de Kongre\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarihe Wilson Prensipleri diye ge\u00e7en ilkelerin on ikincisi Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk olmayan halklara ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k verilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Wilson 21 Ocak 1918\u2019de Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019na giderken, on ikinci maddenin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren ve Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu Ermenistan, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu ise K\u00fcrdistan olarak g\u00f6steren haritay\u0131 da beraberinde g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 22 Nisan 1920\u2019de Paris Konferans\u0131\u2019na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne Ege b\u00f6lgesinin Yunanistan\u2019a, Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinin \u0130talya\u2019ya, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinin Fransa\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinde bir Ermeni Devleti kurulmas\u0131 ve Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi 10 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de \u00f6n \u015fart olarak bildirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n San Remo Konferans\u0131\u2019nda ve Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131nda al\u0131nan kararlar gere\u011fince Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleme g\u00f6revini kabul eden ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson, 24 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n mandaterli\u011fi i\u00e7in Kongre\u2019ye m\u00fcracaatta bulunmu\u015f, konuyu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen ABD Senatosu 29 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n mandaterli\u011fini kabul etmedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[103]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Amerikan senatosu mandaterli\u011fi kabul etmese de T\u00fcrk-Ermeni s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 uygun buldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imde yeniden \u00e7izmeye davet edilen ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson 22 Kas\u0131m 1920’de Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir[104]<\/a>. “Wilson taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izilen Ermenistan; Van, Bitlis ve Erzurum’un b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ile etnografik ve co\u011frafi sebeplerle olabilecek en g\u00fcney ve en bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri de i\u00e7ine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[105]<\/a>. Trabzon \u015fehri ve liman\u0131 ile birlikte Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de Ermenistan’a denize a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgesi olarak verilmi\u015ftir[106]<\/a>. B\u00f6ylece k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde Birle\u015fik Ermenistan Devleti imal edilmi\u015f, ancak fiilen hayata ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir[107]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u0130stiklal Harbinin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin T\u00fcrkleri Anadolu topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kartma projesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve ABD, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131nda Ermenistan ve K\u00fcrdistan kurma hayalleri suya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelenin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip 20 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de ba\u015flayan 4 \u015eubat-23 Nisan tarihlerinde verilen aradan sonra 27 Temmuz\u2019a kadar devam eden Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019na ABD, yetkili temsilcileri olarak; Roma B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Richard Washburn Child, \u0130stanbul’daki Y\u00fcksek Komiseri Amiral Mark I. Bristol ve Bern B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Joseph C. Grew’u atam\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla konferansa g\u00f6zlemci stat\u00fcs\u00fc ile kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[108]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Konferansta Ermenilerle ilgili t\u00fcm oturumlarda \u0130ngiliz temsilcilerle birlikte ABD temsilcileri de T\u00fcrk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tutum izlemi\u015ftir[109]<\/a>. ABD temsilcisinin 30 Aral\u0131k 1922\u2019de Az\u0131nl\u0131klar Alt Komitesi\u2019ne Ermeniler i\u00e7in ulusal yurt talebini i\u00e7eren bir muht\u0131ra vermesi \u00fczerine T\u00fcrk heyeti oturumu terk etmi\u015ftir[110]<\/a>.<\/p>\n 24 Temmuz 1923\u2019te Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerle diplomatik ili\u015fki kurmu\u015ftur. 1925 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin normal diplomatik ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek \u00fclke ABD idi. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lozan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ve Amerikal\u0131 yetkililer aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Lozan\u2019\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan iki hafta sonra 6 A\u011fustos 1923\u2019te T\u00fcrk-ABD \u0130kili Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[111]<\/a>.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019deki Lozan \u0130kili Antla\u015fmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 1926 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve nihayet 18 Ocak 1927’de Amerikan Senatosu Lozan \u0130kili Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir[112]<\/a>. ABD\u2019nin ret gerek\u00e7esi ret karar\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nemlidir.[113]<\/a> Bu gerek\u00e7e antla\u015fman\u0131n kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 kabul etmemesi ve as\u0131ls\u0131z Ermeni iddialar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mamas\u0131d\u0131r[114]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ve y\u0131k\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1820\u2019lerden itibaren az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 kullanarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kendi ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet edebilecek milletleri yerle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131 uygulayan devletlerden biri de ABD olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Amerikan Protestan Kilisesi\u2019nin kendisine hedef kitle olarak Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini se\u00e7mesi ve Yunanl\u0131lar, Bulgarlar ve Makedonyal\u0131lara a\u015f\u0131lanan milliyet\u00e7ilik \u015fuurunun ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ABD\u2019li misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan Ermenilere a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Ermeni hareketinin filizlenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD, Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin devlet aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131nda misyonerlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da kullanm\u0131\u015f, bu \u00fc\u00e7 unsurun faaliyetlerinin koordinasyonu ve y\u00f6nlendirilmesi g\u00f6revini ise ABD\u2019nin sefir ve konsoloslar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek e\u011fitilen Ermeniler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n planlanmas\u0131 ve icras\u0131nda lider olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD, Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri \u00fczerindeki faaliyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ABD Kongresinde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi kararlarla da Ermenilere destek vermi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda ABD Kongresinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni su\u00e7layan ve Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurulmas\u0131 ve bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmedi\u011fi takdirde Ermenilerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi konusunda kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n ABD I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda da Ermenilere deste\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve ABD\u2019de e\u011fitilen ve te\u00e7hiz edilen 50.000 Ermeni Rusya saflar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n ABD 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni sorununu ara\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne \u00fc\u00e7 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma heyeti g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. ABD heyetleri yapt\u0131klar\u0131 incelemelerin sonucunda T\u00fcrklerin Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik katliam\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tersine Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131 katletti\u011fini tespit etmi\u015ftir. Ancak her \u00fc\u00e7 heyetin de raporlar\u0131 ABD ve d\u00fcnya kamuoyuna duyurulmam\u0131\u015f ve gizli tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 22 Kas\u0131m 1920’de ise ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde bir s\u00f6zde Birle\u015fik Ermenistan Devleti \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir, ancak fiilen hayata ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelenin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019nda ABD temsilcileri Ermenilerle ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn oturumlarda T\u00fcrk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tutum izlemi\u015ftir. Lozan\u2019\u0131n imzas\u0131ndan iki hafta sonra T\u00fcrk-ABD \u0130kili Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015f, ancak Amerikan Senatosu bu Antla\u015fmada kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve as\u0131ls\u0131z Ermeni iddialar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 sebepleriyle imzalanan ikili antla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylamay\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ele al\u0131nan konular ve yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn incelemeler Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan isyanlar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki azmettirici devletler olan Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ABD\u2019nin de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir role sahip oldu\u011funu, ABD y\u00f6netiminin Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131ndan kopart\u0131lacak par\u00e7alar \u00fczerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde oldu\u011funu ve Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumunu 1820\u2019lerden ba\u015flayarak I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresince ve harp sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu kapsamda ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Ermeni politikalar\u0131 incelenirken ABD\u2019nin 1820\u2019lerden ba\u015flayarak Ermeniler aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc faaliyetlerin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131n\u0131n bu \u00fclkenin gelecekte alaca\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131n \u00f6nceden tespitine, ABD taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderilen 3 heyetin raporlar\u0131n\u0131n ise bu kararlara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n kullanaca\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ve tezlerin belirlenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi (BOA.), Hariciye Siyasi K\u0131sm\u0131 (HR. SYS.), Dos. No: 64, G. No: 7. BOA, HR. SYS. Dos. No: 65, G. No: 43-48.<\/p>\n BOA, HR: SYS. Dos. No:73, G. No:59. BOA. HR. SYS. 2886\/38-40-45-47-48.<\/p>\n BOA. D\u00e2hiliye Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ( DH. EMN. UM. MD.) 2. \u015eube, No: 2F\/14.<\/p>\n Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131, Tutanaklar-Belgeler, 2001.<\/p>\n ABCFM, Annual Report 1899. ABCFM, Annual Report, 1914.<\/p>\n ABD Senatosu 66. Kongre, 2. D\u00f6nem, Belge No:266.<\/p>\n U.S. 184.021\/175. U.S. 867.001\/1128.<\/p>\n Armao\u011flu, Fahir (1991), Belgelerle T\u00fcrk-Amerikan M\u00fcnasebetleri, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Aya, \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Server (2008), The Genocide of Truth, Istanbul Commerce University Publications No:25, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Aya, \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Server (2013), Preposterous Paradoxes of Ambassador Morgenthau, Belfast<\/p>\n Ba\u015fak, Tolga (2008), \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Ermeni Politikas\u0131 (1830-1923), IQ K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Bolay\u0131r, Enver (1946), Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Hat\u0131ralar\u0131, G\u00fcven Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Bostano\u011flu, Burcu (1999), T\u00fcrkiye-ABD \u0130li\u015fkilerinin Politikas\u0131, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Ankara<\/p>\n General Harbord Raporu (16 Ekim 1919), ABD Senatosu 66. Kongre, 2. D\u00f6nem, Belge No:266, Washington Devlet Matbaas\u0131, 1920, \u00e7ev. Lale Akal\u0131n, K\u0131rkdokuzellibir\/Kitap 3, Kayhan Matbaac\u0131l\u0131k San. ve Tic. Ltd. \u015eti., \u0130stanbul, Nisan 2015<\/p>\n Greene, Joseph K. (1916), Leavening the Levant, Pilgrim Press, Boston<\/p>\n G\u00fcnay, Tuncer (2004), Misyoner \u00d6rg\u00fctleri ve Misyoner Faaliyetleri, ATO Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Hala\u00e7o\u011flu, Yusuf (2001), Ermeni Tehciri ve Ger\u00e7ekler (1914-1918), T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Say\u0131 90, Ankara<\/p>\n Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004), The Republic of Armenia, the Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume 2, New York<\/p>\n Kantarc\u0131, \u015eenol (2004), Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde Ermeniler ve Ermeni Lobisi, Akt\u00fcel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Kocaba\u015fo\u011flu, Uygur (1989), Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu\u2019daki Amerika, \u0130mge Kitabevi Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Lang, David Marshall (1981), The Armenians: A People in Exile, London<\/p>\n Lowry, Heath W. (2001), The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story, The Isisi Pres, Istanbul<\/p>\n McCarthy Justin, McCarthy Carolyn (1989), Turks and Armenians A Manuel on the Armenian Questions, Washington D.C.<\/p>\n McCarthy, Justin, \u00d6l\u00fcm ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn (1995), \u00c7eviren: Bilge Umar, \u0130nk\u0131lap Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Maz\u0131c\u0131, Nur\u015fen (2005), ABD\u2019nin G\u00fcney Kafkasya Politikas\u0131 Olarak Ermenistan Sorunu, Pozitif Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Mirak Robert (1983), Torn Between Two Lands: Armenians in America 1890 to World War I, Cambridge<\/p>\n \u00d6zdemir Hikmet, \u00c7i\u00e7ek Kemal, Turan \u00d6mer, \u00c7al\u0131k Ramazan, Hala\u00e7o\u011flu Yusuf (2004), Ermeniler: S\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve G\u00f6\u00e7, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Haydaro\u011flu, \u0130lknur Polat (1990), Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Yabanc\u0131 Okullar, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Salt, Jeremy (1993), Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians 1878-1896, London<\/p>\n \u015eim\u015fir, Bilal (1989), British Documents on Ottoman Armenians, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Ayd\u0131n, Mithat (2006), \u201cAmerikan Protestan Misyonerlerinin Ermeniler Aras\u0131ndaki Faaliyetleri ve Bunun Osmanl\u0131-Amerikan \u0130li\u015fkilerine Etkisi\u201d, OTAM (Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi) Dergisi, Say\u0131 19<\/p>\n \u0130skefiyeli, Zeynep (2013), \u201cBir Amerikan Misyonerinin Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 Analizi\u201d, Gazi Akademik Bak\u0131\u015f, Cilt 6, Say\u0131 12, Yaz 2013<\/p>\n \u0130skefiyeli, Zeynep (2006), \u201c\u0130ngiliz Diplomasisinin Ermeni ve Ermenistan Politikalar\u0131\u201d, Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Ermeni Sorunu ve Avrupa, Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Yay\u0131n\u0131, (Ed. Haluk Selvi), Sakarya<\/p>\n Johnson, Brian (2010), \u201cAmericans Investigating Anatolia\u201d The Journal of Turkish Studies, Cilt: 34, No: 2, Ankara<\/p>\n Karpat, Kemal (1985),\u201d The Ottoman Emigration to America 1860-1914\u201d International Journal of Middle East Studies, VII, 17, Cambridge<\/p>\n K\u00f6se, \u0130smail (2014), \u201cABD\u2019li Misyonerlerin 1830-1917 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Topraklar\u0131ndaki Faaliyetleri ve Bu Faaliyetlerin \u0130ki \u00dclke Diplomatik \u0130li\u015fkilerine Etkisine Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, Tarihte T\u00fcrkler ve Ermeniler, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n \u015eafak, Nurdan (2001), \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ABD\u2019ye Ermeni G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u201d T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 (Ermeni Meselesi \u00d6zel Say\u0131s\u0131), Say\u0131: 131 (Nisan 2001)<\/p>\n \u015eim\u015fir, Bilal N. (1985), \u201cErmeni Propagandas\u0131n\u0131n Amerika Boyutu \u00dczerine\u201d Tarih Boyunca T\u00fcrklerin Ermeni Toplumu \u0130le \u0130li\u015fkileri Sempozyumu (8-12 Ekim 1984, Erzurum), Ankara<\/p>\n Ta\u015fc\u0131o\u011flu, \u00d6mer L\u00fctfi (2017), ABD\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti D\u00f6nemindeki Ermeni Politikalar\u0131, The Journal of Academic and Social Sciences (Akademik Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi), Y\u0131l: 5, Say\u0131: 58, Kas\u0131m 2017<\/p>\n Ralph Elliott Cook, \u201cThe United States and Armenian Question 1894-1924\u201d, Massachusetts, (Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi), 1957<\/p>\n The New York Times, \u201cFrom America to Fight-Detachment of Armenians Welcomed Enthusiastically in Tiflis\u201d, January 8, 1915.<\/p>\n Times, \u201cArmenia\u2019s New Frontiers\u201d, January 3, 1921<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Nur\u015fen Maz\u0131c\u0131, ABD\u2019nin G\u00fcney Kafkasya Politikas\u0131 Olarak Ermenistan Sorunu, Pozitif Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2005, s.19.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde Ermeniler ve Ermeni Lobisi, Akt\u00fcel yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2004, s.5455.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> \u0130smail K\u00d6SE, \u201cABD\u2019li Misyonerlerin 1830-1917 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Topraklar\u0131ndaki Faaliyetleri ve Bu Faaliyetlerin \u0130ki \u00dclke Diplomatik \u0130li\u015fkilerine Etkisine Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, Tarihte T\u00fcrkler ve Ermeniler, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2014, s. 147.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Mithat Ayd\u0131n, \u201cAmerikan Protestan Misyonerlerinin Ermeniler Aras\u0131ndaki Faaliyetleri ve Bunun Osmanl\u0131Amerikan \u0130li\u015fkilerine Etkisi\u201d, OTAM (Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi) Dergisi, Say\u0131 19, 2006, s.81.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Robert Mirak, Torn Between Two Lands: Armenians in America 1890 to World War I, Cambridge, 1983, s.26.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Nur\u015fen Maz\u0131c\u0131, age, s.19-20.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> ABCFM Ar\u015fivi, Annual Report 1899.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age., s.60-61.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.62-66.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Uygur Kocaba\u015fo\u011flu, Kendi Belgeleriyle Anadolu\u2019daki Amerika, \u0130mge Kitabevi Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1989, s.68.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age., s.72.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Justin McCarthy ve Carolyn McCarthy, Turks and Armenians A Manuel on the Armenian Questions, Washington D.C. 1989, s.35-36.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.55.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Ermeni dilinde \u201chay\u0131rl\u0131 haber getiren\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age., s.73.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, Misyoner \u00d6rg\u00fctleri ve Misyoner Faaliyetleri, ATO Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2004, s.204.<\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Nur\u015fen Maz\u0131c\u0131, age, s.22.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.205.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.205.<\/p>\n [20]<\/a> Nur\u015fen Maz\u0131c\u0131, age, s.22.<\/p>\n [21]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.210.<\/p>\n [22]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.210-211.<\/p>\n [23]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.76.<\/p>\n [24]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.76.<\/p>\n [25]<\/a> Nur\u015fen Maz\u0131c\u0131, age, s.22.<\/p>\n [26]<\/a> Bu miktar di\u011fer misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de d\u00e2hil Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131lan toplam okul say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n [27]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.76.<\/p>\n [28]<\/a> Ralph Elliott Cook, The United States and Armenian Question 1894-1924, Massachusetts, 1957, s.33 (Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi).<\/p>\n [29]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.76.<\/p>\n [30]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.202.<\/p>\n [31]<\/a> Jeremy Salt, Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians 1878-1896, London, 1993, s.31.<\/p>\n [32]<\/a> \u015eenol Kantarc\u0131, age, s.76-77.<\/p>\n [33]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.207-208.<\/p>\n [34]<\/a> Nur\u015fen Maz\u0131c\u0131, age, s.23.<\/p>\n [35]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.208.<\/p>\n [36]<\/a> \u0130lknur Polat Haydaro\u011flu, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Yabanc\u0131 Okullar, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara, 1990, s.122<\/p>\n [37]<\/a> Tuncer G\u00fcnay, age, s.208-209.<\/p>\n [38]<\/a> Merzifon Kolejinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de Pontus\u00e7uluk faaliyetlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmekti. Bak\u0131n\u0131z: \u0130lknur Polat Haydaro\u011flu, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Yabanc\u0131 Okullar, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara, 1990, s.139.<\/p>\n [39]<\/a> Jeremy Salt, age, s.31.<\/p>\nABD\u2019li Protestan Misyonerlerin Faaliyetleri<\/h2>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin ABD\u2019ye G\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek E\u011fitilmesi<\/h2>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki ABD Sefirlerinin ve Konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n Faaliyetleri<\/h2>\n
ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Morgenthau ile Lord Bryce\u2019\u0131n \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi<\/h2>\n
ABD Senatosu\u2019nun I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesinde Ermenilere \u0130li\u015fkin Kararlar\u0131<\/h2>\n
ABD\u2019nin Ermenistan Mandas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n
\n
ABD\u2019nin Lozan\u2019daki Ermeni Politikas\u0131<\/h2>\n
Sonu\u00e7:<\/h2>\n
KAYNAKLAR<\/h2>\n
Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri<\/h3>\n
Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi<\/h4>\n
Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi Ar\u015fivi<\/h4>\n
ABD ar\u015fivi<\/h4>\n
Kitaplar<\/h3>\n
Makaleler<\/h3>\n
Tezler<\/h3>\n
Gazeteler ve \u0130nternet Kaynaklar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Notlar:<\/h2>\n