{"id":11683,"date":"2020-10-15T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=11683&preview=true&preview_id=11683"},"modified":"2020-10-15T12:04:27","modified_gmt":"2020-10-15T09:04:27","slug":"mutareke-surgun-ve-imparatorlugun-tasfiyesine-dair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/mutareke-surgun-ve-imparatorlugun-tasfiyesine-dair\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fctareke, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve imparatorlu\u011fun tasfiyesine dair"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131, Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu’nun
\n<\/em>M\u00fctareke ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Hat\u0131ralar\u0131 <\/em>kitab\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n<\/em>Eser, Do\u011fu Kitabevi Genel Yay\u0131n Y\u00f6netmenleri<\/em>
\nErtan E\u011fribel ve Ufuk \u00d6zcan’\u0131n \u00f6zel izniyle kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

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M\u00fctareke ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Hat\u0131ralar\u0131-Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu<\/p><\/div>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin uzun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar geri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Geleneksel Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k siyasetinden vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve Bat\u0131c\u0131la\u015fma devresi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131 siyasi oldu\u011fu gibi, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcreci de temelde siyasi niteliktedir. Belirli bir Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn yede\u011finde girilen ve birbiri ard\u0131 s\u0131ra gelen harici sava\u015flar bunun bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6te yandan Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin m\u00fcdahaleleri sonucu i\u00e7 sorunlar da b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mora ve Girit ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finden Yunanistan’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bir y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6zmekte b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler \u00e7ekece\u011fi sorunlar\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fidir: Devletin gayrim\u00fcslim tebaas\u0131n\u0131n ulus\u00e7u e\u011filimlerle ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer uluslar i\u00e7in de bir model olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. “\u0130yi niyetli” \u00e7abalarla giri\u015filen Tanzimat da soruna \u00e7are olamayacakt\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin Balkanlardaki k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma ve m\u00fcdahalelerinin ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmemi\u015ftir. Sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131 dizginsiz Bat\u0131 yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Sorun Bat\u0131 sorunudur, ama Osmanl\u0131 bu a\u00e7mazdan kurtulmak bir yana, Bat\u0131 dengeleri i\u00e7inde rol \u00fcstlenerek ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerden yararlanarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece sorunlar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Bat\u0131 i\u00e7in Do\u011fu sorununun en \u00f6nemli maddesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Yunanistan ve M\u0131s\u0131r’ da ba\u015flay\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn Balkanlara yay\u0131lan isyan, ayaklanma ve sava\u015flar XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Art arda gelen Balkan sava\u015flar\u0131 ve I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin -\u00c7anakkale gibi \u00f6nemli bir askeri-mevzi ba\u015far\u0131ya ra\u011fmen- Bat\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda siyasi mahkumiyetiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk, y\u00fczy\u0131la yay\u0131lan savunma sava\u015flar\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn enerjisini t\u00fcketmi\u015f, nihayet I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonunda, kendisiyle birlikte iki imparatorlu\u011fun (Avusturya-Macaristan ve \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131) da sonunu getirecek geli\u015fmeler i\u00e7inde tasfiye edilmi\u015ftir. Yeni d\u00f6nemde
\nOsmanl\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve yoklu\u011fu d\u00fcnya tarihinin yeniden bi\u00e7imlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Ancak geli\u015fmelerin tamamen Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 lehine ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini sanmak safdillik olacakt\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n tarih sahnesinden silinmesi sava\u015fan hi\u00e7bir tarafa \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kazand\u0131rmaya yetmemi\u015ftir. I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonlanmas\u0131 Bat\u0131 i\u00e7i \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin sona
\nermesini sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra yeni bir hesapla\u015fmay\u0131 da zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015ftan muzaffer ama y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015f olarak \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130ngiltere d\u00fcnya egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facak, giderek yerini ABD’ye b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnya de\u011fi\u015fiyor!<\/strong><\/h2>\n

I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin yenilgisiyle sona ermesi sadece T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in de\u011fil Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de yeni geli\u015fmelere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Mondros M\u00fctarekesinin olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 devlet kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiz hale getirilmesi ve \u0130stanbul’un i\u015fgali, merkezi siyasal iradeyi adeta fel\u00e7 olma noktas\u0131na getirmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fme, \u0130stanbul’ dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yeni bir siyasal merkez i\u00e7in aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Anadolu’ da milli m\u00fccadele hareketi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde Bat\u0131 egemenli\u011fini tehdit edecek geli\u015fmeler alevlenmi\u015ftir. Bol\u015feviklerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve tahrikiyle Kafkasya, Orta Asya, \u00c7in, Hindistan ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ulusal hareketler ivme kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bol\u015fevik anti-emperyalist propaganda ve self-determinasyon ilkesi \u0130ngiltere’nin d\u00fcnya egemenli\u011fini tehdit ve tahdit edecek d\u00fczeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere bir yandan i\u00e7eride muhalefetin a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131s\u0131na direnmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini denetlemekte \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcstelik ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vilson’un a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ulusal self-determinasyon hakk\u0131 ilkesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir de burnunun dibinde peydahlanan \u0130rlanda sorunu ile bo\u011fu\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f sonu geli\u015fmelerinin \u0130ngiltere’yi zor durumda b\u0131rakmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Bat\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmesi can al\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler aras\u0131ndaki hi\u00e7bir temel meseleyi \u00e7\u00f6zmeye yetmemi\u015fti. Bu nedenle \u0130ngiltere’nin himaye ve deste\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Yunan i\u015fgalinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130stanbul’un m\u00fcttefik g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan
\nyeniden i\u015fgali s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye, siyasi kadrolar\u0131, ordusu ve devlet kurumlar\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkisizle\u015ftirilmesine ra\u011fmen, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler i\u00e7in hala \u00e7ok bilinmeyenli bir denklem olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu nedenle sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda, sava\u015fta i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Almanya gibi m\u00fcttefiklerinden \u00e7ok daha a\u011f\u0131r ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fctareke ve ard\u0131ndan gelen Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu olaylar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda yer alan ve daha sonra izlenecek diplomasinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc birinci derecede belirleyen geli\u015fmelerdir. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Anadolu’ da ba\u015flayacak milli m\u00fccadeleyi ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin yeni y\u00f6neli\u015flerini bu ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde anlamland\u0131rmak do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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S\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

M\u00fctareke ve Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

M\u00fctareke ve Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc hakk\u0131nda ilk s\u00f6ylenebilecek \u015fey, \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Almanya yanl\u0131s\u0131 kadrolardan olu\u015fan \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n tasfiyesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ngilizler, ger\u00e7ek ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 birtak\u0131m bahanelerin arkas\u0131na gizleyerek s\u00f6z konusu kadrolar\u0131 iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre esaret alt\u0131nda tutmu\u015flar, bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye’ deki geli\u015fmeleri kendi kontrolleri alt\u0131nda tutmay\u0131 ummu\u015flard\u0131r. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u0131smen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 kadrolar\u0131n etkisizle\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u0130tilaf\u00e7\u0131 1 \u0130ngiliz yanl\u0131s\u0131 kadrolar serbest ve faal kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6z geli\u015fi, Malta’ da \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar endi\u015fe i\u00e7inde g\u00fcn sayarken, y\u0131llarca yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde bulunan Sabahattin Bey gibi \u0130ngilizperverler yurda d\u00f6nerek \u00f6zg\u00fcrce faaliyet g\u00f6sterme olana\u011f\u0131 bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle \u0130ngiliz d\u00fcnya egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 muhtemel diren\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131 bask\u0131 veya denetim alt\u0131nda tutulurken, imparatorlu\u011fun siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verebilecek uygun ortam haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonraki b\u00fct\u00fcn geli\u015fmeler -Anadolu milli hareketi de dahil olmak \u00fczere- imparatorlu\u011fun ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne katk\u0131da bulunacak niteliktedir.<\/p>\n

A\u011fao\u011flu’nun M\u00fctareke d\u00f6nemi ile s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131na dair g\u00f6zlem ve tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 bu karanl\u0131k devre \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak niteliktedir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu g\u00fcnl\u00fck birka\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir: \u00d6ncelikle M\u00fctareke y\u0131llar\u0131nda sorumlu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ve \u0130tilaf\u00e7\u0131 kadrolar\u0131n \u0130tilaf devletleriyle kurduklar\u0131 ili\u015fkiler, sorumsuz ve teslimiyet\u00e7i tutumlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul’un bo\u011fucu ortam\u0131, Beyaz\u0131t’ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen idamlar, halk\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar ve i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcmitsizlik, birtak\u0131m z\u00fcmrelerin bu olumsuz ko\u015fullar\u0131 kendi menfaatlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme gayretleri, gayrim\u00fcslimlerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131klar, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 av\u0131, Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’nde tutuklu ge\u00e7en aylar; k\u0131sacas\u0131 A\u011fao\u011flu’nun d\u00f6nemin \u0130stanbul’unda bizzat tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu manzaralar g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde canlanmaktad\u0131r. (A\u011fao\u011flu, ba\u015fta padi\u015fah olmak \u00fczere Damat Ferit, Ali Kemal gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmetten \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde sorumlu ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a “ihanet” ve “al\u00e7akl\u0131k”la itham etmektedir.) \u0130kinci olarak, hat\u0131ralar, Limni ve Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ayd\u0131nlatacak mahiyettedir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131, tutuklular\u0131n moral durumlar\u0131, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 fikir bunal\u0131m\u0131 ve zihniyet d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri hakk\u0131nda birinci derecede g\u00f6zlemler i\u00e7ermektedir. \u0130lgi \u00e7ekici olan, bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden sonra hi\u00e7bir \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n eski angajmanlar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak bile istememesidir. Diren\u00e7leri k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrg\u00fcnden sonra yurda d\u00f6nerek imparatorluk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yeni siyasi kadrolar i\u00e7inde yer alacak olanlar\u0131 bamba\u015fka bir ortam ve yeni ko\u015fullar beklemektedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, hat\u0131ralar, M\u00fctareke ve i\u015fgal d\u00f6nemi ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye’ sinin ko\u015fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden paralellikler, benzerlikler kurmam\u0131z i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131 veriler i\u00e7ermektedir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ve en \u00f6nemlisi, A\u011fao\u011flu, Bat\u0131’n\u0131n ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Bat\u0131 sorununun T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in nas\u0131l felaketli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilece\u011fi konusunda kritik ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vermektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131lardan g\u00fcnl\u00fck bellek tazeleyici oldu\u011fu kadar \u00f6\u011freticidir de.<\/p>\n

Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu’nun s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ser\u00fcveni ile T\u00fcrkiye’nin ser\u00fcveni aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 vard\u0131r. A\u011fao\u011flu, Mondros M\u00fctarekesi’ni izleyen d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngilizlerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131yla birlikte tutukland\u0131 ve Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’nde yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt ay ge\u00e7irdi. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00f6nde gelen y\u00f6neticileri -Enver, Talat ve Cemal Pa\u015falar- yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f bulunuyorlard\u0131. Geride kalanlar ise a\u00e7\u0131k hedef durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’ndeki sorgulamalar tamamlan\u0131nca siyasi tutuklu olarak \u00f6nce Limni adas\u0131ndaki Mondros’a, sonra da Malta’ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 28 May\u0131s 1919 gecesi Princess Ena adl\u0131 \u0130ngiliz gemisi 78 ki\u015filik s\u00fcrg\u00fcn kafilesiyle hareket etti. Bunlar\u0131n 67’si Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’nden al\u0131nan ve resmi tutanaklarda adlar\u0131 ge\u00e7en ki\u015filerdir. Di\u011fer 11 ki\u015finin T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131na bildirilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u0130ngilizlerin tela\u015f\u0131na ve hukuksuzlu\u011funa delalet eder. Tutuklular aras\u0131nda Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu’nun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ziya G\u00f6kalp, S\u00fcleyman Nazif, H\u00fcseyin Cahit (Yal\u00e7\u0131n), Eb\u00fczziyazade Velid, Ahmet Emin (Yalman) gibi yazar ve gazeteciler; Fethi (Okyar), Yarbay Ali (\u00c7etinkaya), Abd\u00fclhalik (Renda), Ali \u0130hsan (Sabis) Pa\u015fa gibi y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli ordu mensuplar\u0131; sadrazaml\u0131k g\u00f6revi yapm\u0131\u015f Said Halim Pa\u015fa, Abbas Halim Pa\u015fa ve \u015eeyh\u00fclislam Hayri Efendi gibi y\u00fcksek b\u00fcrokratlar ve etkili parti \u00fcyeleri vard\u0131r. Bu 78 ki\u015filik kafile Amiral Calthorpe taraf\u0131ndan birinci s\u0131n\u0131f tutuklular olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve Limni adas\u0131ndaki esir kamp\u0131nda d\u00f6rt ay tutulduktan sonra Malta’ya nakledilmi\u015ftir. \u015euna dikkat \u00e7ekmek gerekir ki, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn mekan\u0131n\u0131n Limni\/Mondros’tan Malta’ya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131, tutuklular\u0131 moral olarak \u00e7\u00f6kertmeye y\u00f6nelik psikolojik bir bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemidir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn mekan\u0131 olarak Mondros’un
\nse\u00e7ilmesi de sembolik bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r: \u0130ngilizlerin Mondros’ta imzalanan m\u00fctareke ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n dayat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u0131srarl\u0131 tutumu ve T\u00fcrk makamlara bir g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n

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29 May\u0131s 1919 Tarihli \u0130stiklal Sava\u015f\u0131 Gazetesi<\/p><\/div>\n

“Bizi \u0130ngilizler ne s\u0131fatla buraya getirdiler? H\u00fck\u00fcmet mi teslim etti, yoksa kendileri mi ald\u0131lar?”<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu \u0130ttihat ve Terakki h\u00fck\u00fcmeti i\u00e7inde yer alan veya \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, liderlik vasf\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve \u0130tilaf devletlerine kar\u015f\u0131 muhtemel bir direni\u015fi \u00f6rg\u00fctleyebilecek olan ki\u015filerdir. Bu nedenle \u00f6ncelikli olarak saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. De\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda yap\u0131lan ba\u015fka tutuklamalarla s\u00fcrg\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 artacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130tilaf g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri ve \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fik s\u00fcrg\u00fcn sebepleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7e\u015fitli su\u00e7 isnatlar\u0131 vard\u0131r ama hi\u00e7bir somut delil ortaya konmu\u015f de\u011fildir. A\u011fao\u011flu siyasi tutuklu olarak s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu k\u0131zg\u0131n c\u00fcmlelerle sorgulamaktad\u0131r: “Bizi \u0130ngilizler ne s\u0131fatla buraya getirdiler? H\u00fck\u00fcmet mi teslim etti, yoksa kendileri mi ald\u0131lar? Behemehal ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelen bu macera tarihte emsali g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir hadisedir ki, Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k ve hilafet i\u00e7in ebedi bir leke ve \u015fin te\u015fkil edecektir. Tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir ki, bir devlet \u015feyh\u00fclislaml\u0131k makam\u0131n\u0131 ihraz etmi\u015f bir ruhanisini, sadrazam\u0131n\u0131, v\u00fckela, meb’us, muharrir ve pa\u015falar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt ay muhakemesiz hapsettikten sonra d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n eline teslim etmi\u015f bulunsun! Bu rezaleti yaln\u0131z VI. Sultan Mehmet gibi sefil birisi irtikap eder!” \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n tutuklanma \u015fekli ve A\u011fao\u011flu’nun bu hakl\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131radan bir olay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. M\u00fctareke s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda giri\u015filecek yeni d\u00fczenlemelerin en belirgin habercisi niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Tutuklan\u0131p Malta’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclenler \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 siyasi kadrolard\u0131r. Ama hepsinin ayn\u0131 siyasi yakla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Aralar\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ziya G\u00f6kalp, Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu gibi pant\u00fcrkizm siyasetine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak faaliyet g\u00f6sterenler oldu\u011fu gibi, Said Halim Pa\u015fa, Ubeydullah Efendi gibi panislamistler de vard\u0131r. Pant\u00fcrkist hareketin en \u00f6nemli
\n\u00f6zelli\u011fi, Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir savunma stratejisi olarak hizmet g\u00f6rmesidir. Panislamizm ise do\u011frudan \u0130ngiltere’nin egemenlik alan\u0131n\u0131 hedefliyor; \u00f6zellikle Hindistan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Almanya’n\u0131n egemenlik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ifade ediyordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ve m\u00fcttefiklerinin sava\u015ftan yenilgiyle \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sonunda her iki siyaset de ge\u00e7ersizle\u015fecek ve s\u00f6nmeye y\u00fcz tutacakt\u0131. Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a kritik bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u011fao\u011flu’nun s\u00fcrg\u00fcn g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

A\u011fao\u011flu’nun s\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda tutmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck, 1918’de Azerbaycan’ dan ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, Batum \u00fczerinden \u0130stanbul’a geli\u015fi, M\u00fctareke ko\u015fullar\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r ate\u015fli hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, tam bu esnada ba\u015flayan tutuklamalar, Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’nde sorgulamalarla ge\u00e7en aylar, yetkili ki\u015filerin mu\u011flak su\u00e7lamalar\u0131, \u0130stanbul’ da \u0130tilaf g\u00fc\u00e7lerine mensup askerlerin tutumlar\u0131, yerli ahalinin \u00e7aresizli\u011fi, y\u00f6neticilerin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu gaflet ve halka y\u00f6nelik yapt\u0131klar\u0131 itidal \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan, \u0130stanbul bas\u0131n\u0131na yans\u0131yan beyanatlar, Rahip Frew gibi \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6zc\u00fclerinin faaliyetleri, bir \u0130ngiliz vapuruna bindirilerek Ege Denizi’ ne a\u00e7\u0131lmalar\u0131, ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ailelerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dram vb. olaylar\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131yla s\u00fcrmektedir. A\u011fao\u011flu, baz\u0131 tutuklular\u0131n deniz yolculu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda gemilerinin bat\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan kur\u015funa dizilecekleri ku\u015fkusunu ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 aktarmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonra Limni’ de ge\u00e7en aylar, mahkumiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131, tutuklular\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam temposuna ili\u015fkin tafsilatl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlere yer vermektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tutulma bi\u00e7imi ve \u00fcslubu da ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. A\u011fao\u011flu ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklar, aile \u00f6zlemiyle uykusuz ge\u00e7en geceleri ve zihinsel hesapla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan vb. bahsetmekle birlikte, bu t\u00fcrden ki\u015fisel ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131yla yetinmemektedir. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131na, \u0130ngiliz askerlerle T\u00fcrk mahkumlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilere dair detayl\u0131 bilgiler vermekte; eline ge\u00e7en gazetelerden \u0130ngiltere’nin Do\u011fu politikas\u0131n\u0131, Avrupa’daki ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndaki geli\u015fmeleri, muhtemel bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir merakla izleyerek yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda
\nverdi\u011fi bilgiler de \u00f6nemlidir. Ziya G\u00f6kalp’in kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyoloji ve felsefe konferanslar\u0131nda, tutuklular\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fken ve edilgen ruh hallerinde, kendi aralar\u0131ndaki ihtilaflarda, bir zihniyet de\u011fi\u015fimi ge\u00e7irmekte olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015faretleri yakalanabilir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda -s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bile olsa- baz\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeler yapmam\u0131za da izin vermektedir.
\nA\u011fao\u011flu’nun, \u0130ngilizlere ve yerli i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerine y\u00f6nelik h\u0131r\u00e7\u0131n ve direngen bir \u00fcslup kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. A\u011fao\u011flu’nun, mahkumlar aras\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz yetkililere kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a cesur kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarda bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Muhtemelen \u0130ngilizlerin antipati duyduklar\u0131 ki\u015filerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. Belki de bu nedenle adadan en son tahliye edilen ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn hak ve adalete uygunlu\u011fu sorunu, ayn\u0131 zamanda Sorbonne’lu bir hukuk\u00e7u olan A\u011fao\u011flu’nun zihnini en fazla me\u015fgul eden sorunlardan biridir. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde s\u0131kl\u0131kla, kendilerine “sava\u015f esiri” muamelesi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ger\u00e7ek bir yarg\u0131laman\u0131n olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, yetkili makamlar taraf\u0131ndan kendilerine y\u00f6nelik uzun s\u00fcre herhangi somut bir su\u00e7lama getirilmemesinden, yarg\u0131s\u0131z-h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz aylar boyunca al\u0131konulduklar\u0131ndan, kamp ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yak\u0131nmakta; s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn gerek\u00e7eleri ve bu gerek\u00e7elerin mu\u011flakl\u0131k ve dayanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunmaktad\u0131r. “Beni buraya getiren ve vah\u015fi bir hayvan gibi bu demir kafes i\u00e7ine sokarak g\u00fcnde bir par\u00e7a etle ekmek atanlar b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcracaatlar\u0131ma ra\u011fmen bir tek kere olsun bana g\u00fcnah ve c\u00fcrm\u00fcm\u00fcn ne oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek istemediler.” diye yazmaktad\u0131r.
\nAhmet A\u011fao\u011flu’nun g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam temposu hakk\u0131nda da \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bilgiler i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00d6zellikle Limni’ deki esir kamp\u0131nda mahkumlar\u0131n haberle\u015fmelerinin ve tedavilerinin engellendi\u011fi, ger\u00e7ek bir \u0130zolasyon ortam\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu, bar\u0131nma ve g\u0131da sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde kendilerine t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Limni’de kald\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde mahkumlar\u0131n aileleriyle serbest\u00e7e mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da ula\u015fan mektuplar bile sans\u00fcre tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r. “Pek k\u0131sa ve yaln\u0131z aile ahvalinden bahseden mektuplar kabul edilmi\u015ftir.” Memleketin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumdan bahseden mektuplar al\u0131konulmu\u015ftur. A\u011fao\u011flu, \u0130stanbul’ dan gelen birka\u00e7 gazetenin de haber i\u00e7eri\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden son derece zay\u0131f oldu\u011funu, bu durumun bas\u0131n\u0131n ciddi bir sans\u00fcre tabi tutuldu\u011funun belirtisi say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Ziya G\u00f6kalp’in olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yekun tutan Limni ve Malta Mektuplar\u0131’n\u0131n bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da okunmas\u0131 gerekir.
\nAyr\u0131ca A\u011fao\u011flu siyasi tecrit ko\u015fullar\u0131 yan\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla bar\u0131nak ve yiyeceklerin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u015fikayet etmektedir. Kald\u0131klar\u0131 bar\u0131nak i\u00e7in biraz da kinayeli bir \u00fcslupla “f\u0131\u00e7\u0131”, “a\u011f\u0131!” gibi tabirler kullanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar, demir tellerle \u00e7evrili bir arazinin ortas\u0131nda, demir kafesli ve kilitli barakalard\u0131r. S\u0131caktan ve g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcden uyumak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlat\u0131m\u0131ndan, tutuklular\u0131n bozguna u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir ruh halini ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, teslimiyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere kap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, ba\u015fka sorumlular bularak kendi siyasal ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini aklama pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Tecrit bir anlamda bu i\u00e7 hesapla\u015fman\u0131n ve ge\u00e7mi\u015ften kurtulma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcn belirli saatlerinde ve subay nezaretinde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na, a\u00e7\u0131k havada gezmelerine izin verilmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131ss\u0131z yollarda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclme korkusuyla b\u00f6yle bir olanaktan yararlanmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 ve kafeste kalmay\u0131 tercih etmesi, sistemli bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulduklar\u0131n\u0131n bir belirtisidir. Yine tutuklular, tecritte belli bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6nlendirildiklerini g\u00f6sterecek bi\u00e7imde, \u0130ngiliz gazetelerini ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa (ciddi sans\u00fcrden ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi belli olan ve g\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015f) baz\u0131 \u0130stanbul gazetelerini okuyabilmekte, ders ve konferanslar\u0131 takip etmekte, kendi aralar\u0131nda fikir tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte, bri\u00e7, dama ve satran\u00e7 oynay\u0131p resim yaparak vakit ge\u00e7irmektedirler.
\nBu a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn, mahkumlara bir t\u00fcr akademi ortam\u0131 sundu\u011fu ve siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmelerine vesile oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmelidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yeni T\u00fcrkiye’nin siyasi ve fikri temellerinin kurulu\u015fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli d\u00f6neme\u00e7lerden biridir denebilir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe yans\u0131yan ruh halleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yeni ko\u015fullarla ili\u015fkili a\u00e7\u0131k, \u00f6zg\u00fcrce bir tart\u0131\u015fma ve ele\u015ftiri s\u00fcreci olarak de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u015euras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki tutuklular s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde olduk\u00e7a zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. A\u011fao\u011flu, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 olumsuz muamele hakk\u0131nda \u015fu c\u00fcmleleri kaydeder: “Bu gibi muameleler belki Afrika vah\u015fileri \u00fczerinde \u0130cra-y\u0131 tesir eder!
\nFakat bizi de m\u00fcteessir ettirmek istemek t\u0131flane bir h\u00fclyad\u0131r. Maatteess\u00fcf bu gayri insani muamelelere kar\u015f\u0131 protesto olunmas\u0131n\u0131 ne kadar teklif ettim ise de bir fayda vermedi. Arkada\u015flara dinlettiremedim. Biz T\u00fcrkler ne kadar sabur ve m\u00fctehammiliz! Do\u011frusu bu derecesi benim ho\u015fuma gitmiyor ve hissizli\u011fe atfetmeye meyyalim.” A\u011fao\u011flu’nun, kendisi ve di\u011fer \u00f6nde gelen \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6zlemleri ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir tasviri ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Malta mahkumlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen halet-i ruhiyelerini yans\u0131tan adeta bir barometre gibidir. Bir\u00e7ok tutuklu arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 moral bozuklu\u011fu sat\u0131r aralar\u0131ndan okunmaktad\u0131r. Bu anlat\u0131mlardan, baz\u0131 \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 teslimiyet\u00e7i bir tutum i\u00e7ine girdikleri anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z geli\u015fi Almanlarla bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberini alan baz\u0131 mahkumlar serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lacaklar\u0131 fikrine kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. “Di\u011ferleri ise bilakis pek bedbindirler ve \u0130ngilizlerin bizi imha edecekleri fikrindedirler. Ben ise bunun ikisinin aras\u0131nday\u0131m. \u0130ngilizler ne bizi mahvederler, ne de serbest b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Bizi atalete mahkum edeceklerdir. \u00d6tede beride uzun m\u00fcddet s\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcreceklerdir. Belki de beynelmilel mahkemeye tevdi ederler.” Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k A\u011fao\u011flu, u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 haks\u0131zl\u0131klar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda adeta tek ba\u015f\u0131na kararl\u0131 bir hukuk m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fini ifade etmektedir. Bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde izledikleri tutum dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz y\u00fcksek makamlar\u0131na, \u0130tilaf devletleriyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olan ve acz g\u00f6steren Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131na ve \u0130tilaf\u00e7\u0131 kadrolara olduk\u00e7a sert ele\u015ftiriler y\u00f6neltmektedir. Onlar\u0131 tutars\u0131zl\u0131k, ihanet ve ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fckle itharn etmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinin i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri gaflet hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r: “Padi\u015fah ve etraf\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olan budalalar zannettiler ki, memleketi Avrupal\u0131lara teslim ve zillet ibraz etmekle kurtarabilirler. Halbuki onlar zillet ve meskenete katland\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00f6tekiler k\u00fcstahl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, tecav\u00fczlerini artt\u0131rd\u0131lar. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve h\u00fckumet namdar kumandanlar\u0131n\u0131, memleketin g\u00fczide adamlar\u0131n\u0131 teslim etmekle namuslar\u0131ndan bile vazge\u00e7mi\u015f olduklar\u0131 halde \u00f6tekiler taraf\u0131ndan bir zerre bile merhamet ve \u015fefkat ibraz olunmad\u0131.”<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer siyasi tutuklular\u0131n bu t\u00fcr hassas konularda suskunluk g\u00f6sterdikleri ve teredd\u00fctl\u00fc davrand\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, A\u011fao\u011flu’nun bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n cesurca oldu\u011fu teslim edilmelidir. Ancak yine de biraz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ya ka\u00e7an, \u00f6znel nitelikte ifadelere ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu belirtelim. Malta firarilerinden Ali \u0130hsan Sabis’in hat\u0131ralar\u0131na m\u00fcracaat etmek belki daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir resim verebilecektir.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Ziya G\u00d6KALP<\/p><\/div>\n

Ziya G\u00f6kalp’in entelekt\u00fcel sohbet ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn en ilgi \u00e7ekici y\u00f6nlerinden birisi Ziya G\u00f6kalp’in entelekt\u00fcel sohbet ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Verdi\u011fi ders ve konferanslar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Felsefe Dersleri ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 on iki defterde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu mahkum okuma, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini payla\u015fma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde enerjik bir \u00e7aba i\u00e7inde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6z geli\u015fi A\u011fao\u011flu, baz\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131na Rus\u00e7a \u00f6\u011fretirken kendisi de \u0130ngilizce’sini geli\u015ftirir ve \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7kin eserlerini okumaya y\u00f6nelir. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re, Ziya G\u00f6kalp bir yandan sosyolojinin matematiksel kesinlikte bir bilim oldu\u011fu yolunda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 pozitivist yarg\u0131lar i\u00e7eren konu\u015fmalar yaparken, \u00f6te yandan “vecd”, k\u0131ymetler, maneviyat, kolektif ruh\/ \u015fuur gibi metafizik konulardan bahsetmekte, sosyolo\u011fun kitleler \u00f6n\u00fcnde oynayaca\u011f\u0131 sevk edici rol\u00fc peygamberlerin \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 rol\u00fcne benzetmektedir. A\u011fao\u011flu’nun aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu anekdot, s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki sosyolo\u011fumuzun zihninin ne kadar “\u00f6zg\u00fcr”, ama bir
\nhayli de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fckte ele al\u0131nan bir ba\u015fka tema, Bat\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ilgilidir. A\u011fao\u011flu \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca hayranl\u0131k besledi\u011fi Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve duydu\u011fu hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gizlemez. Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131k de\u011ferlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin Times gazetesinde okudu\u011fu bir makaleden “D\u00fc\u015fman ricalini tahkir etmek ve ezmek be\u015feri bir vazifemizdir. Onlar\u0131n, gerek mensup olduklar\u0131 muhitleri i\u00e7inde ve gerek b\u00fct\u00fcn be\u015feriyet nazar\u0131nda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haysiyet ve n\u00fcfuzu k\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.” pasaj\u0131n\u0131 aktard\u0131ktan sonra tepkisini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ortaya koyar: “Fakat bu tahditleri \u0130ngilizler yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrkler hakk\u0131nda tatbik edebildiler. Ne Bulgaristan, ne Avusturya-Macaristan, ne de Alman ricalinden hi\u00e7bir kimse bizim durumumuza maruz kald\u0131!”. A\u011fao\u011flu’nun, ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vilson’\u0131n ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve milliyetlere g\u00f6re yeni siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar belirleyen self-determinasyon siyasetine y\u00f6neltti\u011fi keskin ele\u015ftiriler de son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00f6nemlidir. “Vilson iflas etti. O kadar etti ki, hatta kendisi bile ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemiyor. Meydana b\u00fct\u00fcn milletlerin kendi mukadderat\u0131na malik olduklar\u0131 fikrini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde kendisi bizzat herkesten evvel \u0130ngilizlerin M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinde drektuas\u0131n\u0131 tasdik etti. Fakat M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki bedevi Hicaz Araplar\u0131 ve ahalinin \u00fc\u00e7te birini te\u015fkil edemeyen Yahudileri m\u00fcstakil bir h\u00fckumet haline getirdi. T\u00fcrkler hesab\u0131na bir Ermenistan kurmak istedi\u011fi halde \u0130ngiltere’nin yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130rlanda, Hindistan ve saire unutuluyor.”<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ve toplumlar aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi besleyen politik ilkeler hakk\u0131ndaki bu saptamalar, bug\u00fcn dahi \u00e7o\u011fu yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem tarih\u00e7isinin fark\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi if\u015fa etmektedir. As\u0131l hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n Avrupa’n\u0131n kendisinde oldu\u011fu kanaatinde oldu\u011funu, \u0130ngiltere’nin kendi de\u011ferlerine ihanet etti\u011fini yazan A\u011fao\u011flu, bir yandan da s\u00fcrg\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiliz bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Times gazetesini yak\u0131ndan izlemekten geri durmaz. ilgisi ve okumalar\u0131 salt Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin yak\u0131n gelece\u011fi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyadaki yeni geli\u015fmeler \u00fcst\u00fcne de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, daha \u00f6nceki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc izleyen d\u00f6nemde A\u011fao\u011flu’nun Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131k de\u011ferleri konusundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin belirgin bir de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Hatta \u0130ngiliz k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sempatisinin zihninin derinliklerinde bu y\u0131llarda yer etti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmek g\u00fc\u00e7 olmayacakt\u0131r. Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, Do\u011fu (\u0130slam ve Buda-Brahman) uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ise kesinle\u015fti\u011fine dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri berrakl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim bu de\u011fi\u015fimin izlerini “\u00dc\u00e7 K\u00fclt\u00fcr” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde ve Malta’ da kaleme almaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7 Medeniyet adl\u0131 eserinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr [1].<\/p>\n

A\u011fao\u011flu’nun Limni’de tutmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Malta’ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmeden hemen \u00f6nce kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131, ne yaz\u0131k ki Malta ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6zlemlerinden yoksun kalmam\u0131za sebep oluyor. Ama G\u00f6kalp’in Malta tasviri belirli bir fikir verecek niteliktedir. Polverista K\u0131\u015f\u0131as\u0131’ndan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplar\u0131ndan birinde ailesine \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: “Bulundu\u011fumuz yer, Malta’daki \u00fcsera karargahlar\u0131n\u0131n en iyisidir. Buras\u0131 zabitlere ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zabitlere aileleriyle oturmak \u00fczere yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bina \u00fc\u00e7 katt\u0131r. Her katta on daire vard\u0131r. Demek ki otuz aile burada bar\u0131nabilir. Her dairede iki \u00fc\u00e7 oda ile bir banyo odas\u0131 vard\u0131r. El y\u0131kamak, banyo etmek i\u00e7in daireden \u00e7\u0131kmaya hacet yok. Daima akan muslu\u011fu var. Her taraf elektrikle m\u00fccehhez. Demek ki Avrupa’daki b\u00fcy\u00fck otellerden birinin i\u00e7indeyiz.” Gene de, b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin ayn\u0131 \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemek gerekir. Tutuklu erler i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f kamplarda \u015fartlar daha k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

2 y\u0131l s\u00fcren s\u00fcrg\u00fcn sonunda bitiyor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Gayrim\u00fcslimlere k\u00f6t\u00fc muamelede bulunarak sava\u015f su\u00e7u i\u015fledikleri iddias\u0131yla su\u00e7land\u0131klar\u0131 halde, haklar\u0131nda herhangi bir somut ve gerek\u00e7eli delil bulunamayan Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan tutukluluk s\u00fcreleri sonunda, Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin de bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar. Aralar\u0131nda eski ordu komutan\u0131 Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu 16 ki\u015filik bir grup 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve ka\u00e7anlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Milli M\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f tarihleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011fu zaman, Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ile Anadolu’daki Milli M\u00fccadelenin hemen hemen \u00fcst \u00fcste \u00e7ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1919 -1922 y\u0131llar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’deki geli\u015fmelerin en kritik safhas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bir yandan Milli M\u00fccadele s\u00fcrerken se\u00e7kin bir politik kadronun \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131konulup pasifle\u015ftirilmesinin bir anlam\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Meselenin bu y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn de ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tahliyeden sonra Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerini yepyeni bir ortam ve ko\u015fullar beklemektedir. imparatorluk fiilen sona ermi\u015ftir ve Ankara merkezli yeni bir rejim kurulmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerden bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc inzivaya \u00e7ekilirken, di\u011ferleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji ve \u015fevkle yeni T\u00fcrkiye’nin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fine ko\u015fulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, A\u011fao\u011flu’nun g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yay\u0131nlanma ser\u00fcveni hakk\u0131nda bilgi verelim. “M\u00fctareke ve Malta Hat\u0131ralar\u0131” ilk defa, A\u011fao\u011flu’nun kurucusu ve ba\u015fyazar\u0131 oldu\u011fu Ak\u0131n gazetesinde, “G\u00fcndelik Hat\u0131ra Defterimden” ibaresiyle, 29 May\u0131s -19 A\u011fustos 1933 tarihleri aras\u0131nda tefrika edildi. Hat\u0131ralar\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n 21 \u0130kinci Kanun 1918 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak notlar 3 Temmuz 1919 tarihinde kesintiye u\u011framaktad\u0131r. Bu tarihten itibaren Malta’dan tahliyenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi 1921 May\u0131s\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en d\u00f6neme ait yazar\u0131n ba\u015fka notlar\u0131na ula\u015famad\u0131k. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla A\u011fao\u011flu’nun ilk kez
\nAk\u0131n’ da yay\u0131mlanan g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, “M\u00fctareke ve Malta Hat\u0131ralar\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makla birlikte, eksikli bir metin olarak g\u00f6rmek gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tamam\u0131, yazar hen\u00fcz Limni’ de tutsak iken kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Biz de bu nedenle Sosyologca Kitaplar\u0131 dizisi i\u00e7inde yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kitaba “M\u00fctareke ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Hat\u0131ralar\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Hat\u0131ralar\u0131n eksikli olmas\u0131 elbette de\u011ferini azaltm\u0131yor; Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7inde anlat\u0131m\u0131, olaylara bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 itibariyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011ferli bir metin olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Kitab\u0131n “S\u00fcrg\u00fcn D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan son k\u0131sm\u0131 hat\u0131ralara bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck kazand\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan eklenmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u0131s\u0131m daha \u00f6nce A\u011fao\u011flu’nun k\u0131z\u0131 Tezer Ta\u015fk\u0131ran taraf\u0131ndan “Ne \u0130dik Ne Olduk?” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Hayat Mecmuas\u0131’nda (Cilt:1, Say\u0131: 6-10, \u015eubat-Mart 1978) yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu’nun, bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve sonras\u0131 geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak de\u011ferlendirmelere \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak nitelikte olan g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 esirgemeyen say\u0131n Hakk\u0131-Uyar’a ve 67 tefrika halindeki metni b\u00fcy\u00fck bir emek vererek derleyen \u00f6\u011frencisi Tayfun Ero\u011flu’na te\u015fekk\u00fcr\u00fc bor\u00e7 biliyoruz. Hakk\u0131 Uyar kitaba
\nsunu\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131yla da katk\u0131da bulunuyor: “A\u011fao\u011flu Ahmet’in M\u00fctareke ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Hat\u0131ralar\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan yaz\u0131, bir tarih\u00e7i bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla A\u011fao\u011flu’nun metninin tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yaparak s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn belli bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sonuna ekledi\u011fi ar\u015fiv bilgileri de bu konuda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapacak olanlar\u0131 bekliyor. Azerbaycanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrelog M\u00fcbariz S\u00fcleymanl\u0131’n\u0131n A\u011fao\u011flu’nun zihniyet de\u011fi\u015fimini s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendiren yaz\u0131s\u0131 da konuya olduk\u00e7a ilgi \u00e7ekici ve de\u011fi\u015fik bir bak\u0131\u015f getirmektedir. Kendisine te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederiz.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Bu yaz\u0131, Ertan E\u011fribel ve Ufuk \u00d6zcan taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    [1] Malta s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc hakk\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerine \u00dc\u00e7 Medeniyet adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda da yer verdi\u011fini belirtmeliyiz. Ancak burada, Bat\u0131’ya y\u00f6nelik ifadelerindeki ele\u015ftirellik adeta buharla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    A\u011fao\u011flu’nun M\u00fctareke d\u00f6nemi ile s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131na dair g\u00f6zlem ve tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 bu karanl\u0131k devre \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak niteliktedir. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00f6nemlidir: D\u00f6nemin \u0130stanbul’unda bizzat tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu manzaralar g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00f6n\u00fcnde canlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11704,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,66,68],"tags":[],"coauthors":[4],"class_list":["post-11683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-siyaset-tarih","category-turkluk-turkculuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11683"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11723,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11683\/revisions\/11723"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11704"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11683"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=11683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}