{"id":11688,"date":"2020-10-19T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=11688&preview=true&preview_id=11688"},"modified":"2020-10-19T14:51:03","modified_gmt":"2020-10-19T11:51:03","slug":"finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu\/","title":{"rendered":"Finlandiya: Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fumu"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli iki \u00f6zelli\u011fini iki ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131 konusu yapaca\u011f\u0131m. Finlandiya Birinci D\u00fcnya harbi sonras\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanan, Cumhuriyetimizle ya\u015f\u0131t bir devlettir. Bu yaz\u0131mda, Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecine ana hatlar\u0131 ile de\u011finece\u011fim. \u0130kinci yaz\u0131da ise, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir kalk\u0131nma hamlesi ile \u00e2deta \u015fahlanarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde AB’nin \u00f6nemli bir \u00fclkesi konumuna y\u00fckseli\u015fi konu edilecektir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle, Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin bizimle ilgisine ve neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funa k\u0131saca de\u011finelim.<\/p>\n

Beyaz Zambaklar \u00dclkesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bir Rus-Ortodoks papaz\u0131 olan Grigoriy Petrov<\/em> (1866-1925), s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir papaz olup, halk\u0131n ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 konusunda konferanslar verir. Rusya\u2019daki K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu-Beyaz Ordu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Beyaz Ordu taraftar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkesinden ka\u00e7ar, Gelibolu m\u00fclteci kamp\u0131 \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019ya gider ve Paris\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcr. Rusya\u2019da iken Finlandiya\u2019ya ilgi duyar. Onlar\u0131n toplum kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 ve mill\u00ee kimlik in\u015fa s\u00fcrecini inceler; g\u00f6zlemler yapar ve di\u011fer uluslar i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil edebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce Finlandiya hakk\u0131nda \u201cBeyaz Zambaklar \u00dclkesinde<\/em>\u201d isimli kitab\u0131 yazar.[1] Kitap, daha ziyade Yugoslav ve Bulgarlar\u2019a ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dcslup, mizanpaj ve redaksiyonel olarak vasat, fakat i\u00e7erik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden anlaml\u0131 olan bu kitap, ilk defa 1923’te T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrilir. Atat\u00fcrk de \u00fcmmet toplumundan bir \u201cT\u00fcrk Milleti\u201d in\u015fa s\u00fcreci ba\u015flataca\u011f\u0131ndan, Finler’in mill\u00ee kimlik in\u015fa s\u00fcrecindeki bu destans\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok olumlu etkileri olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, kitab\u0131n asker\u00ee okullar ile di\u011fer okullar\u0131n m\u00fcfredat\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Kitap, o kadar ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcr ki, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim\u2019den sonra en fazla okunan kitap olur.<\/p>\n

Finlandiya, 1809’da \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019ten ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zerk bir par\u00e7as\u0131 (prenslik) olur. 1816’da Finlandiya i\u00e7in yeni bir anayasa kabul edilmesine ra\u011fmen Rusya, bask\u0131 ve sindirme politikalar\u0131 izlemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7\u2019ten ayr\u0131l\u0131nca, \u201cBiz \u0130sve\u00e7li de\u011filiz, Rus da olmak istemiyoruz. O zaman Finlandiyal\u0131 olal\u0131m\u201c<\/em> slogan\u0131 ile, Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011fi olu\u015fum s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Finliler, dillerini k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fil, onu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bizzat kendisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u201dLisan, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir unsuru de\u011fil, lisan k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fcr<\/em>\u201c diyen Ernest Gallner<\/em>\u2019<\/strong>den tam bir as\u0131r \u00f6nce kavram\u0131\u015flard\u0131.[2] O nedenle \u00e7ok zor gramer yap\u0131s\u0131 olan Fin diline sahip \u00e7\u0131kmakla i\u015fe koyuldular. Fince-\u0130sve\u00e7\u00e7e s\u00f6zl\u00fck bas\u0131ld\u0131. Halk \u015fiirlerini derlediler. Destanlar\u0131 \u201cKalevela\u201dy\u0131 derleyip yay\u0131nlad\u0131lar. Bu arada, Kalevela\u2019n\u0131n \u00d6mer Seyfettin<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrilerek \u201cT\u00fcrk Yurdu\u201d dergisinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ben de yeni \u00f6\u011frendim. [3]<\/p>\n

Fin mill\u00ee uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Johan Vilhelm Snelman<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Fin mill\u00ee uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi Johan Vilhelm Snelman<\/em> (1806-1881), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u015fehirde lise m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc idi. Halk\u0131 uyand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gazete \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ama Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 ile 1846’da gazetesi kapat\u0131l\u0131p g\u00f6revden al\u0131n\u0131nca, Helsinki\u2019de bir t\u00fcccar\u0131n yan\u0131nda k\u00e2tipli\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Rusya\u2019da 1855 te \u00c7ar II Aleksandr<\/em> d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flay\u0131nca, Finler’e bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler tan\u0131nd\u0131. \u00c7ar, 1881 de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Finler’in minnet duygular\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak Helsinki Senato Meydan\u0131nda an\u0131t\u0131 dikildi. 1809’dan beri toplanamayan parlamento, 1863’te yeniden\u00a0 topland\u0131. Snelman<\/em> senat\u00f6r oldu. 1863 te \u201cDil Reformu\u201d kabul edildi. Fince, \u0130sve\u00e7\u00e7e ile birlikte resm\u00ee dil oldu. Snelman<\/em>\u2019\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc 6 Nisan, \u015fark\u0131larla kutlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Snelman<\/em>\u2019\u0131n ki\u015fili\u011fi Grigoriy Perov<\/em> i\u00e7in ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Petrov kendi vatan\u0131 Rusya\u2019dan \u00fcmidini kesti\u011fi i\u00e7in Snelman <\/em>gibilerin Yugoslavya ve Bulgaristan\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 arzu ediyordu. Petrov\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, daha da m\u00fckemmel ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir lider, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131: Atat\u00fcrk<\/em><\/p>\n

Finlandiya’n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Finlandiya’n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 ihti\u015fam ve renklerden yoksundur. Yosun tutmu\u015f ta\u015flar, granit kayalar, \u00e7am ormanlar\u0131, kasvetli batakl\u0131klar, solgun ye\u015fil renkli g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc alt\u0131nda uzay\u0131p giden g\u00f6ller… Do\u011fa, sanki iki milyon yedi y\u00fcz bin insan\u0131 buraya atarak onlarla \u00e2deta alay etmi\u015fti. Ancak bir sonraki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda konu edece\u011fimiz kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 sa\u011flayarak, bu kez Finler do\u011fa ile alay edeceklerdir.<\/p>\n

Bir k\u00f6y doktoru k\u0131rsal kesimin durumunu \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cK\u00f6yl\u00fcler ta\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ma\u011fara devri ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, yemek yerken, uyurken hep ayn\u0131 k\u0131yafet… Y\u0131llarca banyo yapmaz, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r y\u0131kamazlard\u0131. Sular mikroplu, halk\u0131n tamam\u0131 hasta…\u0130nsan k\u00f6ye gitmeye korkuyor. Evlerde karyola yok, \u00e7ocuklar canl\u0131 iskelet. Halk ise hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi inanc\u0131nda…\u201d[1]<\/em><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lacak ilk i\u015f, halk\u0131n topyek\u00fbn e\u011fitimi idi. <\/strong>Snelman<\/em> e\u011fitim, din, y\u00f6netim, \u00fcretim ve ayd\u0131nlara d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6revler konusunda bir dizi yenilik ve ayd\u0131nlanmaya \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. T\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi dola\u015farak her kesimden insanlara konferanslar verdi. Din adamlar\u0131na \u015f\u00f6yle seslendi:<\/p>\n

\u201cHalka canl\u0131, ger\u00e7ek vaazlar verin. As\u0131rlard\u0131r yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi halkla, ruhsuz kelimelerden olu\u015fan s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131, itici din adam\u0131 diliyle konu\u015fmay\u0131n<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Benzer \u015fekilde, ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 da \u015f\u00f6yle motive ediyordu:<\/p>\n

\u201cAyd\u0131nlar halk\u0131n beynidir…Halk\u0131n cehaleti, kabal\u0131\u011f\u0131, ahlaks\u0131z hayat tarz\u0131 ve fakirli\u011fi ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n utanc\u0131d\u0131r, su\u00e7udur…Ayd\u0131n mum gibidir, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu anlay\u0131\u015f ile t\u00fcm ayd\u0131nlar ve din adamlar\u0131, halk\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in kendilerini g\u00f6revli sayarak i\u015fin birer ucundan tuttular. Eski kitaplar seyyar k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile halka ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki fakir insan bir gazeteye abone oluyor, ortakla\u015fa okuyorlard\u0131. Fakirliklerinden utanmadan ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Finlandiyal\u0131lar sevimsiz k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131, insanlar\u0131 \u00e7evik, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan, d\u00fcr\u00fcst, yard\u0131msever insanlar olarak yeti\u015ftiren birer okula d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcler. K\u0131\u015fla, yaramaz savruk gen\u00e7leri \u201cadam\u201d etti. Gen\u00e7leri ailelerinden daha iyi yeti\u015ftirdi. Okullar en sayg\u0131n kurumlar ve \u00f6\u011fretmenlik en sayg\u0131n meslek haline geldi. O g\u00fcnlerden bu g\u00fcne Finlandiya\u2019da ilkokul \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi, \u00fcniversite hocas\u0131ndan daha itibarl\u0131 bir meslektir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitimle beraber e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak k\u0131rsal kesimde ma\u011fara devri ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n durumu d\u00fczeltilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fclere topra\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l i\u015fleyecekleri \u00f6\u011fretildi. \u00d6rnek k\u00f6yl\u00fc evleri kuruldu. Her ailenin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sokacak bir evi oldu. Kal\u0131n elbise, palto, ayakkab\u0131 \u00fcretilerek halka da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcmler azald\u0131, hastal\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc kurutuldu.<\/p>\n

Finlandiyal\u0131lar \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019ten ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan iki ku\u015fak sonra, bir yandan co\u011frafyan\u0131n dezavantajlar\u0131n\u0131 avantaja d\u00f6nd\u00fcrerek h\u0131zla kalk\u0131n\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan edebiyatta, g\u00fczel sanatlarda, mimaride kendi y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini olu\u015fturdular. Petrov<\/em>\u2019<\/strong>un Helsinki g\u00f6zlemleri \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

“Helsinki\u2019de insan\u0131 rahats\u0131z eden \u015fatafat, savurganl\u0131k ve g\u00f6steri\u015ften eser yok…Her yerde tutumluluk, sadelik, g\u00fczellik ve temizlik hakim…Her \u015fey k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama refah d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek. Rusya\u2019daki d\u00fczensizlik, k\u00f6hnelik, bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve kirlilikten eser yok… Bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc Finlandiyal\u0131lar Orta\u00e7a\u011f Floransa\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131na benziyor…Binalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f cephesindeki her bir ta\u015f\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, bir ressam\u0131n eliyle konuldu\u011fu izlenimi uyanmaktad\u0131r…Burada yetenek aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131ksan\u0131z umdu\u011funuzu bulamayabilirsiniz… Bu ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131 halk\u0131n yetenekli olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, bilgi ve e\u011fitime dayal\u0131 emek…\u201d[1]<\/em><\/p>\n

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\"Finlandiya'da

Helsinki’de kad\u0131nlar. 1906 y\u0131l\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Helsinki.1890'lar\"

1890’larda Helsinki.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0130ngiltere, Napolyon<\/em>\u2019u 1815 de Waterloo\u2019da yendikten sonra, \u0130ngiliz hayat tarz\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da ve bu arada Finlandiya\u2019da bask\u0131n hale gelir. Futbol gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda bir nevi \u201ddin\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Futbol bilim ve sanatla e\u015f de\u011ferde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Futbol y\u00fcz\u00fcnden gen\u00e7lerin de\u011ferli zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n heba edilmesi y\u00f6neticileri endi\u015felendiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Futbola d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn gen\u00e7lere, beyni geli\u015fmi\u015f Sokrates<\/em> ile v\u00fccudu geli\u015fmi\u015f Herk\u00fcl <\/em>\u00f6rnek verildi. Topa kafa ile vurabilmek i\u00e7in aln\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, en sa\u011flam al\u0131nl\u0131 canl\u0131n\u0131n ise \u201ckoyun\u201d oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cManda bacaklara sahip olmak isterken, Sokrates kafas\u0131n\u0131 da ihmal etmeyin<\/em>\u201d telkini yap\u0131larak gen\u00e7ler futboldan so\u011futuldu, daha faydal\u0131 alanlara y\u00f6neltildi.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece yukar\u0131da sat\u0131rba\u015flar\u0131 ile de\u011findi\u011fimiz yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonunda, bazen \u0130sve\u00e7 ve bazen Rusya taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcd\u00fclen bir yoksul topluluktan mill\u00ee bilinci y\u00fcksek bir \u201cFin Milleti\u201d yarat\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olmak i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli \u015fart yerine getirilmi\u015fti. Birinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Finlandiya, Rusya\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet oldu.<\/p>\n

Finlandiya’n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1939 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde tarih, Fin Milletinin mill\u00ee bilincini iki kez ate\u015fle s\u0131nad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ekim 1939’da SSCB, d\u00f6rt Balt\u0131k \u00fclkesinden (Finlandiya, Estonya, Letonya Litvanya) toprak talep etti. Sadece Finlandiya kabul etmedi. \u015eubat 1940’ta Sovyetler sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. Finler tanklara kar\u015f\u0131 ancak \u201cMolotof Kokteyli\u201d kullanabildiler. Bu orant\u0131s\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015fta, Sovyetler Finliler’e nazaran sekiz misli kay\u0131p verdiler. Bu bilan\u00e7o Sovyetler i\u00e7in utan\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu. Bu sava\u015f, \u201cK\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti. Di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerinden s\u00f6z verilmesine ra\u011fmen yard\u0131m gelmedi. Finler pes ettiler.<\/p>\n

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\"\u0130kinci

1939’da bombalanan ba\u015fkent Helsinki<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Finler, Almanlar’\u0131n yan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcklerinden yaln\u0131z kald\u0131lar. Alman malzemesi ile ordular\u0131n\u0131 donatt\u0131lar. Almanlar Sovyetler’e sald\u0131r\u0131nca 25 Haziran 1941’de Sovyet u\u00e7aklar\u0131 Fin \u015fehirlerini bombalad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece tarihte \u201cDevam Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan sava\u015f s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131. Finlandiya, 14-64 ya\u015f aras\u0131 t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 askere ald\u0131. Sovyetler Almanlar’la sava\u015f\u0131rken Finlandiya nefes ald\u0131 ama Almanlar’\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcnce Haziran 1944 de Karelya k\u0131sta\u011f\u0131na tekrar sald\u0131rd\u0131. Fakat Stalin<\/em>, bir yandan Almanlar’\u0131 Berlin\u2019e do\u011fru kovalamak istemesi, di\u011fer yandan 1939’daki Fin direni\u015finden \u00fcrkmesi nedeniyle sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmedi. B\u00f6ylece, Finlandiya \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtulan tek Avrupa \u00fclkesi olabildi.[4]<\/p>\n

\u0130ki sava\u015f\u0131n Finlandiya i\u00e7in bilan\u00e7osu; y\u00fcz bin \u00f6l\u00fc, doksan d\u00f6rt bin yaral\u0131, elli be\u015f bin yetim, otuz bin dul kad\u0131n, \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019e tahliye edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in psikolojik travma ya\u015fayan seksen bin \u00e7ocuk ve alt\u0131 y\u00fcz on be\u015f bin evini kaybeden insan. Bu kay\u0131plar\u0131n n\u00fcfusuna oranland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.[4]<\/p>\n

Ate\u015fle s\u0131nav\u0131 da destans\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131 ile ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015faran Fin Milleti, bu sava\u015flar\u0131n hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 mill\u00ee bilin\u00e7lerini peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullanmay\u0131 ve canl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde gen\u00e7 beyinlere i\u015flemeyi ihmal etmedi. Hemen her evden bir kayb\u0131n oldu\u011fu bu sava\u015flarda \u00f6lenler i\u00e7in \u00f6zel \u015fehitlikler yapmad\u0131lar. Onlar\u0131 her kasaban\u0131n sivil mezarl\u0131klar\u0131na koyarak, her g\u00fcn halk\u0131n g\u00f6rmesini ve anmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. O kadar ki, 1945’den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar hi\u00e7bir \u015fehidin mezar\u0131ndan taze \u00e7i\u00e7ek eksik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Devam edecek)<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

[1] Grigoriy Petrov, Beyaz Zambaklar \u00dclkesinde, Koridor yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p>\n

[2] \u0130skender \u00d6ks\u00fcz,<\/strong> Millet ve Milliyet\u00e7ilik-MDM-Temel Kavramlar Dizisi, Panama Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, No:208<\/p>\n

[3] Arslan Tekin, Yeni\u00e7a\u011f Gazetesi, \u2018D\u00f6lek Dur Yozgat!’, 10 Eyl\u00fcl 2020<\/p>\n

[4] Jared Diamond, Y\u00fckseli\u015f, Pegasus Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 1. Bask\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl 2019<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aziz Bozatl\u0131, Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli iki \u00f6zelli\u011finin iki ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131 olarak sunaca\u011f\u0131 dizisinin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecine ana hatlar\u0131 ile de\u011finmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":11722,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[62,2,66],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nFinlandiya: Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fumu - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Finlandiya: Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fumu - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aziz Bozatl\u0131, Finlandiya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli iki \u00f6zelli\u011finin iki ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131 olarak sunaca\u011f\u0131 dizisinin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Fin mill\u00ee kimli\u011finin olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecine ana hatlar\u0131 ile de\u011finmi\u015ftir.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-10-19T16:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-19T11:51:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1915te-Finli-ilkokul-ogrencileri-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"541\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"10 dakika\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"sameAs\":[],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/mdmLogo-yazisiz.jpg\",\"width\":422,\"height\":422,\"caption\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"name\":\"M\\u0130SAK- Mill\\u00ee Strateji Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma Kurulu\",\"description\":\"D\\u00fcnyaya T\\u00fcrk\\u00e7\\u00fc Bak\\u0131\\u015f\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1915te-Finli-ilkokul-ogrencileri-1.png\",\"width\":900,\"height\":541},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/finlandiya-fin-milli-kimliginin-olusumu\/\",\"name\":\"Finlandiya: Fin mill\\u00ee kimli\\u011finin olu\\u015fumu - 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Orman fak\\u00fcltesinden mezun oldu. 1975 de Devlet lisan okulunu bitirdi, (\\u0130ng) Askerli\\u011fini takiben 1971 den 1992 ye kadar Orman Bakanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131n\\u0131n ta\\u015fra te\\u015fkilat\\u0131nda; M\\u00fchendislik, Ba\\u015fm\\u00fchendislik, \\u015fube m\\u00fcd\\u00fcrl\\u00fc\\u011f\\u00fc, B\\u00f6lge M\\u00fcd\\u00fcr yard\\u0131mc\\u0131l\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131, Aga\\u00e7land\\u0131rma grup m\\u00fcd\\u00fcrl\\u00fc\\u011f\\u00fc, Orman B\\u00f6lge M\\u00fcd\\u00fcrl\\u00fc\\u011f\\u00fc g\\u00f6revlerinde bulundu. 1992-2003 y\\u0131llar\\u0131 aras\\u0131nda bakanl\\u0131k merkezinde; Bakanl\\u0131k Y\\u00fcksek fen heyeti \\u00fcyesi, Bakanl\\u0131k M\\u00fc\\u015faviri, Bakanl\\u0131k Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma-Planlama-Koordinsyon Kurulu Ba\\u015fkanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 (\\u015eimdiki Bakanl\\u0131k Strateji geli\\u015ftirme ba\\u015fkanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131) g\\u00f6revlerinde bulundu Orman ve Av, Orman M\\u00fchendisli\\u011fi, TSE dergisi ve Orman Bakanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 yay\\u0131nlar\\u0131nda 30 kadar makale ve bildirisi yay\\u0131nlanm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Macaristan, Almanya, Hollanda, Fransa, \\u0130spanya, T\\u00fcrkmenistan, ABD, \\u00c7\\u0130N, Tayland, Singapur, \\u0130talya da Mesleki e\\u011fitim, seminer ve incelemelerde bulunmu\\u015f, raporlar haz\\u0131rlam\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Di\\u011fer G\\u00f6revleri; 1999-2008 y\\u0131llar\\u0131 aras\\u0131nda TSE \\u201cOrmanc\\u0131l\\u0131k \\u0130htisas Grubu Ba\\u015fkanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131\\u201d 2001 MKE, kaps\\u00fclsan y\\u00f6netim kurulu \\u00fcyeli\\u011fi 2000-2002 TBMM Ba\\u015fkan\\u0131 M\\u00fc\\u015faviri, olarak MHP grubu dan\\u0131\\u015fmanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 Evli 3 \\u00e7ocuklu.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11688"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/51"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11688"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11688\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11737,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11688\/revisions\/11737"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11688"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11688"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11688"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}