{"id":15295,"date":"2022-03-28T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=15295&preview=true&preview_id=15295"},"modified":"2022-03-28T21:37:01","modified_gmt":"2022-03-28T18:37:01","slug":"islamda-ve-turklerde-zaman-ve-takvim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/islamda-ve-turklerde-zaman-ve-takvim\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da ve T\u00fcrklerde zaman ve takvim"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zaman<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Yunanca \u201ckhronos\u201d kelimesinden gelen zaman, s\u00fcrekli ve ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ak\u0131p giden, her an ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir nicelik olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen hareket ve de\u011fi\u015fim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n temel boyutlar\u0131ndan birisidir. \u0130nsano\u011flunun zaman\u0131 bir kavram olarak ne zaman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilmiyoruz. Muhtemelen zaman kavram\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu, g\u00f6k cisimlerinin d\u00fczenli hareketlerine, mevsimlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00fczenlili\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaman kavram\u0131, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca insanlar taraf\u0131ndan sorgulanm\u0131\u015f ve adeta somut bir bi\u00e7imde alg\u0131lanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, zaman\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu sorusunun doyurucu bir yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n olamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda hemfikirdir.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Saatli Maarif Takvimi<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da Zaman ve Zaman \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da zaman, mutlak zaman olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve genellikle de manevi olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mutlak zaman, k\u00fcrenin (felek) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan sonuna kadar dolan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman, bu mutlak zaman\u0131n kaba olarak uzun periyotlara, vakit ise, zaman\u0131n belirli k\u0131sa periyotlara b\u00f6l\u00fcmlenmesidir.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131n ve vaktin belirlenmesi meselesi, di\u011fer uygarl\u0131klarda oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130sl\u00e2m uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6nemli meselelerinden biridir. \u0130sl\u00e2m uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ibadet vakitlerinin belirlenmesi ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f, Ay ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile zaman\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de namaz vakitlerinin belirlenmesi ilmine \u0130lm-i Mik\u00e2t ad\u0131 verilir. \u0130sl\u00e2m astronomisinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisi, ibadet vakitlerinin tam olarak belirlenmesi ve namaz\u0131n tam vaktinde ve K\u0131ble y\u00f6n\u00fcnde k\u0131l\u0131nabilmesine olanak sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren bu konuda uyulmas\u0131 gereken bilimsel esaslar ortaya konulmu\u015f ve baz\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumu\u015ftur. 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, her boylam derecesi veya y\u0131l\u0131n her bir g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in bu ama\u00e7la \u00e7e\u015fitli tablolar haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu belirlemelerde, Kur\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011funlukla astronomlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan belirlemeler esas olarak kabul edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u0130badet vakitlerinin belirlenmesi amac\u0131 ile Emeviler d\u00f6neminde (661-750) Muvakkithaneler a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu i\u015fi yapan ki\u015fiye muvakkit ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu yap\u0131larda bu i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli astronomik ara\u00e7lar da yer al\u0131yordu. Muvakkithanelerde kullan\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca ara\u00e7lar, kadran, usturlap, sekstant, kum saati, g\u00fcne\u015f saati ve mekanik saatlerdir. Muvakkithaneler, hem astronomi e\u011fitimi veren hem de basit bir g\u00f6zlemevi vazifesini g\u00f6ren kurumlard\u0131. Muvakkitlerin atamalar\u0131 m\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu kurumlar Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 ile ba\u015fmuvakkitlik ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir kuruma devredildi ve 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda da kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yine bu ve di\u011fer ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6zlemevleri de kurulmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6zlemevleri, ilkin \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumudur. G\u00f6zlemevlerinde, muntazam ve devaml\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6zlemevindeki faaliyet, astronomi biliminin ve ona yard\u0131mc\u0131 bilim dallar\u0131n\u0131n meseleleri \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, zaman ve ibadet vakitlerinin belirlenmesi amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Ama\u00e7, dakik g\u00f6zlemlere dayanan yeni astronomik tablolar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 idi. O d\u00f6nemlerde, g\u00f6zlemevlerinde yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlem sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tablolar halinde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi kataloglara z\u00eec<\/em> ad\u0131 verilmekteydi. Z\u00eecler, bu tablolar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, d\u00f6nemlerindeki trigonometriye, k\u00fcresel astronomiye, takvim \u00e7e\u015fitlerine ve yap\u0131m\u0131na, izd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemlerine, g\u00f6zlem aletlerinin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131na, astrolojiye ve ibadet vakitlerinin belirlenmesine ili\u015fkin bilgileri de kapsamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve Gece<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bir g\u00fcn\u00fcn 24 saate ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, ger\u00e7ekte yapayd\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7inliler 1 g\u00fcn\u00fc 20 par\u00e7aya, Hintliler ise 60 par\u00e7aya ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eski insanlar, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fc belli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131; 1) \u015fafak<\/em> (y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n kaybolu\u015fundan g\u00fcndo\u011fumuna kadar), 2) sabah<\/em> (g\u00fcndo\u011fumuna kadar), 3) \u00f6\u011fle<\/em> (g\u00fcndo\u011fumundan G\u00fcne\u015f’in y\u00fckseldi\u011fi bir zamana kadar), 4) g\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131nda sona eren \u00f6\u011fleden sonra<\/em> ve 5) gece-<\/em> ya da alacakaranl\u0131k<\/em> (g\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131ndan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine kadar).<\/p>\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar g\u00fcndo\u011fumuyla g\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreci, g\u00fcne\u015f saati gibi bir g\u00f6zlem arac\u0131yla i\u015faretlemi\u015f, iki alacakaranl\u0131k eklemi\u015f (sabah \u00f6ncesi ve gece) ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki y\u0131ld\u0131z konumlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak geceyi on ikiye b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Su saati geli\u015ftirildikten sonra da, hem g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00fc, hem de geceyi 20 k\u0131sma ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. E\u015fit olmayan saatler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu saatlerde yaz ve k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerindeki saatlerin uzunluklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

Eski Babilliler ise 1 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 12 saati g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve 12 saati gece olmak \u00fczere 24 e\u015fit saate ay\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Babilli Kidunnu’nun M.\u00d6. d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda gece yar\u0131s\u0131ndan gece yar\u0131s\u0131na alt\u0131 e\u015fit saat kullanarak astronomik tablolar olu\u015fturdu\u011fu iddia edilir. M. \u00d6. 150 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan \u00fcnl\u00fc astronom Hipparcus, bu saatlerin standart olarak benimsenmesini \u00f6nermi\u015f ve bundan sonra da bir g\u00fcn 12 g\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve 12 gece olmak \u00fczere 24 e\u015fit saate ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Takvimler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Takvim zaman\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f d\u00fczen, y\u0131llar\u0131, mevsimleri, aylar\u0131, g\u00fcnleri, vakitleri g\u00f6stermek \u00fczere haz\u0131rlanan cetvellerdir.<\/p>\n

Birbirini izleyen g\u00fcnlere g\u00f6re senelerin, mevsimlerin, aylar\u0131n ve haftalar\u0131n belirlenmesi \u00e7ok eskilere dayan\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemin ne zaman ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli de\u011fildir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f milletlerin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131l\u0131 ve aylar\u0131 g\u00f6kcisimlerinin en iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcnenleri olan G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay’\u0131n dolan\u0131m ve hareketleri ile belirlemi\u015flerdir. G\u00fcne\u015f’in bir dolam\u0131m\u0131n, yani bur\u00e7lar dairesi \u00fczerinde bir noktadan ayr\u0131larak yine ayn\u0131 noktaya ula\u015fmas\u0131na kadar olan zaman\u0131 bir y\u0131l;[3]<\/sup><\/a> Ay’\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f ile kavu\u015fum noktas\u0131ndan veya hil\u00e2lin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinden yine o konum ve hale gelinceye kadar olan zaman\u0131 ise bir ay;[4]<\/sup><\/a> 12 ay\u0131 bir y\u0131la yak\u0131n oldu\u011fundan bir y\u0131l;[5]<\/sup><\/a> her burcu 30 dereceye b\u00f6lerek G\u00fcne\u015f’in bur\u00e7taki seyir s\u00fcresini, bir aya yak\u0131n oldu\u011fundan bir ay[6]<\/sup><\/a> olarak kabul etmi\u015flerdir.[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in dolan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esas alan G\u00fcne\u015f takvimi[8]<\/sup><\/a> kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Y\u0131l\u0131 otuzar g\u00fcnl\u00fck on iki aya b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdi; ayr\u0131ca her y\u0131la be\u015f g\u00fcn ilave ediyorlard\u0131. Y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 her h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n tahta ge\u00e7mesiyle yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Y\u0131l \u00fc\u00e7 mevsime ayr\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Birinci mevsim 15 Temmuz – 15 Kas\u0131m aras\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Ta\u015fma Mevsimi, ikinci mevsim 15 Kas\u0131m\u2019dan 15 Mart\u2019a kadar olan K\u0131\u015f Mevsimi, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc mevsim ise, 15 Mart\u2019tan 15 Temmuz\u2019a kadar s\u00fcren Yaz Mevsimi idi.<\/p>\n

Mezopotamyal\u0131lar\u0131n takvimi ise Ay y\u0131l\u0131na dayanan bir takvimdi. Bu takvim daha sonraki din\u00ee takvimlere ve \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019ndaki Hicr\u00ee Takvim\u2019e temel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Burada Ay\u2019\u0131n safhalar\u0131yla belirlenen 29,5 g\u00fcnl\u00fck kavu\u015fum ay\u0131 esas al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. Aylar hil\u00e2lin g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesiyle, y\u0131l ise, genelde ilkbahar g\u00fcnd\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnden hemen sonra g\u00f6zlemlenen hil\u00e2l ile ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Takvimleri Ay y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u0131l 354 g\u00fcn idi. Fakat bu G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sayd\u0131 ve arada fark olu\u015fuyordu. Bu fark\u0131 da y\u0131la 13. bir art\u0131k ay ekleyerek kapatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.[9]<\/sup><\/a> Bu d\u00fczenleme \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6neme aittir. Urur (2294-2187) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u00fclalede 8 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in bu d\u00fczenlemenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine Hammurabi y\u00f6neticileri de b\u00f6yle bir art\u0131k ay\u0131n eklenmesini emrederler. M.\u00d6. 383-380 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ay y\u0131l\u0131 ile G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ayarlama i\u015fi 19 y\u0131ll\u0131k devrelere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu bir kural olarak uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu 19 y\u0131ll\u0131k devre Yunanistan\u2019da Meton (M. \u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l) taraf\u0131ndan uygulanm\u0131\u015f ve “Meton devresi” ad\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meton devresinde Ay y\u0131l\u0131 takvimine 19 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde belirli y\u0131llara birer ay ilave edilir. Art\u0131k ay\u0131 bulunan y\u0131llar 1., 4., 6., 12., 14. ve 17. y\u0131llard\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 380 y\u0131l\u0131 s\u0131ralar\u0131ndan itibaren bu kurala uyuldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Eski T\u00fcrklerin Kulland\u0131klar\u0131 Takvimler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2mdan \u00f6nce T\u00fcrkler G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan bir takvim olan On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takvimi kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu takvimde, y\u0131llar\u0131n ve aylar\u0131n adlar\u0131 hayvan isimleri ile adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00e2l-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e2n (T\u00fcrk Y\u0131l\u0131) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu takvimde on ikili devreye giren hayvanlar \u015f\u00f6yledir; 1) S\u0131\u00e7an. 2) S\u0131\u011f\u0131r. 3) Pars. 4) Tav\u015fan. 5) Ejder. 6) Y\u0131lan. 7) At. 8) Koyun. 9) Maymun. 10) Tavuk. 11) K\u00f6pek. 12) Domuz.<\/p>\n

Bu takvimde y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131, 21 Mart’t\u0131r. Ancak G\u00fcne\u015f Y\u0131l\u0131 ile Ay Y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131nda 13 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir fark bulundu\u011fundan, 21 Mart tarihi, baz\u0131 topluluklarda Mart’\u0131n 9’una, nadiren baz\u0131 topluluklarda 1 – 3 Nisan ve 21 Haziran’a tek\u00e2b\u00fcl eden kutlamalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin bir de Ay-G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 vard\u0131r. Burada aylar Ay\u2019\u0131n hareketine g\u00f6re, y\u0131l ise G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e g\u00f6re hesaplan\u0131r. 1 y\u0131l 12 aya b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bu aylar \u015f\u00f6yledir: 1) Aram. 2) \u0130kindi (\u0130kinci) Ay. 3) \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00e7 Ay. 4) T\u00f6rtin\u00e7 Ay. 5) Be\u015fin\u00e7 Ay. 6) Alt\u0131n\u00e7 Ay. 7) Yitin\u00e7 Ay. 8) Sekizin\u00e7 Ay. 9) Tokuz\u0131n\u00e7 Ay. 10) On\u0131n\u00e7 Ay. 11) Bir Yigirmin\u00e7 (On Birinci Ay). 12) \u00c7ak\u015fapat Ay.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2miyetin kabul\u00fcnden sonra On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takvimi bir \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk devletinde kullan\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015f, ancak Hicr\u00ee-Kamer\u00ee Takvim kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hicri Takvim<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Peygamberimiz Hz. Muhammed’in Mekke’den Medine’ye hicretini ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kabul eden ve Ay\u2019\u0131n D\u00fcnya \u00e7evresinde dolan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esas alan bir takvim sistemidir. 1 y\u0131l 354 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve 12 aydan olu\u015fur. Hicr\u00ee-\u015eems\u00ee ve Hicr\u00ee-Kamer\u00ee Takvim olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hz. Muhammed Medine’ye hicret etmek \u00fczere Mekke’den ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 20 Eyl\u00fcl 622 Pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc Kuba K\u00f6y\u00fc’ne gelmi\u015ftir. 20 Eyl\u00fcl 622 tarihini, Hicri sene ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul eden ve Yer\u2019in G\u00fcne\u015f etraf\u0131ndaki dolan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esas alan Takvim sistemine Hicr\u00ee-\u015eemsi Takvim denilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kamer\u00ee aylara g\u00f6re ilk defa tarihi ba\u015flatan Halife \u00d6mer\u2019dir. \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda Hicretin 17. y\u0131l\u0131nda al\u0131nan bir kararla Hicretin oldu\u011fu sene Hicr\u00ee Takvimin 1. y\u0131l\u0131 ve o y\u0131l\u0131n Muharrem ay\u0131 da Hicr\u00ee-Kamer\u00ee takvimin y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 kabul edilmek suretiyle, o y\u0131l 1 Muharrem’in rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 16 Temmuz 622 tarihi de Hicr\u00ee-Kamer\u00ee Takvimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bu takvimde ise Ay\u2019\u0131n Yer etraf\u0131ndaki dolan\u0131m\u0131 esas al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hicr\u00ee takvimlerde, Milad\u00ee takvimlerde oldu\u011fu gibi art\u0131k y\u0131llar mevcuttur. Takvimde 30 y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 11 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir gerileme ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu gerilemeyi d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerin 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 24, 26 ve 29 y\u0131llar\u0131 355 g\u00fcn, di\u011fer y\u0131llar ise 354 g\u00fcn kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

\"\"

On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk Takvimi<\/p><\/div>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Kulland\u0131klar\u0131 Takvim<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n kulland\u0131klar\u0131 takvim, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak Hicret\u2019i kabul eden ve Ay\u2019\u0131n dolan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esas alan Hicr\u00ee Takvim\u2019dir. Osmanl\u0131lar Hicr\u00ee Takvim\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Hicret tarihinde ba\u015flayan, ancak G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanan R\u00fbm\u00ee Takvim de kulland\u0131lar. Ancak aradaki fark 33 senede 1 y\u0131l\u0131 buldu\u011fundan 20 Temmuz 1677\u2019de Ba\u015f Defterdar Hasan Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n teklifi ile, her 33 senede 1 sene atlanmak suretiyle 1087 Hicr\u00ee-\u015eems\u00ee y\u0131l\u0131 (1676) Sivi\u015f (Tedav\u00fcl) y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131ld\u0131 ve mali kay\u0131tlar bu esasa g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131 (Mal\u00ee Sene). 1740\u2019ta Defterdar At\u0131f Efendi, 1152 Hicr\u00ee-Kamer\u00ee y\u0131l\u0131ndan maa\u015flar\u0131n ve vazifelerin Muharrem ay\u0131ndan de\u011fil, Mart ay\u0131ndan itibaren esas al\u0131nmas\u0131na dair padi\u015faha sundu\u011fu takrir \u00fczere irade \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131. Bu tarihten itibaren mali y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 Mart ay\u0131 oldu. 1794 y\u0131l\u0131nda Defterdar Moral\u0131 Osman Efendi\u2019nin, tefav\u00fctlerin (hicri y\u0131l ile mali y\u0131l aras\u0131ndaki farktan meydana gelen gelir farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n) hesab\u0131n\u0131n devlet hazinesine y\u00fck olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan teklifi kabul edildi ve Mal\u00ee Seneye dayanan sarfiyat (harcama) ve tediyat (\u00f6deme) \u015feklinin tatbik sahas\u0131 geni\u015fletildi. 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Resm\u00ee i\u015flerde Hicr\u00ee-Kameri tarihle birlikte Rum\u00ee tarih kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 1917\u2019de ise (1 Mart), 21 \u015eubat 1333 tarihli 125 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla tarihin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 (Hicret) de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemek \u00fczere \u201cTakvim-i Garbi\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Gregoryan takvim sistemi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konuldu ve bu kanunla, 15 \u015eubat 1333 tarihini 1 mart 1333 (1917) tarihi takip etti. B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcnl\u00fck tarih Gregoryan esas\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. 125 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanuna g\u00f6re; a) 15 \u015eubat 1333 tarihini 1 Mart 1333 (1917) g\u00fcn\u00fc takip etti, b\u00f6ylece tarihten 13 g\u00fcn silinerek g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131ndaki hata d\u00fczeltildi. b) 1333 R\u00fbm\u00ee y\u0131l\u0131 teknik sebeple 1 Mart’tan ba\u015flamakla beraber 10 ay devam ederek, 31 K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u Evvel (Aral\u0131k) 1333 (1917) g\u00fcn\u00fc sona erdirildi ve 1 K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u S\u00e2n\u00ee (Ocak) 1334 = 1 K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u S\u00e2n\u00ee (Ocak) 1918 olarak ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. 1840 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri J\u00fclyen usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fcyen mali ve resmi muamelattaki tarihi kay\u0131tlar, 1918 tarihinden itibaren Gregoryen usul\u00fcne g\u00f6re devam ettirildi ve y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 1 Ocak tarihine al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Osmanl\u0131larla Kullan\u0131lan Hicr\u00ee-\u015eems\u00ee[10]<\/a> (Mal\u00ee) Senenin Aylar\u0131[11]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Mart [12]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Nisan[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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May\u0131s[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Haziran[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Temmuz[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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A\u011fustos[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Eyl\u00fcl[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Te\u015fr\u00een-i Evvel[19]<\/a> (Ekim)[20]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Te\u015fr\u00een-i S\u00e2n\u00ee[21]<\/a> (Kas\u0131m)[22]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u Evvel[23]<\/a> (Aral\u0131k)[24]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u S\u00e2n\u00ee[25]<\/sup><\/a> (Ocak)[26]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\u015eub\u00e2t[27]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kullan\u0131lan Gregoryen Takvim\u2019in (Mil\u00e2d\u00ee Tarih) Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Roma Takvimi\u2019nde 1 y\u0131l 10 ay ve 304 g\u00fcn olarak kabul edildi. S\u00f6ylentiye g\u00f6re bu belirlemeyi, Roma\u2019n\u0131n kurucusu Rumulus yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu takvimde birinci ay Martius idi ve aylar\u0131n isimleri \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Martius[28]<\/a> (31 g\u00fcn), Aprilis[29]<\/a> (30 g\u00fcn), Maius[30]<\/a> (31 g\u00fcn), Iunius31[31]<\/a><\/sup> (30 g\u00fcn), Quintilis[32]<\/a> (31 g\u00fcn), Sextilis[33]<\/a> (30 g\u00fcn), September[34]<\/a> (30 g\u00fcn), Oktober[35]<\/a> (31 g\u00fcn), November[36]<\/a> (30 g\u00fcn), December[37]<\/a> (30 g\u00fcn). Roma\u2019n\u0131n ikinci kral\u0131 Numa Pompilis (M.\u00d6. 716-673) d\u00f6neminde, 1 y\u0131l 12 ay ve 365 g\u00fcn olarak kabul edildi ve 10 aya Ianuarius[38]<\/a> ve Februarius[39]<\/a> aylar\u0131 eklendi. Y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Ianurius olarak benimsendi.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Roma’n\u0131n be\u015finci Kral\u0131 ad\u0131na Etr\u00fcsk’l\u00fc astronom Tarquinius Priscus (M.\u00d6. 616-579) taraf\u0131ndan 12 ayl\u0131k takvim yeniden d\u00fczenlendi ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n “Devlet Takvimi” (resm\u00ee takvim) ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. M.\u00d6. 432 y\u0131l\u0131nda Meton adl\u0131 astronom, Ay y\u0131l\u0131 ile G\u00fcne\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ayarlamay\u0131 19 y\u0131ll\u0131k periyodik (Metonik D\u00f6nem) bir kurala ba\u011flad\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, 19 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde, Ay takvimine 7 ay ilave edilmeliydi. M.\u00d6. 323\u2019te takvimin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak, \u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihi olan 323 tarihi belirlendi. Yine M.\u00d6. 323-30 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck haftaya 7 gezegenin adlar\u0131n\u0131 verdi: Dies Solis, Dies Lunae, Dies Martis, Dies Mercurii, Dies Iouis, Dies Veneris, Dies Saturni.[41]<\/a> M.\u00d6. 311 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, Suriye h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan ve Selevkler hanedan\u0131n kurucusu olan I. Selevkos\u2019un Gazze taraf\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 takvim ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve sene ba\u015f\u0131 Te\u015fr\u00een-i Evvel olarak kabul edildi. B\u00f6ylece Suriye taraflar\u0131nda bu takvim (Selevkos Takvimi ya da S\u00fcryan\u00ee Takvimi) kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. M.\u00d6. 238 y\u0131l\u0131nda da III. Ptolemy\u2019nin emriyle Euergetes Seler, 4 y\u0131lda bir, M\u0131s\u0131r y\u0131l\u0131na 366. g\u00fcn eklemeyi \u00f6nerdi. M.\u00d6. 45\u2019te Julius Sezar, Sosigenes\u2019i takvimi d\u00fczenlemekle g\u00f6revlendirdi. Sosigenes, 1 y\u0131l\u0131 12 ay ve 365 A (365,25) g\u00fcn olarak kabul etti ve 4 senede olu\u015fan 1 g\u00fcnl\u00fck fark\u0131 da her 4 senede bir \u015eubat ay\u0131na ekledi. B\u00f6ylece her 4 senede bir 1 y\u0131l 366 g\u00fcn olarak kabul edildi ve bu senelere de Ekli Y\u0131l (Kebise Sene) ad\u0131 verildi. Aylar\u0131n adedi yeniden belirlendi ve y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131 Mart ay\u0131ndan 1 Ocak g\u00fcn\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece J\u00fclyen Takvimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu. M.S. 325 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma Takvimi\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fumu kabul edildi ve bundan sonra da bu takvim Mil\u00e2d\u00ee Takvim ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nd\u0131. 1545 y\u0131l\u0131nda Veronal\u0131 Pilatus, \u0130lkbahar \u0131l\u0131m noktas\u0131n\u0131n 21 Mart\u2019tan 11 Mart\u2019a geriledi\u011fini belirledi ve Julian Takviminde bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. 1582 y\u0131l\u0131nda da 24 \u015eubat 1582 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanan bir “Papal\u0131k Kararnamesi” ile takvim reformunun ya da Gregoryen takviminin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 bildirildi. Uygulama sonucu, 1582\u2019de Papa XIII. Gregory , 1) 1582 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 4 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn 15 Ekim olmas\u0131na; 2) Son iki rakam\u0131 00 olan y\u0131llardan ancak 400 ile b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilen y\u0131llar\u0131n ekli y\u0131l olmas\u0131na ve 3) tarih ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc olmas\u0131na karar verdi. B\u00f6ylelikle Gregoryen takvim d\u00fczeni y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015f oldu. Bu tarihten sonra bu takvim \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerce kabul edildi. 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda da T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131, Nevruz Ansiklopedisi,<\/em> Atat\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Merkezi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Edit\u00f6r: \u00d6cal O\u011fuz. Ankara 2004, s. 15-24.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Ankara \u00dcniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Felsefe B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Bilim Tarihi Anabilim Dal\u0131.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00fcne\u015fsel Y\u0131l (\u015eems\u00ee Sene).<\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> Aysal Ay (Kamer\u00ee Ay)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> Aysal Y\u0131l (Kamer\u00ee Sene)<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00fcne\u015fsel Ay (\u015eems\u00ee Ay)<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> Y\u0131llar ve aylar, gerek G\u00fcne\u015fsel ve gerekse Aysal olsun, hakik\u00ee yani tabi\u00ee ve \u0131st\u0131lah\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. G\u00fcnlerin say\u0131s\u0131na itibar olunmaks\u0131z\u0131n sadece G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay’\u0131n bir konumdan ayr\u0131larak yine o konuma geri d\u00f6nmesine kadar olan hakik\u00ee dolan\u0131m\u0131na itibar olunur ise y\u0131l ve ay hakik\u00ee olur. E\u011fer hakik\u00ee dolan\u0131ma itibar olunmay\u0131p da g\u00fcnlerin say\u0131s\u0131na itibar olunur ise y\u0131l ve ay \u0131st\u0131lah\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in, bur\u00e7lar dairesi (ekliptik) \u00fczerinde bir noktadan (Ko\u00e7 Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131) ayr\u0131larak yine o noktaya ula\u015fmas\u0131na kadar olan zaman bir y\u0131l kabul edilir (G\u00fcne\u015fsel Y\u0131l). Ekliptik \u00fczerindeki her bir burcun derecesi 30 derece oldu\u011fundan G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in bir bur\u00e7taki s\u00fcresi 30 g\u00fcne yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu zaman bir ay olarak al\u0131n\u0131r (G\u00fcne\u015fsel Ay) ve bir ay 30\u2019ar ve 31\u2019er g\u00fcn olarak kabul edilir. \u015eubat ay\u0131 ise 28 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Aylardan d\u00f6rd\u00fc 30, yedisi 31 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir y\u0131l b\u00f6ylece 365 g\u00fcn olur. Takvim hesaplar\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in hareketi Ko\u00e7 ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na g\u00f6re ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131l y\u0131l (sideral y\u0131l) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1 y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131l y\u0131l = 365,2565 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, bu zamanla 365 g\u00fcnl\u00fck G\u00fcne\u015fsel Y\u0131l (1 y\u0131l 12 toplam\u0131 olan 365 Y g\u00fcnd\u00fcr) aras\u0131nda Y g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir fark olu\u015fur. Bu fark 4 y\u0131lda 1 g\u00fcne e\u015fitlenir ve 4 y\u0131lda bir kez \u015eubat 29 g\u00fcn say\u0131larak takvime yedirilir.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> Ay’\u0131n evreleri \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Ay ba\u015flar\u0131, Ay\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f ile kavu\u015fum noktas\u0131ndan veya Ay’\u0131n Yeniay evresinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi ile ba\u015flar ve Ay\u2019\u0131n, yine o konum ve hale gelinceye kadar olan zaman\u0131 \u201cbir ay\u201d say\u0131l\u0131r (Aysal Ay). On iki ay toplam\u0131 da bir y\u0131l kabul edilir (Aysal Y\u0131l). Bu takvimde, matematik olarak bir ay s\u00fcresi 29,5 oldu\u011fundan, hesaplar\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir ay 30 ve onu takip eden ay 29 g\u00fcn olacak bi\u00e7imde aylar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda alt\u0131 ay 29\u2019ar ve 6 ay\u2019da 30\u2019ar g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece bir y\u0131l 354 g\u00fcn olur. 354 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bu y\u0131la bir \u201c\u0131st\u0131lah\u00ee y\u0131l\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. Ger\u00e7ek Aysal Y\u0131l (1 y\u0131l 12 ay toplam\u0131 olan 354 1\/3 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr) 12 kavu\u015ful ay toplam\u0131 yani 354,3670 g\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan, bu y\u0131l ger\u00e7ek Aysal Y\u0131la g\u00f6re her y\u0131l 0,3671 g\u00fcn kadar ileri gider. Bu de\u011fer 30 y\u0131lda 11 g\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re bu takvim, 30 y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 11 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir gerileme yapar. Bu hatay\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in, her 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerin 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 24, 26 ve 29’uncu y\u0131llar\u0131na bir g\u00fcn eklenir ve bu y\u0131llar 355 g\u00fcn olarak kabul edilir. Yine bir G\u00fcne\u015f Y\u0131l\u0131 365 Y g\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan Aysal Y\u0131l ile G\u00fcne\u015fsel Y\u0131l aras\u0131nda bir y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 11 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir fark olu\u015fur. Bu fark 3 y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 aya e\u015fit olur. 19 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerde, belirli y\u0131llara on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ay daha eklenerek bu fark takvime yedirilir.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Hicret oldu\u011fundan ve G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in dolan\u0131m\u0131 esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Hicr\u00ee-\u015eems\u00ee takvim olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> 10 Ocak 1945 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen bir kanunla, baz\u0131 aylar\u0131n isimleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirtmi\u015f ve Te\u015fr\u00een-i Evvel Ekim, Te\u015fr\u00ee\u0131\u0131-i S\u00e2n\u00ee Kas\u0131m, K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u Evvel Aral\u0131k, K\u00e2n\u00fbn-u S\u00e2n\u00ee Ocak olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Rum aylar\u0131n\u0131n birinci ay\u0131d\u0131r. Latincesi Martius\u2019dur. Hasad\u0131 takdis ya da mahveden, tabiat tanr\u0131s\u0131 Mars\u2019tan gelir. Mars tanr\u0131s\u0131 1 Mart\u2019ta do\u011fdu\u011fundan bu g\u00fcne Yevm-i Vil\u00e2ditin\u00ee ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Akadl\u0131lar\u0131n birinci ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Nissanon\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Rum aylar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131d\u0131r. Latincesi Maius\u2019tur. \u0130lkbahar tanr\u0131s\u0131 Maia\u2019dan gelir.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> K\u00f6keni S\u00fcryanice\u2019dir. Asl\u0131 Heziron\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Akadl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Dou\u2019uzo ve Tamm-ouz\u2019dur. Tamm-ouz Babillilerde bir tanr\u0131n\u0131n ismidir. Asur dilinde dou\u2019uzo ve tamm-ouz, kuvvet sahibi anlam\u0131na gelir. Kimilerine g\u00f6re dou\u2019uzo, S\u00fcmerce olan doumuzi- zuab kelimesinin Akad diline ge\u00e7mi\u015f bi\u00e7imidir ve \u201csu derinli\u011finin hakiki \u00e7ocu\u011fu\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Temmuz, eski zamanlarda ilkbahar\u0131 bitiren tanr\u0131 veya bu ayda (Temmuz) \u00f6len tanr\u0131d\u0131r. Yine Anadolu\u2019nun baz\u0131 yerlerinde \u201ch\u0131nz\u0131r\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen do,ouz, dongouz, domouz kelimesinin Temmuz bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Rum aylar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 ay\u0131d\u0131r. Latincesi Augustus\u2019tur. Romal\u0131larda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ay asl\u0131nda alt\u0131nc\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen Sextilis idi. Ancak Roma Senatosu taraf\u0131ndan bu ay\u0131n ismi, \u0130mparator Augustus\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerden dolay\u0131 Augustus olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Akadl\u0131lar\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Oululu\u2019dur. Hayk\u0131rmak anlam\u0131na gelir. Alalu\u2019dan gelmesi muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Akadl\u0131lar\u0131n yedinci ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Ticshritu\u2019dur. Ba\u015flamak anlam\u0131na gelir. Y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu \u015fekilde adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Te\u015frin, Arap\u00e7a\u2019da, sonbahar ve bunun \u00e7o\u011fulu olan Te\u015f\u00e2r\u00een ise sonbaharda hayvanlara yedirilen dut a\u011fac\u0131 yapraklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019dir. Ekmek\u2019ten gelir; ekim zaman\u0131 anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Akadl\u0131lar\u0131n yedinci ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Ticshritu\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Arap\u00e7a\u2019d\u0131r. B\u00f6len, ay\u0131ran, taksim eden anlam\u0131na gelir. 8 Kas\u0131m\u2019dan 6 May\u0131s\u2019a kadar s\u00fcren k\u0131\u015f devresi. Eskiden \u201cH\u0131z\u0131r G\u00fcnleri\u201d ve \u201cKas\u0131m G\u00fcnleri\u201d olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. 6 May\u0131s\u2019ta ba\u015flayan H\u0131drellez ile Kas\u0131m ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan 8 Kas\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fcnler H\u0131z\u0131rilyas\u2019\u0131n devam\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> S\u00fcryanilerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Konoun\u2019dur. Kan\u00fbn Arap\u00e7a\u2019da \u201ctopraktan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mangal ya da f\u0131r\u0131n\u201d anlam\u0131nda geldi\u011fi de s\u00f6ylenmektedir.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019dir. Aramak\u2019tan gelir. 21 veya 22 Aral\u0131k\u2019a do\u011fru G\u00fcne\u015f, O\u011flak burcuna girer ve k\u0131\u015f ba\u015flar. Bu g\u00fcn y\u0131l\u0131n en k\u0131sa g\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ger\u00e7ekte ortalama G\u00fcne\u015f ile ger\u00e7ek G\u00fcne\u015f aras\u0131ndaki aralanma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 13 Aral\u0131k\u2019tan itibaren G\u00fcne\u015f gittik\u00e7e daha ge\u00e7 batmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> S\u00fcryanilerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Konoun\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019dir. Ot, ate\u015f anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Akadl\u0131lar\u0131n on birinci ay\u0131d\u0131r. Asl\u0131 Schabatu\u2019dur. Schabatu, bir bu\u011fday \u00e7e\u015fididir.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Mars’tan gelir.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> G\u00fczellik tanr\u00e7as\u0131 Aphrodite’nin ad\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve Roma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131\u00e7a Ven\u00fcs’e adanm\u0131\u015f ay m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ismin, tanr\u0131sal kahraman Aper ya da Aprus’un ad\u0131ndan geldi\u011fini belirten kaynaklara da rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Titan Atlas’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 ve Hermes’in annesi tanr\u0131\u00e7a Maia’n\u0131n ad\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a “Junon”dan (Grek\u00e7e Hera) gelir.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> Be\u015finci anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Alt\u0131nc\u0131 anlam\u0131n gelir.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Yedinci anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Sekizinci anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Dokuzuncu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Onuncu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Roma dininde t\u00fcm dualar tanr\u0131 “Janos”a hitap ederek ba\u015flar ve “Vesta”y\u0131 anarak sona erer. Janos, giri\u015f, kap\u0131lar, a\u00e7ma ve ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan Ianuarius buradan t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> L\u00e2tince “ar\u0131nma” anlam\u0131ndaki “februa”dan gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Sezar zaman\u0131nda, yedinci aya, J\u00fclius Sezar’a ith\u00e2fen,”Julius” ad\u0131 verildi; Sezar’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra tahta ge\u00e7en Oktavius, Augustus\u2019a ith\u00e2fen de sekiz ve dokuzuncu aylar\u0131n isimleri de\u011fi\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> M.\u00d6. 2000-1800\u2019lerde Babilliler yedi gezegenden yararlanarak yedi g\u00fcn\u00fc 1 hafta kabul etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da zaman, mutlak zaman olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve genellikle de manevi olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mutlak zaman, k\u00fcrenin (felek) ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan sonuna kadar dolan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman, bu mutlak zaman\u0131n kaba olarak uzun periyotlara, vakit ise, zaman\u0131n belirli k\u0131sa periyotlara b\u00f6l\u00fcmlenmesidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":186,"featured_media":15302,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[2269,2270,2266,2265,2268,2271,2264,2267],"coauthors":[2172],"class_list":["post-15295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim-kultur","tag-astornomi","tag-astroloji","tag-hicir-takvim","tag-musluman-noel-kutlamaz","tag-on-iki-hayvanli-turk-takvimi","tag-saatli-maarif-takvimi","tag-takvim","tag-zaman"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/186"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15295"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15295\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15310,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15295\/revisions\/15310"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15295"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=15295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}