{"id":15947,"date":"2022-08-19T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-19T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=15947&preview=true&preview_id=15947"},"modified":"2022-08-28T20:34:23","modified_gmt":"2022-08-28T17:34:23","slug":"orta-asya-tarihinde-siniflar-kavgalari-ve-neticeleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/orta-asya-tarihinde-siniflar-kavgalari-ve-neticeleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Orta Asya tarihinde s\u0131n\u0131flar, kavgalar\u0131 ve neticeleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prof. Abd\u00fclkadir \u0130nan taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan bu makale<\/em><\/p>\n

1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00f6re dergisinin 43. Say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bir milletin muhtelif s\u0131n\u0131flardan m\u00fcte\u015fekkil oldu\u011funu ve bu s\u0131n\u0131flar\u00addan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bizde de bulundu\u011fu\u00adnu itiraf etmek kendi ba\u015f\u0131na zararl\u0131 bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Zararl\u0131 olan \u015fey b\u00fcy\u00fck ve muazzam propaganda te\u015fki\u00adl\u00e2t\u0131na ve kuvvetli ideologlara malik olan beynelmilel siyas\u00ee z\u00fcmrelerin \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi\u201d propagandalar\u0131 ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131 \u201ckatliam\u201dlara te\u015f\u00advik etmeleridir. \u201cBizde s\u0131n\u0131f yoktur.\u201d demekle kanaat ederek \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f kav\u00adgas\u0131 ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131n birbirini im\u00adha etmesi\u201d l\u00fczumunu telkin ile propaganda yapanlara fikir meydan\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015f b\u0131rakmak s\u0131n\u0131f mevcudiyetini itiraf etmekten daha \u00e7ok zararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u0131n\u0131f kavgas\u0131\u201d propagandas\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131 bir kaynaktan vazife olarak alanlar o kadar kurnaz ve ayni za\u00admanda \u00e7ok m\u00fcte\u015fekkil unsurlard\u0131r ki \u015feytan\u00ee fikirlerini s\u00f6zde milliyet\u00ad\u00e7i ve hatta devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden yar\u00add\u0131m g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc muhtemel olan mec\u00admualar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ne\u015fretmesini bi\u00adlirler.<\/p>\n

Bana \u00f6yle geliyor ki \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f kav\u00adgalar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n tarihteki ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc neticelerini, bu \u201ckavga\u201d g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fclerinin \u201ckimin yorgan\u0131 i\u00e7in\u201d oldu\u011funu, bu s\u00f6zde \u201cmazlum insanlara ac\u0131yanlar\u201d\u0131n ne mal olduklar\u0131n\u0131 gen\u00e7li\u011fe, es\u00adnafa ve b\u00fct\u00fcn mesai erbab\u0131na anlat\u00admak \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f yoktur\u201d diye direnmekten daha \u00e7ok hay\u0131rl\u0131 mill\u00ee ve vata\u00adn\u00ee vazife olsa gerektir. Bu vazifeyi yapabilecek iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z, tarih\u00ad\u00e7ilerimiz vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ben ne iktisat\u00e7\u0131y\u0131m ve ne tarih\u00ad\u00e7iyim. S\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin en yama\u00adn\u0131n\u0131n ve neticelerinin \u015fahidi olduk\u00adtan sonra tarihteki \u201cesnaf kavgala\u00adr\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ve s\u0131rf bir amat\u00f6r olarak g\u00f6z\u00adden ge\u00e7irdim ve tarihteki m\u00fccade\u00adlelerin de ayn\u0131 netice ile bitti\u011fine kanaat has\u0131l ettim.<\/p>\n

Orta Asya tarihinde esnaflar m\u00fc\u00adcadelesinin tarihi ve do\u011furdu\u011fu ne\u00adticeler, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ihtil\u00e2lci Marksistlerin \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri\u201dni te\u015fvik et\u00admelerinin i\u00e7y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile anlayabilmek i\u00e7in ibretli sahifeler arz etmektedir. Orta Asya tarihinde mal\u00fbm olan ilk s\u0131n\u0131f kavgas\u0131 \u0130ran H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kubad devrinde, yani 488-531 arala\u00adr\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hareketin eleba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Mezdek, husus\u00ee m\u00fclkiyetin k\u00f6t\u00fc, b\u00fct\u00fcn servetin ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek oldu\u011funu il\u00e2n ederek hal\u00adk\u0131 me\u015fru h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklan\u00admaya davet etti. Aristokrasi ve de\u00adrebeylerinin mez\u00e2limi alt\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7eken m\u00fcstahsil ve fakir halk taba\u00adkas\u0131n\u0131n hayvan\u00ee i\u015ftih\u00e2lar\u0131na tevcih edilen bu propaganda halk\u0131n derhal ayaklanmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu hareketi kendi maksatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in istifade et\u00admek isteyen sipahiler z\u00fcmresinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla aristokrasi ve derebeyler z\u00fcmresi ma\u011fl\u00fbp edildi. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar da bu mezhebi kabul etti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o da aristokrasi z\u00fcmresinin devlet i\u015fleri\u00adne m\u00fcdahalesinden b\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mezdek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fc\u015faviri oldu. Sipahiler aristokrasi yerine geldi. On binlerce k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve esnaf\u0131n binler\u00adce aristokrasi ve zenginlerin kan\u0131, y\u00fcz binlerce ailenin peri\u015fanl\u0131k ve sefaleti mukabilinde sipahilerden birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi, Kubad’\u0131n dalkavuklar\u0131ndan iki \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi; \u201cesnaf ve f\u0131kara\u201d i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti\u011fini iddia eden Mezdek ve birka\u00e7 arkada\u015f\u0131 devletin ve milletin ba\u015f\u0131na musallat oldular. Yir\u00admi sene memleket anar\u015fi, katliamlar i\u00e7inde kald\u0131…<\/p>\n

Nihayet, halk\u0131n \u015fuurlu k\u0131sm\u0131, in\u00adsanlar\u0131 hayvanla\u015ft\u0131ran bu idareye kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131. Zengini, fakiri, es\u00adnaf\u0131, amelesi Nu\u015firvan’\u0131n bayra\u011f\u0131 al\u00adt\u0131nda birle\u015ferek Mezdek\u00e7ileri orta\u00addan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bu temizleme m\u00fccade\u00adlesinde de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 yine kan tufan\u0131 kaplad\u0131. \u0130htiraslar alevlendi. Her iki taraftan on binlerce g\u00fcnahs\u0131z insa\u00adn\u0131n kafas\u0131 kopar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devlet ve insanl\u0131k zihniyeti ile teli\u00adfi kabil olmayan ve melek gibi hal\u00fbk insanlar\u0131 bile y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvan yapan bu hayvani rejimi ortadan kald\u0131ran Husrev Nu\u015firvan insanl\u0131k tarihinde \u201c\u00e2dil\u201d adiyle me\u015fhur oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu m\u00fccadelede yaln\u0131z Mezdek ve taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n kabahatli bulundu\u011fu\u00adnu ve muhaliflerinin masum olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek hakikate kar\u015f\u0131 sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olur. Mezdek\u00e7ilerin serg\u00fcze\u015ftlerine, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve esnaf z\u00fcmresinin \u00e2de\u00admi memnuniyetine, aristokrasi idare\u00adsinin ve mez\u00e2liminin sebebiyet ver\u00addi\u011fine \u015f\u00fcphe yoktur. Halk\u0131n ademi memnuniyetini Mezdek kendi ihti\u00adraslar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in istismar etmesini bilmi\u015f\u00adtir. Eski ve yeni b\u00fct\u00fcn demagoglar\u0131n hatt\u0131hareketi budur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019daki ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f hareketi me\u015f\u00adhur Babek hareketidir. Bu hareket bir bak\u0131\u015fta Arap-\u0130slam istil\u00e2s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n bir aks\u00fcl\u00e2meli gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa da Mezdek\u00e7ilerin gizli\u00adce yapt\u0131klar\u0131 propagandan\u0131n neticesi oldu\u011funda tarih\u00e7iler ittifak ederler. K\u00e2h Hurm\u00eeler, k\u00e2h Muhammireler (Fars\u00e7a bunlara \u201csurh alem\u201d- k\u0131z\u0131l bayrakl\u0131lar da denir[1]<\/a>) K\u00e2h \u201cm\u00fc beyy\u0131za\u201d (beyaz elbiseliler) adiyle Abbas\u00eeler ve Tahir\u00eeler devrinde me\u015f\u00adru h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanan bu mezheb mensuplar\u0131 daima \u201cfukara s\u0131\u00adn\u0131f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n menfaatini himaye perdesi alt\u0131nda hareket etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bu isyanlar\u0131n en kanl\u0131s\u0131 ve uzun m\u00fcddet devam edeni Babek isyan\u0131\u00add\u0131r. Babek bir rivayete g\u00f6re bir dilencinin gayrime\u015fru evl\u00e2d\u0131 idi; di\u011fer bir rivayete g\u00f6re ya\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu idi. Ad\u0131 Ha\u015fan olup \u00e7ok kurnaz ve ira\u00addesi \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir adamd\u0131. \u201cGay\u00adrime\u015fru\u201d \u00e7ocuk olmas\u0131 meselesi de ihtimal ki onun aileye nazar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cMezdek\u201d nazar\u0131 gibi oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 muhalifleri taraf\u0131ndan uydu\u00adrulmu\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

Babek’in 816\u2019ya (Hicr\u00ee 201) kadar olan hayat\u0131na dair esasl\u0131 tarih\u00ee mal\u00fbmat yoktur. Ekserisi menk\u0131be\u00adlerden ibarettir. 816\u2019dan itibaren, ha\u00adrek\u00e2t\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn teferruatiy\u00eee mal\u00fbm\u00addur. Onun ilk hareketi 201\u2019de oldu. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fczerine (yani me\u015fru h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve nizam taraftarlar\u0131na) sald\u0131rd\u0131; kad\u0131n, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk deme\u00adden hepsini k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdi. Bu mu\u00advaffakiyetinden sonra Babek taraf\u00adtarlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131. Tam 22 sene Abbasi devletini u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131n husus\u00ee hayatlar\u0131na dair verilen tarih\u00ee mal\u00fbmata g\u00f6re, kad\u0131n erkek bir arada \u00e7alg\u0131l\u0131, i\u00e7kili e\u011flen\u00adceler tertip ederler, izdiva\u00e7ta i\u015ftirak esaslar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket eylerlerdi. Propagandas\u0131yla hayvanla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u00adsanlara \u0130\u015ftirakten bahseden Babek padi\u015fahlar gibi \u015fatoda ya\u015f\u0131yordu. 200\u2019den fazla kad\u0131n\u0131 vard\u0131. Ba\u015fkala\u00adr\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ortak \u201cmal\u201d oldu\u00ad\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Babek\u00e7iler, galiba, kendi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201c\u015fahs\u00ee m\u00fclk\u201d ol\u00addu\u011funa kani idiler.<\/p>\n

Babek’in yirmi iki senelik isyan\u0131 zaman\u0131nda 100 binden fazla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Babek taraftar\u00adlar\u0131 tenkil edilirken M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarda katliam yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcphe yok\u00adtur. Yirmi senede her iki taraftan \u00f6lenlerin ve sefil kalan ailelerin sa\u00ady\u0131s\u0131 milyona bali\u011f olmu\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Esnaf\u0131 ve fukaray\u0131 mesut etmek iddias\u0131yla yap\u0131lan bu yirmi iki y\u0131ll\u0131k m\u00fccadelenin neticesinde yirmi iki y\u0131l rahat ve mesut ya\u015f\u0131ysan z\u00fcmre, Babek ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Zen\u00adginler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, fakirler ve esnaf sefalet i\u00e7inde kalm\u0131\u015f ve nihayet m\u00fcthi\u015f bo\u011fu\u015fmalar ve katliamlar…<\/p>\n

Babek isyan\u0131ndan sonra da in\u00adsanl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan ve kana susa\u00adyan \u015fah\u0131slar taraf\u0131ndan bu fikirler gizlice propaganda edilmekte de\u00advam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1206-7\u2019de Buhara\u2019da Mecanfuru\u015f (Kalkan T\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131n O\u011flu) Sencar es\u00adnaf\u0131 \u201csad\u0131r\u201dlara (yani Buhara h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcmetine) kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sad\u0131rlar\u2019\u0131 ve zenginleri kovdu, mallar\u0131\u00adn\u0131 halka da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.[2]<\/a> Fakat Sad\u0131rlar\u2019\u0131 kovduktan sonra ayak tak\u0131m\u0131 ve esnaf\u0131n ayaklanmas\u0131 neticesinde h\u00e2kimiyeti ele ge\u00e7iren Sencar kendisi\u00adni \u201cMelik\u201d il\u00e2n etti, muhte\u015fem sa\u00adray yapt\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eahane ya\u015fama\u011fa ba\u015f\u00adlad\u0131. Halk\u0131n ne gibi \u201csaadet\u201de ka\u00advu\u015ftu\u011funu bilmiyoruz. Tarihten ma\u00adl\u00fbm olan bir \u015fey varsa o da tarlala\u00adr\u0131n susuz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve arklar\u0131n harap oldu\u011fudur. Her halde halk i\u00e7in fay\u00addal\u0131 bir netice al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu muhakk\u00e2kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Buhara isyan\u0131ndan haberdar olan Mehmet Harzem\u015fah gelmi\u015f ve asile\u00adri tecziye etmi\u015ftir. Melik Senceri ise kendi yan\u0131na alarak Harzem\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00adm\u00fc\u015f ve e\u015fraftan sayarak saray\u0131nda h\u00fcrmet ve ikramla beslemi\u015ftir. Bu isyan\u0131n fazla kanl\u0131 olmamas\u0131\u00adn\u0131n sebebi din reisi olan Sad\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fc\u00admetinin halk nazar\u0131nda itibardan d\u00fc\u015fmesi olmu\u015ftur. Sad\u0131r B\u00fcrhaneddin Mehmet bin Ahmed\u2019in babas\u0131 Ahmed\u2019in y\u0131ll\u0131k irad\u0131 alt\u0131 y\u00fcz bin alt\u0131n dinar idi; h\u00fck\u00fcmet azas\u0131 olan hatip ve reislerin de serveti \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Bunlar \u015fahane hayat s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n halk\u00e7\u0131 sofular\u0131 da bun\u00adlara kar\u015f\u0131 propaganda yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Me\u015fhur Yesev\u00ee’nin halifelerinden Hekim Ata bunlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n din ehli\u00adnin hayat\u0131ndan uzak oldu\u011funu \u015fiirlerinde s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu isyanda \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi\u201d a\u00ad\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmedi\u011finden pek kanl\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer Sencar bu hareke\u00adti, s\u0131rf halk hareketi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc manisiyle demokrasi hareketi olarak idare etmi\u015f olsayd\u0131 muvaffakiyetle neticelendirecekti. Fakat, Mezdek zihniyeti ta\u015f\u0131yan ayak tak\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcru\u00adhu bu hareketi s\u0131n\u0131flar kavgas\u0131na \u00e7evirmek istediklerinden tam bir muvaffakiyetsizlikle bitti.<\/p>\n

1210-1215 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u201cRey\u201dde vukua gelen \u015ei\u00ee\u2019ler, \u015eaf\u00ee’ler ve Ha\u00adnef\u00ee\u2019ler m\u00fccadeleleri de s\u0131n\u0131f akide\u00adleri ta\u015f\u0131yan gizli ocaklar taraf\u0131ndan ifsad edilerek esnaf ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc ahali\u00adnin zenginler \u00fczerine sald\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 inta\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu m\u00fccadele o kadar kanl\u0131 ve tahripk\u00e2r olmu\u015ftur ki, 1200\u2019de Rey \u015fehrine gelen Yakut Hamev\u00ee harap olan mahalleleri g\u00f6z\u00fcyle g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve intibalar\u0131n \u201cMuaccem\u00fclb\u00fcldan\u201d da tespit etmi\u015ftir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Onun verdi\u011fi mal\u00fbmata g\u00f6re \u201czengin mahalleler harap olmu\u015f, fakirler ve esnaf ise \u015fehir haricindeki ma\u00ad\u011faralarda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.\u201d Binlerce k\u00f6yl\u00fc imha edilmi\u015f, bu isyandan kimsenin faydas\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Ayni va\u00adziyet \u0130sfahan\u2019da da olmu\u015ftu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Serbedar\u2019lar isyan\u0131 (1338-81) Horasan’da gizlenen ve Mezdek\u00e7iler ananesini devam ettiren serserilerin te\u015fvikiyle esnaf ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler h\u00fck\u00fc\u00admete kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vergi tah\u00adsildar\u0131 olan Abd\u00fclrezzak ad\u0131nda bi\u00adri bu hareketin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. Bun\u00adlar yemin ederken kavuklar\u0131n\u0131 dara\u011fac\u0131na asarlard\u0131. Bundan dolay\u0131 bunlara \u201cSerbedar\u201dlar denildi. Bun\u00adlar Sebzevar \u015fehrini al\u0131p merkez ittihaz ettiler. Esnaf nam\u0131na yap\u0131lan bu isyan\u0131n neticesinde Vec\u00eeheddin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu. Fakat bir sene son\u00adra arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan katledildi. Bunlar 50 senelik h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri esna\u00ads\u0131nda (12) Serbedar Reisi h\u00fck\u00fcme\u00adte ge\u00e7ti. Bunlar hep birbirini \u00f6ld\u00fcre\u00adrek h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunlar aras\u0131nda bir kasap, d\u00f6rt k\u00f6le vard\u0131r. Bunlardan en uzun za\u00adman resik\u00e2rda kalan\u0131 sonuncular\u0131 olan Necmeddin’dir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o zaman memlekette istikrar peyda olmu\u015ftu, halk da i\u015fi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle me\u015fguld\u00fc, mem\u00adlekette asayi\u015f yerle\u015fmi\u015fti…<\/p>\n

1239\u2019da Buhara\u2019da Mahmut Ta\u00adrab\u00ee isyan\u0131. Bu isyan Buhara civar\u0131ndaki Tarab kasabas\u0131nda haz\u0131rland\u0131. Komitenin reisi Mahmud ad\u0131nda bir falc\u0131 ve \u00fcf\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc idi. Bunun isyan\u0131 tamam\u0131yla Mezdek ve Babek isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n karakterini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Buhara ulemas\u0131yla bozu\u015fmu\u015f olan bir serseri Hoca \u015eemseddin Mahbub\u00ee bu Mahmud\u2019un yan\u0131na gelip cemiyetine dahil oldu. Bu serserinin maksad\u0131 Buhara ulemas\u0131na reis olmak idi.<\/p>\n

Mahmud Tarab\u00ee etraf\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcn Buhara \u00fclkesinin fakir ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcle\u00adrini toplad\u0131 ve \u201celinizdeki alet ve edevat\u0131 sil\u00e2h olarak kullan\u0131n\u0131z. Bal\u00adtan\u0131z\u0131, testerenizi, sopalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bu i\u015fte kullan\u0131n\u0131z!\u201d diye nutuk irat et\u00adti. M\u00fclk\u00fcn m\u00fc\u015fterek, zenginleri \u00f6l\u00add\u00fcrmenin hel\u00e2l oldu\u011funu il\u00e2n etti. Ge\u00adceleri kad\u0131nlar oynat\u0131r, i\u00e7ki meclisleri kurard\u0131. Buhara\u2019v\u0131 ald\u0131. Kendisi\u00adni \u201cHalife\u201d ve arkada\u015f\u0131 \u015eemseddin Mahbub\u00ee’yi \u015eeyh\u00fclisl\u00e2m il\u00e2n etti. Hali vakti yerinde olan ahaliyi kat\u00adlettirdi. Hayvanla\u015fan m\u00fcritleri, is\u00adyana iltihak etmeyenlerin kafalar\u0131n\u0131 balta ile kesiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u00e2vera\u00fcnnehir\u2019de Mo\u011fol impara\u00adtorunun m\u00fcmessili olan Mahmud Yalva\u00e7 isyan\u0131 tenkil i\u00e7in Mo\u011fol ordu\u00adsunu getirdi. Y\u0131ld\u0131z Noyon kuman\u00addas\u0131ndaki bu Mo\u011fol ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 Mahmud Tarab\u00ee gayri muntazam kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 durdu. Taraftarla\u00adr\u0131ndan 20.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Mo\u011fol ordusu daha ziyade katliamlar icra edecekti. Fakat Mahmud Yalva\u00e7 imparatora \u015fik\u00e2yet ile bu katliam\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 durdurabildi. Mahmud Tarab\u00ee ve \u015eemseddin Mahbub\u00ee katledildiler.<\/p>\n

Mahmud Yalvac\u2019\u0131n imparatora yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapordaki \u015fu s\u00f6zler \u00e7ok m\u00e2nidard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cBirka\u00e7 serseri ve can\u0131 i\u00e7in bin\u00adlerce adam\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6kmek, \u015fehir ve kasabalar\u0131 tahrip etmek do\u011fru mudur?\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00fcveyn\u00ee Mahmud Tarab\u00ee’yi \u015f\u00f6yle tasvir ediyor:<\/p>\n

\u201cO bir \u015farlatand\u0131. Kara halk\u0131n hayvan\u0131 hislerini istismar ederek zenginlere kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131r\u0131yor ve kendisini Emir\u00fclm\u00fcmin il\u00e2n ediyor\u00addu. O h\u00e2kim olmak, ya\u011fma edilen maldan fazla pay almak i\u00e7in m\u00fcca\u00addeleye at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mahmud Tarab\u00ee isyan\u0131ndan \u00f6nce mevcut idareden daima \u015fik\u00e2yet e\u00adden bir \u015fair, bu isyan\u0131 ve onun eleba\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra \u015fu mealde bir \u015fiir s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201c\u015e\u00f6yle b\u00f6yle bir kanunu olan ve asayi\u015fi temin eden zalim h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k istibdad\u0131, ayak tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zde ad\u00e2letinin y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131ndan daha hay\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Halk\u0131n kalbine adalet, m\u00fcsavat ve h\u00fcrriyet fikirlerini ve insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 insanca muameleyi telkin et\u00admeden s\u0131rf midelerine ve hayvani i\u015f tabalar\u0131na hitap ederek yap\u0131lan a\u00adyaklanmalar\u0131n neticeleri hep b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur. Bu gibi ihtil\u00e2llerle i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerin ekserisi arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, yani h\u00e2kimiyet kavgas\u0131 y\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcnden, katledilmi\u015flerdir. Bu z\u00fcmre\u00adnin en uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc h\u00e2kimiyeti 20-25 seneden fazla olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan ruhuna ve onun y\u00fcksek ideallerine cevap vermekten aciz olan bu de\u00admagoglar\u0131n 25 seneden fazla hakimiyeti elde tutmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n ol\u00admad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarih ispat etmi\u015ftir. Mezdek i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda 22 sene, Babek 22 se\u00adne, Serbedarlar\u0131n anormal idarele\u00adri de 25 sene devam etmi\u015ftir. (Ka\u00adlan 25 seneleri ise o zaman\u0131n nor\u00admal devleti haline geldikten sonra devam etmi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

Orta Asya\u2019da 1365 de Semerkant\u2019ta esnaf hareketi olmu\u015f ve idareyi bir kundurac\u0131 eline alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ha\u00adreketten ne esnaf ve ne fukara is\u00adtifade edemedi. Bunlar\u0131n reislerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Timur bu hareketi kendi lehine \u00e7evirebildi. Semerkant vil\u00e2ye\u00adtini tamam\u0131yla ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in bu hareketten istifade etti ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun temelini kurdu.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesizdir ki, Semerkant esnaf\u0131 ve fukaras\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u00e2kimiyetin kundu\u00adrac\u0131lar elinde kalmas\u0131ndan Timur gibi bir devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7\u00admesi daha faydal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Onun f\u00fctuhat\u0131ndan ve asayi\u015fi temininde Semerkant esnaf\u0131 daha \u00e7ok faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tarihinde de Mezdek hareketine benzeyen halk ve esnaf hareketi vard\u0131r. Me\u00adsel\u00e2 Simavna Kad\u0131s\u0131 \u015eeyh Bedreddin’in ve onun k\u00e2hyas\u0131 B\u00f6rkl\u00fcce Mustafa’n\u0131n hareketleri bu bak\u0131m\u00addan dikkate de\u011fer mevzulard\u0131r. Bu hareketi bast\u0131r\u0131rken yaln\u0131z Ayd\u0131n vi\u00adl\u00e2yetinde yedi bin asinin katledildi\u011fi mal\u00fbmdur. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, bunlar meyan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok masum insanlar da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcverrihleri \u015eeyh Bedreddin ve taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n isyan\u0131na dair verdikleri mal\u00fbmatta tarafgirlik g\u00f6stermi\u015f olabilir. Fakat \u201ci\u015ftir\u00e2k ve ib\u00e2ha\u201d mezhebini tervi\u00e7 etti\u011fi hakk\u0131ndaki haberler \u015f\u00fcphesiz do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6ylediklerimden benim halk hareketine, zalimlere kar\u015f\u0131 ya\u00adp\u0131lan ayaklanmalara menfi bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n. Adalet, h\u00fcrriyet ve m\u00fcsavat i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir z\u00fcmrenin istibdad\u0131na ve mez\u00e2limine kar\u015f\u0131 ya\u00adp\u0131lan halk hareketleri insanl\u0131k tari\u00adhinin en mukaddes ve parlak sahifelerini te\u015fkil ederler. Fakat, di\u011fer bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck z\u00fcmrenin bu hareketi kendi ihtiraslar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cs\u0131n\u0131flar kav\u00adgas\u0131\u201d \u015fekline sokma\u011fa muvaffak ol\u00adduklar\u0131 zaman bu hareket d\u00fcped\u00fcz e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k olmu\u015ftur; karde\u015fi karde\u015fe \u00f6ld\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir milleti hayvanla\u015ft\u0131rma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cDiyalektik Materyalizm\u201d m\u00fcminleri her e\u015fk\u0131ya\u00adl\u0131k hareketini takdis ederler. \u00c7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc, onlar sokaklarda ve tarlalarda kan seli ve yuvarlanan insan kafa\u00adlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmekten zevk duyan cellat ruhlu m\u00fctereddi insanlard\u0131r. Bu z\u00fcmrenin haleti ruhiyesi her zaman ve her yerde b\u00f6yledir. Bu tipteki in\u00adsanlar tam bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck tesis et\u00adtikten ve cemiyeti kendi menfaatleri ve ihtiraslar\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvan gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131rma\u011fa muvaffak olduktan sonra h\u00e2kimiyet i\u00e7in birbiriyle bo\u011fu\u015fma\u011fa ba\u015flarlar. En az\u0131l\u0131s\u0131 otuz y\u0131ll\u0131k arka\u00adda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 cellatlara teslim eder.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc be\u015fer\u00ee cemiyetin b\u00fcy\u00fck kusurlar\u0131 ve haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Zengin z\u00fcmrelerin de bu gibi kavgalara, isyanlara sebebiyet verdikleri de mal\u00fbmdur. Fakat, bu i\u00e7tima\u00ee has\u00adtal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tedavisi insan kasapl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u00admaz. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc cemiyeti mesut ede\u00adcek yol vatanda\u015f\u0131n vatanda\u015f \u00fczeri\u00adne sald\u0131rmas\u0131, birinin kazanc\u0131na di\u00ad\u011ferinin g\u00f6z koymas\u0131 de\u011fildir. S\u00e2kin odas\u0131nda kibrit ke\u015ffeden bir kimya\u00adger (ki ekserimiz bunun ad\u0131n\u0131 bile bilmiyoruz!), Kinin\u2019i medeniyet d\u00fcn\u00adyas\u0131na tan\u0131tan vah\u015f\u00ee k\u0131z her halde insaniyete Marks ve Engels\u2019lerden daha faydal\u0131 i\u015f yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihteki b\u00fcy\u00fck ink\u0131lap ve kanl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleleri tetkik edersek varaca\u00ad\u011f\u0131m\u0131z netice \u015fudur:<\/p>\n

1- \u0130nk\u0131lap hareketlerinin ba\u015f\u0131\u00adna ge\u00e7enler b\u00fct\u00fcn cemiyetin, z\u00fcm\u00adreler ve s\u0131n\u0131flar tefrik etmeden, mesut ve h\u00fcr olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedikleri ve bu ideal i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 zaman mu\u00advaffak olmu\u015flar ve cemiyet de d\u00f6k\u00adt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kanlar\u0131n m\u00fck\u00e2fat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk mill\u00ee ink\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131n\u0131n muvaffakiyetinin s\u0131rr\u0131 da budur.<\/p>\n

2-\u0130syan hareketlerinin ba\u015f\u0131na, cemiyeti s\u0131n\u0131flara, z\u00fcmrelere ay\u0131ra\u00adrak yekdi\u011feri \u00fczerine sald\u0131rmay\u0131 kendi ihtiraslar\u0131na uygun g\u00f6ren ru\u00adhen m\u00fctereddi insanlar ge\u00e7ti\u011fi za\u00adman her iki taraf kudurmu\u015f cana\u00advarlara d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve ayaklanma kar\u00adde\u015f karde\u015fi, vatanda\u015f vatanda\u015f\u0131 kesmekten ba\u015fka netice vermemi\u015f\u00adtir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00abSiyasetname\u00bb (S. 199. frans tere. 291).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> C\u00fcveyn\u00ee (XV, 2, S. 74).<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Yakut \u00abMu\u2019cem-\u00fcl-B\u00fcldan\u00bb, II, 898,<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“\u0130syan hareketlerinin ba\u015f\u0131na cemiyeti s\u0131n\u0131flara, z\u00fcmrelere ay\u0131ra\u00adrak yekdi\u011feri \u00fczerine sald\u0131rmay\u0131 kendi ihtiraslar\u0131na uygun g\u00f6ren ru\u00adhen m\u00fctereddi insanlar ge\u00e7ti\u011fi za\u00adman, her iki taraf kudurmu\u015f cana\u00advarlara d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve ayaklanma kar\u00adde\u015f karde\u015fi, vatanda\u015f vatanda\u015f\u0131 kesmekten ba\u015fka netice vermemi\u015f\u00adtir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":171,"featured_media":15953,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[66],"tags":[2408,2404,2407,630,376,883,2405,2406,2403],"coauthors":[1716],"class_list":["post-15947","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-siyaset-tarih","tag-babek","tag-friedrich-engels","tag-husrev-nusirvan","tag-iran","tag-karl-marx","tag-komunizm","tag-kubad","tag-mezdek","tag-sinif-kavgasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/171"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15947"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15947\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15955,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15947\/revisions\/15955"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15947"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15947"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=15947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}