{"id":16092,"date":"2022-09-16T19:00:45","date_gmt":"2022-09-16T16:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=16092"},"modified":"2022-09-16T23:49:30","modified_gmt":"2022-09-16T20:49:30","slug":"turkiye-demokrasi-liginde-kume-duserek-ruanda-ve-bangladesin-de-gerisinde-kaldi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-demokrasi-liginde-kume-duserek-ruanda-ve-bangladesin-de-gerisinde-kaldi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye Demokrasi Liginde k\u00fcme d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130sve\u00e7 G\u00f6teborg \u00dcniversitesi V-Dem Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn her y\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 2022 Demokrasi Raporu’nda T\u00fcrkiye, en \u00e7ok otoriterle\u015fen 5 \u00fclkeden biri olmu\u015ftur. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, medyaya bask\u0131, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne k\u0131s\u0131tlama gibi farkl\u0131 parametrelerde 3700 uzman ve akademisyenin katk\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1789\u2019dan 2021 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 202 \u00fclkeden 30 milyon veriye dayanan V-Dem Demokrasi Raporu alan\u0131nda sayg\u0131n bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. V-Dem Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc,\u00a0 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Profes\u00f6r\u00a0Staffan I. Lindberg\u00a0<\/span>taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.(https:\/\/v-dem.net\/media\/publications\/dr_2022.pdf<\/a>) G\u00f6teborg \u00dcniversitesi S<\/span>iyaset Bilimi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Demokrasi \u00c7e\u015fitleri, (Varieties of Democracy: V-Dem) 1900’den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde yeni demokrasi g\u00f6stergeleri geli\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7layan uluslararas\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesidir. Proje iki kurum taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmektedir: G\u00f6teborg \u00dcniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’ndeki V-Dem Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Notre Dame \u00dcniversitesi’ndeki Kellogg Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. \u00a0Demokrasinin yeni g\u00f6stergeleri, yeni bir veri taban\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Veri taban\u0131n\u0131n karakteri, demokrasinin do\u011fas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve hayatta kalma hakk\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir \u015fekilde test edilecek yeni sorular\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Demokrasi \u00c7e\u015fitleri, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda\u00a0demokrasiyi\u00a0kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.\u00a0(https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/en\/) V-Dem Projesi, be\u015f \u00fcst d\u00fczey demokrasi ilkesini birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r:\u00a0\u201cse\u00e7imli<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>liberal<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131<\/em>,\u00a0<\/em>m\u00fczakereci<\/em>\u00a0ve\u00a0<\/em>e\u015fitlik\u00e7i<\/em>\u201d<\/em>\u00a0<\/em> Bu ilkeleri \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in veri toplar. (V-Dem Methodology v10. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project) Veri k\u00fcmesi her y\u0131l g\u00fcncellenir, geni\u015fletilir ve yay\u0131nlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(<\/span><\/sup>https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2020\/03\/30\/new-index-rates-countries-degree-freedom-scholars<\/sup><\/a><\/span>)<\/sup><\/p>\n

V-Dem her y\u0131l d\u00fcnyadaki demokrasinin durumunu a\u00e7\u0131klayan Demokrasi Raporu yay\u0131nlamaktad\u0131r. Rapor; veri seti, bilimsel makaleler, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma belgeleri, Enstit\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn etkile\u015fimli grafik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren web sitesinde yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. V-Dem Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn demokrasi kriterleri, \u00a0Freedom House’un\u00a0D\u00fcnya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Raporu <\/span>aras\u0131nda en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olan\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0(Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change<\/em>. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020)<\/p>\n

V-Dem,1789\u20132019 d\u00f6neminden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan siyasi alan\u0131 kapsayan 470’ten fazla g\u00f6sterge, 82 orta d\u00fczey endeks ve 5 \u00fcst d\u00fczey endekse sahiptir. Her g\u00f6sterge, en az be\u015f \u00fclke uzman\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kodlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. V-Dem, uzman derecelendirmelerinde derecelendirme g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ve g\u00fcven aral\u0131klar\u0131yla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in metodolojik ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131r. Siyaset bilimci Daniel Hegedus, V-Dem’i “bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar i\u00e7in nicel demokrasi verilerinin en \u00f6nemli sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131”<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

V-Dem Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rapor\u2019da, ABD’de Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti’nin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri demokratik normlardan uzakla\u015farak Macaristan ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki otokratik iktidar partilerine benzer bir \u00e7izgi izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Enstit\u00fc, d\u00fcnya demokrasilerinin \u0130lliberalizm Endeksi’nde, “Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti, Macaristan, Hindistan, Polonya ve T\u00fcrkiye’de iktidardaki milliyet\u00e7i partilerinkine benzer bir tutum ve taktik benimseyerek rakiplerini \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ve onlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddeti \u00f6zendirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131”<\/em> ifadelerini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u015fu ifadelere yer verilmi\u015ftir: “Polonya’daki Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi (PiS), Macaristan’daki Fidesz Partisi ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi (AKP), illiberalizm endeksinde, milenyuma tipik bir demokrasideki iktidar partileri gibi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/em> Hindistan’daki Bharatiya Janata Partisi (PJP) 1999’da baz\u0131 illiberalizm i\u015faretleri vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama son 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu d\u00f6rt partinin t\u00fcm\u00fc giderek daha fazla illiberal oldu. \u015eimdi bu partiler, illiberalizm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tipik bir otokrasideki iktidar partilerine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n.\u201d (https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/isvec-v-dem-enstitusu-turkiye-demokrasi-statusunu-2014te-kaybetti-haber-1502745)<\/p>\n

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D\u00fcnya Demokrasi Ligi\u2019nde T\u00fcrkiye,\u00a0 Ruanda ve Banglade\u015f gibi \u00fclkelerin gerisine d\u00fc\u015ferek son 10 y\u0131lda en fazla anti-demokratik duruma gelen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f, 179 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda ancak 147’nci olabilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Bunun sebebi, T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u201ctoksik kutupla\u015fma\u201d<\/em> i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fudur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin alt\u0131nda yer alan \u00fclkeler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu listede NATO,\u00a0 OECD, AVRUPA KONSEY\u0130 \u00fcyesi olan ve de AB\u2019ye aday hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke yoktur. Bu duruma acaba siyaset\u00e7ilerimiz ne diyecekler merak etmekteyim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fimdiye kadar hi\u00e7bir siyaset\u00e7iden bu konuda bir a\u00e7\u0131klama gelmemi\u015ftir. Bizimkiler havanda su d\u00f6vmeye devam etmektedirler. Bu, demokrasimiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan utan\u00e7 vericidir. Bir ayd\u0131n olarak bana d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6revi yapt\u0131m. Gerisini siyaset\u00e7ilerimize b\u0131rak\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, en \u00e7ok otoriterle\u015fen 5 \u00fclkeden biridir ve anti-demokratik hale gelen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Listenin 2 alt s\u0131ras\u0131nda nerede oldu\u011funu kimsenin bilmedi\u011fi ve ad\u0131n\u0131 da duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1.1 milyon n\u00fcfuslu Eswatini Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 (eski Svaziland) ile Gine yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ben merak edip bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n yerini haritada buldum. T\u00fcrkiye, \u00e7o\u011fulcu olmayan partiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilerek en \u00e7ok otoriterle\u015fen 6 \u00fclke aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u201cse\u00e7imli otokrasi<\/em>\u201d\u00a0 (di\u011ferleri liberal,\u00a0kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131,\u00a0m\u00fczakereci\u00a0ve\u00a0e\u015fitlik\u00e7i)<\/span> olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 2022 raporundaki \u015fu tespit \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7tir:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00fcrkiye’de kutupla\u015fma AK Parti’nin 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda se\u00e7ilmesi ile ba\u015flad\u0131 ve demokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131 stratejik bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/em> Kutupla\u015fma toksik hale geldi\u011finde farkl\u0131 kamplar birbirlerini kendi ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131na ya da \u00fclkelerinin var olu\u015funa kar\u015f\u0131 bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131lamaya ba\u015flarlar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7ok kutupla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda demokrasiyi terk etme e\u011filiminin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u201d Ortado\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika b\u00f6lgesinde (MENA) otoriterle\u015fen iki \u00fclke Yemen ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir.<\/p>\n