{"id":16405,"date":"2022-11-07T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=16405&preview=true&preview_id=16405"},"modified":"2022-11-07T22:13:59","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T19:13:59","slug":"dunya-sefalet-endeksi-ve-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/dunya-sefalet-endeksi-ve-turkiye\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnya sefalet endeksi ve T\u00fcrkiye"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsanlar bu d\u00fcnyada \u00a0\u00a0“sefil” <\/em><\/strong>ve “mutlu”<\/em><\/strong> (miserable and happy) aras\u0131nda geni\u015f bir yelpazede \u00a0ya\u015farlar. Ekonomik \u00a0olarak sefalet, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fcksek enflasyondan, y\u00fcksek bor\u00e7lanma maliyetlerinden ve i\u015fsizlikten \u00a0etkilenir. \u00a0Sefaleti azaltman\u0131n\u00a0 yolu ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeden ge\u00e7er. Her \u015feyin e\u015fit oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131yla, \u00a0b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, enflasyon ve faiz oranlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u00a0 ve i\u015fsizlik asgari seviyede oldu\u011funda ki\u015filerin mutlulu\u011fu artar. <\/strong><\/p>\n

1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00a0iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Arthur Okun<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan Ba\u015fkan Lyndon Johnson’a ekonominin kolayca anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir anl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u201cEkonomik\u00a0 Ho\u015fnutsuzluk Endeksi<\/em>\u201d \u00a0olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu\u00a0 endeks, bir \u00fclkenin y\u0131ll\u0131k enflasyon oran\u0131 ile i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131n basit bir toplam\u0131yd\u0131. Makroekonomik g\u00f6stergeler aras\u0131nda yer alan enflasyon, i\u015fsizlik ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim, ekonomik karar al\u0131c\u0131lar \u00a0i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00a0Okun\u2019un<\/strong> \u00a0endeksi 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda Robert Barro<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve \u201cSefalet Endeksi<\/strong>\u201d <\/em>(The Misery Index) ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sefalet endeksi<\/h2>\n

Okun endeksine GSYH\u2019deki art\u0131\u015f ve uzun d\u00f6nemli faiz oranlar\u0131 da eklenerek\u00a0 yeni bir endeks olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmedeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n endeks de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek \u201csefaleti\u201d <\/em><\/strong>azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131; uzun vadeli faiz, i\u015fsizlik ve enflasyon oranlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sefaleti art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 varsay\u0131m\u0131 ile\u00a0\u00a0 endeks \u201cBarro Sefalet Endeksi<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> (Barro Misery Endeks-BMI) olarak\u00a0 adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f sefalet endeksi; i\u015fsizlik, enflasyon <\/strong>ve banka kredi oranlar\u0131<\/strong>n\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen reel GSY\u0130H’deki y\u00fczde de\u011fi\u015fimin fark\u0131ndan elde edilir. \u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 unsurda daha y\u00fcksek olanlar \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc\u201d<\/em><\/strong>d\u00fcr ve insanlar\u0131\u00a0 mutsuz eder. Bu k\u00f6t\u00fcler, k\u00f6t\u00fclerin toplam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u00a0bir \u00a0“iyi”<\/em><\/strong> (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na reel GSY\u0130H b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi) ile dengelenir.<\/p>\n

2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda Steve Hanke<\/strong>, endeksi ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ekonomilere uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Barro (1970) ve Hanke\u2019nin (2009) endeksleri,\u00a0 Lechman\u2019a (2009) g\u00f6re Sefalet Endeksi<\/strong> \u00a0yoksullu\u011fun \u00a0kusursuz bir \u00a0kriteri \u00a0\u00a0de\u011fildir.\u00a0 Yine de, \u00a0GSYH\u2019deki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u00a0\u00a0 endeks de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek sefaleti azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131; uzun vadeli faiz, i\u015fsizlik ve enflasyon oranlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sefaleti art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00a0kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Barro\u00a0 ve Hanke\u2019nin\u00a0 endekslerine g\u00f6re sefalet; y\u00fcksek enflasyon, \u00a0y\u00fcksek \u00a0bor\u00e7lanma maliyetleri ve i\u015fsizlikten kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r<\/strong>. T\u00fcrk ekonomisinde y\u00fcksek enflasyon da vard\u0131r, \u00a0\u00a0y\u00fcksek\u00a0 bor\u00e7lanma maliyetleri de vard\u0131r,\u00a0 i\u015fsizlik te vard\u0131r. <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Bu durumda \u201cfaiz sebep, enflasyon sonu\u00e7\u201d<\/em> dememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn \u00a0de\u011fildir. <\/strong>Lechman\u2019a (2009) g\u00f6re Sefalet Endeksi \u00a0yoksullu\u011fun \u00a0kusursuz bir \u00a0kriteri \u00a0olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ekonomik performanstaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve makroekonomik performanslar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen farkl\u0131 dinamikler de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00a0D\u00f6viz kuru de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlardaki hareketlilik bunlardan ikisidir.<\/p>\n

Sefalet endeksi de\u011fi\u015fkenleri<\/h2>\n

Sefalet Endeksi kalemlerinde yer alan de\u011fi\u015fkenler ile di\u011fer makroekonomik de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve etki-tepki mekanizmas\u0131 yok say\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye gibi d\u0131\u015f finansmana ihtiya\u00e7 duyan ve cari a\u00e7\u0131kla m\u00fccadele eden bir \u00fclkede \u00a0d\u00f6viz kurundaki art\u0131\u015f, enflasyonu tetiklemektedir.<\/strong> Bu durum, faizleri revize etme zorunlulu\u011fu ile birlikte yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in risk unsurunu da beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Murphy\u2019e (2016) g\u00f6re Sefalet Endeksi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel olarak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r<\/strong>. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda stagflasyon olgusu ile birlikte yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanan endeks, de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik \u00a0\u015fartlar\u0131n insanlar \u00fczerindeki etkisini \u00f6l\u00e7en bir g\u00f6sterge olmu\u015ftur. \u00a0Ekonomik olmayan pek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn endeksi olu\u015fturan kalemlere etkisi yok say\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>. Asker\u00ee harcamalar, e\u011fitim \u00a0seviyesi, siyasi \u00a0istikrar,\u00a0 i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131; fiyatlar\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lanma maliyetini etkileyen \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerdir. \u00dclkenin sefalet s\u0131ralamas\u0131n\u0131 incelerken yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, tasarruf oran\u0131, d\u00f6viz kuru ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k derecesi gibi makroekonomik de\u011fi\u015fkenlerin yan\u0131nda sosyo-politik yap\u0131s\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme, i\u015fsizlik ve enflasyon oranlar\u0131, makroekonomik performans i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergelerdir.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ll\u0131k sefalet endeksi<\/h2>\n

Uluslararas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar bize, insanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n neresinde \u00a0sefil ya da mutlu olduklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda genel bir \u00a0bilgi verir. ABD\u2019de insanlar di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden daha \u00e7ok mu yoksa daha az m\u0131 sefil durumdad\u0131r? Bu soruya Prof. Dr. Steve H. <\/strong>\u00a0Hanke<\/strong>‘nin \u201cY\u0131ll\u0131k Sefalet Endeksi<\/em>\u201d (HAMI:<\/strong> Hanke\u2019s Annual Misery Index<\/strong>) cevap verir. Hanke, uygulamal\u0131 ekonomi profes\u00f6r\u00fc olup, Baltimore’daki Johns Hopkins \u00dcniversitesi’nde Uygulamal\u0131 Ekonomi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, K\u00fcresel Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u0130\u015fletme \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn kurucusu ve e\u015f direkt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00a0De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f Sefalet Endeksi; i\u015fsizlik, enflasyon ve banka kredi oranlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131, eksi ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen reel GSY\u0130H’deki y\u00fczde de\u011fi\u015fimdir. \u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 unsurda\u00a0 y\u00fcksek olanlar \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc\u201d<\/em><\/strong>d\u00fcr ve insanlar\u0131\u00a0 mutsuz eder. Bu k\u00f6t\u00fcler, k\u00f6t\u00fclerin toplam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u00a0bir \u00a0“iyi”<\/em><\/strong> (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na reel GSY\u0130H b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi) ile dengelenir. Daha y\u00fcksek bir HAMI puan\u0131, daha y\u00fcksek bir sefalet seviyesini yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

HAMI, 156 \u00fclkeyi kapsar. \u00a0Ekonomik \u00a0a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00a0ya\u015fanabilecek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cen iyi\u201d <\/em>ve \u201cen k\u00f6t\u00fc\u201d<\/em> \u00fclkelerin y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131ralamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Ortalama bir vatanda\u015f\u0131n ekonomik durumunu g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcder.\u00a0 Mevsimsellik etkisi ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 ve y\u0131ll\u0131k enflasyon oran\u0131n\u0131n toplanmas\u0131yla <\/strong>hesaplanan Sefalet Endeksi\u2019ne\u00a0 y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde\u00a0 yeni g\u00f6stergeler eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sefalet Endeksi, kavram olarak basittir. Denklem, i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131, enflasyon oran\u0131n\u0131 ve banka bor\u00e7 verme oran\u0131n\u0131 toplar, ard\u0131ndan ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na reel GSY\u0130H’deki y\u00fczde de\u011fi\u015fimini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke i\u00e7in sefalet endeksi \u00e7ok iyi\u00a0 0,00<\/strong> ile makul\u00a0 20,00<\/strong> aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 durumlarda bir \u00fclkenin sefalet endeksinin negatif bir say\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar iyi puan almas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00a0 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda Guyana’da petrol rezervleri ke\u015ffedildikten sonra bu ke\u015fif ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSY\u0130H’de y\u00fczde 25’lik\u00a0 art\u0131\u015f\u00a0 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama\u00a0 sefalet endeksi – 3.3 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Hanke Sefalet Endeksi<\/strong> HAMI, \u00a0sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u00a0 ekonominin\u00a0 \u00fclkenin sakinlerinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam kalitesinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir g\u00f6stergesi oldu\u011fu ekonomiye odaklan\u0131r. \u00a0Hanke<\/strong>\u2019nin katk\u0131lar\u0131yla\u00a0 \u201cWorld\u2019s Most Miserable Countries\u201d, \u201cMiserable Index\u201d, \u201cHanke\u2019s Annual Misery Index\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 olarak \u201cD\u00fcnya Sefalet Endeksi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> Cato Institute taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r. (https:\/\/www.cato.org\/commentary\/why-turkey-still-nato<\/a>) Cato Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong>, merkezi Washington D.C.’de bulunan\u00a0 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fudur. 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard ve Charles Koch taraf\u0131ndan \u201cCharles Koch Vakf\u0131\u201d<\/em> olarak kurulmu\u015f, 1976 Temmuz’unda ad\u0131 Cato Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Cato Institute,\u00a0 endeks s\u0131ralamas\u0131yla birlikte\u00a0 \u00fclke puanlar\u0131n\u0131 en \u00e7ok etkileyen fakt\u00f6rleri de kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Endekste s\u0131ralaman\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi, \u00fclkede sefaletin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ekonomin k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sefalet endeksi ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/h2>\n

Hanke Sefalet Endeksi<\/strong>, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u00a0 ekonominin\u00a0 \u00fclkenin sakinlerinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam kalitesinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir g\u00f6stergesi oldu\u011fu ekonomiye odaklan\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130nsani Geli\u015fme Endeksi<\/strong> (HDI) ise \u00a0\u00a0t\u00fcm ya\u015fam yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yar\u0131m d\u00fczine veya daha fazla kategoride \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlere dayan\u0131r. Hanke, y\u0131ll\u0131k Sefalet Endeksi\u2019nin 2021 de\u011ferlendirmesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi\u00a0 izlenen ekonomi politikalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00a0ele\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bu politikalar\u0131n \u00a0TL\u2019yi \u00a0bat\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cBug\u00fcn, T\u00dc\u0130K T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>‘nin resmi Mart 2022 enflasyonunu %61,14\/y\u0131l olarak \u00a0a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. T\u00dc\u0130K ger\u00e7ek enflasyon oran\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131yor, ancak h\u00e2l\u00e2 ger\u00e7e\u011fin alt\u0131nda kal\u0131yor. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye’nin ger\u00e7ek \u00a0enflasyonu <\/em>%94\/y\u0131l olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyorum. Bu, T\u00dc\u0130K oran\u0131n\u0131n 1,5 kat\u0131ndan fazla.<\/em>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Sefalet Endeksi\u2019nde T\u00fcrkiye Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015f, <\/strong>\u00a02014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan\u00a0 sonra\u00a0 olumsuz bir e\u011filim i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.\u00a0 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 32,7 puan ile 108 \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde 13. s\u0131rada olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bir y\u0131l sonra\u00a0 puan\u0131 29,4\u2019e gerilemi\u015f ve \u00a0\u00a022. s\u0131raya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda 53,3 puan ile 95 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde 5. s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015f,\u00a0 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda endeks puan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ama s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda gerileme olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hanke’ye g\u00f6re, i\u015fsizlikteki art\u0131\u015f, geliri olmayan insan say\u0131s\u0131nda art\u0131\u015fa, enflasyondaki art\u0131\u015f ise ya\u015fam maliyetindeki art\u0131\u015fa i\u015faret eder. \u0130kisinin birle\u015fimi ekonomik umutsuzlu\u011fu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

2013 y\u0131l\u0131ndan\u00a0 sonra a\u00e7\u0131klanan raporlarda\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin endeks puan\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6r,\u00a0 faiz oran\u0131 olmu\u015ftur<\/strong>. 2020\u2019de y\u0131l\u0131nda listenin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki 3827.6 \u00a0sefalet endeks puan\u0131na (MI) \u00a0sahip Venezuela’y\u0131, 547.0 puanla Zimbabve, bu \u00fclkeyi 193.9 puanla Sudan\u00a0\u00a0 izlemi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Venezuela’da 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00a0faiz oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 37, i\u015fsizlik\u00a0 y\u00fczde 50,3 ve ekonomik daralma (negatif GSY\u0130H b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi) y\u00fczde 30,9\u2019dur. \u00a0Venezuela’n\u0131n puan\u0131, ikinci s\u0131radaki \u00fclke olan Zimbabve’den yakla\u015f\u0131k yedi kat daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 olumsuz\u00a0 etkileyen\u00a0 fakt\u00f6r enflasyon\u00a0 olurken, Arjantin ve Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n endeks puanlar\u0131 en \u00e7ok faiz oranlar\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015ftir.\u00a0S\u0131ralamada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck puan iyi performans\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki enflasyon oran\u0131 \u00a0olumsuz geli\u015fmede etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/strong> Hanke\u2019nin enflasyon oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 94 iken (4.4.2022)\u00a0 resmi enflasyon oran\u0131 (Mart 2022) y\u00fczde 61.14\u2019t\u00fcr. \u0130kisinin aras\u0131nda y\u00fczde 33 fark vard\u0131r. Bu, T\u00dc\u0130K oran\u0131n\u0131n 1,5 kat\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2020, Venez\u00fcella’n\u0131n bu\u00a0 s\u0131fat\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r. 3827.6 sefalet\u00a0 puan\u0131 i\u00e7in ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na reel GSY\u0130H’daki y\u00fczde 30,9’luk art\u0131\u015f\u0131 kolayca g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakan \u00fclkenin y\u00fczde 3,713 enflasyonu ve y\u00fczde 50,3’l\u00fck i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Venezuela, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bir gelecek i\u00e7in en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fclkedir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7inde sefalet endeksi puan\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00fclke T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir<\/strong>. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana a\u00e7\u0131klanan raporlar\u0131n \u00a0tamam\u0131nda\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin endeks puan\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6r \u00a0faiz oran\u0131d\u0131r. <\/strong>Bu y\u0131l T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda yoksulluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan birinci s\u0131rada yer al\u0131rken, Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu’daki baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin de gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0T\u00fcrkiye’nin listede daha k\u00f6t\u00fc durumda olan tek kom\u015fusu sekizinci s\u0131rada yer alan \u0130ran\u2019d\u0131r. \u00a0Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l T\u00fcrkiye, endekste 95 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 5\u2019nci s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u00a0 enflasyon oran\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u00a0 i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u00a0 sefalet endeksine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/strong> Bunun arkas\u0131ndaki mant\u0131k, daha fazla i\u015fsizli\u011fin genel olarak daha az gelire yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ve daha y\u00fcksek enflasyonun daha y\u00fcksek bir ya\u015fam maliyetine sebep olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumlar y\u00fcksek i\u015fsizlik oranlar\u0131na ve y\u00fcksek enflasyona sahip oldu\u011funda, temel ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapmakta zorlan\u0131rlar. Belirli bir y\u0131l i\u00e7in sefalet endeksini hesaplamak i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k enflasyon oran\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131na eklemeniz yeterlidir. \u0130\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 7,2 ve enflasyon oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 10,4 oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Bu durumda endeks 17.6 olur.<\/p>\n

Son s\u00f6z:<\/strong> Sefalet; y\u00fcksek enflasyon,\u00a0 y\u00fcksek\u00a0 bor\u00e7lanma maliyetleri ve i\u015fsizlikten kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ekonomisinde y\u00fcksek enflasyon da vard\u0131r,\u00a0\u00a0 y\u00fcksek\u00a0 bor\u00e7lanma maliyetleri de vard\u0131r,\u00a0 i\u015fsizlik te vard\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0 Bu durumda \u201cfaiz sebep, enflasyon sonu\u00e7\u201d<\/em> dememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn\u00a0 de\u011fildir.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uluslararas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar bize, insanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n neresinde \u00a0sefil ya da mutlu olduklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda genel bir \u00a0bilgi verir. ABD\u2019de insanlar di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden daha \u00e7ok mu yoksa daha az m\u0131 sefil durumdad\u0131r? Bu soruya Prof. Dr. Steve H. \u00a0Hanke’nin \u201cY\u0131ll\u0131k Sefalet Endeksi\u201d (HAMI: Hanke\u2019s Annual Misery Index) cevap verir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":16408,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[349,1529,1019,1227,2490,2491,187],"coauthors":[6],"class_list":["post-16405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi","tag-ekonomi","tag-enflasyon","tag-faiz","tag-para","tag-sefalet","tag-sefalet-endeksi","tag-turkiye"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16405"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16406,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16405\/revisions\/16406"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16408"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16405"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=16405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}