{"id":16511,"date":"2022-12-05T19:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-05T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=16511&preview=true&preview_id=16511"},"modified":"2022-12-04T22:46:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-04T19:46:03","slug":"neo-halkcilik-veya-halksiz-solculuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/neo-halkcilik-veya-halksiz-solculuk\/","title":{"rendered":"Neo-halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k veya halks\u0131z solculuk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Atat\u00fcrk, hen\u00fcz Cumhuriyet il\u00e2n edilmeden \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lan TBMM\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma esas\u0131n\u0131, \u2018H\u00e2kimiyet kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z milletindir<\/em>\u2019 ilkesine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, siyasi ve iktisadi demokrasinin temelinin, ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ile cumhuriyet\u00e7ilik, milliyet\u00e7ilik, halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve toplumsal adalet gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrkl\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k -T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6zde\u015fli\u011fi<\/h2>\n

Ziya G\u00f6kalp, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Esaslar\u0131 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n Yedinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde; T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik siyasi ideallerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131yla birlikte hareket edebilece\u011fini savunur. G\u00f6kalp, Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131n\u0131n (Partisinin) anas\u0131 say\u0131lan \u201cM\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti\u2019nin\u201d, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n rehberli\u011finde \u00fclkeyi d\u00fc\u015fman istilas\u0131ndan kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u2018Devletimize T\u00fcrkiye, halk\u0131m\u0131za T\u00fcrk\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fini hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r. \u201cM\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti\u2019nin\u201d, hi\u00e7 haberi olmasa bile siyasi T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn program\u0131n\u0131 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u201chakikatin\u201d bir tane olmas\u0131 nedeniyle farkl\u0131 yollardan gidenlerin yolun sonunda ayn\u0131 hedeflerde bulu\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kavramsal ve olgusal olarak benzer programlarda birle\u015fmek suretiyle \u00fclkeyi kurtulu\u015fa ula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ver. G\u00f6kalp\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Allah\u2019\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 halk\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n pen\u00e7esinde ve Allah\u2019\u0131n kalemi T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fclerin elinde idi\u201d. G\u00f6kalp, T\u00fcrk milletinin ve T\u00fcrk devletinin, iki ak\u0131m\u0131n birle\u015fiminden do\u011fdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekte ve gelecekte de halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn her daim el ele vermesi zorunlulu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir: \u201cHer T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, siyaset sahnesinde halk\u00e7\u0131 kalacakt\u0131r, her halk\u00e7\u0131 da k\u00fclt\u00fcr sahas\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc olacakt\u0131r\u201d (G\u00f6kalp,2017, 202-203).<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk sonras\u0131nda halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi krizi<\/h2>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin o g\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00f6netici kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 CHP, 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1923\u2019te kuruldu. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 10 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden hemen on g\u00fcn sonra 26 Kas\u0131m 1938\u2019de CHP\u2019nin parti kurultay\u0131nda \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc \u201cmill\u00ee \u015fef\u201d il\u00e2n edildi. Atat\u00fcrk ilke ve \u00fclk\u00fclerine yak\u0131n isimler, h\u0131zla y\u00f6netimden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu uygulama, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi \u2018milliyet\u00e7ilik\u2019 ve \u2018halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 ilkelerinden uzakla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6stergesiydi (Aydo\u011fan, 2013, 923- 926).<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra en dikkat \u00e7eken de\u011fi\u015fim, T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi alan\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u201cT\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi\u201d yerine, topluma amac\u0131 belli olmayan soyut bir \u201ch\u00fcmanizm\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 dayat\u0131ld\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn kurdu\u011fu T\u00fcrk e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim sistemi, milliyet\u00e7ilik ilke ve \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcnden h\u0131zla uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 (Turgut, 2005, 461).<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk sonras\u0131nda devleti y\u00f6neten \u00fcst d\u00fczey siyasi ve b\u00fcrokratik kadrolar\u0131n T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik olumsuz m\u00fcdahaleleri, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi \u00fczerinde bir psikolojik sava\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131. S\u00f6zgelimi, 3 May\u0131s Olaylar\u0131 diye tarihe ge\u00e7en ve sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc Sabahattin Ali ile T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z davas\u0131, d\u00f6nemin s\u00f6zde \u2018halk\u00e7\u0131 iktidar\u0131\u2019 taraf\u0131ndan, \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck-Turanc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d davas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru, halktan kopan CHP, kendisine yeni bir gen\u00e7 ve devrimci ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 taban yapma niyetiyle, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 solcu \u00f6rg\u00fctlere sahip \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. CHP\u2019nin \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticileri, etnik b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc kalk\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi olan ve 1969’da Devrimci Do\u011fu K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an Do\u011fu Mitinglerini destekleyici konu\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Arkas\u0131ndaki halk deste\u011fini kaybetmi\u015f \u2018halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u2019<\/h2>\n

Atat\u00fcrk sonras\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler, Avrupa\u2019daki y\u00f6netimlerin sald\u0131rgan tutumlar\u0131 ve azg\u0131n Sovyet rejiminin talepleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 zamanlar ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrk Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin y\u00f6netici kadrolar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da hangi ideolojik g\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fckseliyorsa, yurt i\u00e7inde toplumun bir kesimine kar\u015f\u0131 onlar\u0131n ho\u015funa gidecek bask\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. Bir bakm\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131z, sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve sosyalistli\u011fi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kanlar bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmakta ve hapsedilmekte (s\u00f6z gelimi, Naz\u0131m Hikmet); bir de bakm\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131z Turan \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc dile getiren T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcler (s\u00f6z gelimi, Nihal Ats\u0131z) hapsedilmektedir. Bu haks\u0131z bask\u0131lar, nihayetinde bu insanlar\u0131n sosyal tabanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan halk kesiminde ciddi incinmelere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke ekonomisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, halk\u0131n hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131, i\u00e7 siyasette gerilimi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclke y\u00f6neticileri, halk\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zecek ve huzursuzlu\u011funu giderecek \u00f6nlemler almak yerine, devletin g\u00fcvenlik ve yarg\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc muhalifleri susturmada kulland\u0131lar. Ad\u0131nda, \u2018halk\u2019 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, arkas\u0131nda yeterince halk deste\u011fi kalmay\u0131nca, halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde kent k\u00f6kenli ve varl\u0131kl\u0131, rahat kazanan ve ya\u015fayan mutlu bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n destekledi\u011fi siyasi anlay\u0131\u015f olarak alg\u0131land\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn in\u015fa etti\u011fi T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc- halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n

Atat\u00fcrkl\u00fc y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc e\u011filimlere sahip halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik ve sol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ile yurtsuz liberallerin s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 haline geldi. Yeni halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve tutumunda \u00e7ok ciddi \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan en belirgini, halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131n temel ilkelerinden birinin \u2018milliyet\u00e7ilik\u2019 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00fclkedeki di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131k milliyet\u00e7iliklerine ilgi g\u00f6sterilip siyasi destek olunurken, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin s\u00fcrekli su\u00e7lanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ziya G\u00f6kalp\u2019in, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ve T\u00fcrk milletinin gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, ne yaz\u0131k ki daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7ok ciddi ayr\u0131\u015fmalara maruz kald\u0131.\u00a0 Bu ayr\u0131\u015fmada, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak CHP\u2019nin, kendi kurulu\u015f felsefesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, daha sonradan ideolojik bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Liberal solculu\u011fun etnik b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckteki arac\u0131l\u0131k rol\u00fc<\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbesinden sonra, k\u00fcresel s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin neo-liberal ekonomi politikalar\u0131, neo-muhafazak\u00e2r h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan peki\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Hatta muhalefet partileri de bu y\u00f6nde tasar\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131 ve sendikal hareketler konusunda etkili bir siyaset gelene\u011fine sahip sol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerde, s\u00f6zde demokrasiyi savunma g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131nda etnik b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Demokratik hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler, halk\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in istenmiyordu. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, \u00fcniter ve mill\u00ee devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme \u00e7abas\u0131ndaki etnik b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc ve ter\u00f6rist \u00f6\u011felerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi maksad\u0131yla savunuldu. Kendilerini liberal sol olarak adland\u0131ranlar\u0131n, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu’daki\u00a0 feodalite veya \u2018a\u011fal\u0131k\u2019 ile ilgili hi\u00e7bir ele\u015ftirisi olmad\u0131. Oysa bu d\u00fczen, bir\u00e7ok sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Ama s\u00fcrekli T\u00fcrkl\u00fck ve Cumhuriyet de\u011ferleriyle kavgal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Asl\u0131nda, bu liberal solcular ger\u00e7ekte solculuk yapm\u0131yorlard\u0131. Aksine T\u00fcrkl\u00fck ve Cumhuriyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 solculuk kavramlar\u0131yla\u00a0 perdelemeye y\u00f6neldiler.<\/p>\n

Liberalizm ile halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaman \u00e7eli\u015fkisi<\/h2>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Siyasi, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir \u00f6\u011freti olarak, bireylerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n ve kazanma arzular\u0131n\u0131n istenildi\u011fi kadar geni\u015fletilmesini, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k devletin ve toplumun tayin etti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n ise olduk\u00e7a daralt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden anlay\u0131\u015fa \u201cLiberalizm\u201d denir (Bolay, 1996, 359). Liberalizm, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ekonomik ve ticar\u00ee faaliyetlerin tamamen serbest bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi teziyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin neo-liberal ideolojisi h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Normal \u015fartlarda, ayn\u0131 anda hem liberal hem de halk\u00e7\u0131 ya da solcu olunamaz. Neo-liberal politikalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, eme\u011fin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, mill\u00ee tar\u0131m\u0131n ve sanayinin \u00e7\u00f6kmesi, i\u015fsizli\u011fin artmas\u0131, yoksullu\u011fun ve yolsuzlu\u011fun \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Oysa halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, emekten ve halktan yana olmaya, sosyal adalete ve yolsuzluklar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaya odaklan\u0131r. Bu durumda, \u2018liberal solculuk\u2019 ad\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ile halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k aras\u0131nda mant\u0131k\u00ee bir ba\u011f kurmak \u015fizofrenik bir bilin\u00e7 yar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, liberal solculu\u011fun en belirgin \u00e7eli\u015fkisi, d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik, k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7leri hi\u00e7 ele\u015ftirmezken; i\u00e7eride T\u00fcrkl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ama her t\u00fcrl\u00fc etnik, din\u00ee ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck destek\u00e7isi olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile neo-liberal anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u00fcreselci ekonomi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 birbiriyle asla ba\u011fda\u015fm\u0131yor. Bu arada neo-halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ile Atat\u00fcrk tipi halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n birlikteli\u011fini neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir h\u00e2le getiriyor<\/p>\n

Neo-milliyet\u00e7ilik ve neo- halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kendi as\u0131llar\u0131na d\u00f6nmelidir<\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir devlet ve toplum in\u015fa edilmesi s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6steren iki etkili ak\u0131m\u0131n, birbirleriyle z\u0131tla\u015fan tutumlar sergiledikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu z\u0131tla\u015fma, \u00f6zellikle Atat\u00fcrk sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerdeki uzant\u0131lar\u0131nda ba\u015f g\u00f6steren eksen kaymalar\u0131 kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bir zamanlar\u0131n, destans\u0131 \u2018halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck\u2019 dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, \u015fimdilerde \u2018neo-halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 ile \u2018neo-milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin\u2019 z\u0131tla\u015fmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Neo-milliyet\u00e7ilik, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine; neo-halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u2018\u2018Atat\u00fcrk halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u2019 d\u00f6nmelidir. Milliyet\u00e7ilik ve halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u2018Kuvay\u0131 mill\u00eeye\u2019 mayas\u0131yla yeniden mayalanmal\u0131; T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi, mill\u00ee-\u00fcniter- laik- sosyal ve hukuk devleti, toplumcu ekonomik d\u00fczen, sosyal adalet, orta s\u0131n\u0131fla\u015fma vb. konularda ortak politikalar geli\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aydo\u011fan,\u00a0 M. (2013). Antik \u00c7a\u011fdan K\u00fcreselle\u015fmeye Y\u00f6netim Gelenekleri ve T\u00fcrkler<\/em>, Birinci Cilt, Resse, \u0130zmir.<\/p>\n

Bolay, S. H. (1996). Felsefi Doktrinler ve Terimler S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>, 6. Bask\u0131, Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: 182, Ankara.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6kalp, Z. (2017).\u00a0T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Esaslar\u0131<\/em>, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat: 1078, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

Turgut, M. (2005). D\u00fcn, Bug\u00fcn ve Gelece\u011fin G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019si<\/em>, 2.Cilt, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar\u0131m\u0131z Feyzullah Ero\u011flu, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulu\u015fun \u00f6ncesinden, Atat\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemi ve sonras\u0131n\u0131 da kapsayarak siyasetteki halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00f6rselendi\u011fini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmede pay\u0131 olanlar\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve neler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini anlat\u0131yor. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":16512,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"coauthors":[2225],"class_list":["post-16511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turkluk-turkculuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/187"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16511"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16511\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16515,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16511\/revisions\/16515"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16512"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16511"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=16511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}