Toplumsal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde, ekonomi ve siyaset, birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lmaz iki \u00f6nemli toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Ekonomi, \u00e7ok say\u0131daki insan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktardaki ekonomik ve sosyal kaynaklar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131; siyaset ise toplumdaki ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n sahiplik durumu ile fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinin (rant, \u00fccret, faiz ve k\u00e2r), toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f veya gruplar aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili bir dizi etkinliklerdir.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n denizci \u00fclkelerinin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde, asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u2018efendi-k\u00f6le\u2019 ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131. Oysa, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 neo- s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde, zengin \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkeler \u00fczerinde \u2018ekonomi- siyaset\u2019 ekseninde \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Neo-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde, \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerin ger\u00e7ekte kendilerini ekonomik zenginli\u011fe ve siyasi demokrasiye kavu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 sanmalar\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n
Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan kurtulmak, zenginlik ve refahlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla yeniden kazanmak amac\u0131yla ekonomik ve i\u015fletmecilik faaliyetlerini, Bat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ekonomik co\u011frafyalara ve \u00fclkelere daha fazla kayd\u0131rma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duydular.\u00a0 Bat\u0131 ekonomileri, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc korumac\u0131 ve kamucu politikalar\u0131 daha \u00f6nceden uygulamak suretiyle kendi mill\u00ee ekonomilerini ve \u015firketlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015flerdi. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelere ait \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin y\u00f6neticileri ve siyaset\u00e7ileri, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya ekonomisini kendileri i\u00e7in birer ekonomik alan h\u00e2line d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme projesi olu\u015fturdular ve buna da k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci dediler.<\/p>\n
Bu yeni k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim tarz\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011funlukla zengin \u00fclkelerin ve \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlere ait \u00fcnl\u00fc markalar, sanayi alt yap\u0131s\u0131 uygun \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerinde fason olarak \u00fcretilecekti. Fason \u00fcretimde, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in fabrika, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, makine, sermaye, hammadde gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn fiziki imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, mali, idari ve \u00e7evreyle ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin fason \u00fcretim yapan i\u015fletmelerine aitti. Zengin \u00fclkelerin k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015firketleri, fiziki olarak a\u011f\u0131r ve maliyeti y\u00fcksek olan kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin standard\u0131n\u0131 model olarak vermekte, ta\u015feronla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ekonomilerin fason \u00fcreticisi az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke i\u015fletmeleri de onlar\u0131, nihai t\u00fcketiciye sunulmaya haz\u0131r \u015fekilde yabanc\u0131 markay\u0131 basarak teslim etmektedirler. G\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir ki, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin k\u00fcresel \u2018a\u011falar\u0131\u2019, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeleri birer ta\u015feron gibi kullanmak suretiyle olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 \u015febeke organizasyonlar sayesinde, bu \u00fclkelerin i\u015f insanlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u2018k\u00e2hya\u2019 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerini k\u00fcresel \u201c\u0131rgatlar\u201d h\u00e2line sokmaktad\u0131rlar (\u0130rmi\u015f-G\u00f6k, 2008, 193- 216).<\/p>\n
Yeni k\u00fcresel ekonomik d\u00fczenin i\u015fleyi\u015finde, mill\u00ee devletlerin i\u00e7inden \u00e7ok etkili siyaset\u00e7iler, i\u015f insanlar\u0131, b\u00fcrokratlar, gazeteciler ve akademik \u00e7evreler -bilerek ya da bilmeden- \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli roller \u00fcstlendiler. Paul Harrison\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u20183. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019 ad\u0131yla \u00e7evrilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, bug\u00fcn ya\u015fanmakta olan ekonomik olaylar\u0131n, bir zamanlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00fczeninin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u2018yeni\u2019 versiyonu oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekilmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00f6ylemde ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olduklar\u0131yla ilgili iddial\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri\u015fli g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler verilirken, ger\u00e7ekte kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlik ve k\u00f6klerinden kopar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediliyor. Bu \u2018yeni\u2019 k\u00fcresel d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde, \u201cbizzat yerli h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan okullardan yeti\u015ftirilen b\u00fcrokratlar ve subaylar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla halk\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n yollar\u0131 arand\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131yla bulundu\u201d diye a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor. Harrison, \u00e7evre \u00fclke toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi kimlik ve k\u00f6klerinden kopar\u0131l\u0131p arzu edilir bi\u00e7imlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrecinde, yerli \u2018referans gruplar\u0131\u2019 ile \u2018kanaat \u00f6nderlerini\u2019, \u201cs\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc mezbahaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp kasab\u0131n eline teslim edecek olan lider ko\u00e7lar\u201d olarak niteliyor (Harrison, 1990, 40-41).<\/p>\n
Zengin \u00fclkeler, kendi devletlerini daha \u00f6nceden olduk\u00e7a iyi bir bi\u00e7imde tahkim etmi\u015fken, yoksul \u00fclkelere \u2018ulus devlet\u2019 ve \u2018ulusal ekonomi\u2019 d\u00f6neminin bitti\u011fi propagandas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Hen\u00fcz sermaye birikimi ve teknolojik kapasiteleri ile bir\u00e7ok ekonomik alt yap\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zememi\u015f olan \u00fclkeleri, zoraki \u201ck\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin\u201d i\u00e7ine \u00e7ektiler.\u00a0 Bu ba\u011flamda, katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kendi \u00fclkelerinde \u00fcretirken, katma de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fcr\u00fcnler ile ara mallar\u0131n \u00fcretimini, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve di\u011fer maliyetler ile \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 duyars\u0131zl\u0131k gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 \u2018fason \u00fcretim\u2019 ad\u0131yla di\u011fer \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerine kayd\u0131rd\u0131lar. Sermaye fazlal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Bat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ekonomilerde, nemaland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla onlar\u0131n g\u00f6steri\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla ilgili projelerine ak\u0131tt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcresel ekonomik d\u00fczen kapsam\u0131nda \u00e7evre \u00fclkeleri, neo-liberal politikalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla toplumsal talebin ithalatla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018s\u0131cak para\u2019 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi. Kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u2018\u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi\u2019 sonucunda, mill\u00ee ekonominin piyasaya en etkili m\u00fcdahale ara\u00e7lar\u0131 elden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Ekonomideki d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma programlar\u0131nda, ihracat\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ithalat\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f ticaretin a\u00e7\u0131k verdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6neme girildi. Neo-liberal uygulamalar nedeniyle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7larla ayakta durmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, \u00fcretti\u011finden daha fazla t\u00fcketen, emek verenlerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve siyasete yana\u015fanlar\u0131n kolayca servet yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rant ekonomisi yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk on be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131nda Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nderli\u011fi ile 1960\u2019l\u0131 ve 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar olan s\u00fcrelerde DPT\u2019nin yol g\u00f6stericili\u011finde uygulanan toplumsal kalk\u0131nma modeli kapsam\u0131nda, \u00e7ok ciddi bir tar\u0131m ve sanayii politikas\u0131 izlenmi\u015fti. Bu d\u00f6nemlerde, mill\u00ee tar\u0131m diriltilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, \u2018fabrika yapan fabrikalar\u2019 slogan\u0131yla simgele\u015ftirilen katma de\u011feri ve ticari de\u011feri y\u00fcksek end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeti\u015ftirilmesi hedeflenmi\u015fti. 12 Eyl\u00fcl Darbesinin, T\u00fcrk Ekonomisine dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 neo-liberal politikalar, y\u00fckselmekte olan mill\u00ee tar\u0131m\u0131 zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk sanayisini de katma de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve verimsiz sekt\u00f6rlere y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk ekonomisin insan ve finansal kaynaklar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katma de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan \u2018turizm\u2019 ve fason \u00fcretime dayal\u0131 \u2018tekstil\u2019 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018ta\u015f ve toprak\u2019 (\u00e7imento, mermer, in\u015faat malzemeleri vb.) sanayiine tahsis edilmi\u015ftir. Asker\u00ee y\u00f6netimin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 neo-liberal ekonomi politikalar, daha sonradan neo-muhafazak\u00e2r, neo-milliyet\u00e7i ve neo-halk\u00e7\u0131 siyaset\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, bili\u015fim ve ileti\u015fim teknolojileri gibi katma de\u011feri ve ticari de\u011feri y\u00fcksek olan end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u2018ithalat\u2019 ile kar\u015f\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00fclke ekonomisi, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmaya dayal\u0131 g\u00f6steri\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla bir beton ve rant ekonomisi tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci kapsam\u0131nda, \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketler ba\u015fka ekonomik co\u011frafyalardan elde ettikleri gelirleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kendi ana vatanlar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik sistemine aktarmak suretiyle kendi mill\u00ee ekonomilerinin refah d\u00fczeyini art\u0131rd\u0131lar. Zengin \u00fclke ekonomileri, k\u00fcresel ekonominin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde faiz ve k\u00e2r gelirlerini kontrol ediyorlar. Yoksul \u00fclke ekonomilerinde imtiyazl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f rant gelirlerine \u00e7\u00f6kerken, halk kesimi ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla asgari ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ve a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00fccretlerle yetinmek zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle ilgili bir tak\u0131m s\u00f6zde bilimsel teoriler ortaya atan, anl\u0131 \u015fanl\u0131 iktisat\u00e7\u0131lara ve siyaset\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde sermayenin, giri\u015fimcilerin ve eme\u011fin serbest\u00e7e dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke ekonomileri kalk\u0131nacak ve geli\u015fecekti. Sonu\u00e7ta, zengin \u00fclkelere ait \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketler ve bankalar i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn bu varsay\u0131lan serbestlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olup onlar\u0131n servetleri artarken, yoksul \u00fclkeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0130RM\u0130\u015e, Ay\u015fe; G\u00d6K, Elif Elvan (2008):<\/strong> \u201cAz Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00dclkelerde Fason \u00dcretim ve \u00d6rg\u00fctsel Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Davran\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d, SBE Akademik \u0130ncelemeler Dergisi, Cilt: 3, Say\u0131: 1, Sakarya<\/p>\n HARRISON, Paul (1990): <\/strong>3. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, P\u0131nar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131:47, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yazar\u0131m\u0131z Feyzullah Ero\u011flu, bu kez k\u00fcresel s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin ve soygunun d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n perde arkas\u0131ndaki Bat\u0131 oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. T\u00fcrkiye’nin bu oyundaki yerini yoksullar\u0131n daha da fakirle\u015fmesi, zenginlerin daha da zenginle\u015fmesi sorunundan a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":16542,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[2518,2514,696,2513,2383,2516,2517,432,1790,2515,2519],"coauthors":[2225],"class_list":["post-16540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi","tag-borc","tag-ekkonomi","tag-emperyalizm","tag-kuresel-guc","tag-kuresellesme","tag-milli-ekonomi","tag-neoliberal","tag-siyaset","tag-somurgecilik","tag-taseron","tag-yerel-siyaset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/187"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16540"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16545,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16540\/revisions\/16545"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16540"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=16540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}