\u0130nsanl\u0131k ve uygarl\u0131k tarihi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar\u0131n, kendilerini yal\u0131tarak kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na ya\u015famaya g\u00f6re, bir millet b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde daha g\u00f6nen\u00e7li ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Milletle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, toplumu meydana getiren birtak\u0131m alt k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin (etnik, dinsel, siyasal, vb. gibi) daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ortak ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda birle\u015fme ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00a0 Her sosyal topluluk, millet b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde di\u011ferlerine zarar vermeden ve ortak ya\u015fama iradesine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak milli b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha etkili bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n
20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli sosyologlar\u0131ndan R.M. MacIver ve C.H. Page\u2019in \u2018Cemiyet\u2019 adl\u0131 ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, cemaat yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na tak\u0131lmadan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u2018cemiyet\u2019 olman\u0131n \u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Toplumsal yap\u0131da yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u2018cemaatler\u2019, \u00e7\u0131kar birli\u011fi, arkada\u015fl\u0131k, ortak inan\u00e7 ve anlay\u0131\u015flar gibi ki\u015filer ve gruplar aras\u0131 yak\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 temsil etmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bir millet olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmek ise daha zengin bir ekonomi ve y\u00fcksek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn do\u011fu\u015funa imk\u00e2n vermektedir. Cemaat tipi toplulukta ya\u015famak, insanlara daha yak\u0131n ve i\u00e7ten doyumlar sa\u011flarken, \u2018cemiyet\u2019 ya da \u2018millet\u2019 olarak ya\u015famak da daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7, g\u00fcvenlik ve zenginlik veriyor (MacIver- Page;1969; 9-14).<\/p>\n
Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, milli kimli\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 bir tutum olu\u015fturulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece toplumsal rekabetin ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Genel sistem teorisine g\u00f6re, \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alt sistemlerden olu\u015fan sistem b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n birbirleriyle i\u015f birli\u011fi ve dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 halinde her birinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 toplam\u0131ndan daha fazla katma de\u011fer yarat\u0131r (Sinerji Etkisi). Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, birbiriyle veya genel b\u00fct\u00fcnle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olan par\u00e7alar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sistem, toplam kapasitesinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011fer \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerinden birisi olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f etkenler s\u00fcrekli tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nemli d\u0131\u015f etkenlerden birisinin de daha \u00f6nceden derebeylikler ve dinsel topluluklar \u015feklinde b\u00f6l\u00fck p\u00f6r\u00e7\u00fck olan Avrupa\u2019da, R\u00f6nesans, Reformasyon, Ayd\u0131nlanma ve modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u2018milletle\u015fme\u2019 s\u00fcrecinin h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve bilim zihniyeti \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flayan milletle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve par\u00e7al\u0131 topluluklar yerine ayn\u0131 soy ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrden gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar\u0131n birle\u015ferek daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 milletler haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belirli ortak de\u011ferler etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fen milletlerin bilim ve end\u00fcstriyel g\u00fc\u00e7leri sayesinde Avrupa Devletleri, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin geriletilmesinde \u00e7ok etkili bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa\u2019daki milletlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi zamana denk gelen y\u00f6netim yetersizli\u011fi ve yolsuzluklar\u0131 sonucunda, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n millet b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne eri\u015fmi\u015f olan toplumlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamam\u0131\u015f ve giderek par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yla birlikte, askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte olan din temelli \u2018\u00fcmmet\u2019 esas\u0131na dayanan di\u011fer imparatorluklar da y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bunlar\u0131n yerlerine soy ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fine dayal\u0131 milli devletler kurulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar i\u00e7inde, ak\u0131l ve bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve g\u00f6nen\u00e7li milletleri olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. \u015eimdiki d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 ne olursa olsun en fazla \u2018milletle\u015fme\u2019 a\u015famas\u0131na gelmi\u015f olanlar, olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netilmektedir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc toplumlar\u0131, her \u015feyin zoraki dinselle\u015ftirilmesi yoluyla y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131fa din \u00fczerinden toplumu kontrol etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 veren \u2018orta \u00e7a\u011f\u2019 zihniyetinden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Orta \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n tipik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 olan din temelli toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler, ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve bilimin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve topluluklar\u0131n ortak iradesiyle milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine evrilmi\u015ftir. Kendi i\u00e7lerindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde verimli bir rekabete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek, her biri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 sahip olacaklar\u0131 f\u0131rsat ve imkanlardan daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Cemaat tipi olu\u015fumlar, millet i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131 ekonomik ili\u015fkilere, e\u011fitim y\u00f6ntemlerine ve i\u00e7eriklerine, hatta topluluk i\u00e7inden evliliklere ve kolektif siyasi tutumlara sahip olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7eldiricisi say\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de faaliyette bulunan bu t\u00fcr dinci cemaatler, Orta \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n tipik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi olan derebeylik d\u00fczenine \u00e7ok benziyor. Derebeyler, sahip olduklar\u0131 arazi ve beslenme kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinden insanlar\u0131 \u0131rgat olarak kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. \u00dclkemiz cemaatleri de kendilerine mahsus dinsel anlay\u0131\u015f ve yorumlar\u0131yla \u00e7evreyi kontrol etmenin pe\u015findeler. Derebeyler, ekonomik ve askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile krallar\u0131n y\u00f6netim i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn dinsel cemaatleri de \u2018toplu oy\u2019 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 pazarl\u0131klar\u0131yla merkezi ve yerel y\u00f6netimleri etkilemek konusunda olduk\u00e7a deneyim kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00a0Orta \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u0131rgatlar\u0131 (serfleri), canlar\u0131na tak dedi\u011fi zaman arada bir direni\u015f g\u00f6sterir ya da ka\u00e7maya kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00fclt\u00fcrel derebeyliklerde ki\u015filer, yapay ve temelsiz dinsel duygularla \u015fartland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birer \u2018serf\u2019 hayat\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve kolay kolay topluluktan ayr\u0131lam\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n
Cemaat tipi olu\u015fumlarda, ki\u015fisel olarak bireysel iraden vazge\u00e7me, toplumsal olarak belirli bir millete aidiyet duygusundan ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck bilincinden kendini soyutlama psikolojisinin \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zleniyor. Birer g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u2018serf\u2019 olarak cemaate ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, ki\u015filerin cemaat ili\u015fkileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn insani yak\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (s\u00f6z gelimi, milli birli\u011fe, milli devlete ve insani de\u011ferlere olmas\u0131 gereken ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131) azalt\u0131yor. Cemaatler, ki\u015filerin zihin ve g\u00f6n\u00fcllerinin ilgi alan\u0131n\u0131 sadece cemaat i\u00e7i ili\u015fkilere odaklad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in zihin ve g\u00f6n\u00fcllerin ilgi alan\u0131 giderek daral\u0131yor. Cemaat ki\u015fisinin \u2018ak\u0131l \u00e7ap\u0131\u2019 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclerek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 biat ve itaat etmeye indirgenerek soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duyars\u0131zla\u015f\u0131yor. En b\u00fcy\u00fck heves ve tutkular\u0131, cemaatin \u00f6nderine olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcceltmek ve di\u011fer t\u00fcrde\u015flerine g\u00f6re ona daha yak\u0131n olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak oluyor. Nerdeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn enerjilerini, cemaatin etki alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye harcarken, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki toplum, \u00fclke, insanl\u0131k ve do\u011fa sorunlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ilgisiz kal\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n
Cemaatle\u015fmenin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, sosyolojik olarak belirli bir milletle\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131na gelmi\u015f toplumlarda toplumsal birli\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bozucu etkilere sahip oluyor. Belirli bir millet olma bilincinin kaybolmas\u0131, milli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck gibi insani de\u011ferleri a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. Her biri toplumsal sorumluluk i\u00e7inde \u00fclkeye \u00f6nemli katma de\u011fer yaratacak kapasitedeki insanlar, sadece cemaat ili\u015fkilerini y\u00fccelten ve koloni ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcren s\u0131radan ki\u015filer haline geliyor. T\u0131pk\u0131, bir zamanlar \u00e7ok say\u0131daki \u2018derebeylikler\u2019 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin dayan\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u015fimdilerde ise -\u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de- millet b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozucu cemaat ili\u015fkileri toplumsal dayan\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ortam haz\u0131rl\u0131yor. Toplumsal dayan\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k ise \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f tehditler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u2018ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u2019 sistemini dumura u\u011frat\u0131yor ve d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahalelere a\u00e7\u0131k bir hale getiriyor.<\/p>\n
Atat\u00fcrk, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015finin ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek nedenlerini \u00e7ok iyi anlam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden, gelece\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sini, ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve bilimsel zihniyete dayal\u0131 bir toplum d\u00fczeni kurmak \u00fczere tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye, salt bat\u0131c\u0131 ve pozitivist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ile pop\u00fclist sa\u011f ve s\u0131\u011f muhafazak\u00e2r anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015farak anlams\u0131z bir siyasi kutupla\u015fma i\u00e7ine sokuldu. Toplumsal de\u011ferleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamay\u0131 anlams\u0131z \u015fekilde \u2018solculuk\u2019 sananlar\u0131n tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 bahane eden birtak\u0131m \u00e7\u0131kar topluluklar\u0131, dini kendilerine maske yaparak s\u00fcrekli T\u00fcrkl\u00fck ve Cumhuriyet kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapar oldu. Devlet kuran milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, bu iki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler aras\u0131ndan bilgi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce temelli alternatif bir hareket \u00e7\u0131karamad\u0131. Hatta, bir kesimi, cemaat \u00e7evreleri ile siyasal islamc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda kataliz\u00f6r i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr oldu.<\/p>\n
Siyasal islamc\u0131lar ve g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc milliyet\u00e7iler, cemaatlerin T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc inkar\u0131 \u00fczerinden milli h\u00e2kimiyeti zay\u0131flatmalar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a desteklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. Bu dinci cemaatlerin devletin y\u00f6netim kademelerini dolduran liyakatsiz kadrolar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyeti b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
R.M. MacIver – C.H. Page (1969):<\/strong> Cemiyet, \u00c7ev. \u00c2miran KURTKAN, 1000 Temel Eser, Devlet Kitaplar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Toplumsal yap\u0131da yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u2018cemaatler\u2019, \u00e7\u0131kar birli\u011fi, arkada\u015fl\u0131k, ortak inan\u00e7 ve anlay\u0131\u015flar gibi ki\u015filer ve gruplar aras\u0131 yak\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 temsil etmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bir millet olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmek ise daha zengin bir ekonomi ve y\u00fcksek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn do\u011fu\u015funa imk\u00e2n vermektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":17483,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[2175,78,982,112,1477],"yoast_head":"\n