T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihinin en belirgin niteli\u011fi, hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve toplumcu ili\u015fkilerin h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin i\u015fleyi\u015finde ve insan ili\u015fkilerine yans\u0131mas\u0131nda, biyolojik farkl\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kad\u0131n-erkek ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n fazla bir anlam\u0131 yoktu. M\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, toplumsal rollerin i\u015fleyi\u015finde cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 pek bilinmezdi.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkler, Orta do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru hareketleri sonras\u0131nda, erkek egemen Fars, Arap ve Bizans k\u00fclt\u00fcrleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin tipik \u00f6zelli\u011fi, keskin bir toplumsal cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kad\u0131n haklar\u0131yla ilgili k\u00f6k de\u011ferlerinde ciddi sapmalar meydana geldi.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrklerde kad\u0131n haklar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen gerilemeler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131yla do\u011frudan ilgili olmay\u0131p, \u0130sl\u00e2mi \u00f6\u011fretileri \u00e7eldiren \u00f6zellikle yerle\u015fik Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00f6ncesi Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile siyasal \u0130slamc\u0131 ve g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc cemaatlerin kad\u0131nlar hakk\u0131ndaki mevcut zihniyetlerinin irdelenmesi gerekiyor.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkler, 7. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u0130sl\u00e2m dinine ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemler, Peygamberin vefat\u0131ndan sonra eski Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n giderek y\u00f6netim ve halk katmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yeniden yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlard\u0131. T\u00fcrklerin, 10. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren h\u0131zlanan \u0130sl\u00e2m dinine ge\u00e7i\u015flerinde iki ana yolun izlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130lkinde, \u0130slamiyet\u2019i do\u011frudan Kur\u2019an\u2019dan ve \u0130mam-\u0131 Azam\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencilerinden \u00f6\u011frenen T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli ak\u0131lc\u0131 din bilgini \u0130mam Maturidi ile Ahmet Yesevi ve Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f gibi Tevhid ilkesini temel alan mutasavv\u0131flar etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bu yolu izleyen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler, nispeten Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n ruhuna daha uygun zihniyet ve yorumlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. \u0130kincisinde, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn yorumlar\u0131 yerine, kadim b\u00f6lgesel k\u00fclt\u00fcrler ile y\u00f6neticilerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ve bir k\u0131s\u0131m halk\u0131n kolektif bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 e\u011filimlerine g\u00f6re \u015fekillenen dini yorumlar etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u0130slami \u00f6\u011fretinin temelini olu\u015fturan \u2018Tevhid\u2019 akidesinin, yayg\u0131n ve bask\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel k\u00fclt\u00fcrler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yeterince alg\u0131lanmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da inan\u00e7 yollar\u0131 ve yorumlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en eski inan\u00e7 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin kav\u015fak noktas\u0131nda ve \u00e7ok sert iktidar sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede, di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar gibi T\u00fcrklerin de dini anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bu karma\u015f\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimlerin g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda, her farkl\u0131 din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olan topluluk, do\u011frudan \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kendilerinin temsil etti\u011fini iddia etmi\u015fler ve di\u011ferlerine ku\u015fkuyla bakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00f6ncesi Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde, ekonomik ve sosyal kaynaklar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, en fazla \u2018kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitsizli\u011fi\u2019 alan\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal e\u015fitsizliklerin temelinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u2018kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitsizli\u011fi\u2019 yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2miyet, en son ilahi mesaj olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa gelmi\u015f olmakla birlikte, ilk muhataplar\u0131 Arap toplumuydu. Cahiliye d\u00f6nemi Arap toplumu, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 konusunda yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en geri toplumlar\u0131ndan biriydi. Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iradesi ve mesaj\u0131 ise yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n giderilmesi, toplumsal e\u015fitsizliklerin d\u00fczeltilmesi ve \u2018insan\u0131n insana kullu\u011funun\u2019 sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131 (Allah daha iyi bilir).<\/p>\n
Peygamber\u2019in, hayatta oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrede tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ya da kendisine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan eski al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin uyar\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde olumlu etkileri olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131yla ilgili devrim niteli\u011findeki yenilikler, bedevi ve \u00e7evre topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n zihninde ve ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131nda yeterince i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilememi\u015fti. \u0130slamiyet\u2019in kad\u0131n haklar\u0131yla ilgili temel \u00f6\u011fretileri, Peygamber\u2019in vefat\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, do\u011frudan Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinden de\u011fil de \u00e7o\u011funlukla Cahiliye d\u00f6nemi al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131n-erkek e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00f6ncesi m\u00fc\u015frik Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn adeta \u2018alametifarikas\u0131\u2019 olmu\u015ftur. Yoksul ve zay\u0131f kabilelerin k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ve evli kad\u0131nlar\u0131, zenginlere olan bor\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da zoraki, Mekke\u2019ye ticaret nedeniyle gelen t\u00fcccarlara pazarlan\u0131rd\u0131. Yoksul ve bor\u00e7lu kabileler, ileride ba\u015flar\u0131na bu onur k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 durum gelmesin diye k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla diri diri topra\u011fa g\u00f6mme ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, ileride Kur\u2019an\u2019da, \u2018Diri diri g\u00f6m\u00fclen k\u0131za hangi su\u00e7undan dolay\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc soruldu\u011funda\u2019 (Tekvir Suresi, 8-9) \u015feklinde m\u00fcthi\u015f bir uyar\u0131 gelecektir. ( Allah daha iyi bilir ki \u2018Diri diri g\u00f6m\u00fclen k\u0131z\u2019 metaforu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u2018bile bile e\u011fitimsiz ve \u00e7aresiz b\u0131rak\u0131lan k\u0131z\u2019 diye anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r).<\/p>\n
Sosyal ve ekonomik hayat\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ve par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Araplarda ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir zihin yap\u0131s\u0131na da yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve inan\u00e7 d\u00fcnyalar\u0131nda derin \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar egemendi. S\u00f6z gelimi, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00f6ncesi Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en fazla e\u015fitsizliklere u\u011framalar\u0131na ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde, tap\u0131nmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018putlara\u2019 kad\u0131n adlar\u0131 vermi\u015flerdi. M\u00fc\u015frik Araplar, o d\u00f6nemin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kabilelerin \u00fcnl\u00fc putlar\u0131 olan \u2018L\u00e2t\u2019, \u2018Uzza\u2019 ve \u2018Menat\u2019 gibi putlara tamamen \u2018di\u015fil\u2019 \u00f6zellikler y\u00fcklemi\u015flerdi. Egemen erkeklerin nazar\u0131nda, kad\u0131n ve di\u015fi ile ilgili hazlar s\u00fcrekli y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f ve kendilerine bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 tan\u0131mak istemeyen kad\u0131nlar ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve \u015fiddete u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu anlamda, Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, kad\u0131n\u0131 sadece bu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir keyif arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmek istemi\u015ftir (Yaz\u0131r, 1979, 1469-1470).<\/p>\n
Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde, her durumda erke\u011fe itaat eden ve ba\u011fl\u0131 kalan kad\u0131n imgesi y\u00fcceltilirken; erke\u011fin g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcnde olmayan kad\u0131nlar pratik hayatta \u015fizofrenik bir \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve de\u011fersiz g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Cahiliye d\u00f6neminde kad\u0131n, \u2018insan olman\u0131n\u2019 \u00e7ok say\u0131daki insani boyutlar\u0131ndan sadece birisi olan biyolojik di\u015fili\u011fe indirgenmi\u015fti. Kad\u0131nlar, erkek egemen toplulu\u011fun kolektif bilin\u00e7alt\u0131na g\u00f6re tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve sadece birer cinsel varl\u0131k olarak \u00f6nemsenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi, k\u00f6k\u00fc \u00e7ok eski zamanlara dayanan k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrelerde de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011framaz. Kald\u0131 ki, Kur\u2019an, m\u00fc\u015frik Araplara ilk ba\u015fta mevcut tasavvurlar\u0131yla hitap ederek onlar\u0131n bat\u0131l ve yersiz inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f \u2018tedrici\u2019 olarak yeniden d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ya da ileri bir a\u015famada kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Merdin, 2020, 377). Bu ba\u011flamda, Cahiliye d\u00f6nemi m\u00fc\u015frik Araplar\u0131n kad\u0131n alg\u0131lar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlara ili\u015fkin al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 da \u0130slami d\u00f6nemde \u2018b\u0131\u00e7ak keser gibi\u2019 sona ermemi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n asli i\u015flevi, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki b\u00fct\u00fcn haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 gidermek ve insani temelde ya\u015fanabilir bir e\u015fitlik sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda, Kur\u2019an, erkeklerin sahip oldu\u011fu haklar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da sahip olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, vahyin devam etti\u011fi 23 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kad\u0131nlar lehine \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeltmeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gerisi, insanlar\u0131n ak\u0131l, bilim ve vicdan yoluyla g\u00f6sterecekleri toplumsal geli\u015fmelere b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130slami \u00f6\u011fretiye ra\u011fmen, Ortado\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sadece cinsel bir nesne olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha sonra dinsel s\u00f6ylemler ve simgeler \u00fczerinden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, siyasal \u0130slamc\u0131 ve g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc cemaat tipi olu\u015fumlar\u0131n, kad\u0131n alg\u0131lar\u0131 ve haklar\u0131 konusunda son derece tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6zleniyor. Kapal\u0131 topluluklar olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle uzun bir s\u00fcredir toplumun geneline kar\u015f\u0131 takiye yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Son y\u0131llarda, bunlar, k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ve \u2018yerli\u2019 siyasetin \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc deste\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kad\u0131n haklar\u0131yla ilgili bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 arzular\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015fa vurmada birbirleriyle yar\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. S\u00f6z gelimi, Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok e\u015flilik ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemesi, Kur\u2019an\u2019\u0131n ruhuna ve anlam b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne (Tevhide) g\u00f6re de\u011fil de kad\u0131nlar\u0131 sadece birer cinsel nesne olarak g\u00f6ren Arap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re yorumlan\u0131yor. Bilim yapmak, cinsiyete bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlara farz olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimine engel \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Cinsellik konusunda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 e\u011filimlerini denetleyecek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ak\u0131l ve ahlak imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan yoksun olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle olsa gerekir, \u2018karma e\u011fitime\u2019 \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00fcceltici dini s\u00f6ylemelerine ra\u011fmen, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n fiilen g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesini sa\u011flayacak yollar\u0131 t\u0131kaman\u0131n \u00e7eli\u015fkisini ya\u015f\u0131yorlar. \u0130stiyorlar ki kad\u0131nlar, yetenek ve bilgilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak toplumsal katma de\u011fer ve gelir yaratmak yerine, sadece erkeklere muhta\u00e7 olsunlar!..<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, siyasal \u0130slamc\u0131 ve g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc cemaat tipi olu\u015fumlar\u0131n kad\u0131nlarla ilgili alg\u0131 ve tutumlar\u0131n\u0131n, Kur\u2019an, ak\u0131l ve bilim, vicdan ve T\u00fcrk T\u00f6resiyle fazla bir ilgisi yoktur. Kad\u0131nlarla ilgili bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 arzular\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi beklentilerini, topluma ve etkili olduklar\u0131 siyaset d\u00fcnyas\u0131na dayatmak i\u00e7in \u0130sl\u00e2m Dininin kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ini bo\u015falt\u0131p kendi kolektif bilin\u00e7 alt\u0131 arzular\u0131yla dolduruyorlar.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Elmal\u0131l\u0131 Muhammed Hamdi YAZIR (1979): <\/strong>Hak Dini Kur\u2019an Dili, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Tefsir, 3. Cilt, Eser Ne\u015friyat\u00a0 ve Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m, \u0130stanbul ?<\/p>\n Saadettin MERD\u0130N (2020): <\/strong>Cinler Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Teolojinin Mitolojiden Ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Ankara Okulu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131:341, Ankara<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130slami \u00f6\u011fretinin temelini olu\u015fturan \u2018Tevhid\u2019 akidesinin, yayg\u0131n ve bask\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel k\u00fclt\u00fcrler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yeterince alg\u0131lanmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da inan\u00e7 yollar\u0131 ve yorumlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":17525,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[61,2,66],"tags":[2700,494,2701,1097,2373],"yoast_head":"\n