{"id":17928,"date":"2024-03-20T21:46:25","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T18:46:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=17928"},"modified":"2024-03-20T21:46:25","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T18:46:25","slug":"turkiye-neden-hibrit-bir-ulke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-neden-hibrit-bir-ulke\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye neden hibrit bir \u00fclke?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Londra merkezli The Economist gazetesinin \u00fcst kurulu\u015fu olan The Economist Group <\/strong>\u00a0(Economist Intelligence Unit)\u00a0 2024 K\u00fcresel Demokrasi Raporu\u2019nda \u00fclkeleri; \u00a0\u201cse\u00e7im s\u00fcreci\u201d,\u00a0\u201ci\u015flevsel\u00a0 h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u201d,\u00a0\u201csiyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u201d ve\u00a0\u00a0\u201csivil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler\u201d<\/em> kapsam\u0131nda\u00a0 \u00a0\u201ctam demokrasi,\u00a0\u201ckusurlu demokrasi\u201d,\u00a0\u201chibrit demokrasi\u201d,\u00a0\u201cbask\u0131c\u0131 rejim\u201d<\/em> kategorilerinde\u00a0 de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. 24 \u00fclkenin\u00a0\u201ctam demokrasi<\/em>\u201d, 50 \u00fclkenin\u00a0\u201ckusurlu demokrasi\u201d<\/em>, 34 \u00fclkenin\u00a0\u201chibrit demokrasi<\/em>\u201d, 59 \u00fclkenin \u00a0\u201cbask\u0131c\u0131 rejim\u201d\u00a0<\/em>olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda \u00a0T\u00fcrkiye,\u00a0 “hibrit demokrasi”<\/em> \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong> Kom\u015fumuz Yunanistan\u00a0ise \u201c<\/strong>tam demokrasi\u201d\u00a0<\/em>kategorisindedir.<\/p>\n

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Hibrit rejim<\/strong>\u00a0 (melez rejim<\/em>)\u00a0\u00a0otoriter\u00a0bir rejimden\u00a0demokratik\u00a0bir rejime (ya da tam tersi)\u00a0ge\u00e7i\u015fin\u00a0tamamlanamamas\u0131 sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan karma \u00a0siyasi sistem\u00a0t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hibrit rejimler,\u00a0otokratik\u00a0\u00f6zelliklerle demokratik \u00f6zelliklerin\u00a0 bile\u015fimidir.\u00a0\u00a0 Bu rejimler, daha \u00e7ok \u00a0petro devletler<\/strong>\u00a0gibi bol do\u011fal kaynaklara sahip\u00a0geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde\u00a0g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00a0 Rejimler sivil huzursuzluklar ya\u015fasa da\u00a0 istikrarl\u0131\u00a0 olabilirler. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131n sona ermesinden\u00a0 sonra hibrit rejimlerde art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftur. Hibrit rejimlerde se\u00e7imler iktidar de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine yol a\u00e7maz.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 103\u2019nc\u00fc s\u0131rada yer alan T\u00fcrkiye, \u00a0bir s\u0131ra y\u00fckselerek 4.33 puan ile s\u0131ralamada 167 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda <\/strong>102\u2019nci s\u0131radad\u0131r. Rapor\u2019da yer alan \u015fu \u00a0tespit \u00f6nemlidir: \u201cABD hegemonyas\u0131 giderek daha fazla tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelirken, \u00c7in k\u00fcresel n\u00fcfuz i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ve Suudi Arabistan ile T\u00fcrkiye gibi y\u00fckselen g\u00fc\u00e7ler de \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket ederken uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen daha istikrars\u0131z hale gelmektedir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmi\u015f demokrasilerin kendi i\u00e7lerindeki siyasi ve sosyal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmekte zorland\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u2026<\/em> Bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re sadece 0,01’lik bir art\u0131\u015fla 10 \u00fczerinden 5.29 olarak hesaplanan k\u00fcresel puan, 2016’da ba\u015flayan ve olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen demokratik durgunlu\u011fun tersine d\u00f6nmesinden \u00e7ok durgunlu\u011fu temsil ediyor.” <\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ile ilgili \u00a0\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131klama \u015f\u00f6yledir: “T\u00fcrkiye’nin demokratik de\u011ferleri a\u015f\u0131nmaya devam ediyor. T\u00fcrkiye b\u00f6lgedeki tek hibrit rejim. Demokrasi ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f durumda. Se\u00e7imler genellikle \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve adil de\u011fil, medya sans\u00fcre tabi, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zay\u0131f ve yolsuzluk yayg\u0131n. T\u00fcrkiye, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan liderli\u011finde son on y\u0131lda puan\u0131nda keskin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131. 2012’de 5,76 puan olan T\u00fcrkiye’nin ortalama puan\u0131 2022’de 1,41 puan d\u00fc\u015ferek 4,35’e geriledi. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f e\u011filimi otoriter ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n giderek artan otokratik y\u00f6netimini yans\u0131t\u0131yor.\u00a0 Erdo\u011fan, 2022’de medya, muhalefet ve kamuoyu \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131, ancak \u00fclke zaten t\u00fcm kategorilerde \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck puanlara sahip, bu nedenle bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6sterge \u00e7ok daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inemez.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Rapor\u2019da, Covid-19 pandemisinde bask\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler alan \u00c7in’in demokrasi puan\u0131n\u0131n 10 \u00fczerinden 1,94’e,\u00a0 endeksin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2006’dan bu yana en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeye indi\u011fi belirtilirken, Rusya’n\u0131n 2022’de t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada en fazla demokratik gerileme ya\u015fayan \u00fclke oldu\u011fu ve 22 basamak gerileyerek listenin 146’\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131na indi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Rapor\u2019a g\u00f6re\u00a0 52 \u00fclkede siyasi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015f, 21 \u00fclkede\u00a0 ilerleme olmu\u015ftur. <\/strong>Economist\u2019in\u00a0 raporu, \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra\u00a0“se\u00e7im s\u00fcreci”,<\/em>\u00a0“i\u015flevsel\u00a0 h\u00fck\u00fcmet”,\u00a0“siyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr ”\u00a0<\/em>ve\u00a0“sivil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler”\u00a0<\/em>de\u011ferlendirerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Raporda yer alan tespit\u00a0 \u00f6nemlidir: “ABD hegemonyas\u0131 giderek daha fazla tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelirken, \u00c7in k\u00fcresel n\u00fcfuz i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ve Suudi Arabistan ile T\u00fcrkiye gibi y\u00fckselen g\u00fc\u00e7ler de \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket ederken uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen daha istikrars\u0131z hale gelmektedir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmi\u015f demokrasilerin kendi i\u00e7lerindeki siyasi ve sosyal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00f6netmekte zorland\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/em>”<\/p>\n

ABD destekli sivil toplum ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu\u00a0Freedom House<\/strong><\/a>\u2019un 2024 y\u0131l\u0131\u00a0\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/a>ler Raporu\u2019nda da T\u00fcrkiye, son 10 y\u0131lda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerde\u00a0 b\u00fcy\u00fck gerilemenin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclkedir.\u00a0 Rapor\u2019da yer alan tespitlere g\u00f6re \u00a052 \u00fclkede siyasi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015f, 21 \u00fclkede \u00a0ilerleme olmu\u015ftur. 1973 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmada 148 \u00fclkeden 44’\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcr olarak derecelendirilmi\u015fken, 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda 195 \u00fclkeden sadece 84’\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcr olarak \u00a0de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Freedom House\u2019un raporunda, Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerine\u00a0 yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 not edilmi\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye, Myanmar ve Tayland\u2019da\u00a0 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00a0a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’deki h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>2023 se\u00e7im<\/em><\/strong><\/a>leri \u00f6ncesinde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z gazetecili\u011fi engelleyen ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir \u2018dezenformasyon\u2019 yasas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti<\/em><\/strong>\u201d denilmi\u015f, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin 2023 May\u0131s ay\u0131ndaki genel\u00a0 se\u00e7imler \u00f6ncesi muhalefeti \u00a0bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almak \u00a0i\u00e7in se\u00e7im yasalar\u0131n\u0131n manip\u00fcle edildi\u011fi \u00a0\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki se\u00e7imler, uzun s\u00fcredir muhalefet liderleri ve gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik taciz, tutuklama ve cezai kovu\u015fturmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra AKP\u2019nin medya \u00fczerindeki hakimiyeti ve kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131na \u00a0\u00a0yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Muhalefet i\u00e7in e\u015fit olmayan bir oyun alan\u0131 yaratan se\u00e7im d\u00fczenlemeleri\u00a0 demokrasiyi ciddi bir \u015fekilde tehdit etmekte, bu durum Kambo\u00e7ya, Polonya ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki se\u00e7imleri etkilemi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

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Prof. Dr. Tanju Tosun\u2019un bu konudaki de\u011ferlendirmesine kat\u0131lmamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir: \u201cD\u00fcnyada se\u00e7imlerin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda yap\u0131lan ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da var. \u00d6rne\u011fin Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye se\u00e7imlerin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 120\u2019nci s\u0131ralarda<\/strong>. Olduk\u00e7a k\u00f6t\u00fc durumday\u0131z. \u00a0\u0130ktidar ve muhalefet ba\u015fkan adaylar\u0131n\u0131n TRT\u2019de ne kadar s\u00fcre ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Medya kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iktidar ve muhalefet aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir adaletsizlik var. Kaynak finansman\u0131 anlam\u0131nda da sorunlar var. Yerel se\u00e7im olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen iktidar\u0131n kampanya s\u00fcrecinde de ciddi anlamda adil olmayan bir rekabet ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca iktidar y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin fonksiyonu olan birtak\u0131m kamu hizmetlerini yerelde de kampanyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor<\/strong>. Se\u00e7im rekabeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorun. \u0130ktidar bu alg\u0131y\u0131 k\u0131rabilecek d\u00fczenlemeler yaparsa ve se\u00e7imlerin adil yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlarsa T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar azal\u0131r. Sand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011finin de sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u00d6zellikle muhalefet partilerinin kendi \u00fcyelerini mobilize etmesi, alan\u0131 bo\u015f b\u0131rakmamalar\u0131 gerekiyor<\/strong>.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Say\u0131n Tosun\u2019un tespitleri aras\u0131nda yer alan \u201cSand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011finin de sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u00d6zellikle muhalefet partilerinin kendi \u00fcyelerini mobilize etmesi, alan\u0131 bo\u015f b\u0131rakmamalar\u0131 gerekiyor<\/em><\/strong>.\u201d <\/em>tespiti \u00f6nemli olup, dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Say\u0131n Tosun\u2019un tespitleri aras\u0131nda yer alan \u201cSand\u0131k g\u00fcvenli\u011finin de sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u00d6zellikle muhalefet partilerinin kendi \u00fcyelerini mobilize etmesi, alan\u0131 bo\u015f b\u0131rakmamalar\u0131 gerekiyor.\u201d tespiti \u00f6nemli olup dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":17933,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"coauthors":[6],"class_list":["post-17928","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17928"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17928\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17982,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17928\/revisions\/17982"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17928"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17928"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17928"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=17928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}