Anayasa, toplumsal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde ba\u015fat rol oynayan \u2018mill\u00ee devlet\u2019 yap\u0131s\u0131 ile ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin temel ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman i\u00e7inde meydana gelen toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fmelere g\u00f6re anayasa da de\u011fi\u015febilir. Burada \u00f6nemli olan, de\u011fi\u015fmenin devlet i\u015fleyi\u015finin toplum \u00fczerindeki etkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ne y\u00f6nde seyredece\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, eskiye g\u00f6re daha fazla \u00fcretkenlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ise toplumsal bir geli\u015fmeden; tam aksine yoksulluk, bask\u0131 ve ayr\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7iminde yans\u0131malar\u0131 olmu\u015fsa toplumsal bir gerilemeden s\u00f6z edilir. Bu anlamda, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu\u011fu kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler \u00fczerinden irdelenmelidir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve toplum d\u00fczenini \u015fekillendiren anayasan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde 1924 Anayasas\u0131nda ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00fczenleme ile bir saray y\u00f6netim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olan saltanat ve hilafet gibi kurumlar\u0131n yerine, mill\u00ee egemenlik ile ak\u0131l ve bilimi \u00f6nceleyen modern cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z ve \u015farts\u0131z milletin olurken, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkileri TBMM\u2019e verilmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131 yetki ve hakk\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkemelere verilmi\u015ftir.[1]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece, demokrasinin temeli olan \u2018g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 ilkesine k\u0131smi bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1924 Anayasas\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin dininin \u0130sl\u00e2m oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yer alm\u0131\u015f olsa da1928\u2019de yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle bu madde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na, 1937 tarihinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle devletin nitelikleri aras\u0131na laiklik ilkesi de girmi\u015ftir.[2]<\/a> Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin mill\u00ee ve laik bir devlet olmas\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 peki\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1924 Anayasas\u0131, T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fi ve egemenli\u011fine vurgu yapmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturur. Bir kurulu\u015f anayasas\u0131 olarak ve modern cumhuriyet y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7i\u015fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bir at\u0131l\u0131m say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1961 Anayasas\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131n\u0131n, toplum \u00fczerinde \u2018otoriter\u2019 tutuma y\u00f6nelmesini engellemek maksad\u0131yla tam olarak \u2018g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 ilkesine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. TBMM, \u2018Millet Meclisi\u2019 ve \u2018Cumhuriyet Senatosu\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde ikili bir yasama yap\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yasama organ\u0131 olarak TBMM\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya uygunlu\u011funu denetlemek \u00fczere Anayasa Mahkemesi kurulmu\u015ftur. \u2018\u0130darenin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc eylem ve i\u015flemine kar\u015f\u0131 yarg\u0131 yolu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u2019 h\u00fckm\u00fc ile y\u00f6netimin yasalara tam uyumunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn idari i\u015flemler Dan\u0131\u015ftay denetimine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlara sendika kurma hakk\u0131yla birlikte grev hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[3]<\/a> <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, dengeli bir toplumsal kalk\u0131nma olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in siyasi demokrasi ile iktisadi demokrasinin birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi hukuki bir alt yap\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1961 Anayasas\u0131, ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemden dolay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u2018y\u00fcr\u00fctme\u2019 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc bir anayasa olarak bilinir. Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok sorgulanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, grev ve toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fme gibi i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131 ile gen\u00e7lik hareketlerinde canlanma ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>1961 Anayasas\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemin \u2018y\u00fcr\u00fctme\u2019 g\u00fcc\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik belirli fren d\u00fczenekleri getirmi\u015ftir. 1924 Anayasas\u0131, her daim ge\u00e7erli olacak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir T\u00fcrk devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 ve toplum in\u015fa etmeye odaklan\u0131rken; 1961 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri \u00fczerinden giri\u015fimci bir toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hedefledi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0 1961 Anayasas\u0131, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ileri d\u00fczeyde bir toplumsal geli\u015fmeyi temsil eder.<\/p>\n 1961 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi nispeten \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ortamda, \u00f6zellikle \u00fcniversitelerde, \u2018solcu\u2019 ve \u2018milliyet\u00e7i\u2019 gen\u00e7lik yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 canl\u0131l\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131, y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zecek y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcrden yoksun olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde siyasal pop\u00fclizmin ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na teslim olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, \u00fclkenin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k davas\u0131 ve kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k \u00fczerinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u2018sol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u2019, Sovyet\u00e7ilik, K\u00fcrt\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve \u00c7incilik militanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na evrilmi\u015ftir. Mevcut d\u00fczeni sorgulayan bir toplumsal hareketlilik, esrarengiz bir bi\u00e7imde amac\u0131ndan saparak devlet d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve ter\u00f6re y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Toplum kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen as\u0131l milliyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ise kendi enerjisini t\u00fcmden \u2018kom\u00fcnizm\u2019 ve \u2018b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck\u2019 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sabitlemi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fczden, milliyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin vurguncu kapitalist sistem ile hesapla\u015fmas\u0131 unutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019de, \u00fcniversite merkezli gen\u00e7lik hareketlerinin talihsiz bir bi\u00e7imde ter\u00f6rize edilmesi sonucunda, bu olaylar bahane edilmek suretiyle u\u011fursuz bir darbe yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 darbesi sonras\u0131nda, \u2018hay\u0131r\u2019 demenin neredeyse yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda yap\u0131lan referandum ile \u00fclke yeni bir anayasa d\u00fczenine sokulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 1982 Anayasas\u0131, devletin y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisini kullanan Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Cumhuriyet Senatosu kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tek meclis sistemi benimsenmi\u015ftir. 1961 Anayasas\u0131ndaki \u2018kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131\u2019 demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 daralt\u0131larak siyasetin yaln\u0131zca siyasi partiler ve se\u00e7ilmi\u015f devlet organlar\u0131 eliyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ilkesi benimsenmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda, sendikalar\u0131n, derneklerin, vak\u0131flar\u0131n ve meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kendi konu ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlemeleri yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, kurulu\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermeleri \u00f6nlenmi\u015ftir[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>1982 Anayasas\u0131 ile siyasal iktidar\u0131n, toplum \u00fczerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 dengeleyici bir rol oynayan \u2018bask\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 toplumsal sorunlarla ilgili etkinliklerine ket vurulmu\u015ftur. Oysa, siyasal iktidarlar\u0131n, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir propaganda a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmak suretiyle her zaman toplum \u00fczerinde etkili bir manip\u00fclasyona giri\u015fme ihtimali vard\u0131r. Toplumu ayd\u0131nlatma ve bilin\u00e7lendirme ile do\u011fru y\u00f6nde bilgilendirme konusunda siyasal muhalefet de yetersiz kalabilir. Bu durumda, sendikalar, dernekler, meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131 (s\u00f6zgelimi barolar, v.b.) gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr mensubu insanlar, toplumsal muhalefete katk\u0131da bulunabilir. Bask\u0131 gruplar\u0131, iktidar olmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamadan siyasal kararlar\u0131 toplum ad\u0131na etkilemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sivil olu\u015fumlar olarak bilinir. Topluma, demokrasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerle\u015fmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n 1982 Anayasas\u0131, bask\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131 dar bir alanda etkinlik yapmaya zorlayarak halktan kopuk siyasal iktidarlar\u0131 rahatlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Otoriterli\u011fe soyunan siyasal iktidarlar, 1982 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi d\u00fczenlemeler sayesinde bask\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131 muhalif siyasetten uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc toplumsal denetimden kurtulmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ki\u015fi ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin, siyasal ve toplumsal olaylara kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenirken, \u00f6z\u00fcnde tarafs\u0131z olmas\u0131 gereken bir\u00e7ok kamu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde siyasetin i\u00e7ine sokulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 S\u00f6z gelimi, diyanet, v.b. gibi kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netim kadrolar\u0131, siyasal iktidar lehine d\u00f6ne d\u00f6ne siyaset yapmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, mevcut iktidar, kendi yanda\u015f\u0131 sendika, dernek, vak\u0131f ile \u00e7e\u015fitli cemaat ve tarikatlar gibi \u2018\u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131\u2019 ile bir g\u00fc\u00e7 koalisyonu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Oysa, bask\u0131 gruplar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca siyasal iktidar\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi taban\u0131n\u0131 temsilde gev\u015fek davranan muhalefet partilerini de ele\u015ftirerek demokratik geli\u015fmeye katk\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n 1982 Anayasas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle ele\u015ftirel ve analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sahipleri ile muhalif durumda olan ki\u015fi ve kurumlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini, siyasal iktidar lehine s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00fclkedeki en etkili bilgi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fcretim merkezleri olan \u00fcniversiteleri, Y\u00f6k arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla siyasal iktidar\u0131n m\u00fcdahale edebilece\u011fi bir hale getirdi. \u00dcniversiteler, evrensel akademik kurumlar olman\u0131n \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.<\/p>\n 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 cunta y\u00f6netimi ve 1982 Anayasas\u0131, emek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sermayeyi korudu\u011fu gibi, vatanda\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u2018y\u00fcr\u00fctme\u2019 organ\u0131n\u0131 yeniden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Otoriterle\u015fmeyle birlikte yolsuzluk ekonomisine ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bu anlamda, 1982 Anayasas\u0131, \u00f6nceki anaysa d\u00fczenlemeleriyle toplum lehine sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan toplumsal geli\u015fme \u00e7izgisini geriye d\u00f6nd\u00fcren bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n Daha sonraki anayasa de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle \u2018y\u00fcr\u00fctme\u2019 organ\u0131, toplumun aleyhine olacak bi\u00e7imde daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi. 12 Eyl\u00fcl 2010 Referandumu ile yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kalkarken yarg\u0131 siyasal iktidar\u0131n g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131na girdi. 16 Nisan 2017 tarihli Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet sistemi de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile demokrasinin temeli olan \u2018g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 ilkesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zedelendi. \u2018Tek adam\u2019 rejimi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak, k\u00fcresel kapitalist ideolojinin, taktiksel olarak farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte stratejik m\u00fcttefikleri olan siyasal islamc\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00fcrt\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve liberal solculuk gibi anlay\u0131\u015flar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Devletini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme projesi s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Son k\u0131rk y\u0131ld\u0131r yap\u0131lan anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin \u00f6zetine ve y\u00f6nelimine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, 1924 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n mill\u00ee kimlik ve laik devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 ile 1961 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin maddelerine birer \u2018ayar \u00e7ekme\u2019 a\u015famas\u0131na gelindi\u011fi izlenimi do\u011fuyor.<\/p>\n Bu durum, hem hukuki ve siyasal anlamda, hem de toplumsal ba\u011flamda bir gerilemedir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.anayasa.gov.tr\/tr\/mevzuat\/onceki-anayasalar\/1924-anayasasi\/<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 19.05.2024)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.barobirlik.org.tr\/Haberler\/laiklik-ilkesinin-anayasamizda-yer-almasinin-83-yil-donumu-tubakkom-basin-aciklamasi-81108(Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 19.05.2024)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.anayasa.gov.tr\/tr\/mevzuat\/onceki-anayasalar\/1961-anayasasi\/<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 19.05.2024)<\/p>\n <\/p>\nToplumsal geli\u015fmenin motivasyonu olarak 1961 anayasas\u0131<\/h2>\n
Demokrasi ile y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr ili\u015fkisi<\/h2>\n
Bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak 1982 anayasas\u0131<\/h2>\n
Demokrasinin \u00e7eldirilmesi ve \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131 \u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcyor<\/h2>\n