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<\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu, toplumun en y\u00fcksek\u00a0gelir\u00a0elde eden y\u00fczde 20’nin toplam gelirden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay\u0131n, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir elde eden y\u00fczde 20’nin elde etti\u011fi paya oran\u0131n\u0131 7,7 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda s\u0131f\u0131ra yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda e\u015fitlik, 1’e yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda bozulma s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00a0\u00a0Bir \u00fclkede gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 denildi\u011finde anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, ekonomide belirli bir s\u00fcrede yarat\u0131lan gelirlerin, ekonomideki karar birimleri taraf\u0131ndan ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesidir.<\/p>\n
Ki\u015fisel gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda adaleti \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar i\u00e7inde en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan\u0131\u00a0Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. \u00a0E\u011fer gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla e\u015fit, b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferler mutlak e\u015fitlik \u00e7izgisi \u00fczerinde ise, o zaman Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r olur. Katsay\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131ra yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitli\u011finin, bire yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. \u00dclkeden \u00fclkeye gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterse de mutlak anlamda e\u015fit bir gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m s\u00f6z konusu olmaz.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2024 y\u0131l\u0131 gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 istatistikleri, ekonomik e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. T\u00dc\u0130K raporuna g\u00f6re, en zengin y\u00fczde 20\u2019lik dilim, toplam gelirden y\u00fczde 48,1 oran\u0131nda pay al\u0131rken, en yoksul y\u00fczde 20\u2019lik dilimin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay y\u00fczde 6,3\u2019t\u00fcr. Bu durumda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 adaletsizli\u011fi, sadece ki\u015filerin ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, toplumun genel refah\u0131n\u0131 ve sosyal uyumunu da tehdit eder. B\u00f6yle bir toplumda sosyal e\u015fitlikten s\u00f6z edilemez. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131 e\u015fitsizlikler \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama e\u015fde\u011fer hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir ki\u015fi geliri 187.728 TL iken \u0130stanbul\u2019da 257.891 TL; Van, Mu\u015f, Bitlis ve Hakkari\u2019de\u00a0 91.818 TL\u2019dir. \u0130stanbul ile bu b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131ndaki 3 kata yak\u0131n (2.82) fark, \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u0131ndan biri olup Bat\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6nelikg\u00f6\u00e7e de zemin haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. E\u011fitim seviyesi ile gelir aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, e\u015fitsizli\u011fin en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama gelirleri 309.721 TL\u2019ye ula\u015f\u0131rken, okul bitirmemi\u015f ki\u015filerin y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirleri 106.478 TL\u2019dir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de e\u011fitimde f\u0131rsat e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fini besleyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerden biridir. Bu ger\u00e7ek, e\u015fitsizli\u011fi gidermek i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fretim d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki denemelerin katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fitim politikalar\u0131n\u0131n sadece nitelik de\u011fil, eri\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da iyile\u015ftirilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en y\u00fcksek e\u015fde\u011fer hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir ki\u015fi gelirine sahip y\u00fczde 20’lik grubun toplam gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 0,6 puan azalarak y\u00fczde 48,1 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 0,007 puan azal\u0131\u015fla 0,413 olmu\u015ftur. Sosyal transferler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda katsay\u0131 0,476, emekli ve dul yetim maa\u015f\u0131 dahil di\u011fer t\u00fcm sosyal transfer gelirleri hari\u00e7 oldu\u011funda 0,423\u2019t\u00fcr.\u00a0 Toplumun en y\u00fcksek gelir elde eden y\u00fczde 20’sinin elde etti\u011fi pay\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelir elde eden y\u00fczde 20’sinin elde etti\u011fi paya oran\u0131 olarak hesaplanan P80\/P20 oran\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 0,2 puan azalarak 7,7 olurken, gelirden en fazla pay alan y\u00fczde 10’unun elde etti\u011fi gelirin en az pay alan y\u00fczde 10’unun elde etti\u011fi gelire oran\u0131 \u015feklindeki P90\/P10 oran\u0131 ise 0,5 puan azalarak 13,3 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama e\u015fde\u011fer hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir ki\u015fi geliri \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 108,3 artarak 90.116 TL’den 187.728 TL’ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tek ki\u015filik hane halklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama e\u015fde\u011fer hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir ki\u015fi geliri 223.859 TL iken, tek \u00e7ekirdek aileden olu\u015fan hane halklar\u0131nda de\u011fer 192.110 TL\u2019dir. Toplam gelir i\u00e7inde en y\u00fcksek pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 48,8 ile \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 0,3 puan artan maa\u015f ve \u00fccret geliri, daha sonra y\u00fczde 20,8 ile \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 1,3 puan azalan m\u00fcte\u015febbis geliri, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131ray\u0131 ise y\u00fczde 17,8 ile sosyal transfer gelirleri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da 2014-2024 d\u00f6nemindeki gelirlerin y\u00fczde 20\u2019lik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Tablodan da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi ilk y\u00fczde 20\u2019lik (en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck) kesimde geli\u015fme olmazken, (6,1-6,3) son y\u00fczde 20\u2019lik kesimde \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (46,5-48,1)<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Bir \u00fclkede gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, toplum d\u00fczeninin temel unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkiler. Gelirlerin toplumun farkl\u0131 kesimleri aras\u0131nda adil olmayan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, sosyal tabakala\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131rarak f\u0131rsat e\u015fitsizli\u011fine ve toplumdaki farkl\u0131 gruplar aras\u0131nda huzursuzluklara yol a\u00e7ar. Adaletsiz bir gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, alt gelir gruplar\u0131ndaki ki\u015filerin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmadan faydalanma imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. (S. R\u0131dvan Karluk, T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi<\/em>, 13. Bask\u0131, 2014, s.79-103.)<\/p>\n Bir d\u00f6nem DPT\u2019da \u201chalef selef\u201d<\/em> oldu\u011fumuz Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Cevdet Y\u0131lmaz, 2024 y\u0131l\u0131\u00a0 istatistiklerinde yer alan g\u00f6stergeler esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye’de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: “Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek e\u015fde\u011fer hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir fert gelirine sahip y\u00fczde 20’lik grubun toplam gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 0,6 puan azalarak y\u00fczde 48,1 olurken en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelire sahip y\u00fczde 20’lik grubun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay ise 0,2 puan artarak y\u00fczde 6,3 olmu\u015ftur. \u00a0T\u00fcm g\u00f6stergeler gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir.”<\/em><\/p>\n Baz\u0131 kesimlerin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te kaybeden durumda olmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri, adaletsiz gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n f\u0131rsat e\u015fitsizli\u011fini beslemesidir. \u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hane halk\u0131 gelirlerinin bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 106,9 oran\u0131nda artmas\u0131 olumlu bir tablo \u00e7izse de enflasyonun art\u0131\u015ftaki rol\u00fc yok say\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n Reel gelir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalmas\u0131, halk\u0131n al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak yerine, mevcut gelir e\u015fitsizliklerini daha da \u00e7o\u011faltmaktad\u0131r. Bu e\u015fitsizliklerin giderilmesi i\u00e7in e\u011fitimde f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flanmal\u0131, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerine y\u00f6nelik kalk\u0131nma projeleri \u00a0yap\u0131lmal\u0131, y\u00fcksek gelirli gruplardan daha adil vergi al\u0131nmal\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli gruplara y\u00f6nelik destekler art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve sosyal transferlerin kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletilmelidir.<\/p>\n Mill\u00ee gelir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkesinde ki\u015filere e\u015fit olarak da\u011f\u0131lmaz. Gelirin co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, \u00fclkenin farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan ki\u015filerin gelirden ne oranda pay \u00a0ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00fclkelerin farkl\u0131 y\u00f6relerindeki kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k sevilerinin g\u00f6sterimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki bozukluk, ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engellerden biridir.<\/p>\n Ekonomide yap\u0131sal reformlar yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda d\u00fczelme olmaz. Bu, sadece ekonomik bir sorun de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal bir yarad\u0131r. Geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7erisinde toplam refah\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yarat\u0131lan gelirin toplumun t\u00fcm kesimin taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, sosyal adaletin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ve toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pay alan kesimlerin \u00fclke n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7erisinde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta olmas\u0131, bu kesimlerin sosyal refah devletinin temel hizmetlerinden say\u0131lan e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve beslenmeden daha az faydalanmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n \u00dclkelerin geli\u015fmi\u015flik seviyesi ile paralellik g\u00f6steren gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, kaynaklar\u0131n adil, e\u015fit ve dengeli da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rlerle toplumsal huzur ve refah\u0131 etkiler.\u00a0 Bir \u00fclke gelir adaletsizli\u011fini azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, daha fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flayabilir. Gelir adaletsizli\u011fi ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye negatif etki yapar. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm kesimler \u00fczerinde belli oranlarda adaletlili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, toplumsal bozukluklar\u0131n minimal seviyeye gerilemesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, toplumsal nitelikli g\u00f6steri ve olaylar\u0131n da minimum etki seviyesinde kalmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Gelirlerin toplumun farkl\u0131 kesimleri aras\u0131nda adil olmayan da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, sosyal tabakala\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131rarak f\u0131rsat e\u015fitsizli\u011fine ve toplumdaki farkl\u0131 gruplar aras\u0131nda huzursuzluklara yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":18658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[349,77,3039,351],"yoast_head":"\n