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G<\/strong>iri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7e\u015fitli krall\u0131k, prenslik ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fehirlerin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc co\u011frafyada Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kendi milli birli\u011fini olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ancak XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde Prusya krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nderli\u011finde sa\u011flanabilmi\u015ftir (Ortayl\u0131 1998:15-16). Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme politikas\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veren ve uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelelerinden uzak durmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Almanya II. Wilhelm\u2019den itibaren d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde s\u00f6z sahibi olma politikas\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f (Bozkurt 2006: 290-291, Trumpener, 1999:130) ve bu\u00a0 kapsamda d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda boy g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devletine ilgisinin ona yard\u0131m amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilirse de, II. Wilhelm\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 ile ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmesi; ger\u00e7ekte Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n petrol, bak\u0131r, krom ve kur\u015fun gibi maden yataklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olmas\u0131ndan, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n fabrikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in hammadde ve mamulleri i\u00e7in pazar bulma ihtiyac\u0131ndan ve kurulacak olan Berlin-Ba\u011fdat demiryolu hatt\u0131 ile Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde etkin olarak \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 avantaj elde etme ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda pay alma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131 (Alkan 2014: 94, Tepekaya 2002: 40).<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki faaliyetleri Kas\u0131m 1830\u2019lardan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na gelen Helmuth von Moltke ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki askeri heyetin Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu yeniden te\u015fkilatland\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonlar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hen\u00fcz y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 r\u00fctbesinde iken Osmanl\u0131 Devletine askeri dan\u0131\u015fman olarak g\u00f6revlendirilen Moltke, 1839\u2019da Almanya\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Alman n\u00fcfuzuna haz\u0131r h\u00e2le geldi\u011fini, Balkanlar\u2019dan ge\u00e7ecek bir demiryoluyla Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n Berlin\u2019e ba\u011flanabilece\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylece Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz kontrol\u00fcndeki deniz yollar\u0131ndan uzakta bulunan bu demiryolu hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinden Dicle ve F\u0131rat havzalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesini ve Filistin\u2019i gelecek Alman ku\u015faklar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na sahip olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2015: 5) rapor etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Moltke ile benzer fikirlere sahip olan Alman iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Friedrich List de 1846\u2019da Tuna havzas\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n, Karadeniz\u2019in bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve Anadolu\u2019nun kuzeyinin Alman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecileri i\u00e7in bo\u015f ve verimli topraklar oldu\u011funu belirterek bu b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere Ba\u011fdat\u2019a uzanacak bir demiryolu in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Leipzig \u00dcniversitesinden Profes\u00f6r Wilhelm Roscher ise Osmanl\u0131 Devleti par\u00e7alan\u0131nca Alman halk\u0131n\u0131n ganimetten pay olarak Asya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sini almas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur (Hopkirk 1995: 7-8, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2015: 6).<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki bilgiler Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki faaliyetlerinin yaln\u0131zca Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 koruma amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n bir yandan Kafkaslar\u2019a di\u011fer yandan Ba\u011fdat demiryolu \u00fczerinden Ortado\u011fu b\u00f6lgesine el atmak suretiyle bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki zengin kaynaklardan kendi ekonomik geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in yararlanmak oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Bu ger\u00e7ekler g\u00f6rmezden gelinirse Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni politikalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu kapsamda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 devleti ile ili\u015fkileri ve Ermeni politikalar\u0131 incelenirken yukar\u0131da belirtilen hedeflerinin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131nda yarar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni sorununun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki politikas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin desteklenmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni sorununu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131 olarak kullanmak istediklerinin fark\u0131nda olan Almanya di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t\u0131 projesine de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f daha ziyade \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00fczerinde hegemonya kurmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131\u00a0 Devleti\u2019nin bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girmesini \u00f6nleme amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti.<\/p>\n Bu kapsamda Ermeni meselesinin de Girit hadisesinde oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130ngilizlerin etkisi ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Alman imparatoru II. Wilhelm; \u0130stanbul’da g\u00f6rev yapan yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke sefirleri taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devletindeki Ermeniler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t layihas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetsiz bir giri\u015fim olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu (Bozkurt 2006: 294).<\/p>\n Ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7te Almanya di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131labilmesinin Ermenilere birtak\u0131m ilave haklar tan\u0131nmas\u0131 suretiyle sa\u011flanabilece\u011fi gibi bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Berlin Sefiri Osman Nizami Pa\u015faya Ermeni meselesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin galeyana gelmemesi ve Ermeniler i\u00e7in acilen bir \u015feyler yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ili\u015fkin tavsiyede bulunmas\u0131 bu konuda Alman y\u00f6netiminde ve kamuoyunda olu\u015fan tav\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Osman Nizami Pa\u015fa Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131n\u0131n tavsiyelerini ve bu tavsiyelere ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini 19 Nisan 1913 tarih ve 166 numaral\u0131 telgraf\u0131 (M\u00fcnir S\u00fcreyya Bey 2001: 78) ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne rapor etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t projelerine daha sonra destek vermeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t\u0131 projesini kabul etmek ve uygulamak zorunda kalmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devletindeki Ermenilerle ilgili politikalar\u0131nda Alman kilisesinin ve misyonerlerin \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019daki \u201c\u0130ncil Cemiyeti\u201d adl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct daha 1896\u2019dan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Ermenilerin durumu hakk\u0131nda yalan ve iftiralarla dolu bilgiler yayarak Ermeniler i\u00e7in yard\u0131m toplama faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Berlin Tageblatt ve Gazet de la Croix adl\u0131 gazetelerde yay\u0131nlanan ve yukar\u0131da belirtilen iftira ve yalanlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren haberler Berlin\u2019deki Osmanl\u0131 Sefiri taraf\u0131ndan bir ba\u015fka Alman gazetesinde tekzip edilmek zorunda kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bozkurt 2006: 311).<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhine kullan\u0131lan Almanca kitap ve di\u011fer yay\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc misyoner faaliyetleri yoluyla olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Alman misyonerlerinin en \u00f6nemlisi Dr. Johannes Lepsius\u2019tur. 1887\u2019de Harz Friesdorf\u2019ta papazl\u0131k yapan (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2001: 585), 1895’te “Alman Do\u011fu Misyonu”nu (DOM) kuran, “Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndaki Ermenilerin durumunu incelemek amac\u0131yla” 1897’de papazl\u0131ktan istifa ettikten sonra DOM’un m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne getirilen (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 330-331) ve T\u00fcrk olan her \u015feye d\u00fc\u015fman olabilecek kadar fanatik olan (Bozkurt 2006: 312) papaz Lepsius, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Ermenilere adam\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk aleyhtar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc faaliyetin i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurulu\u015f amac\u0131 “M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda \u0130ncil’i yaymak” olarak belirtilmesine ra\u011fmen, DOM’un as\u0131l faaliyeti, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki -\u00f6zellikle Protestan- Ermenilere madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee destek sa\u011flamakt\u0131. Bir ad\u0131 da “Ermenilere Yard\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc” olan DOM’un, Mezopotamya’daki “Sevgi Hizmetleri” (hastane ve at\u00f6lyeler) \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc hem Protestan Ermenileri Almanya’ya kazand\u0131r\u0131yor, hem de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hay\u0131r hizmetleriyle b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk nezdinde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n itibar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltiyordu (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 330-331).<\/p>\n Protestan bir papaz olan ve bir hal\u0131 t\u00fcccar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya giren Lepsius’un Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki faaliyetleri din\u00ee olmaktan \u00e7ok politikti. Papaz\u0131n amac\u0131 Ermeniler aras\u0131nda etkin olan Bat\u0131l\u0131 ve Do\u011fulu di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan g\u00fc\u00e7lerin n\u00fcfuzunu k\u0131rmak ve pastadan Almanya’ya da pay koparmakt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Lepsius’un ifadesiyle, “Mezopotamya, Almanya’n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye’deki menfaat alan\u0131 idi”(Ar\u0131kan 2006: 331).<\/p>\n Rus diplomatlar\u0131ndan Mandelstam, Lepsius’un T\u00fcrkiye’deki fonksiyonunu, “Ermenileri, Rusya’n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 reform pl\u00e2n\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7irtip Almanya \u00e7izgisine \u00e7ekmek” olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Katolik Ermenilerin \u00f6nde gelen simalar\u0131ndan olan ve 24 Nisan 2015 g\u00fcn\u00fc tutuklanarak \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131\u2019da g\u00f6zetimli serbestlik stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulundurulduktan bir s\u00fcre sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ve daha sonra tedavi i\u00e7in Fransa\u2019ya gitmesine izin verilen Ermeni papaz\u0131 Vardapet Grigoris Balakyan[1]<\/a>, Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Ermenileri<\/p>\n kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131 olarak kullanabilmek i\u00e7in Ermeniler aras\u0131nda itibarl\u0131 bir yere sahip olan Lepsius\u2019tan bir ajan olarak yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir (Balakian 2009: 280). Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ger\u00e7eklere ra\u011fmen Lepsius’un olay mahalline ad\u0131m atmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2lde “g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidi” olarak kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar bug\u00fcn soyk\u0131r\u0131m literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde birinci elden kaynak muamelesi g\u00f6rmektedir (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 331).<\/p>\n Lepsius Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda d\u00f6rt kitap ve bir rapor kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki 1897\u2019de Berlin\u2019de bas\u0131lan \u201cErmenistan ve Avrupa, H\u0131ristiyan Devletlere Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7 Duyurusu, H\u0131ristiyan Almanya’ya \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131”\u00a0 adl\u0131 266 sayfal\u0131k kitapt\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak sayfalar boyu garip iddialarda bulunan ve bu iddialar\u0131n\u0131 belgelendirme gereksinmesi duymayan Lepsius, kitab\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ve T\u00fcrkler hakk\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r ithamlarda ve iftiralarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu kitap hakk\u0131nda, gazeteci yazar Hans Barth, “Papaz Lepsius’un pespaye roman\u0131” (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 331-332) ifadesini kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Lepsius\u2019un bu konudaki ikinci kitab\u0131 1916\u2019da Potsdam\u2019da bas\u0131lan \u201cBericht \u00fcber die Lage des Armenischen Volkes in der T\u00fcrkei (Ermeni Halk\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Durumu Hakk\u0131nda Rapor)\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 1915 yaz\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen Lepsius, Enver Pa\u015fa ve baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk devlet adamlar\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapt\u0131ktan sonra kitab\u0131n\u0131 misyon raporu h\u00e2linde kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Almanya\u2019da sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda sans\u00fcr uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan raporu gizlice bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019da 20.000 adet da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daha sonra raporun yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2015: 145). 303 sayfal\u0131k rapor ilkine benzer \u015fekilde kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve s\u00f6ylentilere dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Papaz Lepsius\u2019un monografi tarz\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kitab\u0131, Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ar\u015fivinde mevcut Ermenilerle ilgili 1914-1918 y\u0131llar\u0131na ait diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir derlemesi olan “Almanya ve Ermenistan 1914-1918” adl\u0131 kitapt\u0131r. Lepsius, bu derlemeyi Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sipari\u015fi \u00fczerine haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olup, “Kitaba al\u0131nacak belgelerin se\u00e7iminin tamamen kendisine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir” (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 331-332). O d\u00f6nemde Ermeni tehcirinin sorumlular\u0131 aras\u0131nda olduklar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle su\u00e7lanmaya ba\u015flanan Alman y\u00f6neticiler, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n su\u00e7suzlu\u011funu kan\u0131tlama \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girmi\u015flerdir. 1 Aral\u0131k 1918\u2019de Lepsius ile bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapan Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Dr. Solf, Lepsius\u2019a Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde bulunan Ermeni sorunu ile ilgili belgeleri ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revi vermi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6revin sonunda yaz\u0131lan ve 444 belge i\u00e7eren \u201cAlmanya ve Ermenistan 1914-1918\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n sonunda Jakob K\u00fcnzler taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan bir misyon raporu (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2015: 146-147) ile 1914-1918 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanlar\u0131, m\u00fcste\u015farlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ileri ile Adana, Halep, \u0130skenderun, Ba\u011fdat, Beyrut, \u015eam, Erzurum, Hayfa, Yafa, Kud\u00fcs, Musul, Samsun, Sivas, \u0130zmir ve Trabzon konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n isim ve g\u00f6rev s\u00fcreleri listesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Wolfgang Gust; Lepsius\u2019un 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 444 belge orijinal belgelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda birtak\u0131m farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu durumun belgelerin manip\u00fcle edildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini, fakat bu\u00a0manip\u00fclasyonun Lepsius taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil de Lepsius\u2019a Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ar\u015fivlerini a\u00e7an ve bu belgeleri \u00f6n\u00fcne sunan Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (Alkan 2014: 100, Gust, 2014) belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sipari\u015f kitaplar ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetlerle Alman devleti nezdinde kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 itibarl\u0131 konumdan cesaret alan Lepsius Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan Ermeniler i\u00e7in genel af yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, Kars, Ardahan ve Batum halk\u0131na \u201cself determination\u201d hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Rus Ermenistan\u2019\u0131na T\u00fcrkler\u2019 in n\u00fcfuzunun engellenmesi konular\u0131nda Alman H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019nden g\u00fcvence talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2001: 588).<\/p>\n Lepsius 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra \u201cDie Grobe Politik der Europ\u00e4ischen Kabinette 1871-1914\u201d (Avrupa Kabinelerinin B\u00fcy\u00fck Politikas\u0131 1871-1914) adl\u0131 eserini 40 cilt h\u00e2linde 1927\u2019de Berlin\u2019de yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kademelerinde g\u00f6rev yapan Alman subaylar\u0131ndan Felix Guse, Ermenilerin devaml\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yet ve yak\u0131nmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine bat\u0131 kamuoyunun g\u00f6\u00e7 yolundaki Ermeni halk\u0131na mezalim yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmakla birlikte, olanlar\u0131 ve yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 topluca de\u011ferlendirerek bu konuda biraz temkinli davran\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fini, Ermeniler\u2019e ili\u015fkin raporlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok propagandaya y\u00f6nelik olarak kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu kez olaylar\u0131n abart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (Guse 1940: 616-617) ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Felix Guse, Lepsius\u2019un kitaplar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ise \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden Ermenilerin say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Lepsius\u2019un verdi\u011fi rakamlar abart\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r ve kesinlikle inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ermenilerin soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 slogan\u0131 tamamen yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdi\u011finde geride daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Ermeni halk\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131. Alman kamuoyunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131, m\u00fcttefikimiz Osmanl\u0131 Devleti i\u00e7in de\u011fil, aksine Ermeniler i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Ermeniler kendilerini ac\u0131nd\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi becerdiler ve y\u0131llarca bu t\u00fcrden propagandalar yapt\u0131lar. Alman kamuoyunun sorunu bu \u015fekilde alg\u0131lamas\u0131nda Lepsius\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bana g\u00f6re Lepsius bu konuda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yan\u0131lg\u0131 i\u00e7erisindedir. <\/em>(Guse 1940: 616-617).<\/p>\n Lepsius\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekleri yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazan sadece Felix Guse de\u011fildir. Mersin\u2019de iki y\u0131l ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Volter Zilhe de Lepsius\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cErmeni Hak\u00e2iki\u201d adl\u0131 kitaptaki bilgilerin tamamen yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu Alman Post gazetesinde a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve s\u00f6z konusu a\u00e7\u0131klama Almanya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk sefareti taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na rapor edilmi\u015ftir (Bozkurt 2006: 313).<\/p>\n T\u0131pk\u0131 Lepsius gibi hal\u0131 t\u00fcccar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya giren Alman Ba\u015frahip Lepatis de Anadolu\u2019da kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131karmak \u00fczere faaliyette bulunmu\u015f ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin faaliyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Alman papazlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc misyonerlik faaliyetleri de Ermeni ayaklanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bozkurt 2006: 312 -313).<\/p>\n Alman Ermeni Cemiyeti\u2019nin ve Alman Do\u011fu Misyonu\u2019nun \u015fefi olan papaz Dr. Johannes Lepsius\u2019un yan\u0131 s\u0131ra misyonerlik faaliyetlerinde bulunan di\u011fer Alman misyonerleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli olanlar\u0131; Urfa\u2019da hastane y\u00f6neticili\u011fi yapan Alman as\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130svi\u00e7reli Jakob K\u00fcnzler, Alman Yard\u0131m Kurulu\u015fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131ndan Ba\u015f\u00f6\u011fretmen Ernst Sommer, Urfa\u2019daki Alman Yetimhanesi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Brono Eckart, Alman Yazar ve S\u0131hhiye Subay\u0131 Armin T. Wegner[2]<\/a>\u00a0ve m\u00fcltecilerden sorumlu Milletler Cemiyeti Y\u00fcksek Komiseri kutup ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Norve\u00e7li Fridjof Nansen\u2019dir (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2015: 268-269).<\/p>\n Ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Lepsius gibi fanatiklerin \u00e7ekti\u011fi yukar\u0131da isimleri verilen T\u00fcrk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ki\u015filer sadece Ermeni deste\u011fi ile yetinmemi\u015f ve H\u0131ristiyan birli\u011fini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kartmak suretiyle T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi d\u00fczenlenerek T\u00fcrklerin yok edilmesini isteyecek kadar tarafgir bir tutum izlemi\u015ftir (Beydilli 1987: 41). \u0130lk ba\u015flarda yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131 olarak kurulan Alman Misyonlar\u0131 zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde gittik\u00e7e siyasalla\u015fmaya ve kendi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcreterek siyasi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Bunlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri faaliyetler daha sonraki y\u0131llarda yaz\u0131lan misyonerlik kitaplar\u0131na da kaynak olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Alman misyonerlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderilen Alman diplomatlar\u0131 da Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri aras\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Bu kapsamda Adana\u2019daki Ermenilerin Kilikya Ermeni Devleti kurma faaliyetlerinin \u00f6nlenmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Adana konsolosu Adana\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Alman okuluna Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m istemek \u00fczere Ermeni Katogikosunu ziyaret etmi\u015ftir (Bozkurt 2006: 312).<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc faaliyetler sadece Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Varna yoluyla Almanya\u2019ya ula\u015facak bir Yunan gemisi ile 28 Ermeni \u00e7ocu\u011fu e\u011fitim maksad\u0131yla Almanya\u2019ya nakledilmi\u015ftir (Bozkurt 2006: 312). Yukar\u0131daki tespitler Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilerin hamili\u011fi rol\u00fcne soyundu\u011funu ve Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki hedeflerine ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in Ermenileri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Ermeni meselesi konusunda kiliseler ve misyoner faaliyetleri yoluyla Ermenileri destekleyen Almanya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile resmi ili\u015fkilerinde ise Osmanl\u0131 Devletinden yana bir tutum izliyor g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc vermi\u015f ve \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t tasar\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Almanya I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinde\u00a0gizli olarak y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k olarak y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ve\u00a0 di\u011fer \u00fclkeler gibi T\u00fcrkleri Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile su\u00e7lamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Almanya\u2019n\u0131n da Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn su\u00e7lusu olarak g\u00f6sterilmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile m\u00fcttefik olan ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin harbe girmesine neden olan Almanya\u2019n\u0131n haberi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 almas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir. O d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni y\u00f6neten \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin ileri gelenlerinin tamamen Alman etkisinde olduklar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun komuta kademesinin de Alman generallerinin idaresinde oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131rken en az\u0131ndan Almanya ile isti\u015farede bulunulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f bozgunu s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ruslara verilen silahl\u0131 Ermeni yard\u0131m\u0131 Alman Genelkurmay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da \u00f6nerileriyle (Ortayl\u0131 2001:44) zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e neden olmu\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6revli Alman subaylar\u0131n teklif ve \u00f6nerileriyle (Ortayl\u0131 1998:179) al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim\u2019\u0131n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 devam ederken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne\u00a0 yollam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir memorandum ile \u201cErmenilere kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan askeri tedbirleri desteklemeye devam ettiklerini\u201d (\u00c7olak 2013: 154) ifade etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 Almanlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131 destekledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Alman Konsolosluk raporlar\u0131 da zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenilerin \u0130tilaf Devletlerine yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in Alman Genelkurmay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yo\u011fun \u0131srar\u0131 ile\u00a0 al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Erzurum\u2019daki Alman konsolosu Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter 2 Haziran 1915’te Alman b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporunda Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmesi hususunda Enver Pa\u015fa ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmenin olumlu\u00a0 sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Erzurum\u2019daki Ermenilerin Zor Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilece\u011fini (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 324) bildirmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu rapor Almanlar\u0131n zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131ndan haberdar oldu\u011funu, hatta bu konuda Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fbmeti ile\u00a0 isti\u015farelerde bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Almanlar\u0131n zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7ten haberdar olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile birlikte verdiklerine ili\u015fkin bir di\u011fer kaynak da 24 Nisan 1915\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019da tutuklanan Ermeni komite liderlerinden biri olan ve \u201cArmenian Golgotha\u201d adl\u0131 kitapta zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Ermeni papaz\u0131 Vardaped Grigoris Balakyan\u2019d\u0131r. Balakyan, an\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015eubat 1914\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Berlin b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isinin de haz\u0131r bulundu\u011fu Almanya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk Toplumunun resmi toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Colmar von der Goltz Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nakletmektedir:<\/p>\n Ruslar as\u0131rlard\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015farak onu par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015f ve Rusya sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin tebaas\u0131 olan H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan art\u0131k s\u0131ra Ermenilere gelmi\u015ftir. Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni par\u00e7alamak \u00fczere Ermeniler i\u00e7in \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir plan haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu yeni felaketi\u00a0<\/em>def edebilmesi i\u00e7in Van, Bitlis, Erzurum ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrk-Rus hududuna kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan \u201c500.000 Ermeni\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131-Rus hududundan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak daha g\u00fcneydeki Halep ve Mezopotamya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermenilerin yerle\u015ftirilece\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerdeki Araplar da T\u00fcrk-Rus hududuna nakledilmelidir. <\/em>(Balakian 2009: 23-24).<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki konu\u015fma Goltz Pa\u015fan\u0131n Ermeniler i\u00e7in al\u0131nan zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131ndan haberdar olman\u0131n da \u00f6tesinde Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmesini bizzat tavsiye eden ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi de Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f sorumlusu olarak Almanlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Amerikal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i ve misyoner Gibson ise Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcnden yaln\u0131z Almanlar\u0131n k\u00e2rl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesini yapmaktad\u0131r (Ar\u0131kan 2006:324). Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ar\u015fivi\u2019nin 1916-1918 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Alman Generali Hans von Seect taraf\u0131ndan Almanya\u2019ya ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da (Aslan 2001: 257-259) Almanlar\u0131n Ermeniler \u00fczerindeki faaliyetlerinin ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun komuta kademelerinde g\u00f6revli Alman generallerinin g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusundaki etkilerinin saklanmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimini vermektedir.<\/p>\n Alman Generali Bronsart von Schellendorf\u2019un yerine atanan Tu\u011fgeneral Hans von Seeckt\u2019in Mondros M\u00fctarekesinden sonra 1 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorumlulu\u011funu T\u00fcrk komutana devretmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Alman subaylar taraf\u0131ndan ar\u015fivlenmi\u015f bulunan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ar\u015fivini ve yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm yaz\u0131\u015fmalara ili\u015fkin evrak\u0131 sand\u0131klara koyarak Almanya\u2019ya gidecek gemiye y\u00fckletti\u011fini g\u00f6ren Emir Subay\u0131 Binba\u015f\u0131 Abd\u00fcrrauf Bey, durumu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Genel Kurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devralan Cevat Pa\u015faya haber vermesine ra\u011fmen hi\u00e7bir tedbir al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk Genelkurmay\u0131na ait ar\u015fiv 3 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ayr\u0131lan gemi ile Almanya\u2019ya nakledilmi\u015ftir (G\u00f6k vd. 2000: 4-11). Sadrazam Ahmet \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa, 5 Kas\u0131m g\u00fcn\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Berlin B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isine telgraf \u00e7ekerek ar\u015fivin iadesi konusunda Alman makamlar\u0131 nezdinde giri\u015fimde bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in talimat vermi\u015f, ancak bu te\u015febb\u00fcsten herhangi bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ar\u015fivinin Hans von Seeckt taraf\u0131ndan Almanya\u2019ya ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu Oxford \u00dcniversitesi Askeri Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi ve Tel Aviv \u00dcniversitesi Alman Tarihi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Prof. Dr. Jehuda L. Wallach taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan ve Emekli Tu\u011fgeneral Fahri \u00c7eliker taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilen Anatomie einer Miltaerhilfe (Bir Askeri Yard\u0131m\u0131n Anatomisi) adl\u0131 eserde de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Wallach 1997: 240).<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 uygulamas\u0131na ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce b\u00fct\u00fcn vilayetlere yaz\u0131lar yazarak, b\u00f6lgelerinden ge\u00e7ecek kafilelerin b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve yiyecek stoklanmas\u0131 talimat\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f (Hala\u00e7o\u011flu 2001: 66) ve sevkiyat s\u0131ras\u0131nda kafilelerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 2.250.000 kuru\u015f \u00f6denek tahsis etmi\u015ftir (Hala\u00e7o\u011flu 2001: 67). Ayr\u0131ca zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulan Ermenilerin devlete ve \u015fah\u0131slara olan bor\u00e7lar\u0131 ertelenmi\u015f ya da tamamen silinmi\u015f (Hala\u00e7o\u011flu 2001: 67), su\u00e7lu ve zanl\u0131lar hakk\u0131ndaki takibat ertelenmi\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen kafilelere sa\u011fl\u0131k ekipleri refakat ettirilmi\u015ftir (Hala\u00e7o\u011flu 2001: 67-68).<\/p>\n Dahiliye Nezareti de g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi Ermenilerin emniyetle yerlerine ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek \u00fczere tedbirler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilecek Ermenilerin geride b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 mal ve arazilerin m\u00fclki amirler ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda te\u015fkil edilecek komisyonlarda rayi\u00e7 bedelleri \u00fczerinden sat\u0131larak \u00fccretinin Ermenilere \u00f6denmesi, yeni gittikleri yerde ev ve arazi verilmesi, mesleklerinin icras\u0131 i\u00e7in alet, ayr\u0131ca sermaye verilmesi (S\u00fcsl\u00fc 2001: 111-115) gibi son derece insani tedbirler uygulamaya konulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n G\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulan Ermenilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 TTK (T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu) eski ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Dr. Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fiv belgelerine dayanarak ve %10 hata pay\u0131 olabilece\u011fini belirterek 438.758 (Hala\u00e7o\u011flu 2001: 76) olarak vermi\u015ftir. TTK Ermeni masas\u0131 eski ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan Prof. Dr. Kemal \u00c7i\u00e7ek ise bu say\u0131n\u0131n 500.000 civar\u0131nda (\u00c7i\u00e7ek 2005: 252) oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulan yakla\u015f\u0131k 500.000 Ermeni\u2019nin Pozant\u0131\u2019dan salimen ge\u00e7i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konuda yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n kendi \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderdikleri raporlara yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin Halep Konsolosu Jackson da Suriye\u2019ye 500.000 civar\u0131nda Ermeni\u2019nin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (\u00c7i\u00e7ek 2005: 250) rapor emi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Paul Rohrbach ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 ise 6 Ocak 1918\u2019de Berlin\u2019den Kayzer\u2019e g\u00f6nderdikleri mektupta \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Kafkaslar\u2019a ka\u00e7an 700.000 Ermeni\u2019nin\u00a0 g\u00f6\u00e7ten kurtuldu\u011funu ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da 300.000 Ermeni\u2019nin bulundu\u011funu (\u00d6zdemir vd. 2004: 94) yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Halep Konsolosu da Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da 27.200, \u0130stanbul ve Edirne\u2019de 164.000, Suriye, Filistin ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta 13.500 olmak \u00fczere toplam 202.700 ki\u015finin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7ten muaf tutuldu\u011funu (\u00d6zdemir vd. 2004: 94) rapor etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ermeni Delegasyonu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Boghos Nubar Pa\u015fa, Fransa D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fevkalade Yetkili Bakan\u0131 Monsieur Gout\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda; \u201cKafkasya\u2019da 250000, \u0130ran\u2019da 40000, Suriye-Filistin\u2019de 80000, Musul-Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta 20000 olmak \u00fczere 390000 ki\u015finin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi\u011fini, asl\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin toplam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 600000-700000 ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlardan ayr\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u00f6llerde \u015furaya buraya da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d (\u00d6zdemir vd. 2004: 92-107) bildirmektedir.<\/p>\n Boghos Nubar Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi yukar\u0131daki rakamlardan zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 \u00f6ncesinde sava\u015f nedeniyle Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk edenler oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin toplam say\u0131s\u0131 olarak verilen 600.000-700.000 ki\u015fiden zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 \u00f6ncesinde Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk edenler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak olursa, g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulan n\u00fcfusun, 400.000-500.000 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir ki, bununla Ermeni delegasyonu ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi sonras\u0131nda, yani 1918 y\u0131l\u0131na ait verdi\u011fi say\u0131larla, Osmanl\u0131 belgelerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak verilen rakamlar aras\u0131nda uygunluk oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanmakta ve iddialar\u0131n aksine Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011f salim isk\u00e2n yerlerine vard\u0131klar\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddialar\u0131n\u0131n dayanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (Ta\u015fc\u0131o\u011flu 2015: 207). Nitekim g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen Ermeniler ile g\u00f6\u00e7 yerlerine varan Ermenilerin say\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermenilerin %82\u2019sinin salimen g\u00f6\u00e7 yerlerine vard\u0131klar\u0131 (Ta\u015fc\u0131o\u011flu 2015: 205) g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u015flad\u0131ktan alt\u0131 ay kadar sonra Berlin\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan \u201cErmeni Sorunu\u201d adl\u0131 kitapta Ermeni sorununun Rus ve \u0130ngiliz entrikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ermenilerin kendilerine g\u00f6sterilen iyi muameleye nank\u00f6rl\u00fck etti\u011fi, hi\u00e7bir zaman Ermeni katli\u00e2m\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlere kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu (Taran 1984: 183-184, Ar\u0131kan 2006: 327) yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Benzer \u015fekilde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Washington sefiri Kont Brenstorf 6 Haziran 1915\u2019te Wolf Ajans\u0131\u2019na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada Ermenilere yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen t\u00fcm zul\u00fcm hikayelerinin tamamen uydurma oldu\u011funu, Ermenilerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair haberlerin de as\u0131ls\u0131z oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015ftir (\u00d6zdemir vd. 2004: 194).<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Almanya sefiri K\u00fchlmann da Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015flerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi telgrafta; Ruslar\u0131n geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fi yerlerde Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerin Erzincan \u00e7evresinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc katlettiklerini Sivas\u2019taki Alman Konsolosunun raporuna dayanarak bildirmi\u015ftir. Sivas\u2019taki Alman Konsolosu Ermenilerin Erzincan\u2019da 600 T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc katlettiklerini de rapor etmi\u015ftir (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 329).<\/p>\n Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ger\u00e7eklere ra\u011fmen Almanya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6ncesinde, g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 insani tedbirleri g\u00f6rmezden gelerek, sava\u015f\u0131n kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde askeri harek\u00e2t\u0131 ve harek\u0203t\u0131n lojistik deste\u011fini sekteye u\u011fratan isyanc\u0131 Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla al\u0131nan g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile payla\u015fmak ve m\u00fcttefiki olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bekas\u0131 i\u00e7in almak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak yerine kolay yolu tercih ederek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni su\u00e7layanlar aras\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Almanlar sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yazd\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 eserlerde, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunda kendilerine yap\u0131lan su\u00e7lamalardan kurtulabilmek i\u00e7in olaylar ile ilgilerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015flar ve T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131 su\u00e7lama yoluna gitmi\u015flerdir. Bu\u00a0durum Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f askerlerin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda (Liman von Sanders’in Hat\u0131rat\u0131 gibi), Lepsius gibi yazarlar\u0131n eserlerinde ve Talat\u00a0 Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n katilinin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda sergilenen tav\u0131rda da (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 318 -319, Kurat 1966: 17-25) a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6nemde Almanya, galip g\u00fc\u00e7lerin “T\u00fcrkiye’de Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 Alman zulm\u00fc” propagandas\u0131n\u0131, Lepsius ve benzerlerinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplar ve di\u011fer propaganda metotlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 ata\u011fa ge\u00e7erek T\u00fcrklere y\u00f6neltmek suretiyle kurnaz bir metoda ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece Papaz Lepsius’un se\u00e7ti\u011fi diplomatik belgeler yoluyla, Ermeni katli\u00e2mlar\u0131n\u0131n vuku buldu\u011fu, fakat bunun sadece T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flendi\u011fi, Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131n ise, b\u00ee\u00e7are Ermenileri kurtarmak i\u00e7in ellerinden geleni yapt\u0131klar\u0131 (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 332) gibi bir tez ispatlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n bu konudaki politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00f6zellikle Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u015fehit eden Salomon Teyleryan (Soghomon Tehlirian)\u2019\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de Berlin\u2019e yerle\u015ferek Ali Salih Bey[3]<\/a>\u00a0takma ad\u0131yla burada ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Talat Pa\u015fa, 15 Mart 1921\u2019de Salomon Teyleryan adl\u0131 bir Ermeni taraf\u0131ndan yolda y\u00fcr\u00fcrken ba\u015f\u0131ndan kur\u015funlanarak \u015fehit edilmi\u015ftir. Yoldan ge\u00e7mekte olan Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan yakalanarak adalete teslim edilen Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n Berlin Eyalet Mahkemesi J\u00fcrili A\u011f\u0131r Ceza Mahkemesi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 bir katilin yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 duru\u015fma salonundan \u00e7ok, as\u0131ls\u0131z Ermeni\u00a0 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n ispatlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tiyatro sahnesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve sonu\u00e7ta mahkeme 3 Ekim 1921\u2019de katil Salomon Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n beraat\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Su\u00e7luya arka \u00e7\u0131karak katilin yerine adeta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni yarg\u0131lamaya kalkan ve bu suretle zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Alman mahkemesinin karar\u0131 \u201cBerlin\u2019de h\u0203kimler var\u201d diyen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn de iflas\u0131 anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Davada adeta katil ile makt\u00fbl yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve katilin yerine makt\u00fbl ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti san\u0131k sandalyesine oturtularak yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. San\u0131k m\u00fcdafilerinin iste\u011fi \u00fczerine yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeden san\u0131k lehine ifade vermek \u00fczere konuyla hi\u00e7bir ilgisi olmayan ki\u015filer mahkemeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131larak dinlenirken, tan\u0131k listesinde yer alan Talat pa\u015fan\u0131n e\u015fi ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 yakinen bilen bir\u00e7ok Alman subay\u0131 tan\u0131k listesinde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 halde bunlara tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapt\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapt\u0131r\u0131lmayanlardan en \u00f6nemlisi 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atanan General Friedrich Bronsart von Schellendorff\u2019tur.<\/p>\n Schellendorf, mahkeme sonu\u00e7land\u0131ktan sonra Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung adl\u0131 Alman gazetesine 24 Temmuz 1921\u2019de g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da Alman mahkemesinin karar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a protesto etmi\u015ftir. General Schellendorf mektubunda \u00f6zetle;<\/p>\n \u201cZorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Ermenilerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki di\u011fer halklarla e\u015fit sosyal ve siyasi haklara sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131, parlamentoda milletvekilli\u011fine sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesini f\u0131rsat bilerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazanma h\u0131rs\u0131yla isyan ettiklerini, eli silah tutan b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar T\u00fcrk ordusunda silahalt\u0131nda olduklar\u0131ndan, Ermenilerin savunmas\u0131z halk aras\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 bir katliam yapmas\u0131n\u0131n kolay oldu\u011funu, Ermenilerin sadece Rus ordusuyla sava\u015fan Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu yandan ve arkadan vurmakla kalmay\u0131p, b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n da k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kuruttu\u011funu, Ermenilerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zul\u00fcmleri bizzat g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, Ermenilerin zulm\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrklerin Ermenilere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen zul\u00fcmden \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011funu, bu zul\u00fcmden kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan binlerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d <\/em>( Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung: 24 Juli 1921) belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Schellendorff, zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemi \u00f6zetledikten sonra;<\/p>\n \u201cBu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerindeki isyanc\u0131 Ermenileri verimli topraklara sahip olan Mezopotamya\u2019ya nakletmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nakil s\u0131ras\u0131nda ordunun kendisi yiyecek s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmesine ra\u011fmen Ermenilere yemek \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131, doktor ve ila\u00e7 sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak g\u00f6\u00e7 \u015fartlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ve hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yollarda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc[4]<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0ayn\u0131 \u015fartlar alt\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan ve T\u00fcrk ordusundan da b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verildi\u011fini[5]<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<\/em>b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ger\u00e7ekler ortadayken Talat pa\u015fay\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni\u00a0<\/em>su\u00e7laman\u0131n insafs\u0131zl\u0131k olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Talat pa\u015fay\u0131 katleden ki\u015finin beraat ettirilmesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hata oldu\u011funu ve kendisi de d\u00e2hil, mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131k kaydedilen hi\u00e7bir Alman subay\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapt\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131zl\u0131k oldu\u011funu, bu haks\u0131z karar\u0131 veren hakimlerin bir g\u00fcn ger\u00e7e\u011fi sorgulayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011funu<\/em>\u201d yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015flenen cinayetlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren Ermenileri cesaretlendirmi\u015f ve di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinin de pe\u015f pe\u015fe katledilmelerine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6 Aral\u0131k 1921\u2019de eski sadrazam Sait Halim Pa\u015fa Roma\u2019da, 17 Nisan 1922\u2019de siyaset adam\u0131 Prof. Bahattin \u015eakir ve eski Trabzon valisi Cemal Azmi benzer \u015fekilde Berlin\u2019de sokak ortas\u0131nda vurulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu cinayetleri 25 Temmuz 1922\u2019de Cemal Pa\u015fan\u0131n Tiflis\u2019te katledilmesi izlemi\u015f ve zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde g\u00f6rev yapan devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131 bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00dcnal 2004: 77-78).<\/p>\n Talat Pa\u015fa suikast\u0131ndan 100 y\u0131l sonra Alman S\u00fcddeutsche Gazetesi’ne konu\u015fan o\u011ful Teyleryan, “babas\u0131n\u0131n kahraman olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyece\u011fini, babas\u0131n\u0131n yalanc\u0131 ve katil oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Teyleryan, babas\u0131n\u0131n mahkemedeki savunmas\u0131nda da yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011fini belirtmi\u015f ve babas\u0131n\u0131n “k\u0131z karde\u015fime tecav\u00fcz edildi. Annem ve babam kur\u015funland\u0131” <\/em>\u015feklinde savunma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, oysa babas\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 k\u0131z karde\u015fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, katil ve yalanc\u0131 biri olarak babas\u0131n\u0131n Ermenistan’da kahraman kabul edilmesini anlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Salomon Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n bizzat kendi o\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bu a\u00e7\u0131klama Ermeni destek\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda panik yaratm\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131 yazarlar o\u011ful Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 sapt\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda gayret sarf eden yazarlardan biri de Robert Fisk\u2019tir. Fanatik bir T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan Fisk (Yavuz 2016: 97) Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flunun a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 \u00fczerine kendisiyle bir m\u00fclakat yapm\u0131\u015f ve o\u011ful Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n ifadeleri aras\u0131na kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 ekleyerek Teyleryan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkler lehine olan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkler aleyhine \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yavuz 2016: 97-99). Ancak Robert Fisk\u2019in ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu sapt\u0131rma ve ger\u00e7ekleri gizleme y\u00f6ntemi olaya tarafs\u0131z g\u00f6zle bakma yetene\u011fine sahip olanlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Teyleryan davas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koydu\u011fu ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc politikalar\u0131n\u0131 yad\u0131rgamamak gerekir. Zira Almanya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netim kadrolar\u0131, \u0130ngiltere’nin tersine Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 anla\u015fma masalar\u0131nda payla\u015farak de\u011fil; imparatorluk kaynaklar\u0131ndan bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yollarla istifade etmeyi ama\u00e7layan politikalar izleyerek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci emellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu’nun kendilerine tarih\u00a0<\/em>taraf\u0131ndan bah\u015fedilen bir alan oldu\u011fu tezini savunmu\u015flard\u0131r (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 317-318). Almanlar Ortado\u011fu ve Kafkaslar\u2019daki zengin kaynaklara el atabilmek ve jeopolitik a\u00e7\u0131dan D\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalpg\u00e2h\u0131 say\u0131lan Avrasya\u2019ya girebilmek i\u00e7in her yolu denemi\u015fler ve bu kapsamda Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130slam Halifesi olmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak cihat kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmek i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile ittifaka girmi\u015fler ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fczerinde Almanya’n\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla Kral Wilhelm’in gizlice M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu\u011fu, k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirerek Mekke\u2019ye hac i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi ve Hac\u0131 Wilhelm Muhammed ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberini bile yaym\u0131\u015flar (Hopkirk 1995:7) ve cihat\u00a0 propagandas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in Arap\u00e7a, Urduca ve Hint\u00e7e yay\u0131m yapan “El-Cihad” gazetesini \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Ar\u0131kan, 2006: 324, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, 2003:24). Baz\u0131 dev\u015firilmi\u015f s\u00f6zde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adamlar\u0131 ise Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim\u2019de Wilhelm\u2019in M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 k\u00e2fir boyunduru\u011fundan kurtarmak i\u00e7in Allah taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren esrarengiz ayetler bulundu\u011funu bile \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir (Hopkirk 1995: 7). Ancak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Almanlar\u0131 desteklemesini sa\u011flamak \u00fczere Almanlar ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i din adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan bu s\u00f6ylentiler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerin halklar\u0131n\u0131n Almanya\u2019y\u0131 desteklemesini sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sava\u015f\u0131n sonucunu da de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015ftir ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Almanya\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki olman\u0131n bedelini kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybederek \u00f6demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Harp sona erdikten sonra s\u0131ra Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc i\u00e7in su\u00e7lu aramaya gelmi\u015ftir. Harpten sonra fanatik T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 yazarlar bir yandan ger\u00e7ekleri \u00e7arp\u0131tarak T\u00fcrklerin Ermenileri katlettiklerine ili\u015fkin kitap ve raporlarla Almanya\u2019n\u0131n zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131ndaki etkilerini gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan sava\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda isyanc\u0131 Ermenilerin sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131 da bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m[6]<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>gibi nitelendirerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni su\u00e7lamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilere verdi\u011fi destek \u00f6zellikle Anadolu\u2019nun Ermenilerden kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde daha belirgin h\u00e2le gelmi\u015f ve Almanlar T\u00fcrk Kafkas Kolordusunun Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f-Kars-G\u00fcmr\u00fc istikametindeki harek\u0203t\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Alman Ermeni Cemiyeti ad\u0131na Dr. Paul Rohrbach, Almanya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Graf Hertling\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilere \u00f6zerklik \u00f6nerisinde bulundu\u011fundan bahisle Alman H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019nin bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in yard\u0131mda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 2003: 59) talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Brest-Litowsk sonras\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n \u00e7ekildikleri b\u00f6lgede Ermeni Devleti kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki isteklerini Alman H\u00fck\u00fbmeti’ne bildiren Alman Parlamenter Dr. Mum ve Dr. Paul Rohrbach, Brest-Litowsk sonras\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun asker\u00ee harek\u00e2ta ge\u00e7mesinden endi\u015felenen Ermenilerin bu ihtimalin \u00f6nlenmesi konusundaki\u00a0 taleplerini de Alman H\u00fck\u00fcmetine iletmi\u015f (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 333), bunun \u00fczerine Almanya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nden Ermenilere misillemede bulunulmamas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya ile sava\u015fa girmesinin ve beraberinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni de sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklemesinin arka plan\u0131nda yatan sebeplerden biri de Kafkasya enerji kaynaklar\u0131na sahip olma iste\u011fidir.<\/p>\n Almanya I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesi Rusya’n\u0131n direnmesine kar\u015f\u0131, G\u00fcney Kafkasya \u00fczerinden \u0130ran’a yol a\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Orta Asya do\u011frultusunda s\u0131\u00e7rama g\u00f6revini yerine getirecek Alman yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir Kafkasya devleti edinmek i\u00e7in de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanlar Bak\u00fc ve \u00f6zellikle Batum petrollerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 da hedef edinmi\u015flerdir (Karal 1996: 529). Nitekim \u0130ngilizlerin Ermenilere b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kars ve Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde Ermenilerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131 kitleler h\u00e2linde katletmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Kafkas Kolordusunun Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7erek Kars\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra G\u00fcmr\u00fc istikametinde ileri harek\u00e2ta devam etmesi Almanlar\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmi\u015f ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler Almanya\u2019n\u0131n telkinleriyle G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n himayesine girdi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin Kafkasya\u2019daki ilerlemesinden rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyan Alman Komutan General Hindenburg da Enver pa\u015faya hitaben Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun hareket etmesini talep eden bir mektup (Karal 1996: 530-533) g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali\u2019nden sonra Ermeniler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri taraf\u0131ndan 14 Kas\u0131m 1917\u2019de Mavera-\u0131 Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti ve 26 Nisan 1918\u2019de Trans Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Kafkasya\u2019da egemenli\u011fini istemeyen Almanya kendi kontrol\u00fcnde bir G\u00fcrc\u00fc Devleti, ya da G\u00fcrc\u00fc egemenli\u011finde bir konfederasyon te\u015fkili i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la Rusya ile de i\u015f birli\u011finde bulunmu\u015ftur (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 337). Neticede Almanya\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 sonucu Trans Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti da\u011f\u0131larak \u00f6nce ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z G\u00fcrcistan, ard\u0131ndan 28 May\u0131s\u2019ta Azerbaycan, 30 May\u0131s\u2019ta ise Ermenistan kurulmu\u015ftur. Almanya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden gizli olarak 27 A\u011fustos 1918\u2019de Sovyet Rusya ile Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Bak\u00fc\u2019ye do\u011fru yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla bir de anla\u015fma imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Tiflis\u2019e yerle\u015fen Alman generali Von Kress Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilerlemesine kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan ve Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 destekleyecekti (G\u00f6kdemir 1998:27-28).<\/p>\n Kafkas M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin birle\u015fmesini de engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Almanya b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Kafkaslar\u2019daki ilerleyi\u015fini \u00f6nleyemeyince \u00f6nce el alt\u0131ndan Ermenileri desteklemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te ise Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Bak\u00fc\u2019ye ilerleyi\u015fini H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ad\u0131na protesto ederek Ermenilerin de Bak\u00fc petrollerinden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda<\/p>\n Ermenilerle T\u00fcrk ordusu aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda Alman askerlerinin Ermeni saflar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 10 Haziran 1918\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 kararg\u00e2h\u0131ndan Almanlara g\u00f6nderilen telgraflardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (\u015eahin 2005: 205-206). Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Almanlar\u0131n Sohum\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halktan toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahlar\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanlara verdi\u011fi de tespit edilmi\u015ftir (Ar\u0131kan 2006: 339). B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilgiler Almanlar\u0131n I. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131na girmesinin arka plan\u0131nda yatan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Ortado\u011fu ve Kafkaslar\u2019daki enerji kaynaklar\u0131na el atma iste\u011finden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Ermeniler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgedeki H\u0131ristiyan unsurlardan yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kendi milli birli\u011fini sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedefine kilitlenen Almanya I. D\u00fcnya Harbi \u00f6ncesinde Ortado\u011fu ve Kafkaslar yeniden \u015fekillenirken b\u00f6lgedeki yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131na ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli jeopolitik konumuna sahip olan Anadolu\u2019ya, Mezopotamya\u2019ya ve Kafkasya\u2019ya \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131zlardan \u00f6nce el atma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden hareketle Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin orduda \u0131sl\u00e2h\u00e2t yapma ihtiyac\u0131ndan yararlanan Almanya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi askeri uzmanlar ve komutanlarla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin y\u00f6netim kadrosunu ve ordusunu tamamen Alman etki ve kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanya Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi uzmanlar ve misyonerler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla da b\u00f6lgedeki kaynaklardan ve gayr-\u0131 M\u00fcslim unsurlardan yararlanma konusunda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bulunmu\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileriyle ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fman saflar\u0131na ge\u00e7erek kendi devletine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmas\u0131, geride kalan unsurlarla da \u00e7eteler te\u015fkil ederek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6ylerinde katliam yapmas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratacak \u015fekilde casusluk ve sabotaj faaliyetlerinde bulunmas\u0131 Alman Genelkurmay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerileriyle Ermenilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Gerek zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekse g\u00f6\u00e7 uygulamas\u0131nda Ermenilere gerekli insani yard\u0131m\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alman b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilerinin, konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapan Alman askeri uzman ve komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n rapor ve beyanatlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Ancak sava\u015ftan sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Almanya\u2019n\u0131n da Ermenilere katliam yapmakla su\u00e7lanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine A<\/strong>lmanlar s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7lamalardan kurtulabilmek ve kendilerini temize \u00e7\u0131karmak amac\u0131yla zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 ile ilgilerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek d\u00fczmece kitap ve belgelerle T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131 su\u00e7lama yoluna gitmi\u015flerdir. Almanya bu kapsamda Ermeni katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini, fakat bunun sadece T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flendi\u011fini, Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131n ise Ermenileri kurtarmak i\u00e7in ellerinden geleni yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ispatlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde sava\u015f Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde devam ederken Almanya T\u00fcrk ilerlemesini ve Kafkas M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin birle\u015fmesini de engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrklerin Kafkaslar\u2019daki ilerleyi\u015fini \u00f6nleyemeyince el alt\u0131ndan Ermenileri desteklemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te ise Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Bak\u00fc\u2019ye ilerleyi\u015fini H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ad\u0131na protesto ederek Ermenilerin de Bak\u00fc petrollerinden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda Kafkasya\u2019da Ermenilerle T\u00fcrk ordusu aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda Alman askerleri Ermeni saflar\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f ve Almanlar b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halktan toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahlar\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanlara da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilgiler Almanlar\u0131n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131na girmesinin arka plan\u0131nda yatan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Ortado\u011fu ve Kafkaslardaki enerji kaynaklar\u0131na el atma iste\u011finden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendi ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda Almanlar\u0131n m\u00fcttefik oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeye bile s\u0131rt \u00e7evirebildi\u011fini, politikalar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde H\u0131ristiyan dininin \u00f6nemli bir unsur olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyerek 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM\u2019den Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ana sebebi olan Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni i\u015flemedi\u011fi bir su\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 ve kendisi \u00fczerindeki yaftay\u0131 Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc bahanesiyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ve T\u00fcrk milletine yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermeyecek bir giri\u015fimdir. Almanlar\u0131n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda gerek Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusundaki etkileri gerekse sava\u015f Kafkaslar\u2019da devam ederken Ermenilere verdikleri destek her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni belgelerle giderek a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bu konuda y\u00fcksek lisans ve doktora yapan Alman \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 h\u00e2len yabanc\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n eri\u015fimine kapal\u0131 tutulmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara da ula\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi takdirde Almanlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklemelerinin nedenleri ve Ermeniler i\u00e7in al\u0131nan zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkileri a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanacakt\u0131r. Bu kapsamda Almanya\u2019da ya\u015fayan ve Ermeni meselesi konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fcten Alman vatanda\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk akademisyenlere ger\u00e7eklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6rev d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Papaz Vardapet Grigoris Balakyan\u2019\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ye\u011feninin o\u011flu Peter Balakyan taraf\u0131ndan Ermeniceden \u0130ngilizceye \u00e7evrilerek \u201cArmenian Golgotha (Ermenilerin \u00c7arm\u0131ha Gerili\u015fi)\u201d ad\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Detay i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: Grigoris Balakian, Armenian Golgotha, Translated by Peter Balakian with Aris Sevag, New York, 2009.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Armin isminin bir Ermeni ismi olmas\u0131 bu Alman Subay\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni k\u00f6kenli olabilece\u011fi ihtimalini akla getirmektedir.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Berlin\u2019de Ali Salih ad\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Ali Can takma ad\u0131n\u0131 da kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Detay i\u00e7in Bak\u0131n\u0131z: \u015eeref \u00dcNAL; Salomon Teilerian Davas\u0131, Talat Pa\u015fa Suikast\u0131, Ufuk \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2004, s.4<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Prof. Dr. Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulan Ermenilerden g\u00f6\u00e7 yerine varmadan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fiv belgelerine dayanarak 56.610 olarak vermektedir. Bunlardan hastal\u0131k nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 25.000-30.000 kadard\u0131r. Detay i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu, \u201cErmeni Tehciri ve Ger\u00e7ekler (1914-1918)\u201d, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Say\u0131 90, Ankara, 2001, s.76-77<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Ermeni zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda sadece hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6len askerlerin say\u0131s\u0131 466.759\u2019dur. Ermenilerin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hastal\u0131k nedeniyle verdikleri kay\u0131plarla Osmanl\u0131 ordusundaki askerlerin hastal\u0131klardan verdi\u011fi kay\u0131plar mukayese edildi\u011finde hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6len Ermenilerin kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6len Osmanl\u0131 askerlerinin kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n 15\u2019te biri kadar oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Detay i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: Hikmet \u00d6zdemir, Kemal \u00c7i\u00e7ek, \u00d6mer\u00a0Turan, Ramazan \u00c7al\u0131k, Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu, \u201cErmeniler: S\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve G\u00f6\u00e7\u201d, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2004, s. 99-100.<\/p>\nAlmanya’n\u0131n<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>I. D\u00fcnya<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Ermeni politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Almanya’n\u0131n politikalar\u0131nda kilisenin ve misyonerlerin rol\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Almanya’n\u0131n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda Ermeni politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 uygulamalar\u0131nda al\u0131nan tedbirler ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ak\u00eebeti<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Almanya’n\u0131n T\u00fcrkleri soyk\u0131r\u0131mla su\u00e7lamas\u0131 ve Kafkas politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
S<\/strong>onu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n