{"id":3236,"date":"2018-09-14T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2018-09-14T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com?p=3236&preview=true&preview_id=3236"},"modified":"2018-09-16T14:31:23","modified_gmt":"2018-09-16T11:31:23","slug":"prof-dr-daron-acemoglu-ile-joschka-fischerden-turkiyeye-onemli-uyarilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/prof-dr-daron-acemoglu-ile-joschka-fischerden-turkiyeye-onemli-uyarilar\/","title":{"rendered":"Prof. Dr. Daron Acemo\u011flu ile Joschka Fischer\u2019den T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00f6nemli uyar\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Son g\u00fcnlerde iki \u00f6nemli isim T\u00fcrkiye ve T\u00fcrk ekonomisi ile ilgili \u00f6nemli uyar\u0131larda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlardan biri Ermeni k\u00f6kenli T\u00fcrk iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Prof. Dr. Daron Acemo\u011flu<\/em>\u2019dur.\u00a0 Acemo\u011flu 30 A\u011fustos 2018<\/em> tarihinde yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda ekonomi y\u00f6netimine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Makaleyi okumak i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/a>) Di\u011feri Almanya’n\u0131n eski D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131, 1998’den 2005’e kadar Alman Ye\u015filler Partisi’nin lideri Joschka<\/em> Fischer<\/em>\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6nemli iktisat\u00e7\u0131 ile siyaset\u00e7inin T\u00fcrkiye ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini sizlerle payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. <\/strong>\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu uyar\u0131lar T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131nda yeterince yer almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em> Sadece Abdullah Aky\u00fcz, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7inden \u00e7ok say\u0131da ekonomist ve kurum h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ekonomi konusunda uyard\u0131 ancak bu uyar\u0131lar dinlenmedi\u201d<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bir yaz\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gazeteci Nagehan Al\u00e7\u0131\u00a0 “D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Acemo\u011flu, T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fcnden \u00e7\u00f6zecek vizyonuyla tarihi bir g\u00f6rev yapabilir. Her zaman ezberleri bozan ve herkesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtan bir lider olmu\u015f Erdo\u011fan, Acemo\u011flu\u2019na T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin ba\u015f\u0131na tam yetkiyle ge\u00e7me teklifini yapabilir”<\/em> diye yaz\u0131nca, Prof. Dr. Daron Acemo\u011flu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcndeminde ilk s\u0131ralara gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bunu \u00fczerine Fatih Altayl\u0131, \u201cDaron Acemo\u011flu\u2019nun b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyden haberi bile yok. Kendisiyle hi\u00e7bir temas kurulmam\u0131\u015f, kendisine b\u00f6yle bir teklif veya teklif gelece\u011fi yolunda bir bilgi dahi iletilmemi\u015f. Dahas\u0131 b\u00f6yle bir teklif gelse dahi Daron Acemo\u011flu\u2019nun bu teklifi kabul etmesi \u015fu an i\u00e7in pek olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, ders verdi\u011fi MIT ile olan ili\u015fkisi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k g\u00f6revleri nedeniyle Acemo\u011flu fazlas\u0131yla yo\u011fun ve akademiye ara vermek gibi bir niyeti yok gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Tabii yine de belli olmaz. Bir vatansever oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz Acemo\u011flu, bakars\u0131n\u0131z gelir. Ama s\u00f6yleyeyim, ihtimal \u00e7ok \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u201d<\/em> yorumunu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda Turkish Forum\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cProf. Dr. Daron Acemo\u011flu: Bat\u0131\u2019dan Uzakla\u015fma Tehlikelidir\u201d<\/em> idi. (Prof. Dr. Daron Acemo\u011flu: Bat\u0131’dan Uzla\u015fma Tehlikelidir<\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, \u00f6nce Kamer Daron Acemo\u011flu kimdir sorusunu cevaplamak istiyorum. Acemo\u011flu 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1967 tarihinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur, Ermeni k\u00f6kenlidir. 14 May\u0131s 2018 tarihli Milliyet Gazetesi\u2019nde \u015fu haber yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cErmenistan\u2019\u0131n yeni Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Nikol Pa\u015finyan,\u00a0 2012\u2019de, Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden James A. Robinson ile ortak kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Uluslar\u0131n D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty) adl\u0131 kitapla b\u00fcy\u00fck tart\u0131\u015fma yaratan Acemo\u011flu\u2019nu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ekonomisinin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclkeye davet etti. Facebook platformu \u00fczerinden mesaj yay\u0131mlayan Pa\u015fiyan, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan Mayalara, Orta\u00e7a\u011f Venedik\u2019inden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Amerika\u2019s\u0131na uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 15 y\u0131ll\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmayla, demokratik kurumlar\u0131n ekonomik refaha katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan Acemo\u011flu\u2019na y\u00f6nelik, \u2018Ermeni milletinden d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc ekonomist Daron Acemo\u011flu ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. O Ermenistan ekonomisine ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bay Acemo\u011flu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu da belirtti. Kesin tarihi \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde netle\u015ftirece\u011fiz.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 (Milliyet Gazetesi haberi<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Haberin orjinali 13 May\u0131s 2018 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cProminent US Economist Daron Acemoglu, the professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has agreed to provide his assistance in restoring Armenia\u2019s economy after the country was hit with a wave of anti-government protests, newly-elected Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said on Sunday.\u201d<\/em> (https:\/\/sputniknews.com\/europe\/201805131064403615-armenia-economy-usa-restore-pashinyan\/)<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nde uzun y\u0131llar hocal\u0131k yapan Acemo\u011flu’nun babas\u0131 Kework Acemo\u011flu 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6\u011fretmen annesi \u0130rma Acemo\u011flu 1991\u2019de vefat etmi\u015ftir. Acemo\u011flu’nun e\u015fi Asuman \u00d6zda\u011flar, eski Devlet Bakan\u0131 \u0130smail \u00d6zda\u011flar’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Prof. Dr. Asuman \u00d6zda\u011flar MIT\u2019 de Elektrik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi ve Bilgisayar Bilimlerinde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olup, 1 Ocak 2018 tarihinde MIT’de Elektrik Elektronik ve Bilgisayar Bilimleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi Asuman \u00d6zda\u011flar\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131 \u0130smail \u00d6zda\u011flar hakk\u0131nda 1985\u2019lerde UM Denizcilik’in sahibi U\u011fur Mengenecio\u011flu’ndan petrol ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda 25 milyon lira r\u00fc\u015fvet istedi\u011fi iddias\u0131 ile soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Ba\u015fbakan \u00d6zal da Adnan Kahveci’yi bu olay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015fti. R\u00fc\u015fvetle ilgili kan\u0131tlar elde edilince \u00d6zal, parti kurucusu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Manisa Milletvekili \u0130smail \u00d6zda\u011flar\u2019\u0131 bakanl\u0131ktan el \u00e7ektirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zda\u011flar; \u2018\u2018Bakanl\u0131k g\u00f6revini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmak, UM Denizcilik sahibi Mengenecio\u011flu’nun gemilerine fazla fiyatla akaryak\u0131t nakli sa\u011flamak suretiyle devleti zarara u\u011fratmak<\/em>\u201dtan Y\u00fcce Divan’a sevk edilmi\u015f, Mengenecio\u011flu’dan haks\u0131z \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 25 milyon lira r\u00fc\u015fvet ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f, iki y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zda\u011flar cezas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Acemo\u011flu, Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 Akademik Y\u0131l Kapan\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Uluslar Neden Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Olur<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir konu\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Acemo\u011flu konu\u015fmas\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi \u00fczerine durmu\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ekonomik ve siyasal geli\u015fimi ve iyi e\u011fitimli gen\u00e7 neslin geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde oynayaca\u011f\u0131 role de\u011finmi\u015ftir. Acemo\u011flu 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda John Bates Clarck Madalyas\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

American Economic Association, 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat eden Amerikal\u0131 iktisat\u00e7\u0131 John Bates Clark\u2019\u0131 onurland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 1947\u2019den sonra her iki y\u0131lda bir ABD\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 40 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda bir iktisat\u00e7\u0131ya, John Bates Clark Madalyas\u0131 vermektedir. 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle madalya verilme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131lda bir olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Madalyan\u0131n bir ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6zelli\u011fi de madalyay\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fte alanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n madalyay\u0131 al\u0131m tarihlerinden ortalama olarak 22 y\u0131l sonra Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc de almalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em> Bu sebeple JBC madalyas\u0131 Nobel\u2019in i\u015fareti olarak da de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Acemo\u011flu \u201c\u0130leri Gitmek \u0130\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye Geriye D\u00f6nmeli\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 (To Go Forward, Turkey Must Look Back) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisindeki sorunlara de\u011finmi\u015f, \u00a0s\u0131rada ba\u015fka krizler de var (There are other crises around the corner)\u00a0 diyerek yetkilileri uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 finanse eden yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fleri Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump ile Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan aras\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 papaz Andrew Brunson konusunda \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fma sonucunda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131r bor\u00e7lu gayrimenkul ve in\u015faat \u015firketleri b\u00fcy\u00fck risk alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ankara bu karma\u015fadan nas\u0131l kurtulur?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bunun i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6nlemlerin yoklu\u011fu bir sorundur. Paul Krugman<\/em> gibi baz\u0131 iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar ge\u00e7ici sermaye kontrolleri ve d\u00f6viz borcunun reddedilmesini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. (repudiation of foreign-currency debt)\u00a0 Di\u011fer baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r borcunu yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmak, mali disiplini s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak ve Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu’na \u00a0(IMF) \u00a0ba\u015fvurarak \u015firket ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc destekleme yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedirler.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin yapmas\u0131 gereken \u015fey basit fakat zordur<\/strong>:\u00a0Kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru kaymas\u0131n\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirmek.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(Start reversing the downward slide of its institutions)<\/h2>\n

Krizin k\u00f6kleri, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara ya da kaprisli bir Amerikan ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n tweetlerine de\u011fil, yap\u0131sal sorunlara dayanmaktad\u0131r:\u00a0 Kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlilik, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez kredi b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve kurumsal a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015fleme. Bu sorunlar, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131lda ekonomik ve politik kurumlar\u0131n etkinli\u011finin azalmas\u0131 sebebiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durum ge\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u00f6yle de\u011fildi. Kurumlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nitelikli ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2002-2006 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, 2000-2001 mali kriz sonras\u0131nda \u00fclke y\u0131lda ortalama y\u00fczde 7,5 oran\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu geli\u015fme,\u00a0\u00a0 gayri safi yurti\u00e7i has\u0131lan\u0131n y\u00fczde 25’ne ula\u015fan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc verimlilik art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu, T\u00fcrk \u015firketlerinin daha verimli hale gelmesi ve daha yeni teknolojilerin benimsenmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Merkez bankas\u0131na daha fazla \u00f6zerklik verilmi\u015f,\u00a0 b\u00fct\u00e7elerdeki siyasi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 harcamalar kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n sonucunda enflasyon d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kamu al\u0131mlar\u0131nda devlet i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerine saydaml\u0131k (a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k) getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Reformlar, yolsuzlu\u011fun ve gereksiz harcamalar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bor\u00e7-hizmet y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ile kamu harcamalar\u0131 temel altyap\u0131 ve e\u011fitim de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere daha \u00fcretken alanlara y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Bu kapsamda endi\u015fe duyulan alanlar da vard\u0131: Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlileri; yarg\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fini ve \u00f6zerkli\u011fini kaybetmesi ile kamu al\u0131mlar\u0131nda saydaml\u0131ktan uzakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. (not least in the area of government procurements)<\/p>\n

Ekonomik faaliyetlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi bu d\u00f6nemde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r egemen olan holdinglere kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet edebilecek, \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, gen\u00e7 \u015firketler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi’nin ya da halk\u0131n yoksul ve daha muhafazak\u00e2r kesimleri aras\u0131nda yer alan AKP’nin y\u00f6netiminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/em>\u00a0 \u00dclkede askerlerin etkinli\u011fi giderilmi\u015f, demokrasi g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f, bu geli\u015fmeler ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fcksek kaliteli b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Siyasi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar ekonomik geli\u015fmeler sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00f6zg\u00fc de\u011fildi. Demokrasiye ge\u00e7i\u015fler, genellikle ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de demokrasiye ge\u00e7i\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde 2000’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda uygulanan ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 2000-2001 krizinin ard\u0131ndan IMF taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan program, kurumsal reformlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flayarak,\u00a0 kamu maliyesi ve devlet ihaleleri de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere ekonomik politikalar i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Bunlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli olan\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi ile olan ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fmesidir.\u00a0 Bu durum siyasi reformlar i\u00e7in ba\u015fl\u0131ca te\u015fvik olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki bunlar\u0131n hepsi 2006’da sona ermi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ekonomide mali kriz sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan geli\u015fmeler sonucunda al\u0131nan kararlar zay\u0131flamaya,\u00a0 AB \u00fcyelik s\u00fcreci 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra duraklamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. AKP’nin 2007 genel se\u00e7imlerinden g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan sonra, medya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile birlikte yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Siyasetteki bu geli\u015fmeler ekonomiyi de etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/em> H\u00fck\u00fcmet, kamu kurumlar\u0131na verilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f,\u00a0 Merkez Bankas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin etkisine girmi\u015f, kamu al\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki reformlar gerilemi\u015f,\u00a0 yolsuzluk ve r\u00fc\u015fvet (backroom deals)\u00a0 artm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in iktidar partisi ile iyi ili\u015fkiler \u015firketlerin en de\u011ferli varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. (\u2026in the private sector, the good graces of the governing party once again became the most valuable asset of any company)<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel durgunluk makul seviyelerde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, son on y\u0131lda verimlilik azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme, in\u015faat patlamas\u0131na ve yayg\u0131n kredi geni\u015flemesine dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cari a\u00e7\u0131k ve enflasyonist bask\u0131lar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n kurumsal arka plan\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in en az \u00fc\u00e7 sebebi bilmek gerekir. Mevcut krizin temel nedenlerini \u00e7\u00f6zemeyen bir uygulama, y\u00fcksek kaliteli b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flamaz. \u0130kincisi, 2002-2006 deneyimi, ekonomik ve politik kurumlar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye dayal\u0131 bir ba\u015fka yolun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, k\u0131sa vadeli sorunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u0131\u015f kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelebilmek i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilecek strateji, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara g\u00fcven vererek k\u0131sa vadeli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olabilir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sermaye kontrolleri ya da di\u011fer mali m\u00fchendislik ara\u00e7lar\u0131, kurumsal sorunlar\u0131 olan bir ekonomiyi mucizevi bir \u015fekilde yeniden canland\u0131ramaz. T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin neye ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu daha iyi anlamak gerekir. Bunun i\u00e7in demokratik ve \u00f6zerk kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilen ekonomi y\u00f6netimi \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fctmede ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sisteminin yetkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rlamak,\u00a0 medya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak,\u00a0 i\u015f adam\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f eylemcisi Osman Kavala<\/em> gibi siyasi tutuklular\u0131 serbest b\u0131rakmak, merkez bankas\u0131 gibi kamu kurumlar\u0131 ile yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6nem vermek, kamu al\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrolleri etkinle\u015ftirilmek,\u00a0 yabanc\u0131 ve yerli yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in g\u00fcven ortam\u0131 olu\u015fturmak gereklidir.<\/p>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri\u00a0<\/strong>eski\u00a0<\/strong>Bakan\u0131 Joschka Fischer\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri daha \u00e7ok siyasidir.<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n NATO\u2019ya 1999\u2019da Kosova\u2019ya m\u00fcdahalesine verdi\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc destek, ard\u0131ndan da Irak\u2019taki sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefetinin damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu\u011fu 1998-2005 d\u00f6neminde Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Fischer, 1960 ve 1970’lerin anti-protesto g\u00f6sterilerine kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra siyasete girmi\u015f ve yirmi y\u0131ld\u0131r liderli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Almanya’n\u0131n Ye\u015filler Partisi’nin kurulmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Joschka Fischer de t\u0131pk\u0131 Acemo\u011flu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00f6nemli uyar\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/em> 28 A\u011fustosta yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda tarihte ikinci defa Osmanl\u0131dan sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n hasta adam\u0131na (the Sick Man of Europe) benzetmi\u015ftir. (Joschka Fischer’in yaz\u0131s\u0131<\/a>) \u00a0Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 Nikolay Saint Petersbug\u2019da 9 Ocak 1853\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cKollar\u0131m\u0131z aras\u0131nda hasta, a\u011f\u0131r hasta bir adam var\u201d<\/em> demi\u015f ve 12 May\u0131s 1860 tarihinde The New York Times\u2019da bu ifade yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fakat Avrupa\u2019da farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte siyaset\u00e7iler de vard\u0131r. AB ile m\u00fczakerelerin a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avusturyal\u0131lar\u0131n direni\u015fini k\u0131ran \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Patisi milletvekili ve d\u00f6nemin \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Jack Straw 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan kitab\u0131n\u0131n 18\u2019nci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hasta Adam Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Veriyor: Avrupa ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Straw, m\u00fczakere s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana Angela Merkel ile Nicolas Sarkozy gibi Avrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7ilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fcyeli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatarak, bu iki siyaset\u00e7inin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcyeli\u011fini arzulamamas\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclke olmas\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fisher, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi son y\u0131llarda Ortado\u011fu’daki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan ka\u00e7an milyonlarca g\u00f6\u00e7meni ve m\u00fclteciyi kabul eden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden hareket ederek Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n, hasta adam\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00fczerinde durmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Fisher\u2019e g\u00f6re 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa’s\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck jeopolitik konulardan biri Do\u011fu Sorunu<\/em> idi. \u201cAvrupa’n\u0131n hasta adam\u0131\u201d<\/em> olarak bilinen Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde son buldu. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdi\u011finde Osmanl\u0131, Avusturya-Macaristan ve Rus imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n Balkanlar\u2019da ba\u015flamas\u0131 bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi. (One of the great geopolitical issues in nineteenth-century Europe was the so-called Eastern Question. The Ottoman Empire, then known as the \u201csick man of Europe\u201d<\/em> was rapidly disintegrating)<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluk sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u00fcrecinde Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/em> Yunan i\u015fgalini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fckten sonra Osmanl\u0131y\u0131 par\u00e7alayan Sevr (Sevres)\u00a0 Anla\u015fmas\u0131 yerine T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn amac\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’yi Orta Do\u011fu’ya de\u011fil, Avrupa’ya ve Bat\u0131’ya, modern, laik bir \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek olmu\u015ftur<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in otoriter niteli\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r basan, fiili askeri y\u00f6netime ve \u00e7ok partili demokrasiye dayanan bir devlet kurdu. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca T\u00fcrk demokrasisi askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli kesintiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131 ve devaml\u0131 krizler \u00fcretti. (Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s ambition was to turn Turkey into a modern, secular country that would belong to Europe and the West, not to the Middle East. To achieve this goal, he ruled as an authoritarian, and created a hybrid state based on de facto military rule and multiparty democracy.<\/em> Over the course of the twentieth century, this arrangement produced recurring crises in which Turkish democracy was repeatedly interrupted by temporary military dictatorships)<\/p>\n

1947’den sonra T\u00fcrk siyaseti So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’tan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilendi. 1952’de T\u00fcrkiye NATO’ya kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Bat\u0131’n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez bir m\u00fcttefiki haline geldi. On y\u0131llar boyunca, ittifak\u0131n Sovyet sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcney kanad\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Akdeniz ve Karadeniz aras\u0131ndaki stratejik konumunu korudu.<\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye istikrara ula\u015famad\u0131. Demokrasi ve askeri y\u00f6netim aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrekli gidip gelme, modernle\u015fme yolundaki ilerlemesini sekteye u\u011fratt\u0131. <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye’de demokrasiden yana olanlar, \u00fclkenin umudu olan Avrupa’ya y\u00f6neldi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fine \u00fcyeli\u011fi modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine katk\u0131da bulunacakt\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131lar bir y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerinde hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, T\u00fcrkiye, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir \u00fcyesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye AB ile g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130slamc\u0131 Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi (AKP) iktidara geldi\u011finde, T\u00fcrkiye kendisini Avrupa’ya y\u00f6nelmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/em> \u0130slam din adam\u0131 Fethullah G\u00fclen’in hareketi ile birlikte, o zamanki Ba\u015fbakan Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n liderli\u011findeki AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere AB \u00fcyeli\u011finin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir \u00f6n ko\u015fulu olan kapsaml\u0131 kurumsal, ekonomik ve yarg\u0131 reformlar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Avrupa’n\u0131n istikrar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk demokrasisi u\u011fruna AB, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki krizin giderilmesine kendi demokratik ilkelerine dayanan sab\u0131r ve pragmatizm ile katk\u0131da bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir modernle\u015fme ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flayarak AB\u2019ye yakla\u015ft\u0131. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Arap Bahar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve piyasa ekonomisi ile birle\u015fen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u201cislam demokrasisi\u201d<\/em> modeli olarak alg\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, yedi y\u0131l sonra tamamen farkl\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyada ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n hasta adam\u0131 unvan\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla geri al\u0131yor. Stratejik konumu, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc ve insan potansiyeli g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00fclkenin 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n parlak bir gelece\u011fine do\u011fru ilerlemesi gerekiyor. Bunun yerine, milliyet\u00e7ilik ve yeniden oryantasyon bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la do\u011fru geriye do\u011fru ilerliyor. Bat\u0131 modernli\u011fini kucaklamaktan \u00e7ok, Orta Do\u011fu’ya yakla\u015f\u0131yor ve kendini o b\u00f6lgenin krizlerinin i\u00e7inde buluyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen Erdo\u011fan, T\u00fcrkiye’nin h\u0131zla modernle\u015fmesini ve ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u0131zl\u0131 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fad\u0131. Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn ayak izlerini takip etme ve T\u00fcrkiye’yi Bat\u0131’ya entegre etme g\u00f6revini tamamlama \u015fans\u0131 vard\u0131, ancak bunda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu durumu ne a\u00e7\u0131klar? <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bir olas\u0131l\u0131k, Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n 2008 mali krizinden \u00f6nce gelen patlamada a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesidir. Bir di\u011feri ise, durdurulan AB \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinin ve 2016 yaz\u0131nda ya\u015fanan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z askeri darbeden sonra otoriter tutkular\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak Bat\u0131’ya yeniden k\u0131zmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Erdo\u011fan, hem T\u00fcrkiye hem de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in genel olarak e\u015fsiz bir f\u0131rsata imza att\u0131. \u00dclkesi \u015fimdi kendisinden kaynaklanan bir para krizi ile ve de ulusal iflas olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabilir.\u00a0 Do\u011fu ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Ortado\u011fu’nun istikrar\u0131n\u0131 da etkilemektedir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f deneyimler askeri olarak sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyece\u011fini g\u00f6sterse de, T\u00fcrkiye’deki i\u00e7 etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar – \u00f6zellikle de K\u00fcrtlerle – bir kez daha \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmden \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgedeki sorunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Yine de T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avrupa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 stratejik \u00f6nemi var. Milyonlarca AB vatanda\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenlidir ve \u00fclke Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131, kuzey ve g\u00fcney aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumu kapatmaya devam edecektir. Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netimindeki T\u00fcrkiye art\u0131k AB \u00fcyeli\u011fine aday bir \u00fclke de\u011fildir.\u00a0 Ancak, kat\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcrecini engellemek yerine, AB \u00fclkeyi istikrara kavu\u015fturmaya ve demokrasisini kurtarmaya odaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130stikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa’n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu son \u015feydir<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n

Ki\u015filerin Erdo\u011fan’a kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu sempati veya antipati dikkate al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, son y\u0131llarda Ortado\u011fu’daki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan ka\u00e7an milyonlarca g\u00f6\u00e7meni ve m\u00fclteciyi kabul eden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Hem Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n istikrar\u0131 hem de T\u00fcrk demokrasisi u\u011fruna AB T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki krize kar\u015f\u0131 durmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m Acemo\u011flu ve Fisher\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dikkate almak gerekir. Her iki iktisat\u00e7\u0131 ve siyaset\u00e7i, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan yanad\u0131r. Bunun aksini iddia etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Yap\u0131lan ele\u015ftiriler e\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan ciddiye al\u0131n\u0131rsa, T\u00fcrkiye hem b\u00f6lgede ve hem de k\u00fcresel d\u00fcnyada hak etti\u011fi yere \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ula\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu kapsamda Ipsos MORI taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ara\u015ft\u0131rma dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Acemo\u011flu\u2019nun ve Fisher\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinden geni\u015f bir kitlenin haberdar olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye, en cahil \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00f6n s\u0131ralardad\u0131r. Fakat ben tarihe not d\u00fc\u015fmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu iki \u00f6nemli yaz\u0131y\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirerek okurlar\u0131mla payla\u015fmak istedim.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya genelinde yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, en “cahil”<\/em> \u00fclkeler belirlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiltere merkezli Ipsos MORI taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan Cehalet Endeksi (The 2016 Index of Ignorance) ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda ankete kat\u0131lan 27,250 ki\u015finin kendi \u00fclkeleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgileri s\u0131nanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0\u00a0Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 16 ile 64 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi anket kapsam\u0131nda 40 \u00fclkede ortalama 500-1000 ki\u015fiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/em><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma, \u00fclkelerin ekonomik durumlar\u0131n\u0131n, sonu\u00e7lara beklenenden daha az etkisi oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. ABD en cahil \u00fclkelerden biri \u00e7\u0131karken, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda olmayan Malezya en az cahil 10 \u00fclkenin i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye 40 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda en cahil 9\u2019ncu s\u0131radad\u0131r. \u00a0\u00dclkelerin en cahilden en az cahile g\u00f6re s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f listesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: Hindistan, \u00c7in, Tayvan, G\u00fcney Afrika, ABD<\/em>, Brezilya, Tayland, Singapur, T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, Endonezya, Meksika, Kanada, Karada\u011f, Rusya, S\u0131rbistan, Filipinler, Hong Kongo, \u0130srail, Danimarka, Arjantin, Fransa, Vietnam, Peru, \u0130spanya, \u015eili, Macaristan, Japonya, Bel\u00e7ika, Polonya, Kolombiya, \u0130sve\u00e7, Norve\u00e7, \u0130talya, Almanya, Avustralya, Malezya<\/em>,<\/strong> \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, G\u00fcney Kore, \u0130ngiltere, Hollanda.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kaynak<\/a><\/p>\n

Koyu renkler: \u00c7ok cahil olan \u00fclkeler<\/em><\/p>\n

Anket, d\u00fcnyadaki en cahil yerlerin,<\/em> insanlar\u0131n kendi \u00fclkeleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgisine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara; \u00fclkelerinin n\u00fcfusu, sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131, ev sahipli\u011fi ve kendi \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere toplumlar\u0131yla ilgili sorular sorulmu\u015ftur. Bulgular daha sonra endeksi olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in derlenmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin \u00fclkesi olan ABD, pek \u00e7ok az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkenin alt\u0131nda en cahil \u00fclkelerden biri olarak yer almas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye ve T\u00fcrk ekonomisi ile ilgili Daron Acemo\u011flu ve Joschka Fischer hangi uyar\u0131larda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r? Bahsedildi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrkiye de, Osmanl\u0131 gibi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n hasta adam\u0131 olarak m\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir? Peki, neler yap\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3238,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63,2,66,67],"tags":[],"coauthors":[6],"class_list":["post-3236","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi","category-genel","category-siyaset-tarih","category-tehditler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3236"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3236\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3238"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3236"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3236"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}