{"id":395,"date":"2017-11-04T11:00:25","date_gmt":"2017-11-04T08:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/?p=395"},"modified":"2018-03-10T11:27:47","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T08:27:47","slug":"tarihsel-ve-kuresel-acidan-tarima-bakis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/tarihsel-ve-kuresel-acidan-tarima-bakis\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihsel ve K\u00fcresel A\u00e7\u0131dan Tar\u0131ma Bak\u0131\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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  1. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Cumhuriyetin Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 D\u00f6neminde Tar\u0131m<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    14. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile birlikte 600 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre tarihte \u00f6nemli bir yer alm\u0131\u015f olan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda tar\u0131m a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir iktisadi hayat varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta konar- g\u00f6\u00e7er bir hayat ya\u015fayan toplum imparatorlu\u011fun geli\u015fmesi ve idari d\u00fczenin yerle\u015fmesi ile yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminin sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik tarihi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren Tahrir Defterlerindeki kay\u0131tlar n\u00fcfusun %80-90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerden gelir elde etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Devlet m\u00fclkiyetine dayal\u0131 bu toprak sistemine mir-i arazi <\/em>denilmektedir. Mir-i arazi rejiminde topra\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plak m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 devlete aittir. Mir-i arazi rejiminde do\u011frudan y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve hiyerar\u015fik bir m\u00fclkiyet s\u0131ralamas\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6yl\u00fc \u0131rsi ve ebedi kirac\u0131 olarak topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemektedir. K\u00f6yl\u00fc topraktaki tasarruf haklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlete vergi \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131 mir-i rejimi 3 farkl\u0131 toprak sistemini i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geliri 100 bin ak\u00e7eden fazla \u201chas\u201d ad\u0131ndaki dirlikler olup \u00fcst d\u00fczeydeki idarecilere tahsis edilmi\u015flerdir. Has sahipleri t\u0131mardan farkl\u0131 olarak her be\u015f bin ak\u00e7e i\u00e7in 1 asker haz\u0131rlamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Has g\u00f6reve ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak verildi\u011fi i\u00e7in sahipleri de s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Geliri 20-100 bin ak\u00e7e aras\u0131nda olan ikinci derecedeki emirler, beyler ve sancak beylerine verilen \u201czeamet\u201d ad\u0131ndaki dirliklerdir. Zeamet sahipleri (zaim) de her be\u015f bin ak\u00e7e i\u00e7in bir (1) asker haz\u0131rlamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan topraklar\u0131 rasyonel bir \u015fekilde i\u015fleterek hububat \u00fcretiminin ara verilmeksizin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ama\u00e7layan t\u0131mar sistemi ise, Osmanl\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu sistem, Sel\u00e7uklu toprak d\u00fczeni olan \u201caskeri ikta\u201d sistemini esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kta sistemi Hz. \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda istila sonucu sahipsiz kalan topraklar\u0131n devlete vergilerinin \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131 ile \u015fah\u0131slara verilmesi y\u00f6ntemi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Mir-i arazi sistemi, k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc her t\u00fcrl\u00fc do\u011fal ve toplumsal tehlikeler kar\u015f\u0131 da koruyan bir sistem olmu\u015ftur. Topra\u011f\u0131 kiralayan ve i\u015fleyen \u00e7ift\u00e7iye de (reaya) tan\u0131nan haklar Osmanl\u0131 toprak d\u00fczeninde en \u00f6nemli konulardan biri olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 terk edemez y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile bir anlamda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, terk etti\u011finde ise geri getirilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nadas d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 3 y\u0131l \u00fcst \u00fcste i\u015flemeyen \u00e7ift\u00e7iden \u201c\u00e7ift bozan\u201d veya \u201cleventlik ak\u00e7esi\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda topra\u011f\u0131n bo\u015f kalmas\u0131ndan do\u011fan zararlar\u0131 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in vergi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde en \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcnler tah\u0131llar olmu\u015ftur. Tahrir defterleri \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re toplam \u00fcretimin %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan bir oranda tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretildi\u011fi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca sebze tar\u0131m\u0131, koyunculuk ve ba\u015fta ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere meyve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi de \u00f6nde gelen tar\u0131msal faaliyetler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve meyvecili\u011fin geli\u015fmesindeki nedenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bu alanlar\u0131n yeti\u015ftiricilik gere\u011fi \u00e7ift ile \u00e7evrilmesinden do\u011fan mir-i arazinin m\u00fclk araziye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir. \u00c7ift\u00e7i arazisine bu ama\u00e7la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m ile araziyi imar ederek m\u00fclk hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir. Meralar\u0131n geni\u015f olmas\u0131, et t\u00fcketiminin fazla olmas\u0131, deri i\u015fleme sanat\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131 ve geleneksel ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretim yapan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, koyunculu\u011fun art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki temel etkenler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Toprak rejiminin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun geli\u015fmesinde rol\u00fc \u00f6nemlidir. \u0130dari ve siyasi bozulmalarla ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ge\u00e7im s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan ve y\u00fcksek vergi ile daha zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fen k\u00f6yl\u00fc, tefecilere y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denememesi de topra\u011f\u0131n tefeciye devredilmesi sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, r\u00fc\u015fvet ve b\u00fcrokratik bask\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve verimli arazilerin belirli ki\u015filer elinde toplanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015f ve hepsine ortak olarak \u201cayan<\/em>\u201d denilen yeni toprak sahipli\u011fi (m\u00fcltezim, m\u00fctesellim, toprak a\u011fas\u0131 vb.) ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6ncelikle Avrupa\u2019da toprak d\u00fczeninin ferdi m\u00fclkiyete ge\u00e7mesi ile modern tekniklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gelir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fa k\u0131yasla ekonomik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, bir\u00e7ok avantaj\u0131 da sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerin geli\u015fmesi, t\u00fcm alanlarda teknolojinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Ticaret yollar\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019in dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn gelirini geriletmi\u015f, Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan enflasyon Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu ucuz g\u0131da maddesi ve hammadde ithal edilen bir pazar durumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu da bat\u0131ya hammadde \u00fcreten ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir yap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Giderek belirli ki\u015filerin ellerinde toplanan t\u0131mar sahipleri g\u00fc\u00e7lerini de art\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu da padi\u015fahl\u0131k makam\u0131 i\u00e7in bir tehlike olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Merkezi idarenin de zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde ayanlar k\u00f6yl\u00fcye iyi davranmad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131 vergileri de \u00f6dememi\u015flerdir. 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda ayanlar II. Mahmut\u2019a \u201csened-i ittifak<\/em>\u201d imzalatm\u0131\u015f ve daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015flerdir. Bu ittifakla ayanlar, vergi imtiyazlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131rsi h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmi\u015flerdir. 1812 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra II. Mahmut geni\u015f b\u00f6lgelerde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bu ayan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ancak k\u00f6y a\u011falar\u0131 daha da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yar\u0131 feodal unsurlar olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Gerileme d\u00f6nemi ile birlikte toprak d\u00fczeni de yenilenemeyince t\u0131mar sistemi de Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 (1839) ile kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u0131ldan sonra m\u00fcltezim uygulamas\u0131 sona erdirilmi\u015f ve vergilerin devlet g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu da beklenen ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6steremedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 1841 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden m\u00fcltezim uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Tanzimat y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftliklerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na da neden olmu\u015ftur. 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir tebli\u011f de toprak par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu tebli\u011f, topra\u011f\u0131n miras yolu ile yaln\u0131zca babadan uygun olan o\u011fula ge\u00e7mesi kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131z evlatlar\u0131n da mirastan pay almas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece topraklar par\u00e7alanarak daha da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, optimum s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu c\u00fccele\u015fmeye verim art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 tar\u0131m tekniklerinin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 da eklenince tar\u0131msal gelir giderek d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu tehlikeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 1858 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Mehmet R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Pa\u015fa, Arif Bey ve Tahsin Bey\u2019den olu\u015fan bir kurul taraf\u0131ndan arazi kanunnamesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanunname ilk ciddi ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 toprak kanun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kanun \u00fclke topraklar\u0131 5 gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1. M\u00fclk Topraklar (Araziyi Memluke), 2. Mir-i topraklar, 3.Vak\u0131f topraklar\u0131, 4. Kamu Topraklar\u0131 ve 5. \u00d6l\u00fc Topraklar: Tasarrufu kimsede bulunmayan \u00e7orak, da\u011fl\u0131k ve ormanl\u0131k topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1874 y\u0131l\u0131nda tapu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kurulmu\u015f ve 1911 tarihinde de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanun ile k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn tasarrufunda bulunan mir-i araziyi ipotek edilebilir, bor\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131labilir hale getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu kanunlar ile Cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet gelmi\u015f, ancak adil olmayan bir toprak d\u00fczeni olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lk olarak \u015feker pancar\u0131 \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00e7abalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ancak 1913 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0131slah edilmi\u015f \u015feker pancar\u0131 tohumlar\u0131 ithal edilerek Bursa, \u00c7anakkale, Elaz\u0131\u011f, Sivas, Ankara ve \u015eam\u2019da denemeler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcretime ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan \u015feker fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine kadar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda pamuk tar\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak dokuma sanayinin geli\u015fmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle rekabet \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015f ve yaln\u0131zca ham pamuk ihracat\u0131 yap\u0131larak gelir sa\u011flanabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6nemli ihracat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri aras\u0131nda olan t\u00fct\u00fcn ekim alanlar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde d\u00f6rt kat art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Yine, incir ve \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde de iki kata varan art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tanzimat ferman\u0131 ile te\u015fvik edilemeye ba\u015flanan di\u011fer bir \u00fcr\u00fcn de merinos koyunu yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, kapit\u00fclasyonlarla i\u00e7 Pazar, g\u00fcmr\u00fcks\u00fcz ithal mallara a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00fcreticiler rekabet edememi\u015f ve bu \u00fcretim dal\u0131ndan beklenen sonu\u00e7 yeterince al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kapit\u00fclasyon alt\u0131nda olan \u00fclke, 1878-1913 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda her y\u0131l ortalama 75 bin ton un, 65 bin ton pirin\u00e7 ve 10 bin ton bu\u011fday ithal etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 milyon alt\u0131n lira \u00f6denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Bu d\u00f6nemde alt yap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bir k\u0131s\u0131m sulama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f fakat sava\u015f nedeni ile \u00f6nemli olan baz\u0131 nehir \u0131slah\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcreticiye tohumluk da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fcreticinin kredilendirilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, tar\u0131m okullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi at\u0131l\u0131mlar da bu y\u0131llarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kapit\u00fclasyon alt\u0131nda olan \u00fclke, 1878-1913 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda her y\u0131l ortalama 75 bin ton un, 65 bin ton pirin\u00e7 ve 10 bin ton bu\u011fday ithal etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 milyon alt\u0131n lira \u00f6denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk, daha Cumhuriyeti ilan etmeden 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda tar\u0131mla ilgili ilk beyannameyi yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, A\u015far\u2019\u0131n \u0131slah edilmesini, t\u00fct\u00fcn tar\u0131m\u0131 ve ticaretinin milli menfaatlere uygun d\u00fczenlenmesini, Ziraat Bankas\u0131n\u0131n sermayesini art\u0131rarak \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri daha uygun ve daha fazla kredi ile desteklemesini, tar\u0131m makinalar\u0131n\u0131n ithalini, hayvan \u0131slah\u0131 ve say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir (Dernek,2006).<\/p>\n

    Bu beyannamenin temel dayana\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cMilli ekonominin temeli ziraatt\u0131r. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 ve saban, bu iki fatihten birincisi ikincisine ma\u011flup oldu. \u00c7ift\u00e7i ve \u00e7oban bu millet i\u00e7in temel unsurdur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin as\u0131l sahibi ve efendisi, ger\u00e7ek \u00fcretici olan \u00e7ift\u00e7idir. E\u011fer milletimizin ekseriyeti azamisi \u00e7ift\u00e7i olmasayd\u0131 bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulunmayacakt\u0131k<\/strong>. gibi tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayan derin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve bilgilerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresinde tar\u0131mla ilgili konular da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, kongrede Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 beyannameyi destekleyen kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda tar\u0131mda \u201ca\u015far vergisi kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, toprakla ilgili \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 benimsenmi\u015f, vak\u0131f arazileri de hazineye ve baz\u0131 zengin gruplar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Bir grup topraks\u0131z \u00e7ift\u00e7iye ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlere 1923-1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 3,7 milyon dekar arazi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlet eliyle da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra meralar da tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, mera arazilerinde 3,9 milyon dekar azalma meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00f6nlemlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015f, 1929 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde %27\u2019lik bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ancak 1929 d\u00fcnya ekonomik krizi ile birlikte tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ihra\u00e7 fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00e7ift\u00e7i gelirini azaltm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ift\u00e7i \u00fcretim yapamaz noktaya gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Ekonomide devlet\u00e7ilik politikas\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 desteklenmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, bu\u011fday koruma kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bununla ilgili Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra 1933\u2019e gelindi\u011finde tar\u0131mda \u00fcretim rakamlar\u0131 sevindirici d\u00fczeye gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Bu y\u0131llar, tar\u0131mda e\u011fitimden uygulama \u00e7iftliklerine, y\u00f6netimden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye, teknik i\u015fletmelerden fabrikalara, \u00fcretici deste\u011finden d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131ma kadar giden \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve entegre bir anlay\u0131\u015fla ele al\u0131nan h\u0131zl\u0131 bir yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n, kurumla\u015fman\u0131n oldu\u011fu y\u0131llard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ziraat \u0130\u015fler vb. ilgili genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fcklere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ta\u015frada tohum \u0131slah istasyonlar\u0131, meyvecilik, ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, fidanc\u0131l\u0131k istasyonlar; \u00e7ay ve zeytin fidanl\u0131klar\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda da geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, hayvan \u0131slah\u0131 i\u00e7in istasyonlar, karantina birimleri ve laboratuarlar\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadele programlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc kurulu\u015f olarak zirai m\u00fccadele istasyonlar\u0131 ve enstit\u00fcleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Toprak da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki adaletsizli\u011fi d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ancak Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve II. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile giri\u015fimler sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Uzun s\u00fcren II. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonraki 1939-1949 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tar\u0131m da olumsuz etkilenmi\u015f, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde k\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4753 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201c\u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, uygulaman\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131nda sadece devlete ait arazilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Demokrat Partinin iktidar oldu\u011fu 1950-1959 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle bu d\u00f6nemin ilk 1950-1953 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Geli\u015fmede bu d\u00f6nemde gelen Marshall yard\u0131m\u0131 itici g\u00fc\u00e7 olmu\u015f, tar\u0131mdaki trakt\u00f6r say\u0131s\u0131 artarken buna ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015flenen alanlar geni\u015flemesi, tar\u0131msal kredilerin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyi gitmesi gibi olumlu durumlar \u00fcretimi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta ekim alan\u0131 14,5 milyon hektardan 18,8 milyon hektara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim 1 kat artm\u0131\u015f, bu\u011fday ekim alan\u0131 %100 artarken, \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 %132 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131m\u0131n milli gelirdeki pay\u0131 %37,5\u2019ye, k\u0131rsal alanda ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfus, toplam n\u00fcfusun %68\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, GSMH y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama %11,3 oran\u0131nda artarken T\u00fcrkiye bu\u011fday ihra\u00e7 eden \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda sonra tar\u0131m ikinci planda kal\u0131rken, sanayi ve ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1757 say\u0131l\u0131 Toprak ve Tar\u0131m Reformu Yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toprak ve Tar\u0131m Reformu Yasas\u0131 ilk olarak \u015eanl\u0131 Urfa \u0130linde uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, ancak 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesinin iptal karar\u0131 ile uygulama son bulmu\u015ftur. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da eski sahiplerine geri ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Tar\u0131m\u0131n K\u00fcresel Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim; toprak, su ve biyolojik kaynaklar ile birlikte tar\u0131msal girdiler kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan bitkisel, hayvansal, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, mikroorganizma ve enerji \u00fcretimini ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

      K\u00fcreselle\u015fmeyle ba\u015fat olarak d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda da yeni kavramlar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern Tar\u0131m yerine S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Tar\u0131m, \u0130yi Tar\u0131m Uygulamalar\u0131, Az i\u015flemeli Tar\u0131m, Tar\u0131msal Pazarlama, Topraks\u0131z Tar\u0131m, T\u00fcketici Odakl\u0131 Tar\u0131m, Mikro Klima Alanlar\u0131, Havza Bazl\u0131 Tar\u0131m gibi tar\u0131ma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran, tar\u0131m\u0131n konumunu ve tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren kavramlar g\u00fcndemde yerini almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Art\u0131k, tar\u0131m\u0131n bizzat kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla beslenme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layarak de\u011fer ifade etti\u011fi, k\u00f6yl\u00fc merkezli n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funu bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131 nedeniyle siyasi ve sosyal \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumdan; kitlelerin beslenmesinde, miktar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi artan t\u00fcketim taleplerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda ve yeni pazarlar olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda ticari bir meta olarak tar\u0131m y\u00f6netiminin “Y\u00fckselen de\u011fer<\/strong>” ifade etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla stratejik \u00f6nemin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemez bir \u015fekilde bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zaman dilimi ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Stratejik, ekonomik, politik, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip olan tar\u0131m, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde artan bir \u015fekilde k\u00fcresel bir boyut ve \u00f6nem ile \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00f6tesi bir nitelik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde kendine yeterli olma kayg\u0131s\u0131 yerini, daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 olan, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin g\u00f6receli \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerine g\u00f6re bir \u00fcretim ve pazarlama yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada temel tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde \u00fcretim, t\u00fcketim ve ticaret dengeleri h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fmekte, \u00f6zellikle bu\u011fday, m\u0131s\u0131r, ya\u011f bitkileri artan bir \u00f6nemle stratejik \u00fcr\u00fcn olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Art\u0131k d\u00fcnyada bol ve ucuz tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ticareti m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmemektedir.<\/p>\n

      Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve rekabet\u00e7ilik \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan kavramlar haline gelirken, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, artan n\u00fcfus bask\u0131s\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 organizasyonlar\u0131n etkinli\u011finin artmas\u0131 sekt\u00f6re y\u00f6n veren temel dinamikler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

      G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tar\u0131m, sadece \u00fcretim ve pazarlamadaki s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ve ara\u00e7larla y\u00f6netilemeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli bir sekt\u00f6r haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7; tar\u0131mda k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek; tar\u0131msal geliri istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde art\u0131rarak hayat standard\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltecek; kaynaklar\u0131n daha etkin, ekonomik ve verimli kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayacak; sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi, g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ve d\u00fcnyada s\u00f6z sahibi bir noktaya gelmesine y\u00f6nelik strateji ve uzun soluklu politikalar geli\u015ftirme ve uygulamay\u0131 gerekli ve zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      2050 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun 9 milyar olaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu n\u00fcfusu besleyebilmek i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin %70-100 aras\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermesi gerekti\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir (Agricultural Development Strategy Overview, 2011).<\/p>\n

      Son on y\u0131lda tar\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde olan konular aras\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek verim kayg\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde unutulan aile i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, tar\u0131mda kad\u0131n, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve ye\u015fil tar\u0131m gibi konular; besin arz\u0131 odakl\u0131 g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin su ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenirlili\u011fi, sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi ya\u015fam kalitesini art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 unsurlar ile besleyici \u00f6zelliklerinin zenginle\u015ftirilmesine ili\u015fkin konular; uzun d\u00f6nemde g\u0131da \u00fcretimini s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilecek olan iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, biyoyak\u0131t gibi geli\u015fmeler, tar\u0131m ve tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fen ekonomik kriz ve fiyat istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi k\u00fcresel geli\u015fmeler ve son olarak tar\u0131mda yeni teknolojik at\u0131l\u0131mlar i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme, bilgi ve ileti\u015fim teknolojilerinin \u00f6nemi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      D\u00fcnya mal ve hizmet ticaretinde tar\u0131m mallar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pay\u0131na ra\u011fmen, tar\u0131m her t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u0131\u015f ticaret m\u00fczakerelerinde ba\u015fk\u00f6\u015feyi kapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Tar\u0131msal katma de\u011fer de\u011fi\u015fik tan\u0131mlara g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya GSYH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %3-%6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de 1970\u2019lerde %30 olan bu oran 2014\u2019te %8\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Toplam GSYH\u2019n\u0131n %78\u2019ini \u00fcreten 20 \u00fclke, tar\u0131msal GSYH\u2019n\u0131n da %56\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n 18\u2019inci b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi olan T\u00fcrkiye, tar\u0131msal katma de\u011ferde 9\u2019uncu s\u0131raya y\u00fckselmektedir. ABD, Hollanda, Almanya, Brezilya ve \u00c7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu 5 \u00fclkenin toplam tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %30\u2019u a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ithalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 \u00c7in, ABD, Almanya, Japonya ve Fransa\u2019d\u0131r. Bu 5 \u00fclke d\u00fcnya toplam ithalat\u0131n\u0131n %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir (T\u0130M Tar\u0131m Raporu, 2016).<\/p>\n

      \u00c7izelge 1: D\u00fcnya Tar\u0131m Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Yap\u0131s\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      OECD ile FAO\u2019nun ortakla\u015fa haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k Tar\u0131msal G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re (OECD\u2011FAO Agricultural Outlook 2017\u20112026), talepte yava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin etkisiyle k\u00fcresel g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyredece\u011fi; bitkisel ya\u011f, \u015feker ve s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131l boyunca ana ilave kalori sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olabilece\u011fi; k\u00fcresel g\u0131da emtia fiyatlar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zirvelere k\u0131yasla gelecek 10 y\u0131l boyunca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerde kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fi ve bu durum, y\u00fckselen baz\u0131 ekonomilerde talep b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin yava\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisi ve biyoyak\u0131t politikalar\u0131n\u0131n pazarlarlar \u00fczerindeki azalan etkisinden olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131; hububat stoklar\u0131n\u0131n son on y\u0131lda 230 milyon ton ile ikmali ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok emtia stoklar\u0131n\u0131n bol olu\u015fu \u015fu an neredeyse 2007-2008 g\u0131da fiyat krizinden \u00f6nceki seviyelerine gerileyen k\u00fcresel fiyatlar\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya yard\u0131m edece\u011fi; talepte yava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin etkisiyle k\u00fcresel g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyredece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Baz\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomiler istisna olmak \u00fczere ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 g\u0131da talebi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yatay seyredece\u011fi; ilave kalori ve protein t\u00fcketiminin 10 y\u0131l boyunca bitkisel ya\u011f, \u015feker ve s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden gelmesi ve et i\u00e7in talep b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin yava\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 ifade ayn\u0131 raporda ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Raporun tahmin ve analizlerinde belirtildi\u011fi gibi \u201cMahsul \u00fcretiminde art\u0131\u015f \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcn veriminden sa\u011flanacak. M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fcretimindeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, y\u00fczde 10\u2019nun ise ekim alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesinden gelmesi bekleniyor. Et ve s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindeki art\u0131\u015f ise bunun tam tersine hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerindeki geni\u015flemeden ve hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na daha y\u00fcksek verimden sa\u011flanacak. S\u00fct \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nceki 10 y\u0131lla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0131zlanacak ve bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Hindistan ve Pakistan\u2019dan gelecek. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, bal\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fcmede bask\u0131n olacak ve \u00e7iftlik bal\u0131k \u00fcretimi raporda analiz edilen b\u00fct\u00fcn emtialar i\u00e7inde en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen protein kayna\u011f\u0131 olacak. Tar\u0131m ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ticaretindeki b\u00fcy\u00fcme ise bir \u00f6nceki on y\u0131ldaki b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131na do\u011fru yava\u015flayacak\u201d.<\/p>\n

      \u00dcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Asya ve \u00f6zellikle G\u00fcney Amerika \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmakta, \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyreden Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcretim ve d\u00fcnya d\u0131\u015f ticaretindeki paylar\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler y\u00fcksek oranda b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin hem ihracat hem de ithalat taraf\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkeleri ihracat, artan gelirleriyle \u00f6zellikle Afrika \u00fclkeleri ithalat taraf\u0131nda \u00f6nde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      G\u0131da g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ve tar\u0131msal sa\u011fl\u0131k standartlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ihracatlar\u0131na ket vurabilmektedir. Tarife-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 engeller \u00f6zellikle geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f ticaret maliyetlerinin artmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Bu art\u0131\u015f hem ihracat hem de ithalat i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

      Tar\u0131msal arz boyutunda ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, talep boyutunda da \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte \u015fehirle\u015fme ve t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine olan ihtiyac\u0131 art\u0131rmakta, ayr\u0131ca g\u0131da g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi konusunda yeni hassasiyetleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcretime oranla t\u00fcketimin daha fazla artmas\u0131, d\u00fcnyada stoklar\u0131 azaltmakta, bu durum d\u00fcnya fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 dalgal\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. G\u0131da maddeleri fiyatlar\u0131 son 20 y\u0131lda iki kattan fazla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2007 ve 2008 y\u0131llar\u0131nda g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan y\u00fcksek art\u0131\u015flar, k\u00fcresel bir krize d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (10. Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 Bitkisel \u00dcretim \u00d6zel \u0130htisas Komisyonu Raporu, 2014).<\/p>\n

      K\u0131tl\u0131k senaryolar\u0131 ve 3F krizleri (food, fuel and finance) nedeniyle, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar g\u0131da \u00fcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sistemlerini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmelerin bir sonucu olarak tar\u0131m, k\u00fcresel politikalarda en \u00f6ncelikli s\u0131raya y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      Tar\u0131m-G\u0131daya Y\u00f6n Verenler: \u00dclkeler, Kurulu\u015flar ve \u015eirketler:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Tar\u0131mda d\u00fcnyaya h\u00fckmeden \u00fclkeler ABD, e\u011fer bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131rsa AB (Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa), \u00c7in, Hindistan ve Brezilya\u2019d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 Endonezya, T\u00fcrkiye, Kanada ve Rusya izlemektedir. Do\u011fal olarak, tar\u0131mda d\u00fcnya piyasas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oyuncular\u0131 piyasan\u0131n arz veya talep taraf\u0131nda farkl\u0131la\u015fabiliyor. ABD ve \u00c7in arz taraf\u0131nda d\u00fcnya tar\u0131msal GSYH\u2019sinin %26\u2019s\u0131n\u0131, tar\u0131msal istihdam\u0131n %35\u2019ini (yaln\u0131z \u00c7in), tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %15\u2019ini sa\u011flarken, talep taraf\u0131nda toplam d\u00fcnya GSYH\u2019sinin %32\u2019sini, n\u00fcfusun %23\u2019\u00fc, ithalat\u0131n %19\u2019u ve yetersiz beslenen n\u00fcfusun %19\u2019u (yaln\u0131z \u00c7in) bu \u00fclkelerdedir. ABD ve \u00c7in\u2019e di\u011fer 6 \u00fclkeyi ekledi\u011fimizde d\u00fcnyada tar\u0131msal arz\u0131n ve talebin yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n bu 8 \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

      D\u00fcnya tar\u0131m\u0131na ara\u015ft\u0131rma, bilgi, tart\u0131\u015fma ve anla\u015fma forumu g\u00f6revleriyle y\u00f6n veren BM kurumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda FAO, WFP, IFAD, WTO, WHO, WBG, IMF, BM d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda AB, OECD, ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131 olarak CGIAR ve \u00f6zellikle \u00fcyesi IFPRI, sivil toplum kurulu\u015fu olarak da OXFAM ve BMGF say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

      Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ve ticareti piyasas\u0131nda adeta tekelle\u015fmeye varan b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar yaln\u0131zca fiziki olarak tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ticareti ile kalmamakta, g\u0131da zincirinin her a\u015famas\u0131nda, girdi sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131, toprak sahibi, hayvan yeti\u015ftiricisi, g\u0131da \u00fcreticisi, finans\u00f6r, nakliyeci, altyap\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131, olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu firmalar giderek tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini girdi olarak kullanan sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretim ve ticareti y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geni\u015flemektedirler.<\/p>\n

      Uluslararas\u0131 devlerin d\u00fcnya tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkilemesi yaln\u0131z \u00fcretim, i\u015fleme, depolama, pazarlama ve ticaret a\u015famas\u0131nda olmamakta ayn\u0131 zamanda tohum, g\u00fcbre, ila\u00e7, makine gibi \u00f6nemli girdilerin temini a\u015famas\u0131nda olmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da firma, tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131 gibi tar\u0131msal girdi piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol etmektedir (T\u0130M Tar\u0131m Raporu, 2016).<\/p>\n

      OECD taraf\u0131ndan 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan rapora g\u00f6re; 2013-15 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tar\u0131msal \u00fcreticilere, y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 585 milyar ABD $ (469 milyar EUR) de\u011ferinde do\u011frudan destekte ve sekt\u00f6r\u00fc destekleyen genel hizmetlere 87 milyar ABD $ (69 milyar EUR) destekte bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere verilen desteklerin tipi de, deste\u011fin miktar\u0131 kadar \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. OECD 50 \u00fclkesinde, ortalama olarak, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere verilen deste\u011fin %68\u2019i piyasa fiyat deste\u011fi olarak, \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 ya da girdiyle k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n verilmi\u015ftir; bu \u00f6nlemler \u00fcretim kararlar\u0131n\u0131 bozmakta ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde piyasalar\u0131 ve ticareti tahrif etmektedir. G\u00f6receli olarak, verilen desteklerin sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanan hedeflerine veya kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklara do\u011frudan ula\u015fabilmektedir. OECD \u00fclkelerinin tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in desteklerin yo\u011funlu\u011fu, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 30 y\u0131lda neredeyse yar\u0131ya inmi\u015ftir ve br\u00fct i\u015fletme has\u0131lat\u0131n\u0131n %17\u2019sini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerdeki ortalama destek seviyeleri \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck veya neredeyse eksi seviyelerden y\u00fckselerek OECD \u00fclkelerinin ortalamalar\u0131na yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu ortalamalar raporda yer alan \u00fclkelerdeki \u00e7e\u015fitli destek seviyelerini kamufle etmektedir. Avustralya, Brezilya, Kanada, \u015eili, Kolombiya, \u0130srail, Kazakistan, Meksika, Yeni Zelanda, G\u00fcney Afrika, Ukrayna, ABD ve Vietnam OECD ortalamas\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, baz\u0131 durumlarda \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, destek seviyelerine sahiptir. AB, Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki destek seviyeleri neredeyse bu ortalamaya yak\u0131n seyrederken, \u00c7in biraz daha y\u00fcksek destek vermektedir. Endonezya\u2019daki destek seviyeleri \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksektir ancak yine de en fazla deste\u011fi veren \u00fclkeler \u0130zlanda, Japonya, Kore, Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin gerisindedir.<\/p>\n

      AT taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcye \u00fclkeleri kapsamak \u00fczere uygulanmakta olan Ortak Tar\u0131m Politikas\u0131 (OTP), temelde \u00fcye \u00fclke \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerini desteklemek amac\u0131yla, ekonomik tercihler de\u011fil, daha ziyade sosyal tercihler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir politikad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, OTP\u2019nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131, ortak fiyat politikalar\u0131 ile tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn AT \u00fclkelerinde ayn\u0131 seviyeye yakla\u015ft\u0131rmak, zaruri t\u00fcketim maddeleri olan g\u0131da maddelerinin harcamalar i\u00e7erisinde bir dengeye kavu\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, \u00fccretlerin benzer rekabet \u015fartlar\u0131nda tespitini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Topluluk, OTP’nin finansman\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve ortak prensiplerle hareket edecek ortak mali organ olarak Avrupa Tar\u0131msal Garanti ve Y\u00f6nlendirme Fonu, uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r AB b\u00fct\u00e7esinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kalemini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Toplulukta tar\u0131msal politikalar\u0131n tek elden ve koordinasyon i\u00e7erisinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yap\u0131lan harcamalar\u0131n tek kaynaktan kontrol edildi\u011fi bir sistemin olu\u015fu, birtak\u0131m sorun ve gereksinimlere an\u0131nda m\u00fcdahale edilmesini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de uygulanmakta olan destekleme politikalar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, AB\u2019deki kadar karma\u015f\u0131k bir sistemle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmamakta ancak destekleme uygulamalar\u0131 belli kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131 ve zaman i\u00e7erisinde al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re kendini yenileyen bir sistem d\u00e2hilinde izlenememektedir. H\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, y\u0131ldan y\u0131la de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6steren fiyat m\u00fcdahaleleri yan\u0131nda devletin fiyat ve pazar olu\u015fumuna yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiler, istikrarl\u0131 bir \u00fcretim ve fiyat geli\u015fimini de sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      K\u00fcresel Tar\u0131m ve K\u0131rsal Kalk\u0131nma \u00d6ncelikli Stratejiler: <\/strong><\/p>\n

      7-8 Nisan 2016 tarihlerinde 46 \u00fclke ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen OECD Tar\u0131m Bakanlar\u0131 Toplant\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda, \u201c\u00dcretken, S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve Diren\u00e7li K\u00fcresel G\u0131da Sistemine Ula\u015fmay\u0131 Sa\u011flayacak Daha \u0130yi Politikalar Deklarasyonu\u201d kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bildiride Bakanlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yer alan politikalara gereksinim duyuldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durmu\u015flard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • B\u00fcy\u00fcme, kalk\u0131nma, ticaret, yat\u0131r\u0131m, istihdam, refah ve \u00e7evre konular\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde ekonomik \u00f6nlemler hususunda tutarl\u0131 olmak.<\/li>\n
      • K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kamu kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flarken, \u015feffaf (a\u00e7\u0131k hedefler ve ama\u00e7lanan yararlan\u0131c\u0131lar ile), hedeflenen (belirli sonu\u00e7lara), uygun hale getirilmi\u015f (istenilen sonu\u00e7la orant\u0131l\u0131), esnek (zaman ve mek\u00e2n \u00fczerinde \u00e7e\u015fitli durumlar\u0131 ve \u00f6nceliklerini yans\u0131tan), tutarl\u0131 (\u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 kurallara ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere) ve adil (\u00fclke i\u00e7inde ve \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda) olmak.<\/li>\n
      • Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn daha fazla entegrasyonunu sa\u011flayacak daha iyi i\u015fleyen \u00e7ok taraf\u0131 ticaret sistemini desteklemek. B\u00f6ylece rekabet\u00e7i tedarik\u00e7iler adil, \u015feffaf, pazar odakl\u0131 ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131 olmayan bazda piyasa f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 takip edebileceklerdir.<\/li>\n
      • S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir verimlilik art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tesisi i\u00e7in inovasyonu \u00f6ncelikli konular aras\u0131nda tutmak.<\/li>\n
      • Mevcut su, arazi, orman, enerji, toprak ve biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u015fekilde kullanan ve hayvan, bitki ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduran \u00fcretim sistemlerini te\u015fvik etmek.<\/li>\n
      • Hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile ilgili \u015foklar, hastal\u0131k salg\u0131n\u0131 ve piyasa dalgalanmas\u0131 gibi s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen olaylarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilmeleri ad\u0131na \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin risklere kar\u015f\u0131 daha diren\u00e7li olmalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek Destek d\u00fczeyinin genel olarak azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve daha az bozucu politikalara kay\u0131lmas\u0131 yolunda, d\u00fczensiz de olsa kademeli olarak ilerlemeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu rapor, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkenin mevcut g\u0131da ve tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131na daha fazla y\u00f6nelmeleri gerekti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      • \u00dclkeler, tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki odaklar\u0131n\u0131 sekt\u00f6rdeki geli\u015fmekte olan f\u0131rsatlara ve zorluklara y\u00f6neltmelidir: verimlilik art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullan\u0131m\u0131 aile \u00e7iftliklerinin dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u00d6zellikle, insanlara yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m (e\u011fitim, yetenekler ve baz\u0131 durumlarda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri), stratejik fiziksel altyap\u0131, tar\u0131msal inovasyon sistemleri gibi \u00fcreticilerin ve t\u00fcketicilerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      • \u00dclkeler risk y\u00f6netimi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirmeli ve risk y\u00f6netimi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczene koymal\u0131d\u0131r. Normal i\u015f riskiyle, piyasa temelli ara\u00e7larla idare edilebilecek riskler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r ve facia getiren riskler \u015feffaf ve uygulanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      • Do\u011frudan \u00f6demelerin verimlili\u011fini iyile\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in, \u00fclkeler, \u00e7evresel performans\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek, i\u015fletme gelirlerini desteklemek veya k\u0131rsal toplumun refah\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek gibi belirli politika hedeflerini tan\u0131mlamal\u0131 ve bu tarz deste\u011fin yararlan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru tan\u0131mlamal\u0131 ve politika \u00f6nlemlerini buna g\u00f6re hedeflemelidir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. T\u00fcrkiye Tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Bitki ve iklim \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, toprak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun nispeten tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 ve su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yeterlili\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi e\u015fsiz bir konuma oturtmaktad\u0131r. Bundan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, tar\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin statik mukayeseli \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi gibi dinamik modeller a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da uzun vadede T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin rekabet\u00e7i \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini yans\u0131tan bir nitelikte de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

        Rekabet\u00e7i tar\u0131m ve g\u0131dan\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nce tar\u0131m mallar\u0131nda, kullan\u0131lan \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinde ve tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131nda anlay\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin yerle\u015fmesi gerekmektedir. Art\u0131k tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde oldu\u011fu gibi tedarik zincirinde sadece girmek de\u011fil, kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flamak ve hatta de\u011fer zincirinde yer edinmek zorunlu hale gelmi\u015ftir. Par\u00e7al\u0131 ve ge\u00e7ici tedbirlerle sekt\u00f6rde rekabet\u00e7i kalman\u0131n olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrkiye’nin, son 10 y\u0131lda ekilen ve dikilen\u00a0tar\u0131m arazilerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 8,2’sini, toplam tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n da y\u00fczde 5,22’sini kaybetti\u011fi bildirildi. 10 y\u0131lda en fazla tar\u0131m alan\u0131 kayb\u0131 tah\u0131llar ve di\u011fer bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcn alanlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda 17 milyon 440 bin hektar olan tah\u0131llar ve di\u011fer bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin alan\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 11 azalarak 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 15 milyon 574 bin hektara geriledi.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131m arazisinin tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sa\u011flanan verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile bitkisel \u00fcretim artmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim faaliyetini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 23,6 milyon hektar tar\u0131m arazisinden yem bitkileri d\u00e2hil y\u0131ll\u0131k 140 milyon tona ula\u015fan bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etmektedir. Nadas alan\u0131ndaki daralmaya ra\u011fmen, ekilen alanlar 15,5 milyon hektara gerilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131lan alan 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 2015\u2019e kadar 2 milyon hektar azalarak 39 milyon hektara d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

        Rekabet \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kiraz d\u00e2hil bir\u00e7ok meyvede ise verimlilik ve etkinlik sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, gelecekte rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn azalmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir.<\/p>\n

        Toplam verimlilikteki art\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak incelendi\u011finde, bunun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de istenen d\u00fczeyde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yan\u0131nda tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan dalgalanmalar sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemekte, riskleri ve belirsizlikleri art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Maliyet \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz olmayan bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde ihracat hedeflerine ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma ve odaklanma stratejilerine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r. Farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma stratejileri kapsam\u0131nda do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z ve ekolojik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz dikkate al\u0131narak organik tar\u0131m ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere do\u011fa dostu tar\u0131m (karbon ayak izi vb.), co\u011frafi i\u015faretleme, \u00fcr\u00fcn sertifikasyonlar\u0131 ile \u00fcr\u00fcne katma de\u011fer katacak i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na; odaklanma stratejileri kapsam\u0131nda ise b\u00f6lgesel konumumuz ve lojistik avantajlar\u0131m\u0131z dikkate al\u0131narak yeni yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hedef pazarlar\u0131n tespit edilmesine ve bu pazarlar\u0131n taleplerine uygun \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilmesine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u00c7izelge-2: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Tar\u0131m Alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n
        Y\u0131l<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Toplam
        \ntar\u0131m
        \nalan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Toplam i\u015flenen
        \ntar\u0131m alan\u0131 ve uzun
        \n\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc bitkilerin
        \nalan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Toplam i\u015flenen
        \ntar\u0131m alan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Tah\u0131llar ve di\u011fer bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin alan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Sebze bah\u00e7eleri
        \nalan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Toplam uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc
        \nbitkilerin alan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc bitkiler<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        \u00c7ay\u0131r ve
        \nmera
        \narazisi<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Di\u011fer
        \nmeyveler,
        \ni\u00e7ecek ve
        \nbaharat
        \nbitkileri
        \nalan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Ba\u011f
        \nalan\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Zeytin
        \na\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n
        \nkaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131
        \nalan<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Ekilen
        \nalan<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		\n
        Nadas<\/strong><\/h6>\n

         <\/td>\n

        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        1988<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        41 940<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        27 763<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        24 786<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        18 995<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        5 179<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        612<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        2 977<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        1 531<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        590<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        856<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        14 177<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        1990<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        42 033<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        27 856<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        24 827<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        18 868<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        5 324<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        635<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        3 029<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        1 583<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        580<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        866<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        14 177<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        1995(3)(4)<\/sup><\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        39 212<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        26 834<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        24 314<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        18 252<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        5 124<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        938<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        2 520<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        1 399<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        565<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        556<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        12 378<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        2005<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        41 223<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        26 606<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        23 775<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        18 005<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        4 876<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        894<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        2 831<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        1 653<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        516<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        662<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        14 617<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        2006<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        40 493<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        25 876<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        22 981<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        17 440<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        4 691<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        850<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        2 895<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        1 670<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        514<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        712<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        14 617<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        2010<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        39 011<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        24 394<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        21 384<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        16 333<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        4 249<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        802<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        3 011<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        1 749<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        478<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        784<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        14 617<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        2016 (*)<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        38 328<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        23 711<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        20 381<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        15 574<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        3 998<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        804<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        3 329<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        2 048<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        435<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        846<\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        14 617<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Kaynak: G\u0131da, Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. <\/strong>* Bilgi ge\u00e7icidir.<\/strong><\/h6>\n
        (3) 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren sadece meyve ve zeytin kapal\u0131 alanlar\u0131 verilmi\u015f olup, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan dahil edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/h6>\n
        (4) 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Avrupa Birli\u011finin faaliyetlere g\u00f6re \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin \u0130statistiki S\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na (CPA 2002) g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
        		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        GTGB ve T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu (T\u00dc\u0130K) verilerine g\u00f6re, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye’de ekilen ve dikilen tar\u0131m alan\u0131 23 milyon 763 bin hektar, \u00e7ay\u0131r ve mera arazileriyle toplam tar\u0131m alan\u0131 da 38 milyon 380 bin hektar olarak belirlendi. 10 y\u0131lda en fazla tar\u0131m alan\u0131 kayb\u0131 tah\u0131llar ve di\u011fer bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcn alanlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda 17 milyon 440 bin hektar olan tah\u0131llar ve di\u011fer bitkisel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin alan\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 11 azalarak 2016\u2019da 15 milyon 574 bin hektara geriledi.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmelerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yap\u0131da olmas\u0131, pazara eri\u015fim ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedeki yetersizlikler ile e\u011fitim-yay\u0131m hizmetlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli sorun alanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrkiye Ziraat Odalar\u0131 Birli\u011fi (TZOB) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmede, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ya\u015fanan h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, k\u0131rsaldan kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn, yerle\u015fimlerin i\u00e7inden veya yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en karayollar\u0131n\u0131n, yollar \u00e7evresinde kurulan sanayinin, madencilik faaliyetlerinin, turizm ve kamu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye’de tar\u0131m topraklar\u0131n\u0131n gerilemesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtildi.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131mda bitkisel \u00fcretimin pay\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda her a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u011f\u0131r basmaktayd\u0131. TZOB verilerine g\u00f6re 2014 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda %21,2 art\u0131\u015f kaydedilen tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 50\u2019nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131ktaki y\u00fcksek girdi maliyetleri nedeniyle, t\u00fcketiciler \u00e7o\u011fu hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne AB ortalamas\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde fiyat \u00f6demek durumunda kalmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

        G\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de reel olarak g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc katma de\u011feri, \u00f6zellikle 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 istatistiklere g\u00f6re 2014 \u00f6ncesi tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde d\u00fcnyada be\u015finci s\u0131rada olan T\u00fcrkiye, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda dokuzuncu s\u0131ray\u0131 almaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131ldaki olumlu geli\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc verimlili\u011finde 30\u2019lu, arazi verimlili\u011finde ise 20\u2019li s\u0131ralardad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 katma de\u011fer y\u0131lda ortalama %4,3 b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tar\u0131msal katma de\u011feri ise ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde y\u0131lda sadece %1,5 b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2016a). \u00dclkemizde ya\u015fanan kurakl\u0131k sonucu 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6nemli oranda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme g\u00f6sterse de 2007-2012 d\u00f6neminde y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama y\u00fczde 2,1 olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 %6 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fal afetlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ya\u015fanan y\u00fczde 2,1\u2019lik k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmenin ard\u0131ndan 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda %7 b\u00fcy\u00fcme, sonras\u0131nda da 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda %-0,08 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131m\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisindeki \u00f6nemi nispi olarak azalm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, yurti\u00e7i g\u0131da ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne girdi temini, ihracat ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 istihdam olanaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hal\u00e2 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Cumhuriyetin kuruldu\u011fu y\u0131l tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn GSM(Y)H i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %42,8 iken, 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda %36,0, 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda %25, 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda %16, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda %13,5, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda %12,6 ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise %6 d\u00fczeyine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve gelir yakla\u015f\u0131k 161 milyar dolara varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (GTHB, 2016). Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re ise tar\u0131m\u0131n GSYH i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde 8,5 iken 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde 8 olmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Buna ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrk tar\u0131m\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumu ile gerek kendi potansiyelinin gerekse d\u00fcnya standartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok gerisinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn GSMH\u2019deki pay\u0131n\u0131n giderek azalmas\u0131, sanayile\u015fme ve hizmetler sekt\u00f6rlerinde geli\u015fmeye daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilmesinin bir sonucu oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

        Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n gelirinin \u00fclke ortalamas\u0131na oranlar\u0131 2002\u2019de %35 iken 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re %22, 2014\u2019de %7,1 ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise %6 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        2007-2012 d\u00f6nemi boyunca \u00fclkemizdeki tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnler fiyat endeksi, toplam \u00fcretici fiyatlar\u0131 endeksine g\u00f6re daha h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckselmi\u015f, g\u00f6receli olarak k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir sekt\u00f6r haline gelen tar\u0131ma yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla istihdam artm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Onuncu Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 raporunda ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrkiye \u0130hracat\u00e7\u0131lar Meclisi Tar\u0131m Raporunda (2016); \u201cTar\u0131m-g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerin faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticaret serbestisinden faydalanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmayan sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ihracat ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 gelecek i\u00e7in \u00fcmit vericidir. Sekt\u00f6r bir yandan geleneksel ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden meyve, sebze ve sert kabuklular\u0131n ihracat\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken, i\u015flenmi\u015f g\u0131da sanayii \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat\u0131n\u0131 da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla da olsa art\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi gerekmektedir, aksi durumda T\u00fcrkiye h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fcnya tar\u0131m-g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde bulundu\u011fu pozisyonu kaybedebilir Eski \u201ctar\u0131m\u201d, art\u0131k \u201ctar\u0131m-g\u0131da\u201d haline gelmi\u015ftir ve sekt\u00f6r, di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlere benzer \u015fekilde, ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fan kurumsal a\u011f deste\u011fi ile d\u00fcnya piyasas\u0131na mal ve \u00fcr\u00fcn arz eden, \u201cticaretin uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d h\u0131zla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmdedir.<\/p>\n

        Son on y\u0131lda tar\u0131m-g\u0131da (tar\u0131msal sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri hari\u00e7) ihracat\u0131n\u0131n toplam ihracat i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %10\u2019larda, ithalat\u0131nki ise %5\u2019lerde seyretmektedir.<\/p>\n

        G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihracat\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %25-30\u2019u tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 sanayilerce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Belki bundan daha da \u00f6nemli olan husus, otomotiv sekt\u00f6r\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye net d\u00f6viz kazand\u0131ran yani, ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilmeyen sekt\u00f6rlerin \u015fimdilik sadece tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 sanayi kategorisinde yer almas\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 ihracat\u0131n %35\u2019ini g\u0131da, %61\u2019ini g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bitkisel ve hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve %4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc tar\u0131msal girdiler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u0130thalatta ise bu oranlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla %36, %44 ve %20\u2019dir. T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve tar\u0131m sanayii y\u00fcksek oranda katma de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tar\u0131m ham madde ve ara mallar\u0131 ithal etmekte ve katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 ihra\u00e7 etmektedir. Tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ihracat\u0131nda ya\u015fanan h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmeler ve artan yurti\u00e7i talep, tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn ithalat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, tar\u0131m ihracat\u0131 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda 3,6 milyar dolar (g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek sanayii d\u00e2hil 8 milyar dolar), ithalat\u0131 ise 2,9 milyar dolar (g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek sanayii d\u00e2hil 5,4 milyar dolar) seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fken; 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda ihracat 5,4 milyar dolara (g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek sanayii d\u00e2hil 14,9 milyar dolar) ve ithalat ise 7,5 milyar dolara (g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek sanayii d\u00e2hil 12,6 milyar dolar) y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. \u0130hracat\u0131n i\u00e7inde f\u0131nd\u0131k, ya\u015f sebze meyve gibi \u00f6zel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 devam etmektedir. Ancak \u00fcmit verici geli\u015fme i\u015flenmi\u015f g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde izlenmektedir. \u0130\u015flenmi\u015f g\u0131dan\u0131n toplam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 yava\u015f da olsa artmaktad\u0131r. Gelecekte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tar\u0131m-g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ihracat performans\u0131nda i\u015flenmi\u015f g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindeki art\u0131\u015f belirleyici rol oynayacakt\u0131r (T\u0130M Tar\u0131m Raporu, 2016).<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnler ticaretinde g\u00fcndeme getirilen sorunlar aras\u0131nda, d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131ndaki belirsizlik ve istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, haks\u0131z rekabet, tarife d\u0131\u015f\u0131 engeller, y\u00fcksek nakliye, i\u015flem ve vergi maliyeti, y\u00fcksek ham madde ve ara mal maliyeti, talebe uygun ve rekabet\u00e7i fiyattan \u00fcr\u00fcn sunamama (kalite, zamanlama, standart, t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131), pazarlama sorunlar\u0131, finansman sorunlar\u0131 ve son olarak te\u015fviklerin yetersizli\u011fi say\u0131labilir. Kaynaklar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinin ise bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u0131\u015f ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan i\u015fletmelerin, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc genelde tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 piyasalar\u0131n, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tar\u0131m ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret politikalar\u0131n\u0131n etki ve sorumluluk alanlar\u0131na girmektedir.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal istihdam\u0131n toplam istihdam i\u00e7inde %21 pay ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye, k\u0131rsal istihdam b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyada 12\u2019nci s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u015fsiz kalanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 emerek i\u015fsizli\u011fin derinle\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir. 1990\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda tar\u0131m\u0131n toplam istihdamdaki pay\u0131 %40 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. 2000\u2019lerin ortas\u0131nda %20\u2019lere yakla\u015fan istihdam pay\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ayn\u0131 oranda devam etmektedir. Tar\u0131msal istihdam Do\u011fu Marmara, Akdeniz, Ege ve hatta G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Son y\u0131llarda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn tar\u0131mdan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ivme kazanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc verimlili\u011finin y\u00fckselmesinde \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, sekt\u00f6rdeki istihdam\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        2013 y\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fcresel G\u0131da G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Endeksi\u2019nde, T\u00fcrkiye 105 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 36\u2019nc\u0131 s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu endekste g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin boyutlar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye eri\u015filebilirlikte (ekonomik ula\u015f\u0131labilirlik) 44\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc, bulunabilirlikte (fiziksel ula\u015f\u0131labilirlik) 26\u2019nc\u0131 ve kalite ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi boyutunda ise 35\u2019inci s\u0131rada bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Toplam tar\u0131msal destekleme \u00f6demeleri 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4,8 milyar TL iken 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esi itibar\u0131yla yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 88 oran\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stererek 9 milyar TL\u2019ye y\u00fckselmektedir. Do\u011frudan Gelir Deste\u011fi uygulamas\u0131na 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda son verilmesiyle destekler, alan ve \u00fcr\u00fcn bazl\u0131 \u00f6demeler \u015feklinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 5488 say\u0131l\u0131 Tar\u0131m Kanunu ile \u00e7er\u00e7evesi \u00e7izilen tar\u0131msal politikalar plan d\u00f6neminde \u00fcr\u00fcn, \u00fcretim ve \u00fcretici odakl\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel temelli olarak \u015fekillenmi\u015f olup tar\u0131msal desteklerin tar\u0131m havzalar\u0131 ve i\u015fletme temelli bir yap\u0131da verilmesi ve gelir istikrar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geli\u015ftirilme ihtiyac\u0131 s\u00fcrmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, s\u00f6z konusu politikalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na temel olu\u015fturacak tar\u0131m bilgi sistemlerinin kurulmas\u0131na devam edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Destekleme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde bug\u00fcne kadar etkili olmu\u015f ve bug\u00fcnden sonra da etkili olacak ve olmas\u0131 muhtemel dinamikleri iki ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (Yavuz ve ark., 2004). Bunlardan birincisi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu ve\/veya bir \u015fekilde ili\u015fkilerinin bulundu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 organizasyonlar, \u00fclke topluluklar\u0131 ve \u00fclkelerden dolay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir tak\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ve sorumluluklard\u0131r ki bunlar d\u0131\u015f dinamiklerdir. \u0130kincisi ise \u00fclkenin \u015fartlar\u0131ndan ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan do\u011fan i\u00e7 dinamiklerdir.<\/p>\n

        D\u0131\u015f Etkenler<\/strong><\/p>\n

        D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc<\/em><\/strong> (DT\u00d6): Uluslararas\u0131 ticareti serbestle\u015ftirme amac\u0131ndan hareket eden DT\u00d6, ticaret politikalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan, \u00fclke i\u00e7erisindeki destekleme politikalar\u0131n\u0131 da dolayl\u0131 yoldan y\u00f6nlendirmektedir. DT\u00d6, uygulanacak destekleme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n, piyasa mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 en az d\u00fczeyde etkileyecek yap\u0131da olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

        Avrupa Birli\u011fi<\/em><\/strong>: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcyesi olmak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve \u00fcyelik i\u00e7in uyum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 AB\u2019nin destekleme politikalar\u0131, y\u00f6nlendirici olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u201cTar\u0131m ve K\u0131rsal Kalk\u0131nma\u201d, \u201cG\u0131da G\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi, Veterinerlik ve Bitki Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ile \u201cBal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda AB\u2019ye uyum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam edilmi\u015f ancak sadece \u201cG\u0131da G\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi, Veterinerlik ve Bitki Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d fasl\u0131 m\u00fczakereye a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131<\/em><\/strong>: <\/em>Makroekonomik dengelerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, girilen ekonomik darbo\u011fazlardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla IMF ve IBRD, ekonominin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve finansman kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flama konusunda \u00fclkelere yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar ve bunlara sunulan niyet mektuplar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tar\u0131msal desteklerin y\u00f6nlendirilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u0130\u00e7 Etkenler<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Desteklerin b\u00fct\u00e7eye getirdi\u011fi y\u00fck<\/em><\/strong>: Tar\u0131msal Reform Uygulama Plan\u0131 (ARIP)<\/strong> \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde destekleme politikalar\u0131nda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fmelerin temel gerek\u00e7elerinden biri, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara gelinceye kadar destekleme al\u0131mlar\u0131 ve girdi s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00e7eye \u00f6nemli bir y\u00fck getirmesidir.<\/p>\n

        D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 ve krediler<\/em><\/strong>: <\/em>Mevcut d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc ve krediler, b\u00fct\u00e7e imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan destekleme politikalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/em><\/strong> Bu a\u00e7\u0131k dolayl\u0131 olarak kredi al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan destekleme politikalar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyici bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n problemleri<\/em><\/strong>:<\/strong> Tar\u0131m\u0131n problemleri, zaman zaman destekleme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde rol oynam\u0131\u015fsa da bu fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn etkisi istenen d\u00fczeyde olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Stratejik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde istikrarl\u0131 desteklemelerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olarak uygulanmas\u0131 yeterince sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmelerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yap\u0131da olmas\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomisinin getirilerinden yararlan\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, pazara eri\u015fim ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmedeki yetersizlikler ile e\u011fitim-yay\u0131m hizmetlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli sorun alanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tar\u0131m i\u015fletmelerinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ayn\u0131 i\u015flev ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131na sahip farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde \u00fcretici \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin bulunmas\u0131, bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin etkinli\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fcretici \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin pazara eri\u015fiminde g\u00f6r\u00fclen sorunlar \u00fcr\u00fcn piyasalar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli kamu m\u00fcdahalesi beklentisinin do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u00d6zellikle, tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerden gelen talep dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tar\u0131m, orman, \u00e7ay\u0131r ve mera alanlar\u0131nda koruma-kullanma dengesinin g\u00f6zetilmesi \u00f6nemini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Arazi Toplula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ile birlikte uygulanan tarla i\u00e7i drenaj, tarla i\u00e7i yol ve tahliye ile toprak \u0131slah\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne ise\u00a0\u00a0“Tarla \u0130\u00e7i Geli\u015ftirme Hizmetleri”\u00a0\u00a0denilmektedir.<\/p>\n

        1961 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 2002 y\u0131l\u0131na\u00a0kadar 41 y\u0131l boyunca 450 bin hektar alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Arazi\u00a0toplula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u0131z kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle 2009 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra GAP ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazanarak 59 ilde 7 milyon hektar alan\u0131 kapsayan bir proje durumuna gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        2006 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar toplam 0,6 milyon hektar alanda tamamlanan toplula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda 4,2 milyon hektara ve 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda 5 milyon hektara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan, Devlet Su \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnce (DS\u0130) i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lan net sulama alan\u0131 2006 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda 2,53 milyon hektar iken 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla 2,81 milyon hektara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olup plan d\u00f6nemi sonunda 2,91 milyon hektara ula\u015fmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Sulama yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ile arazi toplula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n uyumlu y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve sulama oran\u0131 ve rand\u0131man\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nceli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u00dclkemizdeki arazi toplula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6ncelik; sulamaya a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve a\u00e7\u0131lacak olan 8,5 milyon hektar tar\u0131m arazilerinde arazi toplula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamakt\u0131r. Toplam 14 milyon hektar alandaki arazi toplula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 2023 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Hedef 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkemizin 1. ku\u015fak arazi toplula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamakt\u0131r (GTHB, 2017).<\/p>\n

        DS\u0130 (2015) tahminlerine g\u00f6re i\u015flenebilir alan\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %25\u2019ine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen br\u00fct 6,09 milyon hektar sulanmaktad\u0131r. Toplam sulanan alan\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131 DS\u0130 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir; kalan alan eski K\u00f6y Hizmetleri\u2019nin ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin kendi sulamalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Sulama konusunda dikkati \u00e7eken olgu, DS\u0130 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen sulamalarda bile sulama oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeylerde seyretmesidir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle sulama altyap\u0131s\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek say\u0131labilecek bir oranda sulanamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Sulama projeleri arazi toplula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde; parsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmadan en ekonomik \u015fekilde, sulama, yol ve tahliye planlamas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetlerinde tasarruf sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Be\u015f hektar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki i\u015fletmelerin %90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 yaln\u0131z kendi arazisini kullan\u0131rken, 50 hektar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki i\u015fletmelerin bile en fazla %40\u2019\u0131 ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n arazisini i\u015flemektedir (T\u0130M Tar\u0131m Raporu, 2016).<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinde gen bankalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, yeni \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitleri ile biyoteknoloji ve nanoteknoloji alanlar\u0131ndaki faaliyetlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi, tar\u0131msal teknoparklar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ile yenilenebilir enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131 konular\u0131nda geli\u015fmeler kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Son y\u0131llarda, birim alan ve hayvandan elde edilen verimler ile tar\u0131msal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc verimlili\u011fi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri genelde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli olup yem bitkileri \u00fcretimi ile \u00e7ay\u0131r ve meralar\u0131n korunma ve \u0131slah\u0131 yetersiz, sun\u00ee tohumlama say\u0131s\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ortalamalar\u0131n alt\u0131nda ve hayvan hareketleri ile hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nlemler yeterlilikten uzak bir durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k desteklemeleri miktar ve \u00e7e\u015fit olarak art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgesel projeler uygulamaya konulmu\u015f, bu destekler son y\u0131llarda et ve s\u00fct \u00fcretiminde art\u0131\u015f getirmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan, et \u00fcretiminde arz a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011furan geli\u015fmeler ve t\u00fcketim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 et fiyatlar\u0131nda dalgalanmalara neden olmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn piyasalar\u0131n\u0131 daha rekabet\u00e7i ve verimli bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek \u00fczere; h\u00e2ller, lisansl\u0131 depoculuk, \u00fcr\u00fcn ihtisas borsalar\u0131 ile vadeli i\u015flem ve opsiyon i\u015flemlerine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelere gidilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        G\u0131da sanayi hammaddesini y\u00fcksek oranda tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Tar\u0131m ve G\u0131da Sanayi i\u00e7inde %40\u2019a yak\u0131n bir payla tah\u0131l ve ni\u015fasta \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ilk ba\u015fta gelmektedir. Bunu %15\u2019er pay ile s\u00fct ve et \u00fcr\u00fcnleri takip etmekte, \u015feker, meyve ve sebze ile bitkisel ya\u011flar %11, %9 ve %6 ile takip etmektedir. G\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yarat\u0131lan katma de\u011ferin yakla\u015f\u0131k %11\u2019ini, GSYH\u2019n\u0131n ise yakla\u015f\u0131k %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn istihdam ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 seviyelerdedir. G\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de reel olarak g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc katma de\u011feri, \u00f6zellikle 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana, s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimine girmi\u015ftir\u00a0 (T\u00dc\u0130K, 2015a).<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131m-G\u0131da D\u0131\u015f Ticaretinde Sorunlar olarak: d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131ndaki belirsizlik ve istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, haks\u0131z rekabet, tarife d\u0131\u015f\u0131 engeller, y\u00fcksek nakliye, i\u015flem ve vergi maliyeti, y\u00fcksek ham madde ve ara mal maliyeti, talebe uygun ve rekabet\u00e7i fiyattan \u00fcr\u00fcn sunamama (kalite, zamanlama, standart, t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131), pazarlama sorunlar\u0131, finansman sorunlar\u0131 ve son olarak te\u015fviklerin yetersizli\u011fi say\u0131labilir.\u00a0 Tar\u0131m-g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f pazarlar\u0131nda rekabet sert, kar oranlar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r; herhangi bir ihracat pazar\u0131na girmenin maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u015fartt\u0131r (T\u0130M Tar\u0131m Raporu 2010)<\/p>\n

        Ekonominin geri kalan\u0131 ile k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise g\u0131da sanayiinin y\u00fck\u00fc 2009\u2019a kadar ortalama civar\u0131nda iken 2009\u2019dan sonra belirgin bir \u015fekilde daha y\u00fcksek seviyelere \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2007\u2019deki KDV indirimine ra\u011fmen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu art\u0131\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn alt sekt\u00f6rlerde g\u00f6zlenmekle birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda et, \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, hayvansal ve bitkisel ya\u011f \u00fcretimi ve hayvan yemi alt sekt\u00f6rlerindeki vergi y\u00fck\u00fc art\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmakt\u0131r<\/p>\n

        Tar\u0131mda y\u0131ll\u0131k toplam bitkisel \u00fcretimin %25\u2019i hasat, ta\u015f\u0131ma, depolama ve t\u00fcketim a\u015famalar\u0131nda kaybolmaktad\u0131r. Kayb\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131 hasat ve depolama a\u015famalar\u0131nda meydana gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

        Genel Tar\u0131msal Ama\u00e7lar ve Hedefler:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00c7evre ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ilkesine ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131narak, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ve arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fini destekleyen politikalarla, de\u011fi\u015fen t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u00fcretimi y\u00f6nlendirmek, yeterli ve g\u00fcvenilir g\u0131da arz\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve t\u00fcketicinin g\u0131daya ili\u015fkin endi\u015felerini gidermek temel \u00f6ncelik olmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak yerini almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n