{"id":4918,"date":"2019-01-10T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-10T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com?p=4918&preview=true&preview_id=4918"},"modified":"2019-01-10T20:36:58","modified_gmt":"2019-01-10T17:36:58","slug":"yuksek-baglamli-kulturler-ve-yolsuzluk-arasindaki-iliski","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/yuksek-baglamli-kulturler-ve-yolsuzluk-arasindaki-iliski\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler ve yolsuzluk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/h1>\n

E. T. Hall ve y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1959 tarihli The Silent Language <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eseriyle Y\u00fcksek Ba\u011flaml\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Ba\u011flaml\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr[1] kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 ilk olarak ortaya atan antropolog Edward T. Hall, literat\u00fcrde Gustave Le Bon\u2019un bireyci- kolektif, F. T\u00f6nnies\u2019in Gemeinschaft ve Gesellschaft [2] gibi sosyolojik-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na bu iki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma olarak \u00f6nermi\u015f ve 1976 tarihli Beyond Culture <\/em>eserinde bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmay\u0131 derinlemesine tarif etmi\u015ftir. (Hall, 1976) Buna g\u00f6re \u201cy\u00fcksek\u201d ve \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\u201d terimleri birer mertebe belirten mukayese s\u0131fatlar\u0131 olmay\u0131p, ba\u011flam\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimdeki belirleyicili\u011fini tarif eder. Hall, \u00f6ncelikle s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ileti\u015fim y\u00f6ntem ve mecralar\u0131na e\u011filerek ileti\u015fimin katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015f, daha sonra her t\u00fcr ileti\u015fim etkinli\u011finde ba\u011flam\u0131n belirleyicili\u011finin farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6rerek kuram\u0131n\u0131 bu anlay\u0131\u015f \u00fczerine in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. (Rogers, et al., 2002) Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde ba\u011flam daha belirleyicidir, ileti\u015fim endirekt, s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ileti\u015fim \u00f6\u011felerinin daha bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu yollarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde kelimelerin literal anlamlar\u0131 daha \u00f6n plandad\u0131r, ileti\u015fim daha do\u011frudand\u0131r. [3]<\/p>\n

Hall, Beyond Culture eserinde dilin yaln\u0131zca kendisinin de\u011fil, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimi ve g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen, ikincil yap\u0131s\u0131yla bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ileti\u015fimde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tarif eder:<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7eli\u015fkisi; dilin, yani k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc izah etmek i\u00e7in en yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lan sistemin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n bu zor g\u00f6revi ba\u015farmaya pek az uyum g\u00f6steriyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Dil fazla do\u011frusal, yeterince kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fil, fazla yava\u015f, fazla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, fazla k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131, fazla yapmac\u0131k, kendi evriminin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00e7ok yapay. Bu, yazar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak dilin kendisini mecbur tuttu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 ak\u0131lda tutmak zorunda oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyor. Fakat yazar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na, b\u00fct\u00fcn ileti\u015fimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan ve ileti\u015fimin de, b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn de tabi oldu\u011fu bir \u015fey ko\u015fuyor; \u015f\u00f6yle ki, dil (s\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ya da anlamlar\u0131 bir beyinden di\u011ferine aktarma arac\u0131 de\u011fil, malumat\u0131 organize etmeye ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle tepkileri di\u011fer organizmalara duyurmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir sistemdir. D\u00fcnyada ne kadar kavray\u0131\u015f varsa t\u00fcm bu kavray\u0131\u015flar i\u00e7in malzeme ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 haliyle mevcuttur, s\u0131k\u00e7a form\u00fcle edilmemi\u015f haldeyse de yine insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde vard\u0131r. \u0130nsan bunlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m edebilir, fakat bir ba\u015fka insan\u0131n zihninde bunlar\u0131 yoktan var etmek imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. <\/em>(Hall, 1976, p. 57)<\/p>\n

Buna g\u00f6re ileti\u015fim, dilin de beslendi\u011fi, insanlar\u0131n zihinlerinde kolektif olarak var olan bir zihinsel malzemeden beslenir, bu malzeme de co\u011frafyaya ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilir. \u0130leti\u015fimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan, i\u00e7eri\u011fini, kalitesini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen \u015fey, kelimelerden \u00e7ok, kelimelerin kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n zihinlerindeki imajlar ve anlamlard\u0131r. Bu payla\u015f\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ba\u011flam\u0131 yarat\u0131r ve ba\u011flam\u0131n kelime anlamlar\u0131 gibi ileti\u015fimin encoding<\/em>–decoding <\/em>d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne (Bkz: McEliece, 1984) etki derecesi, s\u00f6zkonusu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 oldu\u011funun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrler, y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 olu\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re hem Hall, hem de takip eden bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleraras\u0131 ileti\u015fim ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 okumalar kapsam\u0131nda bu eksende ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fu toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ekseriyetle y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 iken, Bat\u0131 toplumlar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelli\u011finin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. (Hall, 1976) Fakat \u00f6zellikle geni\u015f ve \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn genel \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile, alt k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin yahut k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bile\u015fenlerin, farkl\u0131 etnik men\u015feden gelen topluluklar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterebilir. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 olarak Hindistan toplumu, farkl\u0131 diller konu\u015fan \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131k gruplardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in, b\u00fct\u00fcn bile\u015fenlerin dahil oldu\u011fu \u015femsiye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 olma e\u011filimindeyken, alt-gruplar y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelliklerini haizdir. (Nishimura, et al., 2008) Farkl\u0131 diller konu\u015fan, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dilin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 etkiledi\u011fini varsayan Sapir-Whorf hipotezi g\u00fcndeme al\u0131n\u0131rsa, ayn\u0131 ortam, \u015fartlar ve ortak bir\u00e7ok de\u011feri payla\u015fsa bile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, davran\u0131\u015fsal ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterece\u011fini bekleyece\u011fimiz bu unsurlar (Boroditsky, 2017), birbirleriyle etkile\u015fime girdiklerinde payla\u015f\u0131lan ba\u011flam s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ya da y\u00fczeysel oldu\u011fundan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterirken, bu gruplar i\u00e7indeki k\u00fclt\u00fcr y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bengali konu\u015fan Hindistanl\u0131lar ile Hinduca konu\u015fan Hindistanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda etkile\u015fim, genelde \u0130ngilizce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. \u0130ngilizce, post-kolonyal d\u00f6nemde Hindistan\u2019\u0131n lingua franca<\/em>s\u0131d\u0131r. (Trautmann, 2011) Fakat Hindular\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngilizce\u2019nin y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere has oldu\u011fu \u00fczere \u015fairane, sayg\u0131 ifadelerine daha s\u0131k yer veren bir frekansta oldu\u011funu literat\u00fcr g\u00f6stermektedir. (Mehrotra, 1995); (Aktaran: Nishimura et al., 2008)<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve birey davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na etkileri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin \u00f6zellikleri, yaln\u0131zca ileti\u015fimi etkilemez. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerin ayn\u0131 zamanda davran\u0131\u015flar \u00fczerinde de etkisinden s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Hall, s\u00f6zgelimi, y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde hiyerar\u015fik ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisindeki bir sistemde en tepedeki otorite fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, emri alt\u0131ndaki zincirin en \u00f6nemsiz mensubuna kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin hatalar\u0131ndan sorumlu tutuldu\u011funu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerdeyse sorumlulu\u011fun sisteme da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, mutlaka bir \u201cg\u00fcnah ke\u00e7isi\u201d gerekiyorsa en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 r\u00fctbeden bir sorumlu bulundu\u011funu iddia eder. (Hall, 1976, p. 113) Yine Hall ve Hall, Understanding Cultural Differences eserinde k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn ve ba\u011flam\u0131n zaman-mekan kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve bireyin zamanla ve mekanla kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkiyi irdeleyerek bir korelasyon oldu\u011funu iddia eder. (Hall & Hall, 1990)<\/p>\n

\"\"

\u015eekil 1. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131. \u015eekilde sa\u011fa do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 \u00f6zellik artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n

Hall, g\u00f6zlemleri ve tecr\u00fcbelerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin ba\u011flam\u0131n belirleyicili\u011fine g\u00f6re bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f ve kendisinden sonra gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n da katk\u0131lar\u0131yla, Do\u011fu \u2013 Bat\u0131 ekseninde Bat\u0131\u2019ya gittik\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fin (\u00f6zellikle Avrasya\u2019da) bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu, Kuzey \u2013 G\u00fcney ekseninde ise G\u00fcney\u2019e inildik\u00e7e y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (Hall & Hall, 1990) Bu alanda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131larak, ekonomik aktivitelerden ki\u015fileraras\u0131 ileti\u015fimin \u00f6zelliklerine bir\u00e7ok konuda ba\u011flam\u0131n belirleyicili\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck ya da y\u00fcksekli\u011finin birey psikolojisine ve sosyolojiye etkileri incelenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle pazarlama, reklam ve halkla ili\u015fkiler alan\u0131nda, k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekli firmalar\u0131n reklam ve di\u011fer ileti\u015fim kampanyalar\u0131na yol g\u00f6stermek, tan\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne dair tecr\u00fcbe ve i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fclerinin yeni bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrle ileti\u015fimde sebep olabilece\u011fi olumsuzluklar\u0131 azalt\u0131c\u0131 i\u015flevleri olan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 okumalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Donghoon, et al., 1998)<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 \u015feklindeki ikili tasnifinin, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri ile ba\u011flam\u0131n belirleyicili\u011fine g\u00f6re tasnifteki yerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak suretiyle, bir ili\u015fki aramak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Y\u00fcksek ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fimi ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 etkiliyor ve belirliyorsa, farkl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar ve sonu\u00e7lar ile, y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131l\u0131k ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131l\u0131k aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki bulunmas\u0131 gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

Yolsuzluk alg\u0131s\u0131 indeksi ve r\u00fc\u015fvet<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Transparency International, 25 y\u0131ld\u0131r h\u00fckumet ve devlet organizasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve takip yapan bir kurulu\u015ftur. D\u00fczenli olarak yay\u0131nlanan Corruption Perceptions Index (Yolsuzluk Alg\u0131s\u0131 Endeksi) ve Bribe Payers Index raporlar\u0131, \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n alg\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fclkede yolsuzluk ve r\u00fc\u015fvetin ne denli yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funa dair inanc\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er. (Transparency International, 2017) (Transparency International, 2011)<\/p>\n

Bu iki rapordan yaln\u0131z en g\u00fcncel olan 2017 Yolsuzluk ve 2011 R\u00fc\u015fvet indekslerini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda dahi, y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip kabul edilen \u00fclkelerde yolsuzluk ve r\u00fc\u015fvetin g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ve bir \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmenin belirginle\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke\/Yolsuzluk G\u00fcveni S\u0131ralamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Yeni Zelanda<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Danimarka<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Finlandiya<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Singapur<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Almanya<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hong Kong<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ABD<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Japonya<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130talya<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7in<\/td>\n77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00fcrkiye<\/td>\n81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rusya<\/td>\n135<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Afganistan<\/td>\n177<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Suriye<\/td>\n178<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Somali<\/td>\n180<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1. Yolsuzluk Alg\u0131s\u0131 \u0130ndeksine g\u00f6re baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin s\u0131ralamalar\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

Tablo 1\u2019i yorumlayacak olursak, esasen y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olmas\u0131 beklenirken, koloni olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 emperyal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerinin hakim oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilecek Singapur ve Hong Kong\u2019un y\u00fcksek s\u0131ralamada olmas\u0131 (daha az yolsuzluk) bu tarihi \u00f6zel durum ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00fclkelerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve tamamen ticaret\/finans etkinli\u011fi \u00fczerine kurulu modern \u015fehir devleti g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc arz etmeleri de etkendir. Japonya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada en y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden biri olarak \u00f6rnek verilmesine ra\u011fmen ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek not ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Yolsuzlu\u011fun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinde y\u00fcksek-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelli\u011finin tek parametre olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fka parametrelerin de sonucu etkiledi\u011fi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemeli, ayn\u0131 ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck-geli\u015fmi\u015flik segmentinde yer alan \u00fclkelerin bir arada de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131ralama buna g\u00f6re yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Japonya, \u00c7in gibi ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerle ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fta yer alan \u00fclkelerin, bu \u00fclkelere nazaran daha fazla yolsuzluk tecr\u00fcbe etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke\/R\u00fc\u015fvet G\u00fcveni S\u0131ralamas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Hollanda<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130svi\u00e7re<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bel\u00e7ika<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Almanya<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Japonya<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Britanya<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ABD<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130talya<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Malezya<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hindistan<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00fcrkiye<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BAE<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Endonezya<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7in<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rusya<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2. R\u00fc\u015fvet G\u00fcveni indeksine g\u00f6re baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin s\u0131ralamalar\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tablo 2\u2019de de Japonya y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ayr\u0131ks\u0131 dursa da, genel manzara ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe ve geli\u015fmi\u015flik s\u0131ralamas\u0131na sahip \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip kabul edilen \u00fclkelerin r\u00fc\u015fvet verilen bir ortama daha yatk\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcksek Ba\u011flaml\u0131-D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelli\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k bir tasnif olu\u015ftursa da, Hall ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilen y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelliklerinin, r\u00fc\u015fvet ve yolsuzluk gibi davran\u0131\u015flara yol a\u00e7makta do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 amiller oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Hall, y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin do\u011frudan ileti\u015fimden ka\u00e7\u0131nan, dolayl\u0131 tedbirlere ba\u015fvurmay\u0131 tercih eden, \u00fcstelik aile ve dostluk ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer sosyal ili\u015fkiler ve rollere nazaran daha bask\u0131n ve etkin oldu\u011fu davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. (Hall, 1976, p.158) Bu tarz ka\u00e7\u0131nmac\u0131, dolayl\u0131 ileti\u015fimi tercih eden bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrde herhangi bir i\u015fin do\u011frudan, kamusal alanda \u015feffaf bi\u00e7imde taraflar\u0131n teklif ve \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n dillendirildi\u011fi ve hukuki bir hakemlik taraf\u0131ndan sonucun tayin edildi\u011fi bir sistemi in\u015fa etmek zordur. [4] Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde \u201cperde arkas\u0131 ileti\u015fim\u201din resmi ve nesnel ileti\u015fim alan\u0131ndan daha etkili olmas\u0131, sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ve ekonomik faaliyette sempatik ve organik metodlara ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 meylini artt\u0131r\u0131yor olabilir. Bu da r\u00fc\u015fvet ve yolsuzlu\u011fun y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131, ileti\u015fimin do\u011frudan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde hem artmas\u0131n\u0131, hem de kolay saklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir. \u00dcstelik aile ve dostluk ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer ba\u011flardan daha \u00f6ne al\u0131nmas\u0131, karar al\u0131c\u0131 pozisyonlardaki bireylerin, bu ba\u011flamdaki rol ve i\u015flevlerine tesir etmemesi gereken ve beklenen aile ve dostluk ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceleyerek karar vermesine sebep olabilir. B\u00fcrokrat-vatanda\u015f ili\u015fkisi, ayn\u0131 hatta daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131nl\u0131ktaki bir dostluk ya da aile ba\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle arzu edildi\u011fi gibi tesis edilemez. Bu da nepotizmi, yolsuzlu\u011fu ve r\u00fc\u015fveti do\u011furmaya elveri\u015fli bir ortam sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu ili\u015fkinin bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan daha net tespit edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin tasnifinde \u015f\u00fcpheyi ve spek\u00fclasyonu azaltacak pozitif test y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirilmeli ve belki, Geert Hofstede\u2019nin K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Boyutlar kuram\u0131 ile Hall\u2019un kuram\u0131 geni\u015fletilmelidir. Bu sayede y\u00fcksek\u00a0ba\u011flaml\u0131l\u0131k ile yolsuzluk ve r\u00fc\u015fvet meyli aras\u0131nda daha pozitif temellere dayanan bir korelasyon tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnot<\/p>\n

1 High Context ve Low Context Culture<\/p>\n

2 Cemiyet ve Cemaat<\/p>\n

3 Bireylerin HC ve LC \u00f6zelliklerine dair bir test i\u00e7in: T\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>
\n4 Ayr\u0131ca Hall, hukukun \u201cdo\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, ba\u011flama g\u00f6re yorumlanamaz bir dil, mant\u0131k ve uygulama ile tesis edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Boroditsky, L., 2017. mbdincaslan.com. <\/em>[\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i]<\/p>\n

Available: a href=”https:\/\/mbdincaslan.com\/index.php\/ceviriler\/item\/553-dilvedusunce”> here <\/a> [Eri\u015fildi: 11 Aral\u0131k 2018].<\/p>\n

Donghoon, K., Yigang, P. & Heung, S. P., 1998. High\u2010versus low\u2010Context culture: A comparison of Chinese, Korean, and American cultures. Psychology & Marketing, <\/em>15(6), pp. 507-521.<\/p>\n

Hall, E. T., 1976. Beyond Culture. <\/em>1. d\u00fc. New York: Anchor Books.<\/p>\n

Hall, E. T. & Hall, M. R., 1990. Understanding Cultural Differences. <\/em>1 d\u00fc. Boston: Intercultural Press. McEliece, R., 1984. Theory of Information and Coding. <\/em>1 d\u00fc. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Nishimura, S., Nevgi, A. & Tella, S., 2008. Communication Style and Cultural Features in High\/Low <\/em>Context Communication Cultures: A Case Study of Finland, Japan and India. <\/em>[\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i]<\/p>\n

Available: here<\/a>[Eri\u015fildi: 11 Aral\u0131k 2018].<\/p>\n

Rogers, E. M., Hart, W. B. & Miike, Y., 2002. Edward T. Hall and The History of Intercultural Communication: The United States and Japan. Keio Communication Review, <\/em>Issue 24, pp. 3-26.<\/p>\n

Transparency International, 2011. Bribe Payers Index, <\/em>http:\/\/transparency.org: <\/a>Transparency International.<\/p>\n

Transparency International, 2017. CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2017, <\/em>http:\/\/transparency.org:<\/a> Transparency International.<\/p>\n

Trautmann, T. R., 2011. India Brief History of a Civilization. <\/em>1 d\u00fc. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde ileti\u015fim endirekt, s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ileti\u015fim daha bask\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde de kelimelerin literal anlamlar\u0131 \u00f6n planda, ileti\u015fim daha do\u011frudand\u0131r. Yaz\u0131da hangi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yolsuzluk ve r\u00fc\u015fvete meyilli oldu\u011funu okuyaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":4963,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[62,2],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nY\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler ve yolsuzluk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/yuksek-baglamli-kulturler-ve-yolsuzluk-arasindaki-iliski\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler ve yolsuzluk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Y\u00fcksek ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde ileti\u015fim endirekt, s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ileti\u015fim daha bask\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011flaml\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde de kelimelerin literal anlamlar\u0131 \u00f6n planda, ileti\u015fim daha do\u011frudand\u0131r. 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