{"id":5074,"date":"2019-01-03T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com?p=5074&preview=true&preview_id=5074"},"modified":"2019-01-03T11:09:53","modified_gmt":"2019-01-03T08:09:53","slug":"kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik\/","title":{"rendered":"Kazakistan ve \u00d6zbekistan’da kurucu kimlik unsuru olarak tarih\u00e7ilik"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/h2>\n
\"MS

MS 1294’te T\u00fcrkistan<\/p><\/div>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Tarih bilinci, ulus in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan en etkin kurucu kimlik arac\u0131 olarak bilinmektedir<\/em>. Bernard Lewis\u2019in\u00a0 \u201cyeni bir gelecek i\u00e7in yeni bir tarih<\/em>\u201d de\u011ferlendirmesi, her yerde ve her zaman i\u015flemi\u015ftir. Yeni bir gelece\u011fe y\u00fcr\u00fcmek isteyen uluslar\u0131n, y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fckleri istikametin yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fte aramalar\u0131 do\u011fal kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, onu olu\u015fturan halklar i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir \u015fekilde yeni bir tarih bilin\u00e7lenmesini g\u00fcndemlerine sokmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Sovyetler’i olu\u015fturan cumhuriyetlere, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici egemen bir ulus devletin yolunu a\u00e7arken, yeni tarih bilin\u00e7lenmesi ise her cumhuriyet i\u00e7in kurucu bir kimlik unsuru olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle ortak tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi payla\u015fan T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetlerinde tarihin bu ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 kimlik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kazakistan<\/em> ve \u00d6zbekistan<\/em>, bu kimlik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda tarihin kurucu kimlik rol\u00fcne ili\u015fkin zengin malzeme bulabilece\u011fimiz iki numune durumundad\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, konuyla ilgili olarak ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n ve bilimsel tarih eserlerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131larak, Kazak ve \u00d6zbek toplumlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tarih bilincinin ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kurucu kimlik y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zbekistan ve Kazakistan yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla de\u011fil, hem isimleriyle, hem i\u00e7erdikleri var say\u0131lan etnik topluluklar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 ve hatta dilleriyle ve hatta Sovyet d\u00f6neminde \u201cicat edilmi\u015f\u201d<\/em> olan ge\u00e7mi\u015fleriyle, 1924 tarihli bir yasadan do\u011fmu\u015f uluslardand\u0131r. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Orta Asya\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen muazzam bir ulus imal etme arac\u0131 oldu. Oysa Sovyetlerin milliyetler politikas\u0131, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce var olan milliyet\u00e7ilikleri k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sovyetlerin ideolojik hedefi halklar\u0131 Rus dilli bir homosovieticus i\u00e7inde eritmek olsa da, yeni imparatorlu\u011fun kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki stratejik \u00f6ncelik, dil (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e) veya din (\u0130slam) \u00fczerine kurulu b\u00fcy\u00fck dilsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00fct\u00fcnleri k\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/em>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ortak tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Uzun bir tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z T\u00fcrk cumhuriyetlerinin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ulus devletinin kurulu\u015funda en etkin bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lan ortak tarihi malzemeyi nas\u0131l alg\u0131lay\u0131p kulland\u0131klar\u0131 T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de dikkati \u00e7eken bir konu olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin ata yurtlar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 daha bat\u0131ya kayd\u0131k\u00e7a zay\u0131flamakla birlikte \u0130pek Yolu ve eski kara yollar\u0131 sistemati\u011fi i\u015fledi\u011fi s\u00fcrece canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftur.<\/em> B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/em>, Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri<\/em>nin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri<\/em>nin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetlerine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130ran, Suriye, Irak<\/em> ve Anadolu<\/em> ile birlikte bir kolunu da \u00d6zbekistan, Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Tacikistan ve Afganistan<\/em>\u2019a att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortak bir tarihi d\u00f6nem olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r. T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015f, bilhassa Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Tebriz \u00fczerinden kadim yurtlar\u0131yla olan ba\u011flar\u0131 bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ticari ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel temelde devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/em> Bu kesitin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Cengizli ve Timurlu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ise Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri<\/em>nin h\u00e2kimiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130lhanl\u0131 ve Timurlu h\u00e2kimiyetleri iddia edilenin aksine Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin tarihi k\u00f6kleri ve zenginlikleri ile ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eunu da belirtmek gerekir ki gerek \u0130lhanl\u0131 ve gerekse Timurlu tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc, Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin kendi kavmi k\u00f6klerinin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozk\u0131r geleneklerinin g\u00fcncellenmesine de f\u0131rsat vermi\u015ftir. Cengiz soyundan gelen K\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131larca ilhak\u0131 yine bu do\u011frultuda i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin \u00d6n Asya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda erimeyip dilleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini korumu\u015f olmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bu g\u00fcncellemelerin tesiri vard\u0131r.<\/em>[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6zbek etnik olu\u015fumu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00d6zbek etnik olu\u015fumu, di\u011fer \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131nki gibi Cengiz fetihlerinin Avrasya\u2019y\u0131 harmanlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni d\u00fczenin ard\u0131ndan Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerindeki geli\u015fmelerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em> Bu b\u00f6lgeler, \u00d6zbek, Tatar, Nogay, Kazak, Karakalpak<\/em> gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n etnik olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecini tamlad\u0131klar\u0131, adeta laboratuvar i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n giderek kabul g\u00f6ren ilmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, \u00d6zbek<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u00d6zbek Han<\/em> ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6ren temel yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6nce \u00d6zbek Han<\/em> ve onun imparatorlu\u011fu merkez\u00eele\u015ftirme ve bu yolda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130slamla\u015fma siyasetine de\u011finmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zbek Han<\/em> zaman\u0131 (1313- 1341), \u0130slamla\u015fma siyasetinin kesin bir devlet siyaseti haline geldi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Emir Nogay iktidar\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da Salgat<\/em> – \u0130shak\u00e7\u0131<\/em> bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, Bizans ucuna kayan \u0130slamla\u015fma, onun 1299\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ard\u0131ndan, yine Salgat<\/em> merkez olmak \u00fczere Saray \u2013 Astarhan- Sarayc\u0131k<\/em> y\u00f6n\u00fcnde do\u011fuya kayacakt\u0131r. Cuci Ulusu<\/em>\u2019nun konfederatif yap\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynaklanan feodal i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin neden oldu\u011fu \u201cbulkak\u201d<\/em> (karga\u015fa) ortam\u0131na son vermek i\u00e7in merkezi bir d\u00fczen kuran \u00d6zbek Han<\/em>, devletin do\u011fu kanad\u0131 G\u00f6k Orda<\/em>\u2019ya son vererek devleti tek bir orda \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.[3]<\/a> Daha \u00e7ok do\u011fudaki geli\u015fmelerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te onun T\u00fcrkistan<\/em> ve H\u00e2rezm<\/em>\u2019in M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ruhan\u00eelerinin deste\u011fine ku\u015fkusuz \u00e7ok daha fazla ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde, \u00d6zbek Han<\/em> etraf\u0131nda \u00f6r\u00fclen efsaneler, onu mistik bir ruhaniye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[4]<\/a> Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011frudan \u00d6zbek etnik olu\u015fumu yan\u0131nda di\u011fer Tatar, Kazak, Karakalpak, Nogay gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n etnik olu\u015fumunu a\u00e7\u0131klar niteliktedir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 itibariyle Timurlu sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131nda Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em> sahas\u0131n\u0131n vakumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015flukta te\u015fekk\u00fcl eden \u00d6zbek<\/em> etnogezyas\u0131 modern tarihin en ilgin\u00e7 olu\u015fumlar\u0131ndan biri olarak dikkati \u00e7eker. Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu hududunda T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f Mo\u011fol kabilelerinden olu\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe<\/em>ler, 1428 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sibir<\/em> kentinde han il\u00e2n ettikleri Ebulhayr Han<\/em> (1428-1468) \u00e7evresinde toplanarak \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 durumuna gelmi\u015flerdi. Hatta bu d\u00f6nemde Timurlular aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden istifade ederek Mavera\u00fcnnehir ve Harezm<\/em> gibi T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerine n\u00fcfuz etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ebulhayr Han<\/em>, 1431\u2019de G\u00fcrgen\u00e7<\/em> d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere Harezm<\/em>‘e, 1447\u2019ye do\u011fru da Seyhun<\/em> dolaylar\u0131nda S\u0131\u011fnak\u2019<\/em>tan \u00d6zkent<\/em>\u2019e kadar olan b\u00f6lgeye egemen olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ancak Mo\u011fol Oyrat<\/em> kabilelerinin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 (1457) \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar veren \u00d6zbekler<\/em>in bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, hanl\u0131ktan ayr\u0131larak kuzeye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. Ebulhayr Han<\/em>, daha sonra \u00e7evresine toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerle \u00c7a\u011fatayl\u0131lar<\/em>dan Yunus Han<\/em>\u2019a (1462-1487) kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi sava\u015f\u0131 kaybederek 1468 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu \u015eah-Budak Han<\/em> ise Yunus Han<\/em> ve Timurlulara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkesini koruyamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu Muhammed \u015eiban\u00ee Han (\u015eahbaht= \u015eaybak)<\/em>, \u00f6nce Timurlular\u0131n anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlanarak Mavera\u00fcnnehir<\/em>\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1500). Ard\u0131ndan \u00c7a\u011fatayl\u0131lar<\/em>\u0131 yenerek Ta\u015fkent<\/em> ve Sayram<\/em> b\u00f6lgelerini (1503), Timurlular\u0131n elinden de Harezm<\/em>, Belh<\/em> ve Herat<\/em> kentlerini alarak (1506-1507) T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fc durumuna gelmi\u015ftir; ancak \u015eiban\u00ee Han<\/em>, Merv<\/em>\u2019de Safev\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015eah \u0130smail<\/em> ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 kaybederek \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (1510). De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u2019tan T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n medeni b\u00f6lgelerine inen Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe unsurlar\u0131 buran\u0131n \u00c7a\u011fatay ve Timurlu sonras\u0131 yerli T\u00fcrk unsurlar\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015farak yeni bir etnik terkip olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zbek fethi, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn tarihi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015eaybak Han<\/em> idaresinde Cengizli ve Timurlu miras\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na temsil eden \u00d6zbeklerin 1510\u2019da Merv facias\u0131 ile ink\u0131raza d\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u00f6z konusu ili\u015fkileri Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri<\/em>ni te\u015fkil eden Osmanl\u0131<\/em> ve Safev\u00ee<\/em> rekabeti ekseninde \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6zbekistan\u2019da tarih ve kimlik alg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Yukar\u0131da ifade edilen ilm\u00ee tarih\u00e7ili\u011fin umumi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/em>nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tan Aleksandr Aleksandrovi\u00e7 Semenov <\/em>(1873-1958) ele\u015ftiri getirir. Ona g\u00f6re; \u201c\u00d6zbek ad\u0131 Ak-Orda \u00e7evresinde do\u011fmu\u015f ve kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zbek-Han ise G\u00f6k-Orda yani Alt\u0131n-Orda han\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin Fars\u00e7a kaynaklar\u0131ndaki \u201c\u00d6zbek\u00ee\u201d t\u00e2biriyle \u201c\u00d6zbek\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n bir alakas\u0131 yoktur\u201d<\/em>[6]<\/a>.<\/em> Bu konuda Semenov<\/em>‘dan biraz farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Yakubovskiy<\/em>, yine de onun \u00d6zbek Han ile \u00d6zbek kavmi ad\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle reddedemez. Bunun sebebi Yakubovskiy<\/em>‘in de Semenov<\/em> gibi Ak-Orda<\/em> ile G\u00f6k-Orda<\/em>‘y\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.[7]<\/a> \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00d6zbek tarih\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda da biraz da Sovyet d\u00f6neminde sun\u00ee bir \u00d6zbek milleti te\u015fkil etme gayretlerinin bir neticesi olarak, Semenov’un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015fanlar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/em>[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

Semenov<\/em>\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne yaslanan Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u00d6zbekistan<\/em> ve Tacikistan<\/em>\u2019da \u00d6zbek<\/em> ve Tacik<\/em> olgusunun Sovyetle\u015fmeye do\u011fru ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan geri durmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re milli tarih 4 a\u015famaya ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar:<\/p>\n

1. Etnik olu\u015fum, <\/em><\/p>\n

2. Ulusal y\u00fckseli\u015f ve alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f, <\/em><\/p>\n

3. 17. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llar gerileme d\u00f6nemi,\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

4. Rusya ile birle\u015fme ve Sovyetle\u015fme<\/em> d\u00f6nemi olarak s\u0131ralanmaktayd\u0131.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda, \u00d6zbek kimli\u011finin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol \u00fcstlenecek olan tarih\u00e7iler, Sovyet d\u00f6neminde yeti\u015fmi\u015f olsalar da bu d\u00f6nemin tarih\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ihtiyatl\u0131 ele\u015ftiriler getirmekten geri durmam\u0131\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em> \u00d6zbek tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin en ciddi isimlerinden biri olan B\u00f6ribay Ahmedov<\/em>, <\/strong>bu ele\u015ftirileri ilm\u00ee yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir temele oturtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O, \u201c\u00d6zbek Ulus\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan eserinde hem \u00d6zbek halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc tarihi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hem \u00d6zbekistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n \u00d6zbekler<\/em>in kadim yurtlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu, hem de \u00d6zbeklerin g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle de Kazaklar ile olan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6zbek halk\u0131 Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n kadim halklar\u0131ndan biri olup, 3000 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6nemli bir tarihe sahiptir. Bu cumhuriyet hudutlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen arkeolojik kaz\u0131lardan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zbeklerin atalar\u0131, \u00e7ok eski zamanlarda da \u015fimdiki \u00d6zbekistan hudutlar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fbu yerlerde 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kendi h\u00e2kimiyetini yerle\u015ftiren g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00d6zbekler ise ancak \u00d6zbek halk\u0131n\u0131nkine de\u011fil, belki Kazak halk\u0131n\u0131n da \u015fekilleni\u015finde m\u00fchim bir etkiye sahiptirler.\u00a0 Bununla birlikte onlar \u00d6zbek halk\u0131n\u0131n etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturanlardan biri olup k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019in T\u00fcrki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda eriyip gitmi\u015fler ve ancak ona da kendi adlar\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdir. Bu nedenle bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u00e2limlerin \u00d6zbek halk\u0131 ancak 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra malum diyen iddialar yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

90\u2019lar\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet co\u011frafyas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan siyasi ve iktisadi karga\u015fa<\/em>n\u0131n etkileri[11]<\/a>, bu d\u00f6nemin tarih eserlerinde eski anlay\u0131\u015fa sert ele\u015ftiriler olarak kendini g\u00f6sterir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki\u00a0\u00d6zbek tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin Sovyet miras\u0131na ve sonu\u00e7 olarak onun tarih alg\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sert muhalefeti<\/em> dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. \u00d6zbek tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin temel sorunlar\u0131na yeni anlay\u0131\u015fla odaklanan ve o g\u00fcnk\u00fc resm\u00ee s\u00f6ylemi yans\u0131tan \u201c\u00d6zbekistan Tarihinin Temel Meselelerine Yeni \u00c7izgiler\u201d<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7ok yazarl\u0131 kitap, bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nemlidir. Burada en dikkat \u00e7eken isimlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen Azamat Ziya<\/em>, \u00d6zbek tarihini nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frenilece\u011fine dair kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesinde Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin, \u00d6zbek devlet gelene\u011fini yok sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere \u015fu \u015fekilde bir tenkit getirmektedir:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cSonu\u00e7ta, \u00d6zbek devlet\u00e7ili\u011fi milattan evvelki 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la dek ula\u015fsa da amma Marksizm ve Leninizm talimat\u0131na g\u00f6re yurdumuzdaki i\u00e7timai ve siyasi d\u00fczen miladi 6. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar k\u00f6lecilik, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar feodal, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ise Sosyalist esasa sahip oldu\u011fu Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan daima vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

O, uzun y\u0131llar kendilerine sunulan Marksist ve Leninist \u00f6\u011fretiye at\u0131fta bulunarak, sistemin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, teorinin de \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olarak sunar: \u201cSosyalist devlet, s\u0131n\u0131f devleti olup, i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 rehberli\u011findeki i\u015f\u00e7i- \u00e7ift\u00e7i devletidir<\/em>[12]<\/a>.<\/em> Demek ki bu halka dayanmayan, belki ba\u015fka bak\u0131mlardan milleti g\u00f6rmezlikten gelen, i\u015f\u00e7i \u2013 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin k\u0131saca s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n menfaatini kendinde yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Millet denen temel, umumen yok olmu\u015f, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 bu yol ile yok edilmeye sokulmu\u015ftur. Fakat uygulamada kom\u00fcnist talimat\u0131n kendisi darmada\u011f\u0131n olmu\u015f, onun hem ilmi, hem ameli cihetlerden esass\u0131z oldu\u011funu tarih ispat etmi\u015ftir. Kapitalist devletler ya\u015famakta, ancak S.S.R. bi\u00e7imindeki devletler yok olup gittiler.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Devam\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinde i\u015flenen kendi mill\u00ee devletlerini ilk defa Bol\u015fevik Devrimi ve 1924 d\u00fczenlemesi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funa dair iddiaya kar\u015f\u0131 daha eski tarihi mirasa vurgu yaparak yeni ulus devletin tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Bu konuda ilk olarak 1924 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00d6zbekistan SSR\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu m\u00fcnasebeti ile kabul edilen hukuk\u00ee ba\u015fvuruyu temellendiren tarih\u00ee de\u011ferlendirmede ortaya konan; \u201c\u00d6zbek halk\u0131 ulu Oktiyab\u0131r ink\u0131lab\u0131 galebesi neticesinde ilk olarak kendi mill\u00ee devletini g\u00f6rme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip oldu\u201d <\/em>ifadesini ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yok sayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirerek alayc\u0131 bir \u00fcslupla ile ele\u015ftirir. \u201cYani 1924 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00d6zbeklerin mill\u00ee devlet gelene\u011fi hi\u00e7 olmam\u0131\u015f, onlara kadar mevcut devlet gelene\u011fi ise Ku\u015fanlara, Harezm\u015fahlara, Emir Timur vs. bir birinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp, ancak kesinlikle \u00d6zbek\u2019le ilgili de\u011fildir. Ancak Oktyab\u0131r \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131yla \u00d6zbekler kendi devletlerine sahip oldular, \u015fimdi ise onlar Sovyet ittifak\u0131, yani Rusya ile birlikte, ondan ayr\u0131lmadan ya\u015famalar\u0131 gerek ve \u015fart diyen fikir, tarih kitaplar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli ve yayg\u0131n olarak i\u015flenmi\u015ftir, <\/em>\u00a0bu ise<\/em> emperyalizm severlik, \u015fovenizm ve kom\u00fcnist mefk\u00fbre isteklerinin ustal\u0131kl\u0131ca yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir fikir\u201d <\/em>olarak tan\u0131mlar.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nem \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n resmi tarih\u00e7ilik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yans\u0131tan Azamat Ziya<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir eserindeki de\u011ferlendirmeleri ayr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Onun \u00d6zbek devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu eserinde, daha \u00e7ok co\u011fraf\u00ee (teritoryal) milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin etkisinin giderek artmakta olmas\u0131 ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Eserde \u0130slam Kerimov<\/em>\u2019un; \u201c\u00d6zbek devletinin temel ta\u015flar\u0131 bundan 2700 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 Harezm vahas\u0131nda kuruldu. Bu manada milli devletimizin tarihi M\u0131s\u0131r, Hindistan, Yunanistan, \u0130ran gibi en kadim devletler tarihi ile bir s\u0131rada durmaktad\u0131r<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc, bu yeni e\u011filim i\u00e7in dayanak olu\u015fturur. Onun eserinde 2700 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00d6zbek Tarihi taksimat\u0131 \u015fu konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00a0\u00a01. \u0130lk devletin Kurulu\u015fu ve \u00d6zbek devletinin Milattan \u00f6nceki Tarihi: Harezm, Bakteriya, Parfiya, Fergana, Toharistan<\/em><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00d6zbek Devleti\u2019nin Milat ba\u015f\u0131ndan \u0130slama kadar olan devresi: Ku\u015fanlar, Eftalitler, A\u015final\u0131lar (Burada G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk ad\u0131 bilin\u00e7li olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131yor)<\/em><\/li>\n
  2. 10. \u2013 13 y\u00fczy\u0131larda \u00d6zbek Devleti D\u00fczeni: Samaniler, Karahaniler, Gazneviler, Sel\u00e7ukiler, Anu\u015ftekiniler<\/em><\/li>\n
  3. Emir Timur ve Timuriler Devrinde \u00d6zbek devleti: Devlet kurulu\u015fu, kanun koyma ve Sava\u015f siyaseti, \u0130ctimai ve iktisadi hayat, fen ve medeniyet, D\u0131\u015f siyaset ve diplomatisi<\/em><\/li>\n
  4. 16. \u2013 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00d6zbek Devleti: \u015eibaniler, A\u015ftarhaniler, Mang\u0131tlar, (Buhara) Kongiratlar, (Hive) Minglar (Hokand)\u201d<\/em>[14]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Orta Asya<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n kadim yerle\u015fik medeniyetlerin miras\u0131n\u0131, kimliklerine yans\u0131tma kayg\u0131s\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu co\u011frafi milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin izleri, okul kitaplar\u0131nda da kendini g\u00f6sterir. 8. S\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan \u00d6zbekistan Tarihi\u2019nde<\/em>, <\/strong>\u00d6zbek halk\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekilleni\u015fi ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00d6zbeklerin tarihini, Sak, Masseget, Tohar (y\u00fce\u00e7i) gibi bozk\u0131r kavimleri yan\u0131nda So\u011fd, Harezm, Bakteria, Fergana, \u015ea\u015f (Kang) gibi kadim halklarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131<\/em> anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 ders kitab\u0131nda Eftalitler<\/em> ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u2019na \u00d6zbekler<\/em>in olu\u015fumundaki rol\u00fcne k\u0131sa bir vurgu yap\u0131larak de\u011finilmektedir. Ard\u0131ndan 8. -11. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin \u00f6zellikle Karluk<\/em> ve O\u011fuz<\/em> birle\u015fmesi sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni olu\u015fumlar\u0131 temel al\u0131nmak suretiyle ancak T\u00fcrk vurgusu<\/em> yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak 10. ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Karahanl\u0131lar ile Altay, Yedisu, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp gelen bir dizi T\u00fcrk kabilesinin bu olu\u015fumu zenginle\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Orta Asya\u2019da kurulan Samani, Gazneli, Karahanl\u0131<\/em> ve Harezm\u015fahlar<\/em> devletleri \u00d6zbek halk\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan siyasi kurulu\u015flar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte, bu ba\u011flamda T\u00fcrge\u015f, Tohsi, Karluk, O\u011fuz, \u00c7i\u011fil, Kangl\u0131, Usun, Argin <\/em>kabileleri zikredilmektedir.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Bu anlat\u0131da s\u00f6z konusu uzak d\u00f6nemler ve Cengiz d\u00f6nemi genel bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7ildikten sonra, Cengizli varisi \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00d6zellikle de Timurlular devleti \u00d6zbek mill\u00ee tarihinin ihti\u015fam \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olarak sunulmaktad\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan \u015eiban\u00eeler<\/em> ve Muhammed \u015eiban\u00ee Han<\/em> ile ba\u015flayan do\u011frudan \u00d6zbek ad\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem konu edilmektedir. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak S\u0131r Derya<\/em> ve Amu Derya<\/em> aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halklar genel olarak \u00d6zbek<\/em> diye adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 denilmektedir. \u00d6zbek\u00a0adland\u0131rmas\u0131 konusu, \u00d6zbekistan\u2019daki kimlik sorununun en a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir alan durumundad\u0131r.<\/em> Bir yandan Sovyet d\u00f6neminde \u00d6zbek ad\u0131n\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u00d6zbek Han<\/em>‘la irtibatland\u0131ran h\u00e2kim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f terk edilerek, \u201c\u00f6z\u00fcne beg yani m\u00fcstakil, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z\u201d<\/em> yorumu tercih edilmi\u015ftir. Sovyet sonras\u0131nda da bu tutumu korumu\u015flard\u0131r. Son zamanlarda \u00d6zbek ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cO\u011fuz Beg<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc ile izaha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yorumlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u201cBaz\u0131 \u00e2limler \u00d6zbek adland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 en eski atam\u0131z O\u011fuzhan (M.\u00d6. 2. y\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131) ile ilintilendirip O\u011fuzbek s\u00f6z\u00fc \u00d6zbek olup gitmi\u015ftir diye tahmin etmektedirler\u201d<\/em> yorumunu getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Ders kitaplar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer resm\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yans\u0131tan tarih eserlerinde de benzer s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131 hemen kendini g\u00f6sterir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00d6zbekler T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131ndan biri demek yerine \u00d6zbek ad\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmaya gayret edilmektedir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m bu d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcr siyasetlerinde de kendini g\u00f6sterir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Alfabe de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011finde kullan\u0131lan yol hem Rusya\u2019dan kopu\u015fu ifade ederken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar uzak duru\u015fun benimsendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6zbekistan\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 tarih\u00e7ili\u011fin en temel sorununu, g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6ncelikli de\u011fi\u015fken devlet siyasetinin tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve bilincine s\u0131k aral\u0131klarla yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olarak s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n kurucu alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f olarak tan\u0131mlanan Timur ve Timuriler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, \u00d6zbek etnogezini te\u015fkil eden De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u2019tan g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp gelen Alt\u0131n Orda sahas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebeleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, bu anlat\u0131y\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. Oysa benzer sorunlar, Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda kurulan b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk devletler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Yine, Sel\u00e7uklu- Gazneli- Karahanl\u0131, \u0130lhanl\u0131- Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m- Timur, Osmanl\u0131- Safevi v.b. m\u00fccadeleler bu t\u00fcrdendir. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ilik mektebi bu t\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131 tek bir alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f yerine ulusu ve bilimselli\u011fi \u00f6nceleyen yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde kolayca a\u015fabilmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Kazak etnik olu\u015fumu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Kazak etnik olu\u015fumu, onlarca y\u00fczy\u0131la yay\u0131lan bir zaman diliminde, geni\u015f bozk\u0131r ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n katmanla\u015fmas\u0131 ile te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015f, uzun as\u0131rlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fime zorlamas\u0131na direnmi\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n, bozk\u0131rda kurdu\u011fu d\u00fczen \u00f6ncelikle Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 oldu\u011fu gibi yeni kavmi olu\u015fumlara da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em> Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi bozk\u0131r halklar\u0131, bu d\u00f6nemde daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenen bozk\u0131r aidiyetleri ile yeni etnik terkipler meydana getirmi\u015flerdir. Cengiz uluslar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 bu y\u00f6nde en \u00e7ok etkileyeni Cuci Ulusu<\/em>dur diyebiliriz. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131, Timur sonras\u0131 ink\u0131raza d\u00fc\u015fen Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebeleri, K\u0131r\u0131m, Sibir, Kazan, Astarhan<\/em> b\u00f6lgelerinde yeni siyasi olu\u015fumlar i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015flerdir. Mihm\u00e2nn\u00e2me-i Buh\u00e2ra<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n yazar\u0131 Fazlullah bin Ruzbihan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tespit etti\u011fi gibi, bu d\u00f6nemde De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak<\/em> g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerinin bu hareketlili\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zbek, Kazak ve Nogay gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck etnik olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretecektir.[16]<\/a> Mo\u011folistan\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kan, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki\u00a0Oyrat ve<\/em>\u00a017. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonraki da Kalmuk<\/em> sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bu s\u00fcreci b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda belirlemi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir.[17]<\/a> Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen Ebulhayr Han<\/em>\u2019\u0131n kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00d6zbek federasyonu Mo\u011fol Oyratlar\u0131<\/em>n\u0131n darbesiyle \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye girince, bu federasyonu olu\u015fturan unsurlar kendileri i\u00e7in daha g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lgelere bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hanl\u0131ktan ayr\u0131larak Canibek ve Kerey<\/em> sultanlar \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kuzeye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir (1457). \u0130rti\u015f<\/em>\u2019ten ba\u015flay\u0131p biraz daha g\u00fcneyde Yedisu<\/em>\u2019ya kadar olan b\u00f6lge Kazak etnik olu\u015fumunun v\u00fccut buldu\u011fu saha<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. Bu kopu\u015f, bozk\u0131r gelene\u011finde \u201cKazakl\u0131k\u201d<\/em> olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, bu nedenle bunlara \u00f6nceleri \u201c\u00d6zbek Kaza\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d denilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar zamanla bir il halini alarak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Kazak toplulu\u011fu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ulu, Orta, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olarak \u00fc\u00e7 c\u00fcz (orda) halinde te\u015fkilatlanan Kazaklar, Cuci soyundan de\u011fi\u015fik hanlar y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6nemli bir siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2linde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu hanlardan K\u00e2s\u0131m Han, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kazaklar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde yine benzer \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00d6zbekler ve Kazaklar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Nogay ordalar\u0131 te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Kazakistan\u2019da tarih ve kimlik alg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Bug\u00fcn Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>\u2019da Gulca<\/em>\u2019dan Bat\u0131\u2019da Orenburg<\/em>\u2019a kadar geni\u015f bozk\u0131r ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda ayn\u0131 dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zelliklerine sahip olarak ya\u015fayan Kazaklar<\/em>\u0131n, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri yan\u0131nda \u201cj\u00fcz\/ ru\u201d<\/em> d\u00fczenini koruyan toplumsal gelenekleri sayesinde adeta T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar saklan\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015f bir tarihi miras\u0131 bize sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Kazak dili ve gelenekleri, T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n kadim k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/em><\/p>\n

    1983-1987 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nem, Moskova ile g\u00fcney cumhuriyetlerin birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lma, ayn\u0131 zamanda 1991\u2019de bir biri ard\u0131nca il\u00e2n edilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar i\u00e7in gereken uygun ortam\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda SSCB Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Politb\u00fcrosu<\/em>\u2019nun \u00fc\u00e7 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fcyesinin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, Tacikistan ve \u00d6zbekistan<\/em> cumhuriyetlerinin birinci sekreterleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu uygulamalar\u0131n bir devam\u0131 olarak Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov<\/em>, Kazakistan Birinci Sekreteri<\/em> olan,\u00a0Kazak as\u0131ll\u0131<\/em> Din Muhammed Kunaev<\/em>\u2019in yerine bir Rus olan Gennadi Kolbin<\/em>\u2019in ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, ancak Kazaklar\u0131n buna tepkisi beklenenin aksine hepsinden sert olmu\u015ftur. Bu atama, SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan 16 Aral\u0131k \/Jeltoksan 1986 Almat\u0131 Olaylar\u0131<\/em>n\u0131 ba\u015flatacakt\u0131r.[18]<\/a> Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembol\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu direni\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda Kolbin<\/em>\u2019in g\u00f6revden al\u0131n\u0131p yerine Kazakistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurucu lideri Nur Sultan Nazarbayev<\/em>\u2019in getirilmesini temin etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk cumhuriyetleri i\u00e7erisinde Kazakistan gerek, Avrupa\u2019ya kadar uzanan geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve zengin maden rezervleri, gerekse Hazar Denizi<\/em>\u2019nin enerji kaynaklar\u0131na eri\u015fiminin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleriyle \u00d6zbekistan<\/em>\u2019a nispetle Sovyet sonras\u0131n\u0131 daha ho\u015fnut bir durumda kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u00fcreci yan\u0131nda, anayasas\u0131, y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi, d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 siyaseti, milli mar\u015f\u0131, bayra\u011f\u0131, yeni ba\u015fkenti ile Kazakistan, \u015f\u0131k bir ulus tasar\u0131m\u0131<\/em> numunesi izlenimi uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti<\/em> i\u00e7in tutarl\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 bir kimlik in\u015fas\u0131na imk\u00e2n haz\u0131rlayan bu durum, Kazakistan\u2019daki tarih\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve kimlik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Kazakistan \u00d6zbekistan\u2019a nispetle daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, istikrarl\u0131 ulus temelli bir tarih bilinci in\u015fa etme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olmu\u015ftur. Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n tarih ve kimlik in\u015fas\u0131nda belli bir tarihi kesitin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f olarak \u00fcste \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine tarihi s\u00fcreklili\u011fi olan Kazak ulusunun t\u00fcm d\u00f6nemlerini \u00f6nemli g\u00f6ren bir anlay\u0131\u015f kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelere ve T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ilik mektebine daha yak\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz eder.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Kazakistan\u2019da bilimsel tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerde geni\u015f bir bilimsel yelpazede y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Yak\u0131n zamana kadar iki ana bilim dal\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlar; Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n Eski ve Orta As\u0131rlar Tarihi<\/em>[19]<\/a> ile Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n Yeni ve \u015eimdiki Zaman <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcmleridir. <\/em>Yeni yap\u0131lanma ile tarih b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri D\u00fcnya Tarihi ve Kazakistan Tarihi<\/em> ana bilim dallar\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fitim (pedogoji) fak\u00fcltelerinde de ayr\u0131ca tarih e\u011fitimi verilmektedir. Tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi de i\u00e7eren y\u00fcksek bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, 1 Haziran 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazakistan SSR zaman\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi (NAS RK)<\/em> \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcniversiteleri temelinde yeniden d\u00fczenlenen akademinin \u00a0sosyal bilimler ve be\u015feri bilimler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Abay Kazak Ulusal Pedagoji \u00dcniversitesi<\/em>\u2019ne (KazNPU) dayanmaktad\u0131r.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hamle yapan Kazakistan tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 pek \u00e7ok de\u011ferli \u00fcr\u00fcn vermi\u015ftir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k fikrinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserler aras\u0131nda en derli toplu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma be\u015f ciltlik, Eski Zamandan Bug\u00fcne Deyin Kazakistan Tarihi<\/em> adl\u0131 eserdir. O. \u0130. \u0130smagulov; K.A. Pi\u015fulina, K.M. Baypakov, J.K. Kas\u0131mbaeb, \u0130.V. Yerofeyova, N.Y. Bekmahanov, V.Z. Galiyev, Y.J. Valihanov, H.M. Abjanob, D.\u0130. Dulatova, K.\u0130. Koblandin ve K.N. Nurpeyisov<\/em> gibi o d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nde gelen tarih\u00e7ilerinden olu\u015fan bir kurul taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan eser, Ta\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’ndan yak\u0131n zaman kadar, Kazak etnik olu\u015fumunu, sosyal ve iktisadi \u015fartlar\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyeti, Rusya<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge siyasetini ilm\u00ee bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ile ortaya koyar. [21]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n tarih g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, d\u00f6nemsel dalgalanmalara d\u00fc\u015fmeden sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/em> Ders kitaplar\u0131nda ve bilimsel kitaplarda Kazaklar\u0131n kimli\u011fi istikrarl\u0131 bir tarih bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmakta, Kazakistan\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn devletler ve halklar m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca konu edilmektedir. Kazakistan Eski ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f tarihlerii i\u00e7in Altay<\/em> ve Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131<\/em> ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Kazakistan\u2019daki kurganlar<\/em> ve arkeolojik b\u00f6lgeler<\/em>e b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem verildi\u011fi dikkat \u00e7eker. \u00c7ok yeni bulgular\u0131 ula\u015fan Kazak arkeolojisinin mesaisi, T\u00fcrk tarihinin eski \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.[22]<\/a> B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verilen arkeolojik kaz\u0131lara y\u00fcksek miktarda kaynak ayr\u0131lmakta, Kazakistan<\/em> d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mesela Mo\u011folistan<\/em>\u2019da bile Kazak<\/em> arkeologlar\u0131 kaz\u0131lar yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011fine cevap olacak derecede Kazaklar\u0131n kadimden beri tarihsel s\u00fcreklili\u011fi, medeniyetleri, Kazak tarihi<\/em>nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ortak bilince yerle\u015ftirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Bu d\u00f6nemden \u00f6zellikle son kaz\u0131larla say\u0131lar\u0131 artan Alt\u0131n Adam<\/em> buluntusu, Kazakistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n eski \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembol\u00fc durumundad\u0131r. Bozk\u0131r (dala) medeniyeti, g\u00f6\u00e7ebelik, hayvanc\u0131 iktisadiyat, Bozk\u0131r medeniyetinin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe halklar tarihi sahiplenilmekte, Kazak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu d\u00f6nem anlat\u0131l\u0131rken Saklar (\u0130skit), Hun, T\u00fcrk (G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk) Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> v.b. ve sonras\u0131 Kazakistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n erken d\u00f6nemleri kimlik in\u015fas\u0131nda \u00f6zenle \u00fczerinde durulan konulard\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin ortak tarihi olmakla birlikte Kazakistan tarihi<\/em>nin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemi \u201cK\u00f6k T\u00fcrik\u201d<\/em> adland\u0131rmas\u0131 ile mill\u00ee tarihin ana unsurlar\u0131ndan birisi say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcl Tegin<\/em> an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n kopyas\u0131n\u0131n Astana<\/em> merkezine dikilmesi yan\u0131nda yine bug\u00fcnlerde halk taraf\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6ren K\u00fcl Tegin<\/em>\u2019i konu edinen animasyon film ve yeni \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan metal paralarda bozkurt motifi<\/em>nin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi hususlar bunu g\u00f6stermektedir. T\u00fcrk tarihinin ortak d\u00f6nemleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri<\/em>nin ve O\u011fuzlar<\/em>\u0131n tarihi de tarih m\u00fcfredat\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan tarih \u00f6\u011fretimi konusunda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan kitaplar\u0131n m\u00fcnderecat\u0131 bu konuda fikir verecek niteliktedir. En Eski Zamanlardan Yak\u0131n zamana Kadar Kazakistan Tarihi <\/em>adl\u0131 ders kitab\u0131 m\u00fcfredata giren genel konular\u0131 bize g\u00f6steren iyi bir \u00f6rnektir.\u00a0 \u00dc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm olarak haz\u0131rlanan kitab\u0131n, birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Kazakistan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n eski \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r. Ta\u015f ve Maden<\/em> devirlerinde Kazakistan, halklar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerler ve kurduklar\u0131 devletler konu edilmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda Saklar (\u0130skitler), Usunlar, Kangl\u0131lar, Hunlar ve Sarmatlar<\/em> siyasi tarihin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde i\u015flenmektedir. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Orta \u00c7a\u011fda Kazakistan ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Burada T\u00fcrk (G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk) Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrge\u015f Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Karluk, O\u011fuz ve Kimek, Karahanl\u0131, Karahitay<\/em> devletleri, Nayman ve Kereyit uluslar\u0131, K\u0131p\u00e7ak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131,\u00a0 Kazakistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki Ulu \u0130pek Yolu, \u015eehir ve K\u0131r Hayat\u0131, Mo\u011follar Devrinde Kazakistan; Alt\u0131n Orda, Ak Orda, Nogay Ordas\u0131, Kazak etnik olu\u015fumu, 15. -17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kazak Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 tarihi <\/em>konu edilmektedir.[23]<\/a> \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda tarih \u00f6\u011fretiminde Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde h\u00e2kim olan Sel\u00e7uklu ve Harzem\u015fahlar<\/em> devletleri tarihi de Kazakistan tarihinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak anlat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 bir s\u00fcre, Kazak tarih\u00e7ili\u011finde ve kimli\u011finde K\u0131p\u00e7ak Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> ve Memluk<\/em> vurgusu, Sovyet d\u00f6nemi tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin \u0130slam\u00ee mirasa ve de\u011ferlere mesafeli olu\u015funa cevap olacak nitelikte ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131rg\u0131z<\/em>, Nogay<\/em>, Tatar<\/em> ve \u00d6zbek<\/em> T\u00fcrklerinin de etnik bile\u015feninde yer alan K\u0131p\u00e7akl\u0131k<\/em> unsurunun bu \u015fekilde vurgulanmas\u0131, Kazaklar\u0131 di\u011fer T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 ile yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran bir mahiyet ta\u015f\u0131r. Kazak<\/em> kimli\u011findeki K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> hususu, K\u0131p\u00e7ak Memlukleri<\/em> tarihini mill\u00ee tarihin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6recek bir alakaya sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bulat Mansurov<\/em>\u2019un y\u00f6netmenli\u011finde \u00e7ekilen Sultan Baybars<\/em>\u2019\u0131 konu edinen ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6ren y\u00fcksek b\u00fct\u00e7eli sinema filmi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Kazakistan’\u0131n D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Ba\u015fkenti Kahire’de bulunan Sultan Baybars Camii<\/em>‘nin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flanmas\u0131 bu y\u00f6nde dikkat \u00e7eken ad\u0131mlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kazakistan tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin en temel konusunu, etnik kimli\u011fini miras b\u0131rakan Kazak hanl\u0131klar\u0131 tarihi<\/em> olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kazakistan tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi i\u00e7in bu d\u00f6nem, her zaman uzak ge\u00e7mi\u015fi Kazak halk\u0131 ile ba\u011flayan esas kimlik verici bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rmektedir. Kazak hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda giderek daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ve anlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Janibek ve Kerey, Kas\u0131m, Haknazar, Tavke, Abilay<\/em> gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck hanlar \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak durulmaktad\u0131r. [24]<\/a> Tavke Han d\u00f6nemi (1680- 1715), Cungar\/ Jungar (Kalmuk)<\/em> istilas\u0131 \u00f6ncesi Kazak ordalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyip, y\u00f6netimini Kazak \u00f6rf\u00ee hukukuna g\u00f6re \u201cYedi Yarg\u0131\/ Jeti Jarg\u0131\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131yla yaz\u0131l\u0131 hale getirmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcyle, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Kazakistan i\u00e7in ilham verici g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kazak Hanlar\u0131 yan\u0131nda Tavka Han\u2019\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Beyler meclisinde \u00fc\u00e7 j\u00fcz\u00fc temsilen Tole Biy, Kad\u0131bek Biy, Ayteke Biy<\/em>\u2019in b\u00fct\u00fcn Kazakistan\u2019\u0131 birle\u015ftiren sembolik de\u011feri tarih ve kimlik alg\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Hanlar\u0131n ve biylerin, \u00f6nde gelen ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n kamusal alanda heykelleri dikilip, resimleri yap\u0131lmak suretiyle ortak bilince yerle\u015ftirilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Kazaklar i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plara yol a\u00e7an Cungarlarla sava\u015f tarih\u00e7ilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00f6nem filmleri ve dizilerinin de s\u0131kl\u0131kla i\u015fledi\u011fi ana konu durumundad\u0131r. Cungar m\u00fccadelesi K\u0131rg\u0131zlarla olan yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Kazak s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve hukuku, Kazak Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Kazakistan SSR\u2019e kadar Kazaklar\u0131n milli bir devletin kurulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Putin\u2019in verdi\u011fi bir deme\u00e7te payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Nazarbayev\u2019in talimat\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke genelinde Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kurulu\u015funu kutlamak amac\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay ve kurultaylar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 talimat\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu sadece bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fct\u00e7eli ses getiren film yap\u0131mlar\u0131 ile daha geni\u015f kitlelere yay\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015funun 550 y\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle haz\u0131rlanan y\u00f6netmenli\u011fini R\u00fcstem Adra\u015fov<\/em>\u2019un \u00fcstlendi\u011fi 10 b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fck dizi i\u00e7in 50 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir b\u00fct\u00e7e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kazakistanl\u0131 y\u00f6netmen Sat\u0131bald\u0131 Nar\u0131nbetov<\/em>\u2019un imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u201cEmanet\u201d<\/em> filmi,<\/strong> Kazak tarihinde istiklal fikrinin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini Kazakistan tarihinin \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 d\u00f6nemini konu alarak anlatmaktad\u0131r. Filmde son Kazak Han\u0131 Kenesar\u0131<\/em> ve onun m\u00fccadelesini yazan Yermuhan Bekmahanov<\/em>\u2019un siyas\u00ee mahk\u00fbmiyeti \u00fczerinden Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ve Milli uyan\u0131\u015f konu edilmektedir. Filmin ABD\u2019de Sinema Sanatlar\u0131 ve Bilimleri Akademisi taraf\u0131ndan verilen Oscar \u00f6d\u00fcllerinin \u201cEn iyi yabanc\u0131 film\u201d kategorisinde \u00fclke ad\u0131na aday g\u00f6sterilmesi, filmi daha anlaml\u0131 hale getirmektedir.<\/em> Yine Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>‘n\u0131 konu edinen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, Rusya ile ili\u015fkiler ve Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede Kazak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunma \u00e7abas\u0131 giderek daha istekli bir \u015fekilde kaleme al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’<\/em>n\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda devri ve Cengizli miras\u0131, Kazak tarih\u00e7ili\u011fince zamanlarda daha kuvvetli bir \u015fekilde sahiplenilmektedir. Bu konuda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isimlerden biri olan ve Kazak tarih\u00e7ili\u011fine geni\u015f bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kazand\u0131ran T. \u0130. Sultanov<\/em>, Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>‘n\u0131 uzun T\u00fcrk tarihinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Sultanov<\/em>, Orta as\u0131rlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em> d\u00f6nemine \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Kazak Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>‘n\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemin do\u011fal miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sayar. Yine Kazak- Rus ili\u015fkilerini bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131r.[27]<\/a> Alt\u0131n Orda \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki canlanma di\u011fer alanlarda da kendini g\u00f6stermektedir. Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n merkezlerlerinden Yay\u0131k Irma\u011f\u0131<\/em> boyunda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Sarayc\u0131k<\/em> \u015fehri kaz\u0131lar\u0131, b\u00f6lgenin sit alan\u0131 ilan edilerek koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rekreasyon alan\u0131 olarak tasarlanan bu b\u00f6lgede Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em> ve Nogay hanlar\u0131<\/em> ad\u0131na an\u0131tlar\u0131n dikilmesi, bu d\u00f6neme verilen \u00f6nemi g\u00f6stermektedir. Yine Nur Sultan Nazarbayev<\/em>\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131k saray\u0131n\u0131n Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em> hanlar\u0131ndan esinlenerek \u201cAkorda<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131rmas\u0131 bunun ba\u015fka bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Orta Asya T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in birle\u015ftirici, ortak tarihi bir d\u00f6nem olmas\u0131, Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ayr\u0131 bir anlam kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle Kazan Tatarlar\u0131<\/em>n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Alt\u0131n Orda<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu konuda Kazakistan d\u00e2hil t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda etki uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nceki Kazan T\u00fcrklerinin Cedidizm<\/em> \u00fczerinden t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 etkisine alan mill\u00ee uyan\u0131\u015f hamlesini hat\u0131rlatmakta, b\u00fct\u00fcn Orta Asya halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra Rus ve Sovyet etkisini dengeleyecek adeta bir \u201ctarih\u00ee pant\u00fcrkizm<\/em>\u201di ilham eder bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 Rusya\u2019da stratejik tav\u0131r, bozk\u0131r\u0131n T\u00fcrk karakteri yerine m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca Mo\u011fol kimli\u011fini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Rusya\u2019da Avrasyac\u0131lar Alt\u0131n Orda miras\u0131na s\u0131cak yakla\u015fmakla birlikte, bu d\u00f6nem son zamanlarda Rus akademisinden siyasetine Mo\u011fol devri \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Asl\u0131nda bu \u015fekilde Alt\u0131n Orda\u2019n\u0131n nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlanaca\u011f\u0131 konusu, Rus Avrasyac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk Avrasyac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n rekabetini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Kazaklar<\/em>, Timur miras\u0131n\u0131 da kendi tarihlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmekte ve bu konuda \u00d6zbekler<\/em>le rekabet gere\u011fi g\u00f6rmemektedirler. 1918 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar G\u00fcney Kazakistan<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan, T\u00fcrkistan \/ Yesi<\/em> \u015fehrini b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran eyalet, T\u00fcrkistan \u015fehri merkez olmak \u00fczere, Sayram, Ar\u0131s, Yedisay, Sarya\u011fa\u015f, Lenger, Kentav<\/em>\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde T\u00fcrkistan Eyaleti<\/em> \/ T\u00fcrkistan obl\u0131s\u0131<\/em> olarak yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Timur taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Kesenesi<\/em>\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cRuhani Astana\/ Manevi Ba\u015fkent<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kazak ulusal kimli\u011finde giderek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem kazanan konulardan biri de 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc yenile\u015fme fikrine dayanan Ala\u015f Orda<\/em> hareketidir. 16 Jeltoksan<\/em> hareketi gibi Ala\u015f hareketi<\/em> de Kazak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>n\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Ala\u015f Orda<\/em> hakk\u0131nda belge, monografi, biyografi, ansiklopedi gibi bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yan\u0131nda roman, hik\u00e2ye, deneme, film, belgesel gibi edebi ve sanat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren ciddi bir k\u00fclliyat ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlara da her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn yenileri eklenmektedir ki bu konu, \u201cAla\u015ftanu (\u0410\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443) \/ Ala\u015fbilim\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131yla \u00f6zel bir uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.[28]<\/a> Kazakistan Cumhuriyetinin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurucu fikir olarak Ala\u015f fikriyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131, Kazakistan\u2019\u0131 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile de yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir mahiyete sahiptir.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Ala\u015f Orda<\/em> yan\u0131nda Sovyet d\u00f6neminde Kazaklar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere yol a\u00e7an kolhozla\u015ft\u0131rmayla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131k- a\u00e7l\u0131k a\u00e7l\u0131k \/ A\u015far\u015f\u0131l\u0131k-a\u015ft\u0131q <\/em>(1931-1932), Stalin d\u00f6nemi B\u00fcy\u00fck Ter\u00f6r\/ Repressia<\/em> (1937- 38) konular\u0131 Kazak ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fcreklilikle \u00fczerine gittikleri konulard\u0131r. Bu konular, Sovyet d\u00f6nemi ile y\u00fczle\u015fip hesapla\u015fman\u0131n di\u011fer bir vas\u0131tas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bir zamanlar yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olan, isimleri dahi an\u0131lmayan, eserleri ar\u015fivlerde saklanan bir\u00e7ok m\u00fcnevverin, edebiyat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fairin eserleri tekrar bas\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, itibarlar\u0131 iade edilmi\u015f, ilgili olaylar ve \u015fah\u0131slar tarihteki hak ettikleri yeri almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00a01993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stalin ter\u00f6r\u00fc kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm haklar\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 31 May\u0131s Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 karar\u0131yla \u201cSiyasi Bask\u0131 ve K\u0131tl\u0131k Kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 Anma G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d<\/em> olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. 1998\u2019de \u201cHalk Birli\u011fi ve Milli Tarih Y\u0131l\u0131<\/em>\u201d ilan edilmi\u015ftir. Yine Stalin d\u00f6nemi facialar\u0131n\u0131n unutulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in 31 May\u0131s 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Astana\u2019ya 30 km mesafede Akmola<\/em> b\u00f6lgesinde \u201cAl Jir\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fcze a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.[29]<\/a> Kazak ulusal kimli\u011finin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu konu, Kazak akademisinin de temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6nde \u00e7ok say\u0131da yay\u0131n ve bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kamuoyunun da yo\u011fun ilgisini \u00e7ekmektedir.[30]<\/a> Stalin d\u00f6nemi a\u00e7l\u0131k ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ter\u00f6r\u00fcn Kazakistan\u2019da yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 facialar\u0131 anlatan Kalila Umarov<\/em>\u2019un y\u00f6netmenli\u011fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgeseller dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

    Kazaklar\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadeleleri tarihi, yeni d\u00f6nemde giderek daha kuvvetli bir vurgu ile anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Mesela yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z konusu edilen Kazakistan Tarihi adl\u0131 eserin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, \u201cKazakistan\u2019\u0131n Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011flanmas\u0131, 18. ve 19. y\u00fcz y\u0131llarda Sosyal ve iktisadi hayat, Kazakistan\u2019da Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Halk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadeleleri, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Kazakistan, sosyal ve iktisadi durum\u201d<\/em> gibi konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 dikkat \u00e7eker. Buna kar\u015f\u0131, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Rusya\u2019daki geli\u015fmeler, Kazakistan SSR tarihi \u00f6zellikle Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, Bol\u015fevik Devrimi ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, Fa\u015fizmin yenilmesi, Sovyet uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Baykonur uzay \u00fcss\u00fcn\u00fcn konumu gibi konular da milli tarihin temel bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu hususlar ayn\u0131 eserde \u201c1905-1907 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Rus devrimlerine kat\u0131l\u0131m, Kazakistandaki 1916 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki milli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k isyan\u0131, Bol\u015fevik devrimi, Totaliter D\u00f6nemde Kazakistan, Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k (1. D\u00fcnya) Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kazakistan, 1921-1940 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kazakistan, 2. D\u00fcnya (Ul\u0131\u011f vatan so\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131) Sava\u015f\u0131 1941-1945 y\u0131llar\u0131nda; Kazakistan, Sava\u015f Sonras\u0131nda; 1946-1970, 1970 ve 1980li y\u0131llarda Kazakistan, 16 jeltoksan 1989\u201d <\/em>\u00a0konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Nursultan Nazarbayev ve onun nurlu yolu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Kazakistan\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 ulusla\u015fmas\u0131 ve tarih bilincinin geli\u015fimini anlamak i\u00e7in mutlaka kurucu iradeyi temsil eden Nursultan Nazarbayev<\/em> \u00fczerinde \u00f6zenle durmak gerekmektedir. 6 Temmuz 1940 do\u011fumlu olan Nazarbayev\u2019in \u00fclkesi ve b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in de\u011feri ku\u015fkusuz y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Sovyetlerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f ve yurtsever duygular\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l ve nesnellik \u00fczerine in\u015fa etmi\u015f olan Nazarbayev, di\u011fer Sovyet sonras\u0131 cumhuriyetlerin kurucu liderlerinden farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde, Kazak halk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yolunda giri\u015fti\u011fi m\u00fccadelenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir lider olmas\u0131 ile ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 temelinde farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve milletlerin temel hukukunu g\u00f6zeten \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir anayasa \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip Kazakistan Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1. maddesine g\u00f6re; Kazakistan demokratik, laik ve sosyal bir hukuk devleti olarak insan\u0131, insan hayat\u0131n\u0131, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri en y\u00fcksek de\u011fer olarak kabul etmektedir. Anayasa, dibacesinde \u201cEzeli Kazak topra\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/em> vurgusu yaparak ba\u015flar. Anayasan\u0131n 7. Maddesinin birinci bendine g\u00f6re \u201cKazakistan Cumhuriyetinde devlet dili Kazak\u00e7ad\u0131r<\/em>\u201d.[32]<\/a> Kazak\u00e7an\u0131n h\u0131zla etkinlik kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015eehir, yer, nehir isimlerinin Kazak\u00e7a s\u00f6yleni\u015fleri, cadde ve sokak isimlerinin yine buna g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmesi esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mesela Guriev<\/em> olan \u015fehir ad\u0131 Atyrau<\/em>, Ural<\/em> nehri, Jay\u0131k\/Yay\u0131k<\/em>, Lenin Prospekti, Azatt\u0131k Dang\u0131l\u0131<\/em> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ktisadi \u00f6ncelikleri, g\u00fcvenlik, n\u00fcfus gibi stratejik gerek\u00e7eleri yan\u0131nda Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen en b\u00fcy\u00fck proje ku\u015fkusuz, eski Akmola<\/em> \u015fehrinin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir \u015fehir olarak imar edilerek 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015fkent haline getirilmesidir. Astana<\/em>, Sovyet ge\u00e7mi\u015fini geride b\u0131rakan, Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yolunda kararl\u0131l\u0131k ve iradesini, imkan ve kabiliyetlerini g\u00f6steren bir simge durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kazak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin bilim dili olarak kullan\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, yabanc\u0131 kelimelere kar\u015f\u0131 Kazak\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, milli tarihin bilimsel temellerde, milli bilincin en i\u015flek unsuru olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kazakistan sessiz bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr devrimi s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu yolda Kazakistan Tarihi, Kazakistan Arkeolojisi, Kazak Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda kitaplar, ansiklopediler, s\u00f6zl\u00fckler haz\u0131rlan\u0131p Kazakistan\u2019daki tarihi eserlerin restorasyonuna ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Kazakistan\u2019daki s\u00fcre\u00e7, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi uygulamalar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlik g\u00f6stermekte, Nazarbayev de kurucu lider olarak s\u0131kl\u0131kla Atat\u00fcrk<\/em>\u2019le k\u0131yaslanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Onun Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fini kendi nazar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201cNurl\u0131 Jol\/ Nurlu Yol\u201d , Kazakistan 2030 ve Kazakistan 2050<\/em>\u201d ufku ile birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lanlar daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada geli\u015fmi\u015f 30 \u00fclke aras\u0131na girmi\u015f, Refah ve bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde her y\u00f6nden geli\u015fmi\u015f bir Kazakistan\u2019\u0131 hedefleyen bu strateji i\u00e7erisinde Tarih\u00e7ili\u011fin \u00e7ok i\u015flevsel bir yerinin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Nazarbayev\u2019in kendisi de yukar\u0131da zikredilen Bernard Lewis\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne uygun olarak; \u201cBug\u00fcn\u00fc anlamak ve gelece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fe bakmal\u0131y\u0131z\u201d[33]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hayat\u0131n\u0131n merkezine koydu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras Program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda Kazakistan genelinde bulunan tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel an\u0131tlar ve eserler aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Halk\u0131n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Program\u0131<\/em> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnya ar\u015fivlerinde bulunan Kazakistan milli tarihi ile ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn belgelerin toplanmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, bunlara dayal\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve kapsaml\u0131 yeni bir tarih in\u015fas\u0131na giri\u015filmi\u015ftir. Milli yenile\u015fme diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan 30 y\u0131la yakla\u015fan iktidar\u0131 s\u00fcresince kurumlar\u0131yla, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir kalk\u0131nma ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 her \u015fart alt\u0131nda ya\u015fatma kabiliyetine sahip bir Kazakistan\u2019\u0131 olu\u015fturman\u0131n \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olan Nazarbayev, son bir bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki makale[34]<\/a> ile \u00fclkesinin gelece\u011fini nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirmek istedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde halk\u0131na hitap etmektedir.\u00a0 Bu makalelerinden ilki \u201cBola\u015fakga Ba\u011fdar: Ruhani Jang\u0131ru\/ Gelece\u011fe Bak\u0131\u015f: Manevi Dirili\u015f<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kazakistan\u2019da bu y\u00f6nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131ma vesile olan bu ilk hitabesi \u201crekabet edebilirlik kabiliyeti, Pragmatizm, Milli kimli\u011fi koruma, E\u011fitimin y\u00fckselmesi, Evrimsel bir kalk\u0131nma, d\u00fcnyayla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeyi hedefleyen Bilincin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u015feklinde \u00f6zetlenebilir. Bu \u00e7izgide 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Latin alfabesine ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci ba\u015far\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu konuda, \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131, 1929- 1940 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan, Ahmet Baytursunov<\/em>\u2019un eme\u011fine dayanan alfabenin ve 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marmara \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkoloji Kurultay\u0131\u2019nda al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n esas al\u0131nmas\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir yol olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Nazarbayev\u2019in s\u00f6z konusu makalesinde ifade etti\u011fi, Kazak dilinin k\u00f6kenini Orhun \u2013Yenisey Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk dilinde g\u00f6rmesi ve 5-15 y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk dilinin, Avrasya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesiminde uluslararas\u0131 ileti\u015fim oldu\u011funa dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Kazakistan i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in fevkalade \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

    Nazarbayev, Rus ve Sovyet ge\u00e7mi\u015fini i\u00e7eren 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131, halk\u0131 i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 bir modelin dayat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n darbe yedi\u011fi, dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yok olmaya y\u00fcz tuttu\u011fu ve \u00e7evre felaketlerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131 dolu, zorbal\u0131k ve zul\u00fcm asr\u0131<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 sadece karanl\u0131ktan ibaret g\u00f6remeyeceklerini, sanayile\u015fme ve sosyal geli\u015fmenin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni bir ayd\u0131n kesiminin olu\u015ftu\u011fu, ciddi bir yenile\u015fmeye f\u0131rsat veren olumlu y\u00f6nlerini de belirttir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m Kazak tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin de temel fikri durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Nazarbayev\u2019in 22 Kas\u0131m 2018 tarihin de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130kinci hitabesi \u201cUlu Bozk\u0131r\u0131n Yedi Y\u00f6n\u00fc\/Ul\u0131 Dala\u00f1<\/strong>\u0131n Jeti Q\u0131r\u0131<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ak\u0131l ve bilim s\u00fczgecinden s\u00fcz\u00fclen, olgun bir devlet adam\u0131n\u0131n derin devlet tecr\u00fcbesi ve uzak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tan bu makalesinde, yine tarih bilinci ve T\u00fcrk tarihi vurgusu en temel i\u015flevi g\u00f6rmektedir. Kazak etnik kimli\u011fini Kazakistan b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm halklar\u0131n bile\u015feninden olu\u015ftu\u011fu fikrini savunmaktad\u0131r. Kazaklarda baz\u0131 boylar\u0131n ve rular\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131n Kazak ad\u0131ndan as\u0131rlarca \u00f6nce var olmas\u0131, tarihi k\u00f6klerinin derinli\u011fine i\u015faret etti\u011fini belirtir. Burada ba\u015fka uluslar\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendi b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in tarihi bilmenin mecburiyetinden bahseder. Bozk\u0131rla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen tarihlerinin atl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, madencilik, hayvan \u00fcslubu, Alt\u0131n adam<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ile arkeolojik buluntulara dayanan en eski k\u00f6klerini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan Nazarbayev, Altay<\/em> b\u00f6lgesinin d\u00fcnya ve T\u00fcrk tarihindeki yerine vurgu yaparak, Kazakistan\u2019\u0131 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fi\u011fi<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bunu tamamlayan, Ulu \u0130pek Yolu<\/em>\u2019nun Eski ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki ticari ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel rol\u00fcn\u00fcn gelecek i\u00e7in de ilham verici oldu\u011funu belirtir. Yine Kazakistan\u2019dan d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lan elma ve lale<\/em> \u00fczerinden T\u00fcrklerin d\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etki ve katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 simgele\u015ftirir. Nazarbayev\u2019in her zamankinden daha y\u00fcksek bir vurgu ile T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, tarih g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezine yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu hitabesinde Kazakistan\u2019\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk uluslar\u0131n\u0131n \u201ckutlu baba oca\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/em> olarak niteler. T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 yolunda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler i\u00e7in Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6revin fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yapmakta istekli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren Nazarbayev\u2019in bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u0131sa ve uzun vadede T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda etki uyand\u0131racakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00f6nemsel s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n ortak oldu\u011fu bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi bu konuda daha kararl\u0131 hale getirece\u011fi gibi ba\u015fta Azerbaycan ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgelerinde de etkisini g\u00f6sterece\u011fi muhakkakt\u0131r. Nitekim, daha \u00f6nce ortak T\u00fcrk Tarih g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki, ba\u015fta 6. S\u0131n\u0131fa kadar okutulmak \u00fczere Ortak T\u00fcrk Tarih kitab\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131m\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine, Astana\u2019daki T\u00fcrk Akademisi<\/em> ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, \u00a0T\u00fcrk Kene\u015fi, T\u00fcrkpa, T\u00fcrksoy <\/em>gibi T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ortak kurulu\u015flar\u0131n giderek etkinli\u011fini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

    Notlar:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    [1]<\/a> Olivier Roy, Yeni Orta Asya ya da Uluslar\u0131n \u0130mal Edili\u015fi<\/strong>, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7eviren M. Moral\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2015, s. 8.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> \u201cMo\u011follar\u0131n galebesi, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kavimlerin kendi ananeleri, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve dilleriyle gururlanmalar\u0131na sebep oldu. Mo\u011fol h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019da kendi halklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek yolundaki faaliyetleri, umumiyetle Mo\u011follar\u0131n de\u011fil belki T\u00fcrklerin milli duygular\u0131na faydal\u0131 oldu.<\/em> Re\u015fid\u00fcddin b\u00fcy\u00fck eserinde Cengiz Han ve onun selefleri ile ba\u015fka T\u00fcrk Mo\u011fol kabilelerine tahsis edilen k\u0131s\u0131mda g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131k tavsiflerden, Mo\u011follar de\u011fil, as\u0131l T\u00fcrkler istifade ettiler. Cami\u00fc\u2019t-tevarih\u2019in bu k\u0131sm\u0131, birka\u00e7 defa T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrildi.<\/em>\u201d. \u00a0W. Barthold, \u0130slam Medeniyeti Tarihi.<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye diyanet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1984, s. 66.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> Mustafa Kafal\u0131, Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kurulu\u015f ve Y\u00fckseli\u015f Devirleri<\/strong>,<\/em> \u00a0\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1976,<\/em> s. 124-29.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> Devin DeWeese, Alt\u0131n Orda sahas\u0131ndaki \u0130slamla\u015fmay\u0131, yerli inan\u0131\u015flar, tarihi ve destani rivayetlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak derinlemesine incelemi\u015ftir. Bkz. Devin DeWeese, Islamization And Native Religion inthe Golden Horde, Baba T\u00fckles and Conversion to Islam in Historical And Epic Tradition<\/strong>, The Pennsylvania State University Pres, Pennsylvania, 1984; Ayr\u0131ca \u00d6zbek Han\u2019\u0131n yerli kaynaklara yans\u0131yan efsanevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Derya Derin Pa\u015fao\u011flu, Umdet\u00fc’L-Ahb\u00e2r<\/strong>, Tataristan Cumhuriyati Bilimler Akademisi, \u015eehabeddin Mercani Tarih Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Kazan, 2014\u00a0.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> Abdullah G\u00fcndo\u011fdu, \u201c\u015eiban Han S\u00fclalesi ve \u00d6zbek Ulusunun Te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d,\u00a0T\u00fcrkler<\/strong>, Cilt 3, Yeni T\u00fcrkiye Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, s. 606- 616.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> A.A. Semenov, “K voprosu o proishojdenii i sostave Uzbekov \u015eeybani -Hana”, Rabo\u00e7aya Hronika \u0130nstituta vostokovedeniye II<\/strong>, Ta\u015fkent 1944, s. 14-15<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> A. Y. Yakubovskiy, Alt\u0131n Ordu ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. Hasan Eren, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2002, s. 131-136.<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Mis\u00e2l olarak bk., \u00d6zbekistan S.S.R. Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00d6zbekistan Fenler Akadeniyas\u0131 ne\u015fr., Ta\u015fkent, 1958, s. 213-216; 1970, c.I, s. 508-514.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Olivier Roy, a.g.e.,<\/strong> s. 11.<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> B\u00f6ribay Ahmedov, \u00d6zbek Ulus\u0131, <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 1992, s. 7<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Almat\u0131-Kazakistan \u00f6rne\u011finden hareketle iktisadi bunal\u0131mla siyasi karga\u015fan\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu da\u011f\u0131lman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrecini de\u011ferlendiren Joma Nazpary\u2019nin eseri bu konuda \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak o, bu karga\u015fa s\u00fcrecinin kal\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle ele\u015ftirilebilir. Bkz. Joma Nazpary, Sovyet Sonras\u0131 Karma\u015fa- Kazakistan\u2019da \u015eiddet ve M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fme<\/strong>, \u00c7eviri S. Somuncuo\u011flu, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2003.<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Marks\u00e7a-Lenin\u00e7e filosofiya Esaslar\u0131, <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 1976, \u00a0<\/em>s. 400.<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Azamat Ziya, \u201c\u00d6zbek Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fi Tarihini \u00d6rgeni\u015f Meselelerige Dair\u201d, \u00d6zbekistan Tarihining Dalzarb Muammalarige YANG\u0130 \u00c7izgiler, <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 1999, s. 9- 10.<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> Azamat Ziya, \u00d6zbek Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fi Tarihi (Eng Kadimgi Davrdan Rassiya Bask\u0131n\u0131ga Kadar)<\/strong>, Ta\u015fkent, 2001.<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> N. Nurkulov, U. Y\u00f6rayev, \u00d6zbekistan Tarihi (8. s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in ders kitab\u0131), <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 2003.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> Fazlullah bin Ruzbihan, Mihm\u00e2nn\u00e2me-i Buh\u00e2ra<\/strong>, Haz.\u00a0 Minu\u00e7ehr St\u00fbde, B.T.N.K.,Tehran, 1962, s. 41-42, 211; S. G. Klyashtorny, T. \u0130. Sultanov, Kazakistan T\u00fcrk\u00fcn \u00dc\u00e7 Bin Y\u0131l\u0131<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2004, s. 223- 263; Nogay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili olarak bkz. Mehmet Alpargu, Nogaylar<\/strong>, De\u011fi\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2007.<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> V. A. Moiseyev, Zhungarskoye Khanstvo i Kazakhi XVII-XVIII vv<\/strong>, Almat\u0131, 1991.<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> Keesing\u2019s Contemporary Archives, 1985<\/strong>, p. 34058; Keesing\u2019s Comtemporary Archives, 1986<\/strong>, pp. 34753-34754; Olivier Roy, a.g.e., <\/strong>s. 177.<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> Arkeoloji, antropoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu kafedra alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> http:\/\/nauka-nanrk.kz\/<\/a><\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> Kazakistan Tarihi-<\/strong> K\u00f6ne Zamannan B\u00fcg\u00fcnge Deyin<\/strong>, <\/em>Almat\u0131, 1994,1998.<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> Kazakistan arkeolojisinin envanterinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunun Genel T\u00fcrk Tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011ferini ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir doktora tezi \u00f6\u011frencimiz Serhan \u00c7\u0131nar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine bu konuda son d\u00f6nemlerde yap\u0131lan ciddi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak bkz. Ali Toraman, Arkeolojik Veriler I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Altaylarda At Ko\u015fumlar\u0131 ve Sava\u015f Aletleri (\u0130lk Zamanlardan IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Kadar)<\/strong>, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Genel T\u00fcrk Tarihi Bilim Dal\u0131, Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Doktora tezi, 2018.<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> Kazakstan Tarih\u0131 K\u00f6ne Zamannan Buginge Deyin (O\u00e7erkter), <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 1994; Orta\u00f6\u011fretimde tarih \u00f6\u011fretiminde \u00d6zg\u00fcn Kazak\u00e7a adland\u0131rmalara ve tan\u0131mlamalara \u00f6rnek olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kazak liseleri 8. S\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan 4 b\u00f6l\u00fcm, 222 sayfal\u0131k Kazakistan Tarihi adl\u0131 ders kitab\u0131n\u0131n birinci ve \u0130kininci b\u00f6l\u00fcm konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 sayfa a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ile birlikte bize fikir verecek niteliktedir:<\/p>\n

    MAZM\u00dcNI:\u00a0 Arnaw\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3 Al\u011f\u0131s\u00f6z\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4 Kirispe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5 \u00a7<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. B\u00d6L\u0130M. K\u00d6NE ZAMANDA\u011eI QAZAQSTAN s. 1 \u00a7 taraw. Qazakstan jerindegi al\u011fa\u015fq\u0131 kaw\u0131md\u0131k k\u00fcr\u0131l\u0131s s. 9 \u00a7 1. Al\u011fa\u0131yj\u0131 qaw\u0131md\u0131q q\u00fcr\u0131l\u0131st\u0131\u00f1 kezenderi. Qazaqstan jerindegi tas dowiri s. 9 \u00a7 2. Qola dowirindegi Qazastan taypalar\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 15 2-taraw. Qazastan jerindegi taypal\u0131k odaktar men memlekettik birlestikter\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 22 \u00a7 1. Sak taypalar oda\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 22 \u00a7 2. Qazastan jerindegi owelgi memlekettik birlestikter\u00a0\u00a0 s. 30 \u00a7<\/li>\n
    2. B\u00d6L\u0130M. \u00c4WELG\u0130 ORTA\u011eASIRLARDA\u011eI QAZAQSTAN 1-taraw. Qazastan jerindegi \u00e4welgi orta \u011fas\u0131rl\u0131q memleketter (M-XP \u011f\u011f.) 36 \u00a7 1. Ejelgi t\u00fcrik jone Bat\u0131s t\u00fcrik qa\u011fanattar\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 36 \u00a7 2, T\u00fcrke\u015f jane qarl\u00fck ka\u011fanattar\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 41 \u00a7 3. Og\u0131z jone q\u0131ymaq memleketteri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 44 \u00a7 4. Karaxan xand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 48 \u00a7 5. Kazakstan jerindegi qarak\u0131tay, nayman jone kerey memleketteri s. 51 \u00a7 6. Q\u0131p\u015fak memleketi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 55 2-taraw. \u00c4welgi orta\u011fas\u0131rl\u0131q Qazakstan memleketterinin \u015faruwa\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 men m\u00e4deniyeti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 60 \u00a7 1. \u00dc\u0130-X\u0130\u0130\u0130 \u011f\u011f. bas\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 Qazaqstan t\u00fcr\u011f\u0131ndar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 \u015faruwa\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, s. 60 \u00a7 2. \u00c4welgi orta\u011fas\u0131rl\u0131q Qazaqstann\u0131\u00f1 qalalar\u0131 jone qala modeniyeti s. 65 \u00a7 3. Qazakstan jerindegi \u00dcl\u0131 Jibek jol\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 69 \u00a7 4. \u00dc\u0130-X\u0130P \u011f\u011f. bas\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 Qazakstan t\u00fcr\u011f\u0131ndar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 modeniyetis. 76 \u00a7 5. \u00dc\u0130-X\u0130\u0130 \u011f\u011f. Qazaqstanda\u011f\u0131 sowlet oneri s. 85. Qazak Liseleri 8. S\u0131n\u0131p Qazaqstan Tar\u00efx\u0131, <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 2001.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      [24]<\/a> III. B\u00d6L\u0130M. ORTA\u011eASIRLARDA\u011eI QAZAQSTAN 1-taraw. Mon\u011fol \u00fcstemdigi \u00fcwaq\u0131t\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 qazak dalas\u0131s. 89 \u00a7 1. Qazaqstan jerindegi mo\u00f1\u011foldar \u015fap\u015fk\u0131n\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0 89 \u00a7 2. Alt\u0131n Orda q\u00fcram\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 Qazaqstan s. 94 \u00a7 3. X\u0130\u00dc-X\u00dc \u011f\u011f. Qazastanda\u011f\u0131 sayas\u0131y protsester. Aq Orda s. 99 \u00a7 4. Mo\u011folstan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 104 \u00a7 5. No\u011fay ordas\u0131 s. 107 \u00a7 6. \u00c4bilqay\u0131r xand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 109 \u00a7 7. X\u0130\u0130\u0130-X\u00dc \u011fas\u0131rd\u0131\u00f1 birin\u015fi jart\u0131s\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 Qazaqstan xal\u0131ktar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 ekonom\u0131ykas\u0131s. 113 \u00a7 8. X\u0130\u0130\u0130-X\u00dc \u011fas\u0131rd\u0131\u00f1 birin\u015fi jart\u0131s\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 Qazaqstan t\u00fcr\u011f\u0131ndar\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 modeniyeti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 117,<\/p>\n

      IV B\u00d6L\u0130M. KEY\u0130NG\u0130 ORTA \u011eASIRLARDA\u011eI QAZAQSTAN 1-taraw. Qazak xand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcr\u0131luw\u0131 j\u00e4ne on\u0131n sayas\u0131y Tar\u00efx\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 121 \u00a7 1. Kazak xand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 kur\u0131luw\u0131. J\u00e4nibek pen Kerey xandar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 121 \u00a7 2. Qazaq xand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 \u00f6rlewi. Qas\u0131mxan sayasat\u0131 125 \u00a7 3. Xaqnazar xan sayasat\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 negizgi ba\u011f\u0131ttar\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 128 \u00a7 4. XVI \u011fas\u0131r aya\u011f\u0131 \u2014 XVII \u011fas\u0131rda\u011f\u0131 qazaq xand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 i\u015fki jone s\u0131rtq\u0131 ja\u011fday\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 130 \u00a7 5. XVII \u011f.ortas\u0131 \u2014 XVIII \u011fas\u0131r bas\u0131nda\u011f\u0131 qazaq xand\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u00a7 Towke xan sayasat\u0131\u00a0 s. 133 \u00a7 6. XVII-XVIII \u011f\u011f. Qazaqstanda\u011f\u0131 etniykal\u0131q protsester\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 140 2-taraw. XV \u2014 XVII g\u011f. qazak xand\u0131g\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 qogamd\u0131k k\u00fcr\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 j\u00e4ne ekonom\u0131ykas\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 147 \u00a7 1. Qazaq xand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 qo\u011famd\u0131q q\u00fcr\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 j\u00e4ne basqaruw j\u00fcyesi\u00a0 s. 147 \u00a7 2. Qazaqstan ekonom\u0131ykas\u0131. Mal \u015faruwa\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 men egin\u015filik s. 153 \u00a7 3. Qazakstan ekonom\u0131ykas\u0131. Qol \u00f6neri men sawda s. 156 \u00a7 4. Keyingi orta \u011fas\u0131rlarda\u011f\u0131 Qazakstan kalalar\u0131 men qon\u0131star\u0131 s. 160 \u00a7 5. XV – XVII \u011f\u011f. qala kur\u0131l\u0131s\u0131 men sowlet oneri 165 \u00a7 3-taraw. Qazaq xalk\u0131n\u0131n materiyald\u0131k m\u00e4deniyeti 173 \u00a7 1. Tur\u011f\u0131n \u00fcy j\u00e4ne t\u00fcrm\u0131st\u0131q zattar 173 \u00a7 2. \u00dcltt\u0131q kiyim j\u00e4ne \u00fcltt\u0131q ta\u011fam. \u00c4\u015fekey b\u00fcy\u0131mdar\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 178 \u00a7 3. Qazaq xalq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 \u00e4skeriy \u00f6neri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 183 \u00a7 4-taraw. Qazak xalq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 r\u00fcwxan\u0131y m\u00e4deniyeti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 189 \u00a7 1. R\u00fcwxan\u0131y modeniyetti\u00f1 damuw\u0131\u00a0\u00a0 s. 189 \u00a7 2. Qazak xalq\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 \u00e4det-\u011f\u00fcr\u0131ptar\u0131 men salt-dost\u00fcrleri s. 195 \u00a7 3. Kazaq xalk\u0131n\u0131\u00f1 muwz\u0131ka \u00f6neri j\u00e4ne xal\u0131q k\u00fcntizbegi. Diniy nan\u0131mdar\u0131 s. 205 \u00a7 Qor\u0131t\u0131nd\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 211 Termiynolog\u0131yyal\u0131k s\u00f6zdik\u00a0 212 Tariyxiy oq\u0131ygalar j\u0131lnamas\u0131s. 219 \u00a7 Paydalan\u0131l\u011fan \u00e4debiyetter tizimi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s. 222 \u00a7 Mazm\u00fcn\u0131. Qazak Liseleri 8. S\u0131n\u0131p Qazaqstan Tar\u00efx\u0131, <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 2001<\/p>\n

      [25]<\/a> Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Konseyi \u00fcyesi Baltabaev Kuan\u0131\u015f Jetpisovi\u00e7<\/em>, bunu \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade etmektedir. \u201cKazakistan anayasac\u0131l\u0131k fikrinin kayna\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llara uzanmaktad\u0131r. Bu fikrin \u015fekillenmesinde 1518. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki<\/em> \u2018Kas\u0131m Hann\u0131n Kaska Jol\u0131\u2019 (Kas\u0131m Han\u2019\u0131n Se\u00e7kin Yolu \/ Kas\u0131m Han\u2019\u0131n Yasalar\u0131), \u2018Esim Hann\u0131n Eski Jol\u0131\u2019 (Esim Han\u2019\u0131n Eski Yolu \/ Esim Han\u2019\u0131n Yasalar\u0131) ve \u2018Jeti Jar\u011f\u0131\u2019 (Yedi Yarg\u0131 \/ Yedi Yasa) b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Ala\u015f Anayasas\u0131 projesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n anayasa tarihi, be\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasadan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan 1995 Anayasas\u0131 da buna d\u00e2hildir<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

      http:\/\/www.anayasa.gov.tr\/files\/pdf\/anayasa_yargisi\/anyarg23\/jetpisovich.pdf<\/p>\n

      [26]<\/a> Bkz. Muhtar Magauin, Kazak Tarihinin Alppesi<\/strong>, Almat\u0131, 1995; Erlan S\u0131d\u0131kov, Abilseyit Muhtar, XVII-XIX Gas\u0131rlardag\u0131 Qazaq Xand\u0131g\u0131<\/strong>, Mereke Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Almat\u0131, 2015, s. 116- 147.<\/p>\n

      [27]<\/a> T.\u0130. Sultanov, Kazak Hand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi, <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 2008.<\/p>\n

      [28]<\/a> Bkz. Sost. N. Mart\u0131nenko, Ala\u015f Orda (Sbornik Dokumentov)<\/strong>, Alma-Ata 1992. (Bu eserler belge ne\u015fridir.)<\/p>\n

      Amanjolova, D. A., Kazahskiy Avtonomizm i Rossia<\/strong>, Moskva 1994.<\/p>\n

      Bekmahanov, E., Kazahstan XIX. \u011eas\u0131rd\u0131n 20-40 J\u0131ldar\u0131nda<\/strong>, Almat\u0131 1994;<\/p>\n

      Amanzholova D., Partiya Alash: istoriya i istoriografiya<\/strong>, Semipalatinsk, 1993;<\/p>\n

      Amanzholova D., Kazakhskiy avtonomizm i Rossiya. Istoriya dvizheniya \u00abAlash\u00bb,<\/strong> Moskva, 1994;<\/p>\n

      Nurpeisov K., \u00abAlash\u00bb i \u00abAlash-Orda\u00bb<\/strong>. Almaty, 1995; Nursaliyev R., Auezov i \u00abAlash\u00bb<\/strong>, Almaty, 1995;<\/p>\n

      Koygel’diyev M., Alash kozgalysy (Dvizheniye \u00abAlash\u00bb,<\/strong>. Almaty, 1996;<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. I, Ala\u015f Koz\u011fal\u0131s\u0131, (Kujattar men materialdar j\u0131yna\u011f\u0131, Sevir 1901j.-jeltoksan 1917j)\/Dvijeniye Ala\u015f, Sbornik dokumentov i Materialov, Aprel 1901 g.-dekabr 1917 g.<\/strong>)<\/em>, Almat\u0131 2004.;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Nursaliyev R., Alashordintsy<\/strong>, Almaty, 2004;<\/p>\n

        Sdykov M.N. i dr. Istoriya Zapadnogo otdeleniya Alash Ordy<\/strong>, 2 Tom, Ural’sk, 2012.<\/p>\n

        http:\/\/alash.semeylib.kz\/?page_id=997&lang=ru<\/a><\/p>\n

        [29]<\/a> https:\/\/museum-alzhir.kz<\/a><\/p>\n

        [30]<\/a> Bu konuda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir birikim olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bkz. Serik Kuan\u0131\u015f, Atyrau – Mang\u0131stau Aymag\u0131 1917 J\u0131lg\u0131 Revolutsiayl\u0131k \u00d6zgerister Tus\u0131nda<\/strong>, \u00d6lke Yay\u0131nevi, Almaty, 2010; \u015eahman Na\u011f\u0131mul\u0131, Bat\u0131s \u00d6lke Tarih\u0131n\u0131n Ta\u011f\u0131l\u0131md\u0131 Betteri<\/strong>, Akt\u00f6be, 2018; Azal\u0131 Aq Kitap<\/strong>, Astana, 2015.<\/p>\n

        [31]<\/a> Kazakstan Tarih\u0131 K\u00f6ne Zamannan Buginge Deyin (O\u00e7erkter), <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 1994.<\/p>\n

        [32]<\/a>\u201cBiz, Ortak tarihi kaderle birle\u015fmi\u015f Kazakistan halk\u0131, Ezeli Kazak topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde devleti kurarak, Kendimizi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik ve bar\u0131\u015f ideallerine adam\u0131\u015f, bar\u0131\u015fsever ve sivil bir toplum oldu\u011fumuzun bilincine vararak, D\u00fcnya toplumu i\u00e7inde hak etti\u011fi yeri almay\u0131 arzulayarak, Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ve gelecek nesiller kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda y\u00fcksek sorumlulu\u011fumuzun bilincinde olarak, Egemenlik hakk\u0131m\u0131zdan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, Bu Anayasay\u0131 kabul ediyoruz.\u201d, <\/em>T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri Anayasalar\u0131, <\/strong>T\u00dcRKPA yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2012, s. 59- 99.<\/p>\n

        [33]<\/a> \u00abWe need to look into the past in order to understand the present and foresee the future\u00bb\u00a0 N. S. Nazarbayev.<\/p>\n

        https:\/\/e-history.kz\/en\/contents\/list\/87<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

        [34]<\/a> Nazarbayev\u2019in makalelerinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ne\u015fri i\u00e7in bkz. Nursultan Nazarbayev, B\u00fcy\u00fck Bozk\u0131r\u0131n Manevi Dirili\u015fi<\/strong>, Ankara, 2018, s. 11- 78<\/p>\n

        Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        A.A. Semenov, “K voprosu o proishojdenii i sostave Uzbekov \u015eeybani-Hana”, Rabo\u00e7aya Hronika \u0130nstituta vostokovedeniye II<\/strong>, Ta\u015fkent 1944.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Y. Yakubovskiy, Alt\u0131n Ordu ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. Hasan Eren, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2002.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Abdullah G\u00fcndo\u011fdu, \u201c\u015eiban Han S\u00fclalesi ve \u00d6zbek Ulusunun Te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d,\u00a0T\u00fcrkler,<\/strong> Cilt 3., Yeni T\u00fcrkiye Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: Ankara, s. 606- 616.<\/p>\n

          Ali Toraman, Arkeolojik Veriler I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Altaylarda At Ko\u015fumlar\u0131 ve Sava\u015f Aletleri (\u0130lk Zamanlardan IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Kadar)<\/strong>, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Genel T\u00fcrk Tarihi Bilim Dal\u0131, Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Doktora tezi, 2018.<\/p>\n

          .<\/p>\n

          Azamat Ziya, \u201c\u00d6zbek Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fi Tarihini \u00d6rgeni\u015f Meselelerige Dair\u201d, \u00d6zbekistan Tarihining Dalzarb Muammalarige YANG\u0130 \u00c7izgiler, <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 1999, s. 9- 10.<\/p>\n

          Azamat Ziya, \u00d6zbek Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fi Tarihi (Eng Kadimgi Davrdan Rassiya Bask\u0131n\u0131ga Kadar)<\/strong>, Ta\u015fkent, 2001.<\/p>\n

          Bekmahanov, E., Kazahstan XIX. \u011eas\u0131rd\u0131n 20-40 J\u0131ldar\u0131nda<\/strong>, Almat\u0131 1994.<\/p>\n

          B\u00f6ribay Ahmedov, \u00d6zbek Ulus\u0131, <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 1992.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. A. Amanjolova, Kazahskiy Avtonomizm i Rossia<\/strong>, Moskva 1994.<\/li>\n
          2. A. Amanjolova, Partiya Alash: istoriya i istoriografiya<\/strong>, Semipalatinsk, 1993;<\/li>\n
          3. A. Amanjolova, Kazakhskiy avtonomizm i Rossiya. Istoriya dvizheniya \u00abAlash\u00bb,<\/strong> Moskva, 1994<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Devin DeWeese, Islamization And Native Religion inthe Golden Horde, Baba T\u00fckles and Conversion to Islam in Historical And Epic Tradition<\/strong>, The Pennsylvania State University Pres, Pennsylvania, 1984.<\/p>\n

            Derya Derin Pa\u015fao\u011flu, Umdet\u00fc’L-Ahb\u00e2r<\/strong>, Tataristan Cumhuriyati Bilimler Akademisi, \u015eehabeddin Mercani Tarih Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Kazan, 2014\u00a0.<\/p>\n

            Erlan S\u0131d\u0131kov, Abilseyit Muhtar, XVII-XIX Gas\u0131rlardag\u0131 Qazaq Xand\u0131g\u0131<\/strong>, Mereke Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Almat\u0131, 2015.<\/p>\n

            Fazlullah bin Ruzbihan, Mihm\u00e2nn\u00e2me-i Buh\u00e2ra<\/strong>, Haz.\u00a0 Minu\u00e7ehr St\u00fbde, B.T.N.K.,Tehran, 1962<\/p>\n

            Kazakstan Tarih\u0131 K\u00f6ne Zamannan Buginge Deyin (O\u00e7erkter), <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 1994.<\/p>\n

            Joma Nazpary, Sovyet Sonras\u0131 Karma\u015fa- Kazakistan\u2019da \u015eiddet ve M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fme<\/strong>, \u00c7eviri S. Somuncuo\u011flu, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2003.<\/p>\n

            Qazak Liseleri 8. S\u0131n\u0131p Qazaqstan Tar\u00efx\u0131, <\/strong>Almat\u0131, 2001.<\/p>\n

            Keesing\u2019s Contemporary Archives, 1985<\/strong>, p. 34058; Keesing\u2019s Comtemporary Archives, 1986<\/strong>, pp. 34753-34754.<\/p>\n

            Koygel’diyev M., Alash kozgalysy (Dvizheniye \u00abAlash\u00bb,<\/strong>. Almaty, 1996;<\/p>\n

            Marks\u00e7a-Lenin\u00e7e Filosofiya Esaslar\u0131<\/strong>, Ta\u015fkent, 1976.<\/em><\/p>\n

            Mehmet Alpargu, Nogaylar<\/strong>, De\u011fi\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2007.<\/p>\n

            Mustafa Kafal\u0131, Alt\u0131n Orda Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kurulu\u015f ve Y\u00fckseli\u015f Devirleri<\/strong>,<\/em> \u00a0\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1976.<\/em><\/p>\n

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            1. Mart\u0131nenko, Ala\u015f Orda (Sbornik Dokumentov)<\/strong>, Alma-Ata 1992.<\/li>\n
            2. Nurkulov, U. Y\u00f6rayev, \u00d6zbekistan Tarihi (8. s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in ders kitab\u0131), <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 2003.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Nursultan Nazarbayev, B\u00fcy\u00fck Bozk\u0131r\u0131n Manevi Dirili\u015fi<\/strong>, Ankara, 2018,<\/p>\n

              Nurpeisov K., \u00abAlash\u00bb i \u00abAlash-Orda\u00bb<\/strong>. Almaty, 1995.<\/p>\n

              Nursaliyev R., Auezov i \u00abAlash\u00bb<\/strong>, Almaty, 1995.<\/p>\n

              Nursaliyev R., Alashordintsy<\/strong>, Almaty, 2004;<\/p>\n

              Olivier Roy, Yeni Orta Asya ya da Uluslar\u0131n \u0130mal Edili\u015fi<\/strong>, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7eviren Mehmet Moral\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2000.<\/p>\n

              \u00d6zbekistan S.S.R. Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00d6zbekistan Fenler Akadeniyas\u0131 ne\u015fr., Ta\u015fkent, 1958.<\/p>\n

              Serik Kuan\u0131\u015f, Atyrau – Mang\u0131stau Aymag\u0131 1917 J\u0131lg\u0131 Revolutsiayl\u0131k \u00d6zgerister Tus\u0131nda<\/strong>, \u00d6lke Yay\u0131nevi, Almaty, 2010.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. G. Klyashtorny, T. \u0130. Sultanov, Kazakistan T\u00fcrk\u00fcn \u00dc\u00e7 Bin Y\u0131l\u0131, \u00c7ev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2004.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Sdykov M.N. i dr. Istoriya Zapadnogo otdeleniya Alash Ordy<\/strong>, 2 Tom, Ural’sk, 2012.<\/p>\n

                \u015eahman Na\u011f\u0131mul\u0131, Bat\u0131s \u00d6lke Tarih\u0131n\u0131n Ta\u011f\u0131l\u0131md\u0131 Betteri<\/strong>, Akt\u00f6be, 2018.<\/p>\n

                \u015eahman Na\u011f\u0131mul\u0131, Azal\u0131 Aq Kitap<\/strong>, Astana, 2015.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. I, Ala\u015f Koz\u011fal\u0131s\u0131, (Kujattar men materialdar j\u0131yna\u011f\u0131, Sevir 1901j.-jeltoksan 1917j\u0131l)\/Dvijeniye Ala\u015f, Sbornik dokumentov i Materialov, Aprel 1901 g.-dekabr 1917 g.<\/strong>)<\/em>, Almat\u0131, 2004.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri Anayasalar\u0131, <\/strong>T\u00dcRKPA yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2012.<\/p>\n

                  Yakubovskiy,<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Barthold, \u0130slam Medeniyeti Tarihi.<\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye diyanet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1984,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u0130NTERNET KAYNAKLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    http:\/\/nauka-nanrk.kz\/<\/a><\/p>\n

                    http:\/\/alash.semeylib.kz\/?page_id=997&lang=ru<\/a><\/p>\n

                    https:\/\/museum-alzhir.kz<\/a><\/p>\n

                    https:\/\/e-history.kz\/en\/contents\/list\/87<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                    http:\/\/twesco.org\/tr\/news\/nursultan_nazarbayev_b_y_k_bozkirin_yed_zell\/<\/a><\/p>\n

                    http:\/\/www.anayasa.gov.tr\/files\/pdf\/anayasa_yargisi\/anyarg23\/jetpisovich.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Kazak ve \u00d6zbekler T\u00fcrk milletin kadim y\u00f6netici boylar\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrk tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Uzun s\u00fcre Rus egemenli\u011finde ya\u015fayan bu iki T\u00fcrk boyu etnik eritmeye kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015flerini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan sonra da devam ettirmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":5193,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[66,68],"tags":[447,446,445,240,442,444,439,443,441,440,264],"yoast_head":"\nKazakistan ve \u00d6zbekistan'da kurucu kimlik unsuru olarak tarih\u00e7ilik - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kazakistan ve \u00d6zbekistan'da kurucu kimlik unsuru olarak tarih\u00e7ilik - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kazak ve \u00d6zbekler T\u00fcrk milletin kadim y\u00f6netici boylar\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrk tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Uzun s\u00fcre Rus egemenli\u011finde ya\u015fayan bu iki T\u00fcrk boyu etnik eritmeye kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015flerini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan sonra da devam ettirmektedir.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-03T16:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-01-03T08:09:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/large_mONGOL_eMPIRE_129.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"553\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"55 dakika\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"sameAs\":[],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/mdmLogo-yazisiz.jpg\",\"width\":422,\"height\":422,\"caption\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"name\":\"M\\u0130SAK- Mill\\u00ee Strateji Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma Kurulu\",\"description\":\"D\\u00fcnyaya T\\u00fcrk\\u00e7\\u00fc Bak\\u0131\\u015f\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/large_mONGOL_eMPIRE_129.jpg\",\"width\":800,\"height\":553},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/kazakistan-ve-ozbekistanda-kurucu-kimlik-unsuru-olarak-tarihcilik\/\",\"name\":\"Kazakistan ve \\u00d6zbekistan'da kurucu kimlik unsuru olarak tarih\\u00e7ilik - 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Ankara \\u00dcniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Co\\u011frafya Fak\\u00fcltesi, Genel T\\u00fcrk Tarihi Anabilim Dal\\u0131\\u2019ndan 1986 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda mezun oldu. 1989 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda A.\\u00dc. Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\\u00fcs\\u00fc, Tarih (Genel T\\u00fcrk Tarihi) Anabilim Dal\\u0131, y\\u00fcksek lisans program\\u0131n\\u0131 tamamlam\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. 1995 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda ise ayn\\u0131 enstit\\u00fcde \\u201cHive Hanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 Tarihi (Yadig\\u00e2r \\u015eibanileri Devri: 1512-1740)\\u201d adl\\u0131 tezi ile de doktor unvan\\u0131n\\u0131 alm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. 1987- 1998 y\\u0131llar\\u0131 aras\\u0131nda A.\\u00dc. Dil ve Tarih Co\\u011frafya Fak\\u00fcltesi Genel T\\u00fcrk Tarihi Anabilim Dal\\u0131\\u2019nda ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma g\\u00f6revlisi olarak g\\u00f6reve ba\\u015flam\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. 1998\\u2019de ayn\\u0131 ana bilim dal\\u0131nda Yrd. Do\\u00e7entli\\u011fe, 25 Ocak 2001\\u2019den itibaren Do\\u00e7entli\\u011fe y\\u00fckselmi\\u015ftir. 12 \\u015eubat 2008 tarihinde Profes\\u00f6rl\\u00fc\\u011fe atanm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Askerlik hizmetini 1995- 96 y\\u0131llar\\u0131nda 247. D\\u00f6nem olarak yapan Abdullah G\\u00fcndo\\u011fdu, evli ve iki \\u00e7ocuk babas\\u0131d\\u0131r. \\u0130ngilizce, Rus\\u00e7a ve Fars\\u00e7a yan\\u0131nda \\u00c7a\\u011fda\\u015f T\\u00fcrk dillerini bilmektedir. 1992 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda \\u00d6zbekistan Fergana Devlet \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma ve inceleme, 2001-2002 \\u00f6\\u011fretim y\\u0131l\\u0131nda T\\u0130KA ad\\u0131na, Rusya Federasyonu Tataristan \\u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti, Kazan Devlet \\u00dcniversitesi Do\\u011fu Dilleri ve T\\u00fcrkoloji B\\u00f6l\\u00fcmlerinde, 2003-2004 \\u00d6\\u011fretim y\\u0131l\\u0131nda da Hoca Ahmet Yesevi \\u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\\u0131 T\\u00fcrk- Kazak \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde misafir \\u00f6\\u011fretim \\u00fcyesi olarak g\\u00f6rev yapt\\u0131. 2010- 2012 y\\u0131llar\\u0131 aras\\u0131nda K\\u0131rg\\u0131zistan- T\\u00fcrkiye Manas \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde \\u00f6\\u011fretim \\u00fcyesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\\u00fcs\\u00fc M\\u00fcd\\u00fcr\\u00fc, \\u00fcniversite senato ve y\\u00f6netim kurulu \\u00fcyesi olarak g\\u00f6rev yapt\\u0131. Yurti\\u00e7i ve Yurtd\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131nda \\u00e7ok say\\u0131da kongre, sempozyum ve bilimsel toplant\\u0131lara kat\\u0131ld\\u0131.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5074"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5074"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5074\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5193"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5074"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5074"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5074"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}