{"id":5120,"date":"2019-01-04T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-04T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com?p=5120&preview=true&preview_id=5120"},"modified":"2019-01-01T01:09:57","modified_gmt":"2018-12-31T22:09:57","slug":"ne-yapmali-ekonomide-sistem-arayislari-2-kapitalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/ne-yapmali-ekonomide-sistem-arayislari-2-kapitalizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Ne yapmal\u0131; ekonomide sistem aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131- 2: Kapitalizm"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"

\u201cBir mal\u0131n de\u011feri o mal\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in harcanan eme\u011fin g\u00f6rece miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yana\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczende y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f karar\u0131na ya da kullanmakta oldu\u011fumuz alfabenin yaz\u0131m y\u00f6n\u00fcne uygun bi\u00e7imde soldan ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z iktisad\u00ee d\u00fczene ili\u015fkin sistem aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n elverdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde oylumlu irdelemesine bu sefer yelpazenin z\u0131t taraf\u0131ndaki bir sistemi ele alarak devam ediyoruz. Evet, konu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z; kapitalizm. K\u00fcreselle\u015fme denilen olgunun alt\u0131nda yatan kapitalist anlay\u0131\u015fa getirilen ele\u015ftirileri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131yoruz:<\/p>\n

Demokrasi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ekonomist Branko Horvat\u2019a kat\u0131lmamak \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7: \u201cGayet bilinir bir ger\u00e7ektir ki kapitalist geli\u015fme beraberinde sermayenin, istihdam etme yetisinin ve y\u00f6netim erkinin belli ve az say\u0131da elde toplanmas\u0131na neden olur. Pek de bilinmeyen bir di\u011fer ger\u00e7ekse \u015fudur; ayn\u0131 kapitalist geli\u015fme ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc neredeye tamamen yok eder.\u201d<\/p>\n

Horvat bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde yaln\u0131z de\u011fil: Zira uzmanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun hem fikir oldu\u011fu \u00fczere kapitalizm k\u00fcresel anlamda insan n\u00fcfusunun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ciddi manada siyasi, demokratik ve iktisadi g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131na u\u011framas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Bunun alt\u0131nda yatan temel neden oldu\u011fu iddia edilen olguysa olduk\u00e7a tan\u0131d\u0131k: K\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n para ve emtiay\u0131 tekelinde tutarak kendileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kalabal\u0131klar\u0131n \u015fiddetini artt\u0131ran bir gelir adaletsizli\u011finin kaybeden taraf\u0131nda yer almalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7mas\u0131. (Piramidin tepesindeki i\u015fbu dar gruba, zaman zaman bu ifadeyi kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu ironiyi kavramaktan aciz cahil politika cambazlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7 eliti\u201d denilmesi ayr\u0131 bir tuhafl\u0131k.) Bu duruma \u201ckurumsal kapitalizm\u201d ya da \u201cters y\u00fcz edilmi\u015f totalitarizm\u201d denilmekte ki temel \u00f6zellikleri hiyerar\u015fiye duyulan feti\u015f seviyesindeki ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, bo\u011fucu ve karma\u015f\u0131k b\u00fcrokrasi, bizatihi kendi hacimsel b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve en \u00f6nemlisi sosyal refah kayg\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen dizginsiz bir k\u00e2r tutkusu olan kurumlar bu ekonomik d\u00fczenin ba\u015fa g\u00fcre\u015fen oyuncular\u0131. Asl\u0131nda yeg\u00e2ne ciddiye al\u0131nacak oyuncular\u0131 da denilebilir. \u00d6zellikle bahsi ge\u00e7en kurumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlere evrilmesiyle beraber \u015fu ana konulardaki kapitalist \u201cyara\u201dlar iyiden iyiye a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumdalar; insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri, vatanda\u015flara \u00f6zg\u00fc dokunulmaz m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmala \u00e7\u00f6kme\u201d ile i\u00e7 edilmesi, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki adaletsizlik, her s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kapsayan siyasi temsilden \u201clordlar kamaras\u0131\u201dn\u0131 and\u0131ran siyasi kast sistemine ge\u00e7i\u015f, sosyoekonomik e\u015fitsizlik\u2026 B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n istisna olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p ana ak\u0131m uygulama haline getirdi\u011fi kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f yozla\u015fma da tuzu biberi\u2026<\/p>\n

Emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201cBordro mahk\u00fbmu\u201d ifadesi \u00fclkemizde daha ziyade beyaz yakal\u0131 kamu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lsa da d\u00fcnya genelinde \u201c\u00fccretli k\u00f6le\u201d s\u00f6ylemine daha yak\u0131n bir yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma olarak benimseniyor. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131plak ger\u00e7ek \u015fu; kapitalizm \u00f6z\u00fc gere\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye dayan\u0131yor ve emek de bundan nasibini alan ilk etkenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyor. Ekonomik anlamda bu husus tipik bir tek tarafl\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131tmayla genelde sadece Marks\u2019\u0131n \u201cemek de\u011fer teorisi\u201dne dayand\u0131r\u0131lsa da asl\u0131nda David Ricardo ve Adam Smith \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nceden bu hususa de\u011finmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zetlemek gerekirse klasik ekonomistler de ayn\u0131 sav\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle dile getiriyorlard\u0131: \u201cBir mal\u0131n de\u011feri o mal\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in harcanan eme\u011fin g\u00f6rece miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda sendikalara getirilen gayet ilgin\u00e7 bir ele\u015ftiri s\u00f6z konusu. Genelde sendikalar\u0131n, sahip olduklar\u0131 \u201cgrev\u201d silah\u0131 sayesinde sistem i\u00e7erisinde bir denge unsuru vazifesini ifa etmeleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Oysa kapitalizmin g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f halinde sendikalar sadece \u00f6z\u00fcnde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye dayanan sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015findeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 hafifletici ve sistemin aksakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirici bir t\u00fcr \u201cmusluk tamircisi\u201d h\u00fcviyetine b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f haldeler. Bu halleriyle de Lysander Spooner\u2019\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u00f6zlerinin i\u015faret etti\u011fi durumu devam ettirmekten ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe de yaram\u0131yorlar ki bu da emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a kayg\u0131 verici bir durum:<\/p>\n

\u201cHemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn servetler sermaye ve eme\u011fi harcayan de\u011fil kullananlar taraf\u0131ndan biriktirilirler. Haddizat\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck servetler nadiren tek bir \u015fahs\u0131n ki\u015fisel \u00e7abas\u0131yla olu\u015fturulurlar. Asl\u0131nda olan sadece tek ki\u015finin s\u00fcngeri s\u0131karcas\u0131na belli bir kitle ve s\u00fcre\u00e7ten elde ettiklerini kendi uhdesinde toplamas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Kald\u0131 ki iktisat tarih\u00e7isi Immanuel Wallerstein\u2019\u0131n \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr olmayan emek\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ini dolduran ve k\u00f6leler, sava\u015f esirleri, mahpuslar gibi gruplar\u0131n eme\u011fine ili\u015fkin toparlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veriler de i\u015fbu sav\u0131n kapitalizmin i\u00e7erisindeki ad\u0131 konulmam\u0131\u015f gizli esarete olan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 benzerli\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

\"

kapitalizmin adeta kutsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 hususunda \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcz \u015fiddete varan boyutta bir a\u00e7 g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sadece sava\u015f \u015feklinde de\u011fil gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hallerde hukuksuz el koyma bi\u00e7iminde de oyuna s\u00fcren kapitalizm bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kendisi i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan \u201cvah\u015fi\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n da hakk\u0131n\u0131 veriyor art\u0131k.<\/p><\/div>\n

Emperyalizm ve siyasi bask\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

John Bellamy Foster, Robert W. McChesney gibi kapitalizmin anavatan\u0131ndan isimlerin de yukar\u0131da de\u011finilen emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ekledikleri bir ba\u015fka kapitalist sistemik davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi; emperyalist, kolonici ve genel ge\u00e7er anlamda sava\u015f yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir tavr\u0131 temel refleks olarak sergilemek. Ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda teorik \u00e7er\u00e7eveye oturtulan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re; tekelci kapitalizmin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonucu belli bir vadede kapitalist \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 koruyup kollamak ad\u0131na merkez \u00fclkelerin \u00e7evredeki geli\u015fmesine m\u00fcsaade edilmeyen \u00fclkelere y\u00f6nelik askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 oluyor. K\u0131sacas\u0131, kapitalizm ayakta ve hayatta kalmak ad\u0131na emperyalist olmak zorundad\u0131r. Daha uzun a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yle yap\u0131labilir: Finansal sermayenin ihrac\u0131 mal ihracat\u0131n\u0131n yerini al\u0131r. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemi ve sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n elindeki sermaye devasa finansal karteller olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fir ve belirli ellerde toplan\u0131r. \u00dcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kanallar\u0131 tekelle\u015fir ve monopolist kapitalistler devlet politikalar\u0131na y\u00f6n vermeye ba\u015flarlar. Devletin siyasi dili ve eylem \u00e7er\u00e7evesi de emperyal bir hale evrilir ve g\u00f6ze kestirilen ve hizaya sokulmas\u0131 ya da \u201cdemokrasi g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi\u201d gereken k\u00fcresel noktalara m\u00fcdahale sistemin sahiplerinin do\u011fal hakk\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Verimsizlik, ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ve belirsizlik<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Uzmanlar\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi en enteresan noktalardan birisi de ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da te\u015fvik eden kapitalist s\u00fcrecin beraberinde getirdi\u011fi pratik ve verimli icat e\u011frisinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn verimsiz bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru kaymas\u0131. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kapitalizmin hedefi en uygun noktada kaynak kullan\u0131m\u0131yla k\u00e2r en \u00e7oklamaktan ziyade i\u00e7erik ve nitelikten \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak olabilecek en \u00e7ok say\u0131da t\u00fcketiciye olabilecek en \u00e7ok adette \u00fcr\u00fcn satmak. Bunu yaparken verimsiz bir d\u00f6ng\u00fcye yol a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile birlikte en sa\u011flam olmas\u0131 beklenen uzun edimli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin bile art\u0131k dayan\u0131ks\u0131z t\u00fcketici \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc haline gelmesi \u015f\u00fcphesiz beraberinde ciddi \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 da getirmekte. \u201cPlanl\u0131 sakillik\u201d denilen bu durumun ak\u0131l d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn gibi a\u015fik\u00e2r. Bu anti-akillik s\u00fcrecinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirsizlik ortam\u0131na ise bir sonraki ba\u015fl\u0131kta ele al\u0131nacak d\u00fczenli aral\u0131klarla kap\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7alan ekonomik krizlere kap a\u00e7an kurals\u0131zl\u0131ktan kaynaklanan belirsizlik en g\u00fczel \u00f6rnek olsa gerek.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Pazar hatas\u0131 <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Birebir \u00e7eviri yap\u0131nca Sal\u0131 Pazar\u0131\u2019ndan yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla bir beden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck al\u0131nan g\u00f6mlekten bahsediliyormu\u015f gibi oluyor ancak \u201cmarket failure\u201d denilerek ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bu durum \u201cpiyasan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez eli\u201dnin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en s\u0131k\u0131 sorgulatt\u0131ran olgulardan birisi ve hatta birincisidir. \u00d6z\u00fcnde pazar hatas\u0131; kaynaklar\u0131n ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin pazar taraf\u0131ndan en uygun bi\u00e7imde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n kesinlikle s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Keynes\u00e7i iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Paul Krugman\u2019a g\u00f6re sadece kendi menfaatinin tatmini i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fan bireylerden olu\u015fan bir toplum bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak sosyal yarar yaratmaktan bir hayli uzak. Kald\u0131 ki, bireysel \u00e7aban\u0131n serbestli\u011finin toplumsal faydan\u0131n garantisi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131nda yatan tam ve do\u011fru bilgiye ve e\u015fit rekabete eri\u015fim \u015fartlar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u201calternatif do\u011frular\u201d ve \u201cKom\u015funu Dilendir\u201d bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k k\u00f6t\u00fc birer \u015fakadan ibaret hale gelmi\u015f durumdalar. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ek olarak kapitalizmin adeta kutsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 hususunda \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcz \u015fiddete varan boyutta bir a\u00e7 g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sadece sava\u015f \u015feklinde de\u011fil gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hallerde hukuksuz el koyma bi\u00e7iminde de oyuna s\u00fcren kapitalizm bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kendisi i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan \u201cvah\u015fi\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n da hakk\u0131n\u0131 veriyor art\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ge\u00e7en yaz\u0131m\u0131zda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu sefer Noam Chomsky\u2019den gelen, \u00fczerinde birka\u00e7 kez d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde de b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve anlam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeyen bir aforizma ile bitirelim:<\/p>\n

\u201cModern devlet kapitalizminin en temel ilkelerinden birisi maliyet ve risklerin olabilecek en geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tabana yay\u0131lmas\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131n k\u00e2r\u0131nsa olabilecek en az elde toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 bir zihin jimnasti\u011fi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fikri gezisinin ikinci dura\u011f\u0131nda yazar\u0131m\u0131z Liath McGorman, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme denilen olgunun alt\u0131nda yatan kapitalist anlay\u0131\u015fa getirilen ele\u015ftirileri ele al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":76,"featured_media":5134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63,2],"tags":[],"coauthors":[248],"class_list":["post-5120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/76"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5120"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5120\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5120"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}