{"id":5390,"date":"2019-01-17T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-17T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/?p=5390&preview=true&preview_id=5390"},"modified":"2019-01-24T08:32:58","modified_gmt":"2019-01-24T05:32:58","slug":"tarihin-ve-ideolojinin-meydana-getirdigi-bir-ii-abdulhamid-imaji-nihal-atsizin-gok-sultani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/tarihin-ve-ideolojinin-meydana-getirdigi-bir-ii-abdulhamid-imaji-nihal-atsizin-gok-sultani\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihin ve ideolojinin meydana getirdi\u011fi bir II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131: Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6k Sultan\u2019\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"H\u00fcseyin

H\u00fcseyin Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z- Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid<\/p><\/div>\n

Tarih\u00ee \u015fahsiyetler yaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zamanda de\u011fil, kendilerinden sonra da isimleri s\u0131k\u00e7a an\u0131lan ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olan ki\u015filerdir. Bu anlamda yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk tarihinin ku\u015fkusuz en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 isimlerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekenlerden birisi de II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019dir. II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in kendi iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek s\u00fcren bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar tarih\u00ee boyutu ile birlikte siyas\u00ee ve ideolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ekseninde devam etmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de farkl\u0131 siyas\u00ee iktidarlar d\u00f6neminde birbirinden \u00e7ok uzak II. Abd\u00fclhamid imajlar\u0131 ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. Bunun yan\u0131nda ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde dile getirilen ancak birbirinin tam z\u0131dd\u0131 olan Sultan Hamid portrelerine de rastlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 tarihsel bilginin ve ideolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte ve seyri s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada fikir adam\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7i Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n [1905-1975] II. Abd\u00fclhamid hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini inceleyece\u011fiz. II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgili yap\u0131lan literat\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine \u00e7o\u011funlukla yer verilmemekte veya derinli\u011fine inmeden ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilmektedir. Oysa Ats\u0131z, Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki de\u011fi\u015fiminde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Bu \u00f6neminden hareketle biz de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kimli\u011finin ve tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyerek bu alg\u0131n\u0131n beslendi\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131n neler oldu\u011funu ortaya koyaca\u011f\u0131z. Bu do\u011frultuda Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bizlere gerekli verileri sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Elde edece\u011fimiz bu veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6k Sultan imaj\u0131n\u0131 temellendirirken bunun tarih\u00ee ger\u00e7eklik ve ideolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m dengesindeki yerini de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyece\u011fiz. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n seyrinde Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcndeme getirece\u011fiz. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel sistemati\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde ortaya koydu\u011fu Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da bu do\u011frultuda meydana getirildi\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z’\u0131n tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n kimilerince desteklenen kimilerince de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan fikr\u00ee yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n akademik tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7irilmesi sebebiyle ne yaz\u0131k ki onun ilim adaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. Oysa Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n gerek T\u00fcrk tarihinin metodolojik sorunlar\u0131na sistematik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk tarih felsefesine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131 gerekse ortaya koydu\u011fu tarih konulu akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin \u00f6nemli simalar\u0131ndan birisidir. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n tarih metodolojisinin ve felsefesinin yap\u0131s\u0131 onun sahip oldu\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc fikir sisteminin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Tarih\u00ee bilgileri de\u011ferlendirip yorumlamada bunun etkisi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a hissedilebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Tarihe ve tarih\u00ee bilgiye yakla\u015f\u0131mda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yans\u0131t\u0131lan \u00f6znel etkenler ile mevcut siyas\u00ee ve toplumsal bile\u015fenler sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan farkl\u0131l\u0131klar sebebiyle tarihin tekd\u00fcze yorum ve bilgiler y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131ndan olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e2\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda tarihin ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan bir kurgu\/tasar\u0131m oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken bir durumdur. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fin tarih\u00e7ilikte nesnellik sorununu da tetiklemesi bu ko\u015fullarda ola\u011fan bir sonu\u00e7tur. Elbette, bunun tarih ilmi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir problem te\u015fkil edip etmedi\u011fi meselesi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n haricinde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir konudur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, belki de nesnellik sorununun en \u00e7ok g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fi II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131na bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131nan temel konu, II. Abd\u00fclhamid gibi Osmanl\u0131 tarihinin en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan padi\u015fah\u0131n\u0131n Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n fikr\u00ee yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirilip belli bir kimli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmektir. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n alg\u0131s\u0131nda Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n seyri, bunun altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00f6znel etkenlerin yan\u0131nda, siyas\u00ee ve toplumsal bile\u015fenlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanarak bir anlamda Tek Parti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden itibaren ba\u015flayan ve sonraki on y\u0131llarda farkl\u0131 boyutlara evrilen geli\u015fmelerin ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n da bir panoramas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019lar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid\u2019e bak\u0131\u015f\u0131: J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerden devral\u0131nan \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Sultan\u201d miras\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n sahibi oldu\u011fu ve sonradan benimseyip soyad\u0131 olarak da alaca\u011f\u0131 Ats\u0131z Mecm\u00fba isimli dergisinde II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin ilk \u00f6rneklerini bulabilmekteyiz. Bu dergideki yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda do\u011frudan konu edinmese bile baz\u0131 sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda Sultan Hamid\u2019den bahseden Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin menf\u00ee oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7li\u011finin T\u00fcrkl\u00fck \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc benimsemi\u015f bir nesil olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir makalesinde s\u00f6z\u00fc Cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesine getiren Ats\u0131z, kendilerinden \u00f6nceki nesillerin nas\u0131l olmu\u015f da \u201cAbd\u00fclhamidin istibdad\u0131 ile zehirlenmi\u015f bir vatan havas\u0131n\u0131\u201d<\/em> teneff\u00fcse raz\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sormaktad\u0131r.[1]<\/a> Yine benzer \u015fekilde \u00fclke ad\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fler ba\u015faracak olanlar\u0131n Cumhuriyet\u2019in mill\u00ee \u00fclk\u00fcye ba\u011fl\u0131 gen\u00e7li\u011finin olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek \u201cd\u00fcnk\u00fc nesil mensuplar\u0131\u201d<\/em>n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca iktidara ba\u011flanarak \u00e7\u0131kar elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015filer oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Zira bug\u00fcn cumhuriyet\u00e7i kesilen bu ki\u015filer d\u00fcn ise \u201cAbd\u00fclhamidin sad\u0131k k\u00f6leleri\u201d<\/em> idiler.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z bu d\u00f6nemde yarat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Resm\u00ee Tarih Tezi\u2019ni ilm\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan sakat bulmakta ve bunu \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirmektedir. Ele\u015ftiri getirdi\u011fi noktalardan birisi de Osmanl\u0131 ile Cumhuriyet aras\u0131ndaki tarih\u00ee ba\u011f\u0131n ink\u00e2r edilmesidir. Bu ba\u011f\u0131 ink\u00e2r edenlere hitaben sert bir tonda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u201cKorkmay\u0131n: T\u00fcrkiye cumhuriyetinin anas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fudur demek vatan hainli\u011fi veya ink\u0131l\u00e2p d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir\u201d <\/em>demekte ve d\u00f6nemin siyas\u00ee havas\u0131na da g\u00f6ndermede bulunmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Cumhuriyet ile bir al\u00e2kas\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sorular\u0131n\u0131 da \u015fu \u015fekilde de sormaktad\u0131r: \u201cOsmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ile hi\u00e7bir ba\u011f\u0131 yoksa cumhuriyeti g\u00f6kten inenler mi kurdu? Yoksa Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funu yaratanlar Hotantolar m\u0131 idi? T\u00fcrkiye cumhuriyetinin ba\u015f\u0131 ve kurucusu olan Gazi bile imparatorlu\u011fun bir cenerali de\u011fil miydi?\u201d<\/em>[3]<\/a> Bu anlay\u0131\u015f do\u011frultusunda Osmanl\u0131 ve Sel\u00e7uklu d\u00f6nemlerinin yeni yaz\u0131lan tarih kitaplar\u0131nda olumsuz \u015fekilde tasvir edilip her \u015feyin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak Cumhuriyet devrinin al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc tarih felsefesinin \u00f6zelli\u011fi gere\u011fi T\u00fcrk tarihini b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kabul eden ve Cumhuriyet \u00f6ncesine sahip \u00e7\u0131kan Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu tepkilerine kar\u015f\u0131n Sultan Hamid ile ilgili g[4]<\/a>\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin yine olumsuz oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ona g\u00f6re \u201cAbd\u00fclhamit zul\u00fcm yapt\u0131\u201d<\/em> diye Osmanl\u0131 tarihine ve o d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fcklerine k\u00fcf\u00fcr etmek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f bir yoldu.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da \u00f6rnekler Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i olumlu bir \u015fahsiyet olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini ifade etmektedir. Sultan Hamid d\u00f6nemini mevcut literat\u00fcr ve tarih alg\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi \u201cistibdad\u201d kendisini de \u201czul\u00fcm yapan\u201d biri olarak nitelemesi ve onun d\u00f6nemindeki neslin yeni kurulan Cumhuriyet\u2019in bek\u00e7ili\u011fini yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olumsuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n Ats\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemdeki II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 anlamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak bir di\u011fer s\u00f6ylemi de 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet\u2019e cevaben kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u201cPutlar\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131yoruz\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, i\u00e7erisinde N\u00e2m\u0131k Kem\u00e2l\u2019in de oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 mill\u00ee \u015fairlere a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftiride bulunan Hikmet\u2019e, Ats\u0131z daha da a\u011f\u0131r bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vererek sonu adliyede bitecek olan bir tart\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Konumuzla al\u00e2kal\u0131 olan ise Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet\u2019e cevab\u0131n\u0131n N\u00e2m\u0131k Kem\u00e2l ile ilgili bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki \u015fu k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r: \u201cEvet, Nam\u0131k Kemal arsland\u0131, s\u0131rtlan de\u011fil\u2026 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mezarlarda yatan arslanlara de\u011fil, kanl\u0131 cell\u00e2t gibi tepemizde ya\u015f\u0131yan k\u0131z\u0131l sultanlara sald\u0131r\u0131yor, a\u011f\u0131z dolusu k\u00fcf\u00fcr\u00fc onlar\u0131n surat\u0131na hayk\u0131r\u0131yordu.\u201d<\/em>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n burada \u201ck\u0131z\u0131l sultanlar\u201d<\/em> tabiri ile kimi ya da kimleri i\u015faret etti\u011fi net olarak belli de\u011fildir. Zira Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz d\u00f6neminde 1865 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar hareketine mensup olan N\u00e2m\u0131k Kem\u00e2l, muhalefetini ziyadesiyle \u00c2l\u00ee ve Fuad Pa\u015falara kar\u015f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1876\u2019da tahta ge\u00e7en II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile etkin bir m\u00fccadeleye girmemi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla burada tarih\u00ee bilgi ba\u011flam\u0131nda II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in kast edilmemesi gerekirken, \u00a0olumsuz Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n propaganda arg\u00fcman\u0131 olan \u201ckanl\u0131 cell\u00e2t\u201d<\/em> ve \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Sultan\u201d<\/em> ibarelerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 akla do\u011frudan Sultan Hamid\u2019i getirmektedir. Mant\u0131k\u00ee bir yorum yaparak Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n burada N\u00e2m\u0131k Kem\u00e2l\u2019i \u00f6vmek ve onun de\u011ferini g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla d\u00f6nemin resm\u00ee tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131nda olumsuz bir simge olarak yer alan II. Abd\u00fclhamid fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r diyebiliriz. Nitekim II. Abd\u00fclhamid gibi \u201ckanl\u0131 cell\u00e2t\u201d <\/em>olan bir \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Sultan\u201d<\/em>a kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek d\u00f6nemin tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir paye edinmek demekti. Bu ba\u011flamda Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n anlat\u0131m tarz\u0131 olarak N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 N\u00e2m\u0131k Kem\u00e2l savunmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla b\u00f6yle bir s\u00f6ylemi g\u00fcndeme getirmesi uygun d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n 1930\u2019lardaki II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 olumsuz bir mahiyettedir. Ats\u0131z, her ne kadar I. T\u00fcrk Tarih Kongresi\u2019nde ortaya konulan Resm\u00ee Tarih Tezi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenlerinden biri olmu\u015f[7]<\/a> ve Osmanl\u0131 tarihine sahip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fsa da d\u00f6nemin tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131ndaki olumsuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131 kabullenmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 ise kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1895\u2019te fiil\u00ee olarak ba\u015flayan J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk muhalefetinden almaktad\u0131r. Sultan Hamid\u2019i tahttan indirmek i\u00e7in olumsuz bir imaj yarat\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7erisine giren ve ne\u015friyatlar\u0131nda bunu s\u0131k\u00e7a propaganda olarak kullanan J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin bu alg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi Bat\u0131\u2019daki olumsuz Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131 ile de birle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Gerek J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk gerekse Bat\u0131 matbuat\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i olabildi\u011fince a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftiriye maruz b\u0131rakarak olumsuz bir fig\u00fcr \u015feklinde tarihte yer edinmesine sebebiyet vermi\u015flerdir. II. Abd\u00fclhamid aleyhindeki bu alg\u0131 y\u00f6netimi onun tahttan indirilmesinden sonra da devam etmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 ile de bu olumsuz imaj resm\u00ee tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n da bu tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan etkilenerek J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerden kendi d\u00f6nemine miras kalan olumsuz Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin siyas\u00ee havas\u0131 ile uyumlu 1930\u2019lardaki bu olumsuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130lerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleleri inceledi\u011fimizde II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e olan bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131 Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n seyrinin de\u011fi\u015fiminde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olacak etkiyi yaratacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim: Tek Parti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i savunmak<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in yerinin de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funun ilk izleri 1942 y\u0131l\u0131na aittir. Dr. R\u0131za Nur\u2019un sahibi oldu\u011fu Tanr\u0131da\u011f isimli T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, ilm\u00ee ve edeb\u00ee derginin 10 Temmuz 1942 ve 17 Temmuz 1942 tarihlerindeki 10. ve 11. say\u0131lar\u0131nda Ats\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan \u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d isimli makaledeki II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n tek tek incelendi\u011fi bu makale bir anlamda Osmanl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bir m\u00fcdafaanamesi olarak g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. II. Abd\u00fclhamid ise padi\u015fahlar aras\u0131nda kendisine en fazla yer ayr\u0131lan ki\u015fi olarak g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z makalede II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine orta yollu bir yorum ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r: \u201chem lehinde, hem aleyhinde s\u00f6ylenecek \u00e7ok s\u00f6z vard\u0131r. Onun hakk\u0131nda t\u00e2rih\u00ee ve ilm\u00ee bir tenkid yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.\u201d<\/em> Bu nedenle II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019ten beri Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid aleyhinde yazmak \u201cmoda\u201d<\/em> oldu\u011fundan, onun \u201ce\u015fsiz derecede fena ve kan d\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc, z\u00e2lim\u201d <\/em>bir padi\u015fah oldu\u011fu kanaati yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. L\u00e2kin Ats\u0131z bu kanaatin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Makalenin devam\u0131nda ise Sultan Hamid\u2019in devletin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demesi, a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 mekteplerdeki ilm\u00ee ne\u015friyat\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131, siyas\u00ee katl uygulamay\u0131p s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yolunu tercih etmesi, muhaliflerini denize att\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yollu rivayetlerin bir iftira olmas\u0131, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131n iktidar\u0131 boyunca devleti da\u011f\u0131lmaktan korudu\u011fu gibi II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e dair olumlu \u00f6zellikler s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. Sultan Hamid\u2019in \u201cen b\u00fcy\u00fck kusur\u201d<\/em>u olarak nitelendirilen olumsuzluk ise orduya ve donanmaya gereken \u00f6nemi vermemesi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n makalede as\u0131l dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi olumlu \u00f6zellik ise Sultan Hamid\u2019in \u201chi\u00e7 kimsenin g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi bir hakikati \u00e7ok evvelden g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u201d <\/em>olarak Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131 kapatmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclkenin selameti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fru bir hareket olarak nitelendirdi\u011fi bu olay Ats\u0131z\u2019a g\u00f6re gayri T\u00fcrk unsurlara kar\u015f\u0131 devletin bekas\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hamle idi. Zira 23 Temmuz 1908 sonras\u0131 Meclis ikinci kez yeniden a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gayri T\u00fcrk mebuslar\u0131n buradaki \u201ck\u00fcstah\u00e7a ve rezilce\u201d<\/em> hareketleri ve s\u00f6zleri buna delildir.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z, II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fimdiye dek ne\u015friyat arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7ok haks\u0131zl\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek onun samimi ve do\u011fru taraflar\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmenin ilm\u00ee ve vicdan\u00ee bir vazife oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re Sultan Hamid T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bilincinde olan bir padi\u015faht\u0131r. Bir halife ve padi\u015fah olarak kendisini tahttan indirmeye gelen heyette gayrim\u00fcslimlerin bulunmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tepkisini g\u00f6sterecek kadar onurludur. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 zorlayan d\u00fc\u015fman donanmalar\u0131 tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fkentin \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Konya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 kendisine tebli\u011f edilince ka\u00e7may\u0131 \u015fiddetle reddedecek kadar da dirayet sahibidir. II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e y\u00f6nelik bu kanaatlerinin arka plan\u0131n\u0131 ise \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade etmektedir: \u201cBir devlet reisi hakk\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm verilirken, onun iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc taraflar\u0131 akl\u0131n, ahl\u00e2k\u0131n ve mill\u00ee menfaatlerin terazisine vurularak devlete ne faydas\u0131 veya zarar\u0131 olmu\u015f mudur, buna bak\u0131l\u0131r ve buna g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcm verilir. H\u00e2lbuki \u015fimdiye kadar kat\u2019\u00ee olarak iddia edebiliriz ki Abd\u00fclhamid o kadar fena bir p\u00e2di\u015fah de\u011fildi. Y\u00e2ni bu kadar fena g\u00f6sterilmek istenen Abd\u00fclhamid bile gafil ve bi\u00e7\u00e2re de\u011fildi.\u201d<\/em>[8]<\/a> Bu do\u011frultuda II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i bahsetti\u011fi terazinin kefesine koyan Ats\u0131z, onun kusurlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n olumlu yanlar\u0131n\u0131n daha a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu makale ile g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131 1930\u2019lara g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bir konuma gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131n tarih\u00ee ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir s\u00fcreklilik olarak kabul edilmesi ve Osmanl\u0131 tarihine sayg\u0131 duyulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc tarih g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u015fahs\u0131na da sirayet etmesiyle art\u0131k Ats\u0131z i\u00e7in Sultan Hamid sayg\u0131yla an\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir ecdatt\u0131r. Zira Ats\u0131z\u2019a g\u00f6re milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin ve ahlak\u0131n ba\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131ndan biri mazinin de\u011ferlerine sayg\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 makalesini kaleme alma nedeni de asl\u0131nda Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya duydu\u011fu sayg\u0131n\u0131n ve hanedana kar\u015f\u0131 hissetti\u011fi vef\u00e2n\u0131n bir numunesidir. Ali Canip Y\u00f6ntem\u2019in liseler i\u00e7in yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir edebiyat kitab\u0131nda ge\u00e7en \u201cO aral\u0131k Abd\u00fclmecid tahta ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Bu, her Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 gibi gafil ve bi\u00e7\u00e2re bir adamd\u0131\u201d <\/em>c\u00fcmlesi Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Bu tepkiyi \u201cDemek b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 gafil ve bi\u00e7\u00e2re \u00f6yle mi? Demek T\u00fcrk ordular\u0131n\u0131 zaferden zafere ko\u015fduran, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn Do\u011fuya Avrupaya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdafaa edenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan, memleketin her yerini ilim ve sanat eserleriyle dolduran bu insanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bir tanecik bile de\u011ferli \u015fah\u0131s yok, \u00f6yle mi?\u201d[9]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> diyerek g\u00f6steren Ats\u0131z, ard\u0131ndan tek tek Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131 gerek faziletleriyle gerekse ele\u015ftirilecek noktalar\u0131yla birlikte incelemektedir. Yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n son k\u0131sm\u0131nda da Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u00fclkede tek bir koldan h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f en uzun hanedan olarak d\u00fcnya tarihinde ilk s\u0131rada oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek, tespitini di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin hanedanlar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Burada as\u0131l dikkat \u00e7ekilmesi gerekli nokta ise Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu nitelikteki tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yani resm\u00ee tarih g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve olumsuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte oldu\u011fu Tek Parti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirmesidir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n siyas\u00ee d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re \u015fekillendi\u011fi izah\u0131 ile tarih\u00ee kurgu olarak bu imaj\u0131n olumsuzdan olumluya ge\u00e7i\u015finin 1950\u2019de Demokrat Parti\u2019nin iktidara gelmesi ya da 1946\u2019da partinin kurulmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren d\u00f6nemlendirmelerin de bu ba\u011flamda tam yerine oturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Zira Ats\u0131z, olumlu Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131 i\u00e7in siyas\u00ee dengelerin ve havan\u0131n yeterince geli\u015fmedi\u011fi \u00e7ok daha erken bir y\u0131lda bu imaj\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi i\u00e7in istisna\u00ee bir durum olarak, bize g\u00f6re k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 olacak bir ivmeyi meydana getirmi\u015ftir.[11]<\/a> \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir kere Ats\u0131z, Devr-i Hamid\u2019e mensup biri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ona salt bir taraftarl\u0131k\/muhaliflik atfedilemez. Bunun yan\u0131nda bir devlet adam\u0131 kimli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan siyas\u00ee iktidarlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiminden dolay\u0131 d\u00f6neme uygun bir davran\u0131\u015f \u015fekliyle II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i k\u00f6t\u00fclemek veya aklamak gibi bir ama\u00e7 edinmemektedir. Onun bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri bir fikir adam\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7i bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n II. Abd\u00fclhamid m\u00fcdafaas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki alg\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda bir k\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131r. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu k\u0131r\u0131lma \u0130sl\u00e2mc\u0131-muhafazak\u00e2r \u00e7evrelerde de yank\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makalenin II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 sonradan Necip F\u00e2z\u0131l K\u0131sak\u00fcrek\u2019in sahibi oldu\u011fu B\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu\u2019da aynen yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid ile olumlu fikirlerini siyas\u00ee iktidar de\u011fi\u015fiminden \u00f6nce birka\u00e7 kez daha g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ba\u015fka bir makalede de II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n yine olumlu bir \u015fekle b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. II. Abd\u00fclhamid \u201cittihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n propagandas\u0131\u201d<\/em> sonucu \u015fahsiyeti haks\u0131z yere k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclerek m\u00fcstebit, zalim ve hain olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Ats\u0131z\u2019a g\u00f6re \u015fahsiyetinin de\u011ferini tam manas\u0131 ile anlatacak bir kitap bulunmamakla birlikte son zamanlarda yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 ilm\u00ee yay\u0131nlar neticesinde Sultan Hamid\u2019e y\u00f6nelik bu ithamlar\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[13]<\/a> Tarih\u00ee kaynaklar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi ile elde edilen yeni bilgiler sonucu II. Abd\u00fclhamid ve d\u00f6neminin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid\u2019i yorumlamas\u0131nda ilm\u00ee bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tuttu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. B\u00f6ylece Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n tarih\u00e7i kimli\u011finin de II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimine etki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tanr\u0131da\u011f\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan \u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d makalesinin tam olarak ikinci defa yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 ise Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bir k\u0131s\u0131m makalelerinin bir araya getirildi\u011fi T\u00fcrk \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc kitab\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk bas\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan T\u00fcrk \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d makalesinin sonuna \u015f\u00f6yle bir ibare ili\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir: \u201cBu makaleye baz\u0131 eklentiler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d[14]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> \u0130\u015fte yap\u0131lan bu eklentilerin II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131, bizim i\u00e7in Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardaki Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi\/d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ifade etmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r. Zira onun Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde daha ileri bir seviyeye do\u011fru evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n idealize edilmi\u015f II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131: G\u00f6k Sultan<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere \u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d makalesinin T\u00fcrk \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde ikinci kez yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131nda birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin tespiti ve yorumu bize Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiminin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeyi anlamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1942\u2019deki bas\u0131m\u0131nda makaleye II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in hem lehinde hem aleyhinde s\u00f6ylenecek bir\u00e7ok s\u00f6z oldu\u011funu belirterek ba\u015flayan Ats\u0131z, 1956\u2019da makalenin ikinci bas\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir giri\u015f yapmaktad\u0131r: \u201c\u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid ise, \u015fimdiye kadar boyuna s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi ve yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi k\u00f6t\u00fc bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar de\u011fil, aksine, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00e2hi bir imparatordur.\u201d<\/em> Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikle art\u0131k Sultan Hamid aleyhinde s\u00f6ylenecek s\u00f6zler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131larak \u015fahsiyeti daha \u00fcst bir konuma y\u00fckseltilmi\u015ftir. Yine makalenin ikinci bas\u0131m\u0131nda Ats\u0131z, Sultan Hamid aleyhindeki s\u00f6zleri yayanlar\u0131n onun d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. \u201cYani Sultan Hamid\u2019in 33 y\u0131l tuttu\u011fu imparatorlu\u011fu sersemce hareketleriyle bat\u0131r\u0131p memleketten ka\u00e7an serseriler\u201d<\/em>. Ats\u0131z, II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in kanl\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, bir K\u0131z\u0131l Sultan oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00f6zlerin de birer iftira oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktad\u0131r. O ancak \u201cbu vatan\u0131 par\u00e7alamak istiyen Ermeni\u2019ler i\u00e7in K\u0131z\u0131l Sultan\u2019d\u0131r. Vatan d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in K\u0131z\u0131l Sultan olan imparator bizim i\u00e7in olsa olsa bir Ak Sultan olabilir.\u201d<\/em> II. Abd\u00fclhamid bu s\u00f6ylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini m\u00fcdafaa etmemi\u015fse de zaman onu hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bug\u00fcn bir \u201cmazlum\u201d<\/em> haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n makaleye Sultan Hamid lehine daha bir\u00e7ok eklenti yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ona g\u00f6re II. Abd\u00fclhamid Avrupa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc denge siyaseti ve istihbarat a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerini istedi\u011fi gibi oynatabilmi\u015ftir. Onun d\u00f6neminde paran\u0131n de\u011ferinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu, \u00fclkede a\u00e7l\u0131k ve sefaletin bilinmedi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Ats\u0131z, Sultan Hamid\u2019in uyan\u0131k ve \u015fuurlu bir insan olarak Y\u0131ld\u0131z tepesinden tek ba\u015f\u0131na Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bir \u015fekilde idare etti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. Mektepler a\u00e7t\u0131rmas\u0131, yollar yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 ve bu d\u00f6nemde ilm\u00ee ne\u015friyat\u0131n aktif olmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 subaylar yeti\u015ftirmesi, Ermenileri sindirmesi, Balkan milletlerini birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek Osmanl\u0131 aleyhine birle\u015fmelerini \u00f6nlemesi, para ile d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 kendine ba\u011fl\u0131 hale getirmesi, iffetli ve namuslu olu\u015fu, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 devlet i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamas\u0131 gibi olumlu \u00f6zellikler Ats\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak en dikkat \u00e7ekici tespit II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in T\u00fcrkl\u00fck lehine yapt\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ise Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131 kapatmas\u0131 gelmektedir. Zira bu kapatma Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle Sultan Hamid\u2019in \u201cmilliyet\u00e7i ve d\u00e2hiyane\u201d <\/em>ki\u015fili\u011finin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Makalenin ilk bask\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131smen de\u011findi\u011fi \u00fczere Meclis\u2019teki gayri T\u00fcrklerin devlet aleyhindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkl\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kacak ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in altyap\u0131 haz\u0131rlanacakt\u0131. Ats\u0131z b\u00f6ylece Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 devletin i\u00e7erisindeki gayri T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n kendi istek ve arzular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 set \u00e7ekme olarak g\u00f6rmekte ve Sultan Hamid\u2019in bunu yaparak T\u00fcrkl\u00fck lehine bir davran\u0131\u015fta bulundu\u011fu \u015feklinde yorumlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine Ats\u0131z\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201c\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve yamaklar\u0131n\u0131n propagandas\u0131yla\u201d<\/em> T\u00fcrkl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 haline getirilen Sultan Hamid \u201cmill\u00ee \u015fuuru kuvvetli\u201d<\/em> bir padi\u015faht\u0131r. T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir silah olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f, Orta Asya T\u00fcrkleriyle ilgilenmi\u015f ve \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u2019teki Karake\u00e7ililerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil Hassa Ertu\u011frul Alay\u0131\u2019na g\u00fcvenmi\u015ftir. Yine onun \u201ckudreti\u201d<\/em> sayesinde \u0130stanbul ve Rumeli\u2019deki Hristiyanlar da T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusu i\u00e7erisinde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in adeta d\u00f6nemin T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcym\u00fc\u015f gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulundu\u011fu Ats\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in T\u00fcrkl\u00fck lehine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin bekas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Nitekim makaleye eklenen son c\u00fcmleler bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi izah etmektedir: \u201cTahttan indirilmeseydi ve ayn\u0131 otorite ile devleti 10 y\u0131l daha idare etseydi, Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaz, T\u00fcrkiye Birinci Cihan Sava\u015f\u0131na girmez ve imparatorluk kaybedilmez, bug\u00fcn eri\u015fti\u011fimiz meden\u00ee seviyeden de bir ad\u0131m geri kal\u0131nmazd\u0131. H\u00fcl\u00e2sa \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid, gafletin ve bi\u00e7\u00e2reli\u011fin z\u0131dd\u0131 ne ise, onun en muhte\u015fem m\u00fcmessilidir.\u201d<\/em>[15]<\/a> Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi noktas\u0131ndaki bu son yorumlar\u0131 onun zihnindeki Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konumu g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. \u0130lm\u00ee \u00e7er\u00e7evenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak ideolojik kayg\u0131lar ta\u015f\u0131yan bu yorumlar Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid\u2019i art\u0131k idealize etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n habercisidir. Nitekim Ats\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecek nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan II. Abd\u00fclhamid art\u0131k onun i\u00e7in \u201cG\u00f6k Sultan\u201d<\/em> olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6k Sultan bahsine ge\u00e7meden Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik menfi tutumundan k\u0131saca s\u00f6z etmek gerekmektedir. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131 b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye iten nedenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar\u0131n II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fman olmas\u0131 ve onu tahttan indirdikten sonra \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netemedikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi gelmekle beraber manev\u00ee babas\u0131 olan ve tarih\u00e7ilik noktas\u0131nda \u00fczerinde etki yapan Dr. R\u0131za Nur\u2019un bir \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olmas\u0131 da etkilidir. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n da dile getirdi\u011fi \u00fczere Dr. R\u0131za Nur \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lara muhalefeti dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u0131bb\u00eeye\u2019deki g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve r\u00fctbesi de tenzil edilmi\u015ftir. Bununla da yetinmeyen \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar bir s\u00fcre sonra onu yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir.[16]<\/a> Dr. R\u0131za Nur\u2019u b\u00fcy\u00fck bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp ona sayg\u0131 besleyen ve ayr\u0131ca onun hukuk\u00ee miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu nedenlerle \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimine ve \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131 aleyhtarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep olan etkenlerden biri de tarih\u00e7i \u0130smail H\u00e2mi Dani\u015fmend ile m\u00fcnasebetidir. Ats\u0131z ile Dani\u015fmend yak\u0131n iki arkada\u015f olmakla beraber, Dani\u015fmend\u2019in \u201c\u0130zahl\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi Kronolojisi\u201d isimli eserinin II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile \u0130ttih\u00e2d ve Terakk\u00ee d\u00f6nemlerini ihtiva eden 4. cildinde yazd\u0131klar\u0131 Ats\u0131z i\u00e7in bu konudaki en m\u00fchim ilm\u00ee kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 1952\u2019de tamamlanan ve 1955\u2019te ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan bu eserinde[17]<\/a> Dani\u015fmend\u2019in Sultan Hamid\u2019i olduk\u00e7a olumlu bir \u015fekilde anlatmas\u0131 ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fclkeyi felakete s\u00fcr\u00fckleyecek bir y\u00f6netimi in\u015fa etti\u011fi \u015feklindeki tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131 Ats\u0131z \u00fczerinde belirgin bir etki yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dani\u015fmend\u2019in kendisi gibi T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olu\u015fu da Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu kayna\u011fa g\u00fcvenirli\u011fini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n idealize etti\u011fi II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131 olan G\u00f6k Sultan tabirinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ise II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu\u2019nun hat\u0131rat\u0131n\u0131 kaleme almaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir neticesidir. Nisan 1956\u2019da d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli bir s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n\u0131 olan \u201cHayat\u201d isimli dergide Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu\u2019nun babas\u0131 ile ilgili hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBabam Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid\u201d isimli tefrikan\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 bas\u0131nda lehte ve aleyhte bir\u00e7ok tepkiyi meydana getirmi\u015ftir. II. Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6neminde Sivas\u2019a s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen ve orada vef\u00e2t eden \u0130smail Safa\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu Peyami Safa \u201cAy\u015fe Han\u0131ma A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla 28 Nisan 1956\u2019da Milliyet gazetesinde bu tefrikan\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilerde bulunmu\u015f ve Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu\u2019na da \u201cpederiniz bir kaatildir\u201d<\/em> deyip ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ona y\u00f6nelik de ele\u015ftiri oklar\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[18]<\/a> Safa\u2019ya bas\u0131nda destek yan\u0131nda cevap ba\u011flam\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131 ses \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fsa da o benzer ithamlar\u0131n\u0131 yenilemi\u015ftir. Neticede tefrika bir s\u00fcre devam etmi\u015f ancak bir k\u0131s\u0131m devlet yetkililerinin araya girmesiyle yar\u0131da kesilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[19]<\/a> \u0130\u015fte bu tart\u0131\u015fmaya Ats\u0131z da 11 May\u0131s 1956\u2019da Ocak gazetesinde yay\u0131nlanan \u201cAbd\u00fclhamid Han (=G\u00f6k Sultan)\u201d isimli makalesiyle kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[20]<\/a> Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu makalesi 1930\u2019larda sahip oldu\u011fu II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin en \u00fcst seviyesidir. Makalede dile getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylemler ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek artarak devam eden olumlu Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n adeta temeli konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z makalesinin ba\u015f\u0131nda katil, kanl\u0131, m\u00fcstebit, K\u0131z\u0131l Sultan, cahil ve korkak gibi olumsuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n propaganda tarz\u0131yla olu\u015fturuldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Daha \u00f6nce \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar\u0131n bu propaganday\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Ats\u0131z bu kez \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131na yeni isimler eklemektedir: Ermeniler, Rumlar ve Yahudiler. B\u00f6ylece Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n hedef tahtas\u0131nda yaln\u0131z \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131lar de\u011fil, bu Osmanl\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r. II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i tahttan indirip kendi siyas\u00ee ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmak isteyen bu kitleler, olumsuz Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenleyici ve propagandalar\u0131n uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 Sultan Hamid ise tek ba\u015f\u0131na m\u00fccadele etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d makalesinde oldu\u011fu bu makalede de II. Abd\u00fclhamid, T\u00fcrkl\u00fck y\u00f6n\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r basan bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131r. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n ifadesine g\u00f6re liberal ve parlamento taraftar\u0131 kesimi V. Murad, muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise II. Abd\u00fclhamid temsil etmekteydi. Liberaller parlamento ile her \u015feyin d\u00fczelece\u011fine inan\u0131rken, muhafazak\u00e2r kesim 30 milyonluk imparatorlukta 10 milyon T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn h\u00e2kimiyetini sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in mutlak\u00ee y\u00f6netimi zorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Gayri T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n Meclis\u2019te \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturmas\u0131 devlet i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike demekti. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6k Sultan imaj\u0131na g\u00f6re II. Abd\u00fclhamid de bu nedenle Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019a son vererek otoriter y\u00f6netimini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece devletin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yok olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir. Ats\u0131z bu vurguyu \u015fu \u015fekilde yapmaktad\u0131r: \u201cSultan Hamid i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu \u0131rk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Moskofa, Hil\u00e2fetin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye, devletimizin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Siyonizme ve az\u0131nl\u0131klara, rejimin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 h\u00fcrriyet\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdafaa etmek meselesi vard\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in de kendisinin devlet ba\u015f\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle durdu\u011fu bu konunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nceki makalelerinden oldu\u011fu gibi II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in siyas\u00ee yeteneklerini, \u00fclkeye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 imar ve e\u011fitim hizmetlerini ve olumlu ki\u015fisel \u00f6zelliklerini s\u0131ralamaktad\u0131r. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir nokta da daha \u00f6nce Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u201cen b\u00fcy\u00fck kusur\u201d<\/em>u olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ordunun ve donanman\u0131n ihmal edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylemini terk ederek, orduyu ve donanmay\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re modernize eden bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesidir. B\u00f6ylece Ats\u0131z, G\u00f6k Sultan\u2019\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftiri gelebilecek bu \u201ckusur\u201dlardan da ar\u0131nd\u0131rarak devlet y\u00f6netimini kusursuz \u015fekilde i\u015fleten ideal bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Makalenin son k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131k doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cSultan Hamid, K\u0131z\u0131l de\u011fil, bir \u2018G\u00f6k Sultan\u2019d\u0131r. Teferruat kabilinden herkeste bulunan kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fi\u015firip faziletlerini ink\u00e2r etmekle ne T\u00fcrk Tarihi, ne de T\u00fcrk Milleti bir \u015fey kazan\u0131r. <\/em>[…] Merhum ve ma\u011ffur, cennetmek\u00e2n \u2018G\u00f6k Sultan\u2019 b\u00fct\u00fcn hayat\u0131nda bir \u00fclk\u00fc i\u00e7in \u2018devleti ayakta tutmak ve haz\u0131rlamak\u2019 i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131. E\u015fsiz siyas\u00ee deh\u00e2s\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ve Moskofu oyal\u0131yor, bir yandan da demiryolu ve mekteple T\u00fcrk milletini kuvvetlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/em> [\u2026] T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda yang\u0131nlar olan bir ev, Sultan Hamid o yang\u0131nlar\u0131n eve bula\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u0131zla ko\u015farak ate\u015fe su serpen, kum d\u00f6ken ve ke\u00e7e kapatan bir m\u00fcdafiydi. Bu ko\u015fu\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yoluna \u00e7\u0131kan bir iki \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00e7arp\u0131p d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcyse su\u00e7 onda de\u011fildi. Yurdun \u00e7evresinde yang\u0131nlar g\u00f6\u011fe y\u00fckseliyor ve G\u00f6k Sultan yang\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7eri sokmamak i\u00e7in didiniyordu. Ve sokmad\u0131 da\u2026 Ne diyelim? Dura\u011f\u0131 cennet olsun\u201d<\/em>.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere 1950\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda olumlu II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 Ats\u0131z taraf\u0131ndan G\u00f6k Sultan imaj\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk muhalefeti ile olu\u015fturulan olumsuz Sultan Hamid alg\u0131s\u0131, \u0130ttih\u00e2dc\u0131 iktidarlar ve Tek Parti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden sonra de\u011fi\u015fen siyas\u00ee \u00e7evrelerin de etkisiyle olumlu bir niteli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flarken Ats\u0131z, G\u00f6k Sultan tabiri ile bu niteli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek, belki de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha u\u00e7 bir noktaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle altyap\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim Necip F\u00e2z\u0131l da olu\u015fan bu ortamdan etkilenerek 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cUlu Hakan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid Han\u201d isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda G\u00f6k Sultan imaj\u0131 ile ileri seviyeye getirmesinin \u00f6nemli bir sebebi de yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131 tarihi ile birlikte hanedana kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu sayg\u0131yd\u0131. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu sayg\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6yle bir konumdayd\u0131 ki 1950\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda kap\u0131s\u0131nda kilit ve k\u0131smen harabe bir h\u00e2lde bulunan Fatih Sultan Mehmed\u2019in t\u00fcrbesi ile ilgilenmeyi dahi \u015fahs\u00ee bir g\u00f6rev bilmi\u015ftir. 1952 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131nda Ats\u0131z ve o s\u0131rada \u0130stanbul Fetih Cemiyeti ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u0130smail Hami Dani\u015fmend\u2019in de oldu\u011fu birka\u00e7 ki\u015filik grup t\u00fcrbenin kilidini s\u00f6kerek bak\u0131ms\u0131z durumdaki t\u00fcrbeyi temizlemi\u015f ve onarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[22]<\/a> Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fayan Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131 \u00fcyeleri ile de yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Hanedan\u0131n kad\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin \u00fclkeye giri\u015f yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Demokrat Parti taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Ay\u015fe Sultan 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelmi\u015ftir. Ats\u0131z, Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu ve annesi olan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in e\u015fi M\u00fc\u015ffika Kad\u0131nefendi ile samimi ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki birbirlerinin evlerine defalarca gidip gelmi\u015flerdir.[23]<\/a> Bu yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir neticesi olarak Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu\u2019nun babas\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile ilgili hat\u0131rat\u0131n\u0131 kaleme alma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu\u2019nu II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenecek olan b\u00f6yle bir hat\u0131rat\u0131 yazmaya ikna eden muhtemelen Ats\u0131z, \u0130smail H\u00e2mi Dani\u015fmend ve tarih\u00e7i Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna olmu\u015ftur. Nitekim yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi \u00fczere Hayat dergisinde yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yank\u0131 uyand\u0131ran bu hat\u0131rat\u0131 Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n ve Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ile yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmano\u011flu\u2019nun notlar\u0131n\u0131 Ats\u0131z tape etmi\u015f ve hat\u0131rat bu \u015fekilde yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[24]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hat\u0131rata gelen a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilere G\u00f6k Sultan imaj\u0131 ile cevap vermesinin bu manada k\u0131smen sorumluluk hissi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndan ileri geldi\u011fi de anla\u015f\u0131labilmektedir Neticede Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131 ile yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir kayna\u011f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur. Bu da Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki de\u011fi\u015fiminde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn belirgin bir ifadesidir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

II. Abd\u00fclhamid 1876\u2019da tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak bug\u00fcne dek g\u00fcndemden d\u00fc\u015fmeyen tarihsel bir ki\u015filiktir. Kendi iktidar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 en etkili siyas\u00ee muhalefeti olu\u015fturan J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ne\u015friyatlar\u0131nda propaganda y\u00f6ntemi ile olumsuz bir Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu imaj sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de devam etmi\u015ftir. Siyas\u00ee iktidarlar ve muhalefette bulunanlar II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i olumlu ya da olumsuz \u015fekilde kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemleri i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015ftirerek bir siyas\u00ee simge olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bir anlamda kendi me\u015fruiyetlerini bu simge \u00fczerinden ifade etmi\u015flerdir. Bu do\u011frultuda olumsuz ve olumlu Sultan Hamid imajlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda siyas\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalar ekseninde devam ettirmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn dahi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iktidar-muhalefet ili\u015fkisinde II. Abd\u00fclhamid \u00f6nemli bir simge konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Siyasetteki geli\u015fmelere paralel \u015fekilde akademik ve pop\u00fcler tarih\u00e7ilikte de II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere Ats\u0131z istisna olarak siyas\u00ee iktidarlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmadan bir II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Olumlu II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131 1942 gibi erken bir tarihten itibaren savunmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 savundu\u011fumuz \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiminde k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n 1942\u2019de ba\u015flay\u0131p 1956\u2019da doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fan olumlu II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere hem T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc fikriyat\u0131ndan hem de tarih\u00e7ilikten beslenmektedir. Kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi i\u00e7erisinde konumland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid fig\u00fcr\u00fc, ilm\u00ee \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n da destekleriyle olumlu y\u00f6nde ivme kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonunda ise G\u00f6k Sultan olarak idealize edilmi\u015f bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u015fekliyle tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n kusursuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00ee ger\u00e7eklerle uygunlu\u011fu, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin olumsuz Sultan Hamid imaj\u0131 kadar akademik anlamda tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k bir haldedir. Bununla birlikte bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada vurgulanmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir nokta, bug\u00fcn II. Abd\u00fclhamid i\u00e7in y\u00fcceltici bir ifade olarak ilk akla gelen ve gerek akademik gerekse pop\u00fcler tarih\u00e7ilikte s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan Necip Faz\u0131l \u201cUlu Hakan\u201d\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u201cG\u00f6k Sultan\u201d tabirini alt\u0131n\u0131 doldurarak kullanmas\u0131 ve literat\u00fcre bu kavram\u0131 sokmas\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn neden g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi\u011fi bir sorun olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda durmaktad\u0131r. Buna verilecek en uygun cevap ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i savunmak ve ona sahip \u00e7\u0131kmak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u0130sl\u00e2mc\u0131 ve muhafazak\u00e2r \u00e7evrelerin inhisar\u0131ndaym\u0131\u015f gibi bir alg\u0131 yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde siyas\u00ee iktidarlar\u0131n da bu anlay\u0131\u015fa \u00e7anak tutmas\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fumuz \u00fczere olumsuz II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131n\u0131n olumlu y\u00f6nde de\u011fi\u015fiminde T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kimli\u011fiyle Ats\u0131z \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle baz\u0131 siyas\u00ee \u00e7evrelerde ve \u0130sl\u00e2mc\u0131 dergilerde Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu rol\u00fc yok say\u0131l\u0131p g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilse de akademik nitelikli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla onun bu konudaki yerinin belirginle\u015ftirilmesi ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131 ve imaj\u0131 eksenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in m\u00fchim bir eksi\u011fi tamamlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

*<\/a> 7-8 Aral\u0131k 2018\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen 2. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 E\u011fitim Bilimleri ve Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi\u2019nde sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

*<\/a> *Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r., KT\u00dc Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, muratyilmaz@ktu.edu.tr<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Boz Kurt [Ats\u0131z], \u201cGen\u00e7lik ve Mefk\u00fbre\u201d, Ats\u0131z Mecmua, Say\u0131 2, 15 Haziran 1931, s. 26.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> *** [Ats\u0131z], \u201cMill\u00ee Uyan\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d, Ats\u0131z Mecmua, Say\u0131 13, 15 May\u0131s 1932, s. 2.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cEdirne Mebusu \u015eeref Beye Cevap\u201d, Orhun, Say\u0131 4, 20 \u015eubat 1934, s. 82-83.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> *** [Ats\u0131z], \u201cMaziyi \u0130nk\u00e2r Edenler, Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun ve Mill\u00ee Tarih Kongresi\u201d, Ats\u0131z Mecmua, Say\u0131 16, 15 A\u011fustos 1932, s. 74-75.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, Kom\u00fcnist Don Ki\u015fotu Proleter-Burjuva Gospodin N\u00e2zm Hikmetof Yolda\u015fa, \u0130stanbul 1997, s. 39.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Ats\u0131z bu kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n bedelini T\u00fcrkiy\u00e2t Ensit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019ndeki asistanl\u0131k g\u00f6revinden ihra\u00e7 edilmesiyle \u00f6demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131 II\u201d, Tanr\u0131da\u011f, Say\u0131 11, 17 Temmuz 1942, s. 9.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, Osmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d, Tanr\u0131da\u011f, Say\u0131 10, 10 Temmuz 1942, s. 6.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131 II\u201d, Tanr\u0131da\u011f, Say\u0131 11, 17 Temmuz 1942, s. 9-10.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Ahmet \u00d6zcan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki pop\u00fcler tarih\u00e7ilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle derinlemesine inceledi\u011fi doktora tezinde Tek Parti D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde II. Abd\u00fclhamid kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 alg\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiminde temel nokta olarak Necip F\u00e2z\u0131l K\u0131sak\u00fcrek\u2019in B\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu\u2019yu yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na soktu\u011fu 1943 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 almakta, ancak Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 P\u00e2di\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d makalesini g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rmaktad\u0131r bknz. Ahmet \u00d6zcan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Pop\u00fcler Tarih\u00e7ilik 1908-1960, Ankara 2011, s. 272. Nitekim \u00d6zcan da bu eksikli\u011fi sonradan fark ederek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fiminde Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n bu makalesinin de ilk \u00f6rneklerden oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir. Bununla birlikte, Sultan Hamid aleyhtarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131t s\u00f6ylemin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu ekol\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisini daha a\u011f\u0131r bulmaktad\u0131r bknz. Ahmet \u00d6zcan, \u201cTarihin G\u00fcndeminden D\u00fc\u015fmeyen Sultan: II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u201d, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Siyaset, Say\u0131 27, Aral\u0131k 2010, s. 115.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Nihal Ats\u0131z, \u201cII inci Abd\u00fclhamid\u201d, B\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu, Say\u0131 12, 30 Aral\u0131k 1949, s. 12.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Adam\u201d Makaleler II, \u0130stanbul 1997, s. 13.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d, T\u00fcrk \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130stanbul 1956, s. 92.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fahlar\u0131\u201d, T\u00fcrk \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130stanbul 1956, s. 81-85. Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n makaledeki bu s\u00f6ylemleri \u00f6zet \u015fekilde edeb\u00ee roman\u0131 Ruh Adam da ge\u00e7mektedir. Ats\u0131z, roman\u0131n ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 Selim Pusat\u2019\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019i benzer taraflardan m\u00fcdafaa etmekte ve yine onun Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131 kapat\u0131p me\u015frut\u00ee y\u00f6netime son vermesini T\u00fcrkl\u00fck lehine bir davran\u0131\u015f olarak yorumlamaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer tahttan indirilmeseydi Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 da tekrarlamaktad\u0131r bknz. Ats\u0131z, Ruh Adam, \u0130stanbul 1972, s. 92-93.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cR\u0131za Nur\u201d, \u00c7\u0131naralt\u0131, Say\u0131 52, 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1942, s. 12.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Cevdet K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, \u201cDani\u015fmend, \u0130smail Hami\u201d, \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 8, 1993, s. 466.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Peyami Safa\u2019n\u0131n bu yaz\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in bknz. Yakub Kenan Necefzade, 1908-1918 Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid ve \u0130ttihad-\u00fc Terakki, \u0130stanbul 1967, s. 155-157.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Bu tefrika sonradan tamamlanarak 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cBabam Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid\u201d ad\u0131yla kitap olarak da bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn II. Abd\u00fclhamid ve d\u00f6nemi hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda hat\u0131rat t\u00fcr\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcvenilir birka\u00e7 kaynak aras\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131, o d\u00f6nemde gelen tepkilere kar\u015f\u0131n bu kitab\u0131n ilm\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ihtiva eden yaz\u0131lar\u0131 kitab\u0131na koyan Necefzade bilerek veya bilmeyerek Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6k Sultan makalesini atlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Serkan Yaz\u0131c\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki II. Abd\u00fclhamid alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n akademik ve pop\u00fcler tarih\u00e7ilik \u00fczerinden de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecini analiz etti\u011fi makalesinde bu tart\u0131\u015fmaya de\u011finirken Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n makalesinden bahsetmemektedir bknz. Serkan Yaz\u0131c\u0131, \u201cSultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid \u00d6rne\u011finde Tarihsel Alg\u0131laman\u0131n De\u011fi\u015fimi\u201d, History Studies, Volume 6, Issue 5, September 2014, s. 242-243.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Ats\u0131z, \u201cAbd\u00fclhamid Han (=G\u00f6k Sultan)\u201d, T\u00fcrk \u00dclk\u00fcs\u00fc, 139-145.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Bu olay\u0131n canl\u0131 tan\u0131klar\u0131ndan biri olan Altan Deliorman bu temizleme ve onar\u0131m i\u015flerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlatmaktad\u0131r bknz. Altan Deliorman, Tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m Ats\u0131z, \u0130stanbul 1978, s. 63-68.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Ya\u011fmur Ats\u0131z, \u00d6mr\u00fcm\u00fcn \u0130lk 65 Y\u0131l\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2006, s. 211-212. Ya\u011fmur Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131nda aradaki samimiyetin \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak Ay\u015fe Osmano\u011flu ile M\u00fc\u015ffika Kad\u0131nefendi\u2019nin Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019a ve e\u015fine el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla ithaf ettikleri imzal\u0131 bir foto\u011fraflar\u0131 da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna, Tarih Sohbetleri 2, \u0130stanbul 2016, s. 56.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarih\u00ee \u015fahsiyetler yaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zamanda de\u011fil, kendilerinden sonra da isimleri s\u0131k\u00e7a an\u0131lan ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olan ki\u015filerdir. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk tarihinin ku\u015fkusuz en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 isimlerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekenlerden birisi de II. Abd\u00fclhamit’tir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":93,"featured_media":5406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[66,68],"tags":[460,325,457,458,459,461,462],"yoast_head":"\nTarihin ve ideolojinin meydana getirdi\u011fi bir II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131: Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6k Sultan\u2019\u0131 - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/tarihin-ve-ideolojinin-meydana-getirdigi-bir-ii-abdulhamid-imaji-nihal-atsizin-gok-sultani\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tarihin ve ideolojinin meydana getirdi\u011fi bir II. Abd\u00fclhamid imaj\u0131: Nih\u00e2l Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6k Sultan\u2019\u0131 - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tarih\u00ee \u015fahsiyetler yaln\u0131z ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zamanda de\u011fil, kendilerinden sonra da isimleri s\u0131k\u00e7a an\u0131lan ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olan ki\u015filerdir. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk tarihinin ku\u015fkusuz en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 isimlerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekenlerden birisi de II. 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