{"id":5671,"date":"2019-02-07T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-07T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/?p=5671&preview=true&preview_id=5671"},"modified":"2019-02-07T16:11:23","modified_gmt":"2019-02-07T13:11:23","slug":"turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ortak sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc?"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra geni\u015f Avrasya k\u0131tas\u0131nda; Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan Balkanlara, Sibirya\u2019dan Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya kadar yay\u0131lan sahada T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcndemimize girmi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 siyasi rejimler alt\u0131nda, farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve dil \u00f6zelliklerine sahip olmakla birlikte, bu geni\u015f co\u011frafyay\u0131 dolduran halklar\u0131n dil, tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve uygarl\u0131k\u00e7a birbirlerine yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, onlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 kavram\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftiren etkenlerdir. Bu yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da ileri ta\u015f\u0131mak,\u00a0 insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in bar\u0131\u015f, refah vadeden bir zemin olu\u015fturmak ku\u015fkusuz bu yak\u0131nl\u0131ktan beslenen y\u00fcksek sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ortak bir sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle tarihte bunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlere bakmak gereklidir. B\u00f6ylece gelecekte hangi de\u011ferler etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fip y\u00fcksek bir sanat\u0131n yarat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da yolunu bulabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Tarihte T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 ana ortak sanat d\u00f6neminden s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131 birinci d\u00f6nem en eski zamanlardan 10\u2019ncu y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcren bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/em>, ikincisi, \u0130sl\u00e2mi d\u00f6nem<\/em>, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise milli uyan\u0131\u015f devri<\/em> olarak tasnif edebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n, en eski devirlerden itibaren, \u00f6zellikle Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bitki ve hayvan \u0131slah\u0131 yoluyla tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fim, bu ortak d\u00f6nemin zeminini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6pek ve domuzun evcille\u015ftirilmesi ile ba\u015flayan ve bu\u011fday, arpa, ke\u00e7i, koyun, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, keten, bezelye, mercimek, zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, at, \u00fcz\u00fcm, e\u015fek, deve ile devam eden bu evcille\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinin ne kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Ancak Bak\u0131r \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde, yakla\u015f\u0131k yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131na yak\u0131n zamanlara kadar (M.\u00d6. 3500-3000) as\u0131l evcille\u015ftirme dalgas\u0131 sona ermi\u015f bulunuyordu. Tun\u00e7 ve Demir \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda geli\u015fmeler devam etmi\u015f olsa da son iki bin y\u0131lda art\u0131k kayda de\u011fer bir herhangi bir bitki ve hayvan evcille\u015ftirmesi yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm ileri teknolojimize ra\u011fmen, bug\u00fcn bile kalorimizin y\u00fczde 90\u2019dan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemin evcille\u015ftirmesinden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor olmam\u0131z dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu s\u00fcrecin tek bir merkezden yay\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fcnyada farkl\u0131 merkezlerde bir birinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ba\u015flay\u0131p yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. <\/a>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k, Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131yla birlikte yani Milattan \u00f6nceki bin y\u0131l boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 evrensel d\u00fczenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na \u015fahitlik etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar iktisadi zeminde y\u00fckselen mali<\/em> yani parasal d\u00fczen, ikincisi b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklar\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu siyasi<\/em> d\u00fczen, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, Budizm, Hristiyanl\u0131k, Maniheizm, \u0130slam<\/em> gibi kurumsal dinlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu dini <\/em>d\u00fczendi.<\/a>[2]<\/a> M.\u00d6. 1200\u2019den sonra aristokratik toplumlar\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f y\u00f6ntemlerinin en geli\u015fmi\u015f bi\u00e7imini olu\u015fturan sava\u015f arabalar\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tuncun<\/em> yerine, daha ucuz ve temin etmesi daha kolay olan demirin<\/em> kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131, eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm dengelerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu yeni maden olduk\u00e7a bol bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu sebeple Tun\u00e7 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Bak\u0131r ve Kalaydan \u00e7ok daha ekonomikti. Ancak demirin elde edilmesi ciddi bir beceri gerektiriyordu. B\u00f6yle olunca demiri \u015fekillendiren ustan\u0131n beceri ve birikimi \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan eser, eski \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n Tun\u00e7 aletlerine g\u00f6re daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve ucuz olmu\u015ftu. Demir, tar\u0131m toplumunda da ekonomik ve sosyal de\u011fi\u015fim sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maden \u00e7ift\u00e7inin topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemekte kullanaca\u011f\u0131 yeni aletler yapmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131d\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca gemilerin daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flad\u0131. Demir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 toplumlar\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal alanda ilerletti, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131na, ticaretin b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesine imk\u00e2n verdi.<\/p>\n

At\u0131n sava\u015flarda binek hayvan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 demirin icad\u0131ndan 5 as\u0131r sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu da basit gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u00fczengini ke\u015ffiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. \u00dczengi sayesinde at\u0131n \u00fczerinde rahatl\u0131kla durulabiliyor ve az insan g\u00f6revlendirerek daha etkili bir sava\u015f arac\u0131 elde edilebiliyordu. Bu, M.\u00d6. 850- 700 aras\u0131nda bozk\u0131rda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, \u0130leri teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7elik ve atla birle\u015fen bozk\u0131r sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u00fcvari Devrimi<\/em> idi. Bat\u0131da ve Grek mitolojisinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan yar\u0131 insan yar\u0131 at bi\u00e7imindeki Sentor\/ Centaur bu b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimi ifadesiydi. G\u00f6\u00e7ebeler ata binerek at\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ve h\u0131z\u0131ndan yararlanma gibi basit bir y\u00f6ntemin t\u00fcm \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerine sahip Atl\u0131 Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar haline geldiler.<\/a>[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemi ifade eden en temel kavram ihtisasla\u015fma\/uzmanla\u015fma<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Her alanda uzmanla\u015fan toplumlar iki ayr\u0131 d\u00fcnya halinde diyalektik bir d\u00fczen olu\u015fturdular. Bunlardan biri tar\u0131mda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f toplumlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yerle\u015fik d\u00fcnya<\/em> ile ikincisi hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f toplumlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7ebe d\u00fcnya<\/em> idi.<\/p>\n

Bozk\u0131r medeniyetinin geli\u015fip \u015fekillenmesinde \u0130skitler b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u201cHayvan \u00dcslubu\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bozk\u0131r sanat\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nabilir organik malzemede-deri, ke\u00e7e gibi- bozk\u0131r ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n bitip t\u00fckenmeyen m\u00fccadelesi, vah\u015fi hayat, av sahneleri vs. i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Bu sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 binlerce y\u0131l bozk\u0131rda devam etmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ndo- Germen ve Slav kavimlerle olan temas\u0131 \u0130skit \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/a>[4]<\/a> Ta\u015f\u0131nabilir<\/em> ve esnek<\/em> bir yap\u0131ya sahip olan bozk\u0131r ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imine dayanan bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc; hareketlilik (dinamizm), \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve s\u00fcreklilik<\/em> gibi \u00fc\u00e7 temel \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn v\u00fccut buldu\u011fu Yenisey ve Altay<\/em> b\u00f6lgesinde Afanasyevo, Andronovo<\/em>, \u0130skit, Hun ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk d\u00f6nemlerine ait yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00fclt\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131, \u015fimdiye kadar her ne kadar farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere, farkl\u0131 malzemelere ve topluluklara ait tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olsa da bunlar\u0131n ortak y\u00f6nlerinin \u00e7ok belirgin oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. \u00a0Zamanla Kazakistan, Mo\u011folistan bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 gibi geni\u015f co\u011frafyalara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde, \u00f6zellikle kurganlardan \u00e7\u0131kan silahlar, at ko\u015fumlar\u0131 gibi maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131nda bir devaml\u0131l\u0131ktan s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00a0Nitekim s\u00f6z konusu be\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr tabakas\u0131n\u0131n hepsinde kurgan yapma gelene\u011fi yan\u0131nda kurgan\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00f6l\u00fcyle birlikte e\u015fya veya e\u015fyalar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi, yiyecek olarak et ve su gibi g\u0131da maddelerinin b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e2deti mevcuttur. Afanasyevo\u2019dan G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklere kadar uzanan d\u00f6nemlerde kullan\u0131lan silahlar\u0131 ve at ko\u015fumlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisi i\u00e7erisinde devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirici adetlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/a>[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen siyasi, mali ve dini<\/em> d\u00fczenin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131 Bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temsilcileri sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Hayvanc\u0131 iktisadiyata dayanarak, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yaratanlar \u201chayvan \u00fcslubu\u201d denilen sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilk<\/strong> ortak sanat d\u00f6nemini yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130skit \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan Hun d\u00f6nemine, Orhun d\u00f6neminden Cengiz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yak\u0131nla\u015fman\u0131n sonucu do\u011fan bu uzun d\u00f6nemin ortak sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Milli varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olu\u015fturan s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn temelinin \u00fcretildi\u011fi, bozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve sanat\u0131<\/em> olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem, g\u00f6rkemli siyasi tarihi yan\u0131nda dilimizin, mitolojimizin, destanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n olu\u015fum \u00e7a\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131nca denetim ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flanan Ulu \u0130pek Yolu\u2019<\/em>nun bu yak\u0131nla\u015fmada ku\u015fkusuz b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2mi d\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/h2>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak \u0130sl\u00e2miyetin kabul\u00fc ile T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131, yeni bir din ve medeniyetin etkisi alt\u0131nda bilim ve sanatta g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne etkisi artan Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7an\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr dairesine girdiler. T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmas\u0131n\u0131 temin eden bu d\u00f6nemde yine T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar kullanacaklar\u0131 Arap Alfabesini kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Dil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6nemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu d\u00f6nemin bir di\u011fer \u00f6zelli\u011fi T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda siyasi b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011fe ra\u011fmen, m\u00fc\u015fterek edebi bir dilde ve sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulu\u015fabilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu da b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda temin eden, Arap ve Fars edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n tesirinde geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Divan <\/em>edebiyat\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130slam sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk tasavvufunun s\u00fcr\u00fckleyicili\u011fi alt\u0131nda ortak bir manevi iklim yaratan T\u00fcrk dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk sanat\u0131n\u0131, T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ikinci<\/strong> ortak sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Arap istilas\u0131n\u0131n vahalardan bozk\u0131ra yay\u0131lmas\u0131 bu zamana kadarki paradigmalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, eskiden bozk\u0131r devletlerinin denetiminde olan tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgeleri ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n \u015fehirleri art\u0131k bu d\u00f6nemde bozk\u0131r\u0131 denetlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet, 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mavera\u00fcnnehr<\/em>\u2019den ba\u015flayarak di\u011fer T\u00fcrk z\u00fcmreleri aras\u0131nda kuvvetle yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saman\u00eelerle ba\u015flayan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, y\u00f6netici se\u00e7kinler ile y\u00f6netilen halk\u0131n da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk oldu\u011fu Karahanl\u0131 Devleti<\/em>\u2019ni ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka yerlerde ve toplumlarda oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in de din de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, yeni dinin mefhumlar\u0131 ile beraber o dinin kutsal kitab\u0131n\u0131n dilinin etki alan\u0131na girmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Yeni bir din ve yeni bir medeniyetin bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda eski inan\u00e7 de\u011ferlerinin yenileri ile de\u011fi\u015fmesi demek yeni \u00fclk\u00fclerin de kabul\u00fcn\u00fc birlikte getirmekteydi. T\u00fcrklerin \u0130sl\u00e2m havuzuna girdik\u00e7e kendi dil da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar, ister istemez Arap\u00e7a veya Fars\u00e7adan al\u0131nmak zorunda kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bilim ve sanatta Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7an\u0131n etkisi g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee d\u00f6nemle birlikte Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6nemi kapanm\u0131\u015f ve yeni yaz\u0131 dillerinin olu\u015ftu\u011fu Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e <\/em>d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 T\u00fcrklerin \u0130ran setini a\u015farak \u00d6n Asya\u2019ya s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nem, ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti\u011fi uzun bir evreyi kapsar. Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n derinliklerinden ba\u015fka Anadolu, Balkanlar, \u00d6n Asya ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan bu yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bir birinin devam\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7en yaz\u0131 dilleri ile T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kendini g\u00f6rkemli bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Bunlardan ilki 11. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flay\u0131p Cengiz istilas\u0131na kadar devam eden ve Kutadgu Bilig, D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk, Atabet\u00fc\u2019l-Hakay\u0131k, Div\u00e2n-\u0131 Hikmet<\/em> gibi ilk T\u00fcrk klasiklerinin yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi <\/em>d\u00f6nemidir. Bu d\u00f6nemle birlikte T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetine d\u00e2hil olmalar\u0131 sebebiyle yaz\u0131lar\u0131 20 y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar kullanacaklar\u0131 Arap Alfabesi<\/em> olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminin hayat buldu\u011fu sahalardan di\u011feri H\u00e2rezm\u2019dir. Karluk, K\u0131p\u00e7ak ve O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin bu dar sahada kayna\u015fmas\u0131, burada geli\u015fen T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak olan K\u0131p\u00e7ak <\/em>(13-17. yy), Eski Anadolu<\/em> (13-15. yy) ve \u00c7a\u011fatay<\/em> (15-19.yy) T\u00fcrk\u00e7elerini birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131ran bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetli tesir sayesinde, onca y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen Mo\u011fol \u0130stilas\u0131 devresi T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti\u011fi bir devreye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/a>[7]<\/a> Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminin di\u011fer bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca siyasi b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ra\u011fmen, m\u00fc\u015fterek bir edeb\u00ee dilde bulu\u015fabilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Bunu da b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda temin eden, Arap ve Fars edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n tesirinde geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Divan <\/em>edebiyat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ilk \u00f6rneklerini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bu edebiyat\u0131n T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm halk katmanlar\u0131na sirayet etmi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Ancak m\u00fc\u015fterek bir edebi dil ve mazmunlar \u00e2lemi etraf\u0131nda edipleri ve okuryazarlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk dilinin 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak iki yaz\u0131 dili etraf\u0131nda toparland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bunlardan biri Balkanlar\u0131, Anadolu\u2019yu ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan ve O\u011fuz dili \u00fczerinde \u015fekillenen Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dili<\/em> ile Uygur-Karluk<\/em> dilleri \u00fczerinde \u015fekillenen \u0130dil-Ural<\/em> ve T\u00fcrkistan<\/em> sahas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131 Dili<\/em>dir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n bu iki mecra aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fim kesintisiz devam etmi\u015ftir. \u2018Yesev\u00ee Hikmetleri\u2019<\/em>nden, \u2018Bak\u0131rgan Kitab\u0131n<\/em>\u2019a, \u2018Yunus<\/em> \u015eiirleri\u2019<\/em>nden, \u2018Bekta\u015fi Nefesleri\u2019<\/em>ne, K\u00f6ro\u011flu<\/em> destanlar\u0131ndan, Hoca Nasreddin<\/em> f\u0131kralar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcreklili\u011fini izleyebildi\u011fimiz T\u00fcrk halk edebiyat\u0131 \u00fczerinde in\u015fa edilen Divan edebiyat\u0131, Anadolu\u2019da S\u00fcleyman \u00c7elebi, Necat\u00ee, B\u00e2k\u00ee<\/em>, \u00e7izgisinde y\u00fckselirken, Azerbaycan\u2019da Nesim\u00ee, Fuzul\u00ee<\/em> ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ise L\u00fctf\u00ee ve Neva\u00ee ile zirveye oturmu\u015ftur. Bu edebiyat, Tanp\u0131nar\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici ve edebi bir dil k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/a>[8]<\/a> Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dilleri Yeni T\u00fcrk\u00e7e D\u00f6nemi <\/em>olarak ifade edilen d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir evrede, \u00c7a\u011fatayca <\/em>ve Osmanl\u0131ca <\/em>adlar\u0131yla kendi \u00e7ekim alanlar\u0131nda bulunan mahall\u00ee T\u00fcrk a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6z\u00fcmseyerek, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Edebiyat d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk \u0130slam mimarisi, saraylar, t\u00fcrbeler, kervansaraylar, medreseler, k\u00fcmbetler, cami ve mescitler ile kendini kuvvetli bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterirken, hat, minyat\u00fcr, tezhip, musiki v.b. alanlarda Arap ve Fars k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden sonra \u0130slam uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en temel unsuru haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ka\u015fkar, Buhara, Semerkant, Hive, Bulgar, Saray, Kazan, Konya, Sivas, Kayseri, \u0130znik, Bursa, Edirne, \u0130stanbul, Tebriz, Isfahan, Maraga bu eserlerin g\u00f6rkemli mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 olarak \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Milli uyan\u0131\u015f devri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru mahall\u00ee dil \u00f6zelliklerinin de etkisi ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dillerinin olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu uyan\u0131\u015f ve ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dili, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, bir y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde yukar\u0131da \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nemlerine e\u015f de\u011fer bir geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7erek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dillerine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin toplumsal, iktisad\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee hayatlar\u0131 kadar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayatlar\u0131 da bu h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimden nasibini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Rusya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yenile\u015fme ve milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finden son \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nemi milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n mayaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda edebi ve fikri yak\u0131nla\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemi olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Tanzimat d\u00f6neminin ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n, Ahmet Vefik Pa\u015fa, S\u00fcleyman H\u00fcsn\u00fc Pa\u015fa, Ali S\u00fcavi ve \u015eemseddin Sami<\/em> gibi ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc temsilcileri, dil, tarih ve co\u011frafya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrkleri ile Rusya T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda kuvvetli ba\u011flar kurmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bunlardan Ahmet Vefik Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, Do\u011fu edebi T\u00fcrk dili \u00c7a\u011fatayca\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ebulgazi Bahad\u0131r Han<\/em>\u2019\u0131n \u015eecere-i T\u00fcrk<\/em> adl\u0131 eseri ile Ali S\u00fcavi\u2019nin T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Rus yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 konu edindi\u011fi Hive Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> eseri \u00f6zellikle bu ba\u011flamda zikredilebilir. Rusya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise \u0130dil- Ural b\u00f6lgesinde Kursavi<\/em> (1775-1812) ile ba\u015flay\u0131p Mercani<\/em> (1818-1889) ile kuvvetli bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapan Tatar yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fi onun \u00f6\u011frencileri H\u00fcseyin<\/em> Feyizhani<\/em> (1826-1866), Kayyum Nasiri<\/em> (1824- 1907) ile halka mal olmu\u015ftur.<\/a>[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olmakla birlikte Azerbaycan\u2019da da benzer bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u015flemekteydi. \u0130ki T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlanma b\u00f6lgesi aras\u0131ndaki en temel fark Azerbaycan\u2019daki ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n daha laik karakterli olmas\u0131 idi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc laiklik mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc alacak ve Transkafkasya\u2019da birle\u015fik bir cemiyet hissi olu\u015fturabilecek tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Mirza Feth Ali Ahundz\u00e2de<\/em> (1812-1878) Azerbaycan cemiyetinin hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ve aksayan y\u00f6nlerini alayc\u0131 bir \u00fcslupla b\u00f6lgedeki geni\u015f halk kesiminin anlayaca\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrki<\/em> dilde yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l son \u00e7eyre\u011fi T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda siyasi h\u00e2kimiyetin h\u0131zla a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme denk gelir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve Rusya T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ayd\u0131nlanma \u00f6nderlerinin sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde ayd\u0131nlar, T\u00fcrk dil birli\u011fi fikrinde olmasalar bile t\u00fcm\u00fc yenile\u015fme arzusuna sahipti ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak dilde yenilik hemen hepsinin ortak \u00fclk\u00fcs\u00fc durumundayd\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler<\/em> (J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler) ak\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle Nam\u0131k Kem\u00e2l, Ziya Pa\u015fa, Ahmed Mithat Efendi <\/em>ard\u0131ndan gelen Ziya G\u00f6kalp ve Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura <\/em>ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Yurdu <\/em>\u00e7evresinde T\u00fcrk dilini sadele\u015ftirmek ve bu yolla hem T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrklerinin uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek hem de d\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrklerle daha kolay anla\u015fabileceklerine inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak, sadele\u015ftirilmi\u015f Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrklerin ortak edebi dili olabilece\u011fi fikri T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrklerin, ilham etti\u011fi bir fikirdir. Kafkasya\u2019da \u00f6\u011fretmen- yazar ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi olan Hasan Bey Zerdabi<\/em> (1832- 1907), Ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n ilk milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 temsilcisidir. O, Ahunz\u00e2de<\/em>\u2019nin yenile\u015fmeci \u00e7izgisini milli bir yola sokmu\u015ftur. 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bak\u00fc\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gazete olan Ekinci<\/em> T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ekinci\u2019nin 1877\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 Rus sava\u015f\u0131 bahane edilerek kapat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Zerdabi\u2019nin Ziya<\/em> (1879-1981), Ziya-yi Kafkasya<\/em> (1881-1884), Ke\u015fk\u00fcl<\/em> (1884-1891) gibi Rus sans\u00fcr\u00fcnden f\u0131rsat bulduk\u00e7a gazete ve dergi tecr\u00fcbeleri oldu.<\/a>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zerdabi ile e\u015f de\u011fer di\u011fer bir milli uyan\u0131\u015f sembol\u00fc \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131<\/em> (1851-1914) olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 O da Moskova\u2019da e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ve daha sonra Paris\u2019te kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Moskova\u2019dayken yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Panslavizm\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 temin edecek bir yola y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Gasp\u0131ral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da konu\u015fulan Do\u011fu edebi T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, kuvvetli Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi tesiri alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sebeple iki yaz\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lge, T\u00fcrk dil birli\u011finin bu alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda Orta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki H\u00e2rezm\u2019e benzer i\u015flev g\u00f6rebilecek bir mek\u00e2n h\u00fcviyetinde idi. Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 burada T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda herkesin anlayabilece\u011fi ortak bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yaratma hayalinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fine dair somut bir vasat bulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

1881\u2019de Akmescit\u2019te Rus\u00e7a \u00e7\u0131kan Tavrida<\/em> gazetesinde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi Tongu\u00e7, \u015eafak, Kamer, Ay, Y\u0131ld\u0131z, G\u00fcne\u015f, Hakikat<\/em> gibi isimler ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gazete ve mecmua te\u015febb\u00fcslerinden sonra Terc\u00fcman ile ger\u00e7ek mecras\u0131n\u0131 bulacakt\u0131r. 1882\u2019de Terc\u00fcman \u2013Perevod\u00e7ik adl\u0131 bir gazete \u00e7\u0131karma iznini alan Gasp\u0131ral\u0131, 1883 22 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda Terc\u00fcman\u2019\u0131n ilk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Azerbaycanl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck zengin Tagiyev\u2019in mali deste\u011fiyle \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Terc\u00fcman gazetesi Rus sans\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fmadaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk yenile\u015fmesi ve milli uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde kesintisiz bir tesir uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Terc\u00fcman \u0130stanbul ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda iyi e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ayd\u0131nlarca okunmakta \u00f6zellikle Azerbaycan\u2019da ve K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmekteydi. Azerbaycan\u2019da H\u00fczeyinz\u00e2de Ali Bey\u2019in (1864- 1940) 1905 devrimi sonras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 F\u00fcy\u00fbz\u00e2t dergisi Gasp\u0131ral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dil birli\u011fi fikrinin en kuvvetli temsilcisi idi. \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin esas al\u0131narak T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda edeb\u00ee dil birli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve gerekli oldu\u011funa inanmaktayd\u0131.<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nitekim 1917 \u015eubat ve Ekim devrimleri ard\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan milli h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve kurultaylar s\u00fcrecinde bunun semereleri toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kurultay tutanaklar\u0131n\u0131n dili ve buralarda dille ilgili al\u0131nan kararlar bunun a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6stergesidir. Nitekim 1917 y\u0131l\u0131 1- 11 May\u0131s\u0131nda Moskova\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Birinci Umum M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Kongresi<\/em>\u2019nde ilk mekteplerde \u00f6\u011fretim dili her kabilenin ana dilinde olurken orta mekteplerde mecburi ders olarak, dar\u00fclf\u00fcnunlarda (y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim) ise \u00f6\u011fretim dili olarak umum T\u00fcrk dili kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/a>[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nem, T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n milli uyan\u0131\u015f ve yenile\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde giri\u015ftikleri ayd\u0131nlanma ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma zemininde do\u011fan ve hala geli\u015fimi devam eden yeni d\u00f6nemdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bat\u0131 tesirinde geli\u015fen yenile\u015fme s\u00fcreci Atat\u00fcrk T\u00fcrkiyesinde milli, demokratik cumhuriyet rejimini kurmu\u015f ve millici bir \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fmay\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlarla hayata ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Rusya T\u00fcrklerinden Azerbaycan\u2019da 1918\u2019de Milli demokratik Cumhuriyet kurulmu\u015f, \u0130dil-Ural, T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrkleri de benzer bir \u00e7izgide y\u00fcr\u00fcmek istemi\u015flerdir. Sovyet d\u00fczeniyle inkitaya u\u011frayan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 yeniden canlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131, demokratik, laik, sosyal hukuk normunda demokratik cumhuriyetler olarak sanat anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da bu yeni d\u00f6nemin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yeni d\u00f6nemde, T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisinde ortak tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve dil temelinde T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda ortak bir sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Abd\u00fcrre\u015fidov, Zeynelabidin, \u0130smail Gaspirinski ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Cedid\u00e7ilik. <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 2008.<\/p>\n

Bask\u0131c\u0131, Murat, \u201cEvcille\u015ftirme Tarihine K\u0131sa Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi SBF Dergisi<\/strong>, Cilt 53, Say\u0131 1, 1998, s. 73-94.<\/p>\n

Devlet, Nadir, Rusya T\u00fcrklerinin Milli M\u00fccadele Tarihi (1905- 1917)<\/strong>, Ankara, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devlet, Nadir, \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 Unutturulan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, \u0130slamc\u0131, Modernist<\/strong>, Ba\u015fl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, <\/em>\u0130stanbul, 2011.<\/p>\n

Erken \u0130\u00e7 Asya Tarihi<\/strong>, Derleyen Denis Sinor, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2002, s. 61-167.<\/p>\n

Harari, Yuval Noah, Hayvanlardan Tanr\u0131lara Sapiens \u0130nsan T\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn K\u0131sa Bir Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. E. Gen\u00e7, Kolektif Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2015.<\/p>\n

Ilgar, \u0130hsan, Rusya\u2019da Birinci M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Kongresi<\/strong>, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1988.<\/p>\n

\u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Eserleri:1 Roman ve Hik\u00e2yeleri<\/strong>, <\/em>(Hzr Yavuz, Akp\u0131nar-Bayram Orak-Naz\u0131m Muradov, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2003.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Mehmet Fuat, T\u00fcrk Edebiyat Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00d6t\u00fcken Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul,\u00a0 1980.<\/p>\n

McNeil, William H., D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. A. \u015eenel, \u0130mge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2004,<\/p>\n

Tanp\u0131nar, Ahmet Hamdi, XIX. As\u0131r T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2006.<\/p>\n

Toraman, Ali, Arkeolojik Veriler I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Altaylarda At Ko\u015fumlar\u0131 ve Sava\u015f Aletleri (\u0130lk Zamanlardan IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Kadar)<\/strong>, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Genel T\u00fcrk Tarihi Bilim Dal\u0131, Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Doktora tezi, 2018.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[1]<\/a> Bask\u0131c\u0131, Murat, \u201cEvcille\u015ftirme Tarihine K\u0131sa Bir Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi SBF Dergisi<\/strong>, Cilt 53, Say\u0131 1, 1998, s. 73-94; Harari, Yuval Noah, Hayvanlardan Tanr\u0131lara Sapiens \u0130nsan T\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn K\u0131sa Bir Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. E. Gen\u00e7, kolektif Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2015, s.89-95.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[2]<\/a> Harari, Yuval Noah, a.g.e.<\/strong> s. 176-177.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[3]<\/a> McNeil, William H., D\u00fcnya Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00c7ev. A. \u015eenel, \u0130mge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2004, s. 88- 97.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4]<\/a> Erken \u0130\u00e7 Asya Tarihi<\/strong>, Derleyen Denis Sinor, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2002, s. 61-167.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[5]<\/a> Bkz. Toraman, Ali, Arkeolojik Veriler I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Altaylarda At Ko\u015fumlar\u0131 ve Sava\u015f Aletleri (\u0130lk Zamanlardan IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Kadar)<\/strong>, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Genel T\u00fcrk Tarihi Bilim Dal\u0131, Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Doktora tezi, 2018.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[6]<\/a> K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Mehmet Fuat, T\u00fcrk Edebiyat Tarihi<\/strong>, \u00d6t\u00fcken Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul,\u00a0 1980: 148- 156.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[7]<\/a> K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, a.g.e<\/strong>., s. 231.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[8]<\/a> Tanp\u0131nar, Ahmet Hamdi, XIX. As\u0131r T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2006, s. 19.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[9]<\/a> Devlet, Nadir, Rusya T\u00fcrklerinin Milli M\u00fccadele Tarihi (1905- 1917)<\/strong>, Ankara, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 11-16.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[10]<\/a> Devlet, a.g.e.<\/strong>, s. 10.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[11]<\/a> Bkz. \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Eserleri:1 Roman ve Hik\u00e2yeleri<\/strong>, <\/em>(Hzr Yavuz, Akp\u0131nar-Bayram Orak-Naz\u0131m Muradov, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2003; Nadir Devlet, \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 Unutturulan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc, \u0130slamc\u0131, Modernist<\/strong>, Ba\u015fl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, <\/em>\u0130stanbu, 2011; Abd\u00fcrre\u015fidov, Zeynelabidin, \u0130smail Gaspirinski ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Cedid\u00e7ilik. <\/strong>Ta\u015fkent, 2008, s. 12- 21.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[12]<\/a> Ilgar, \u0130hsan, Rusya\u2019da Birinci M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Kongresi<\/strong>, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1988, s. 346.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarih \u00f6ncesi zamanlardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanan mazisi ile T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131, pek \u00e7ok kez ortak dinamikleri etraf\u0131nda ortak estetik de\u011ferler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Sanat, T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden birli\u011fi i\u00e7in gerekli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zeminin temellerindendir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":5780,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[62,2,68],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ortak sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc? - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ortak sanat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc? - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tarih \u00f6ncesi zamanlardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanan mazisi ile T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131, pek \u00e7ok kez ortak dinamikleri etraf\u0131nda ortak estetik de\u011ferler geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Sanat, T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden birli\u011fi i\u00e7in gerekli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zeminin temellerindendir.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-02-07T16:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-02-07T13:11:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ahsap-oyma-ucuk.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1694\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"22 dakika\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"sameAs\":[],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/mdmLogo-yazisiz.jpg\",\"width\":422,\"height\":422,\"caption\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"name\":\"M\\u0130SAK- Mill\\u00ee Strateji Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma Kurulu\",\"description\":\"D\\u00fcnyaya T\\u00fcrk\\u00e7\\u00fc Bak\\u0131\\u015f\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ahsap-oyma-ucuk.jpg\",\"width\":1694,\"height\":1200},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/\",\"name\":\"T\\u00fcrk d\\u00fcnyas\\u0131nda ortak sanat anlay\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131 m\\u00fcmk\\u00fcn m\\u00fc? - M\\u0130SAK- Mill\\u00ee Strateji Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma Kurulu\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-02-07T16:30:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-02-07T13:11:23+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"name\":\"Anasayfa\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"item\":{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/\",\"name\":\"T\\u00fcrk d\\u00fcnyas\\u0131nda ortak sanat anlay\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131 m\\u00fcmk\\u00fcn m\\u00fc?\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#webpage\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#\/schema\/person\/946bfae81548ac45c16b98d36375f349\"},\"headline\":\"T\\u00fcrk d\\u00fcnyas\\u0131nda ortak sanat anlay\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131 m\\u00fcmk\\u00fcn m\\u00fc?\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-02-07T16:30:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-02-07T13:11:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#webpage\"},\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#primaryimage\"},\"articleSection\":\"E\\u011e\\u0130T\\u0130M-K\\u00dcLT\\u00dcR,T\\u00dcRKL\\u00dcK-T\\u00dcRK\\u00c7\\u00dcL\\u00dcK\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turk-dunyasinda-ortak-sanat-anlayisi-mumkun-mu\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#\/schema\/person\/946bfae81548ac45c16b98d36375f349\",\"name\":\"Abdullah G\\u00fcndo\\u011fdu\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/8e7f492b21fb04276a4e2da1fd74a3f0?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Abdullah G\\u00fcndo\\u011fdu\"},\"description\":\"1967 Osmanc\\u0131k\/ \\u00c7orum do\\u011fumlu olan Abdullah G\\u00fcndo\\u011fdu, ilk, orta ve lise tahsilini burada tamamlad\\u0131. Ankara \\u00dcniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Co\\u011frafya Fak\\u00fcltesi, Genel T\\u00fcrk Tarihi Anabilim Dal\\u0131\\u2019ndan 1986 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda mezun oldu. 1989 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda A.\\u00dc. Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\\u00fcs\\u00fc, Tarih (Genel T\\u00fcrk Tarihi) Anabilim Dal\\u0131, y\\u00fcksek lisans program\\u0131n\\u0131 tamamlam\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. 1995 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda ise ayn\\u0131 enstit\\u00fcde \\u201cHive Hanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 Tarihi (Yadig\\u00e2r \\u015eibanileri Devri: 1512-1740)\\u201d adl\\u0131 tezi ile de doktor unvan\\u0131n\\u0131 alm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. 1987- 1998 y\\u0131llar\\u0131 aras\\u0131nda A.\\u00dc. Dil ve Tarih Co\\u011frafya Fak\\u00fcltesi Genel T\\u00fcrk Tarihi Anabilim Dal\\u0131\\u2019nda ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma g\\u00f6revlisi olarak g\\u00f6reve ba\\u015flam\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. 1998\\u2019de ayn\\u0131 ana bilim dal\\u0131nda Yrd. Do\\u00e7entli\\u011fe, 25 Ocak 2001\\u2019den itibaren Do\\u00e7entli\\u011fe y\\u00fckselmi\\u015ftir. 12 \\u015eubat 2008 tarihinde Profes\\u00f6rl\\u00fc\\u011fe atanm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Askerlik hizmetini 1995- 96 y\\u0131llar\\u0131nda 247. D\\u00f6nem olarak yapan Abdullah G\\u00fcndo\\u011fdu, evli ve iki \\u00e7ocuk babas\\u0131d\\u0131r. \\u0130ngilizce, Rus\\u00e7a ve Fars\\u00e7a yan\\u0131nda \\u00c7a\\u011fda\\u015f T\\u00fcrk dillerini bilmektedir. 1992 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda \\u00d6zbekistan Fergana Devlet \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma ve inceleme, 2001-2002 \\u00f6\\u011fretim y\\u0131l\\u0131nda T\\u0130KA ad\\u0131na, Rusya Federasyonu Tataristan \\u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti, Kazan Devlet \\u00dcniversitesi Do\\u011fu Dilleri ve T\\u00fcrkoloji B\\u00f6l\\u00fcmlerinde, 2003-2004 \\u00d6\\u011fretim y\\u0131l\\u0131nda da Hoca Ahmet Yesevi \\u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\\u0131 T\\u00fcrk- Kazak \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde misafir \\u00f6\\u011fretim \\u00fcyesi olarak g\\u00f6rev yapt\\u0131. 2010- 2012 y\\u0131llar\\u0131 aras\\u0131nda K\\u0131rg\\u0131zistan- T\\u00fcrkiye Manas \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde \\u00f6\\u011fretim \\u00fcyesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\\u00fcs\\u00fc M\\u00fcd\\u00fcr\\u00fc, \\u00fcniversite senato ve y\\u00f6netim kurulu \\u00fcyesi olarak g\\u00f6rev yapt\\u0131. Yurti\\u00e7i ve Yurtd\\u0131\\u015f\\u0131nda \\u00e7ok say\\u0131da kongre, sempozyum ve bilimsel toplant\\u0131lara kat\\u0131ld\\u0131.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5671"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5671"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5671\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5780"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5671"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}