{"id":604,"date":"2017-11-30T16:38:19","date_gmt":"2017-11-30T13:38:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/?p=604"},"modified":"2018-03-10T11:40:14","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T08:40:14","slug":"turkiye-tohumculuk-sektorunun-durumu-ve-gelecek-stratejileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-tohumculuk-sektorunun-durumu-ve-gelecek-stratejileri\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye Tohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Durumu ve Gelecek Stratejileri"},"content":{"rendered":"

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  1. T\u00fcrkiye Tohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, Ar-Ge ve \u00c7e\u015fit Geli\u015ftirme \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye tohumculuk ve Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi geli\u015fimi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye co\u011frafi konumu ve iklim \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tar\u0131ma ve \u00f6zellikle tohum yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine \u00e7ok uygun alanlara sahiptir. Y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde bu avantaj\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak hem tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin hem de tohumculu\u011fun geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in gayret g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Cumhuriyetimizin kurulu\u015fundan itibaren 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar daha ziyade geleneksel tedarik dedi\u011fimiz sistem a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde devlet tohumculu\u011fun geli\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in birtak\u0131m ad\u0131mlar atmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk defa ana\u00e7l\u0131k pancar tohumlu\u011fu ithal edilmi\u015ftir. Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk d\u00f6neminde Ankara, Eski\u015fehir, Erzurum ve Ye\u015filk\u00f6y\u2019de hububat \u0131slah istasyonlar\u0131; Adana ve Nazilli\u2019de pamuk \u0131slah istasyonlar\u0131; Adapazar\u0131\u2019nda patates ve m\u0131s\u0131r \u0131slah istasyonu; Bursa, Antalya, Diyarbak\u0131r, Edirne ve Denizli\u2019de ipek b\u00f6cek\u00e7ili\u011fi istasyonu, Kayseri\u2019de yonca istasyonu, Antalya\u2019da s\u0131cak iklim nebatlar\u0131 \u0131slah istasyonu kurulmu\u015ftur (Akdeniz \u00dc. Zir. Fak.)\u00a01950 y\u0131l\u0131nda Devlet \u00dcretme \u00c7iftlikleri tohumluk \u00fcretimi ile g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise ilk \u00f6zel tohumculuk \u015firketi kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda 308 say\u0131l\u0131 Tohumculuk Kanunu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla tedarik sisteminde kamu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir sisteme ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve 1980 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu sistem devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Tohumluk sertifikasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 referans merkezi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan OECD sertifikasyon sistemine ve Uluslararas\u0131 Tohum Test Birli\u011fi\u2019ne (ISTA) \u00fcye olan \u00fclkemiz, tohumculukla ilgili uluslararas\u0131 kurallar\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1980 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye yeni \u00e7e\u015fit aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu y\u0131llarda tohumculuk politikalar\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklere y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fit tescilini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zel \u015firketlerin kendi tohumluklar\u0131n\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 kendilerinin belirlemesine izin verilmi\u015ftir. 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zel \u015firketlerinin tohumluk ithalat\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u0131llardan itibaren, tohumluk tedarik sisteminde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in bu destekleyici uygulamalar\u0131 ortaya koyan h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, kamu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n Ar-Ge altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirici ve destekleyici uygulamalar\u0131 yapmam\u0131\u015flar; \u00f6zellikle kamu enstit\u00fclerinden \u00f6nemli say\u0131da uzman ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re ge\u00e7i\u015fiyle birlikte kamu ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kan kaybetmi\u015f, zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f, \u00a0bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle \u00e7e\u015fit geli\u015ftirme ve bunlar\u0131n tohumluklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretip piyasay\u0131 d\u00fczenleme g\u00f6revleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde aksam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda ISF (Uluslararas\u0131 Tohumculuk Federasyonu) \u00fcyeli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5042 say\u0131l\u0131 Yeni Bitki \u00c7e\u015fitlerine Ait Islah\u00e7\u0131 Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kanun, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 5553 say\u0131l\u0131 Tohumculuk Kanunu\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ile birlikte sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tohumluk \u00fcretimi ve ticaretinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda da UPOV (Yeni Bitki \u00c7e\u015fitlerinin Korunmas\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi (International Union for the protection of new varieties of plants)) S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tohumculuk Kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki uygulamalar, Avrupa Birli\u011fi Bitki Islah\u00e7\u0131 Haklar\u0131 Ajans\u0131 CPVO (Topluluk Bitki \u00c7e\u015fitleri Ofisi) ile e\u015fde\u011fer \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. CPVO ile geli\u015ftirilen i\u015fbirli\u011fi sayesinde \u00fclkemizin \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131 ile ilgili verileri periyodik olarak CPVO\u2019ya aktar\u0131lmakta, CPVO\u2019nun merkezi veri taban\u0131ndan \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i olarak faydalan\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Bitki \u00e7e\u015fitleri \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131lan uygulamalar, ilgili y\u00f6netmelik do\u011frultusunda 2004 y\u0131l\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ba\u015fvuru say\u0131lar\u0131nda ve t\u00fcrlerinde olu\u015fan art\u0131\u015f ve de\u011fi\u015fkenlik dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fclkemizde yeni \u00e7e\u015fitlerin ilgili kanun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin fark\u0131ndal\u0131k d\u00fczeyi g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artmakta oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

    Sebze t\u00fcrlerinde uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketlerin ba\u015fvurular\u0131 h\u0131zla artarken yerli sebze \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 hibrit \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin teknik olarak korunabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile ba\u015fvuru yapmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Doku k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile sebze fidesi \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlerini koruma alt\u0131na ald\u0131rmayan \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in ciddi tehdit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. (Bitki \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131 raporu – 201 5).<\/p>\n

    Tohumculukla ilgili faaliyetler; yukar\u0131da bahsedilen kanunlar yan\u0131nda, 5488 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201cTar\u0131m Kanunu<\/em>\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn genel durumu:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fc; gerek mevzuat gerek alt yap\u0131 ve ekolojik imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 gerekse de uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flarla olan i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve \u00fcyeli\u011fi ile uluslararas\u0131 kurallara g\u00f6re akredite olma \u00f6zellikleriyle, yurti\u00e7i ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 piyasalarda \u00f6nemli bir avantaja sahip konumdad\u0131r. Ancak mevcut kanunlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re sekt\u00f6rdeki t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131yla, daha uygulanabilir ve kaliteyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan bir \u00fcretim altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla revize edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131m Kanunu\u2019nda Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na verilen \u00f6nem \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade edilmektedir. \u201cBakanl\u0131k, tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu tar\u0131msal bilgi ve teknolojilerin yurt i\u00e7inde geli\u015ftirilmesi, bu bilgi ve teknolojilerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan transfer edilerek denenmesi ve adaptasyonu ile yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tar\u0131msal ara\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetlerini verimli ve etkin k\u0131lacak tedbirleri al\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6revli uzmanlar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flayacak d\u00fczenlemeler yapar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetlerinde ba\u015fta \u00fcniversiteler olmak \u00fczere ilgili t\u00fcm kurum, kurulu\u015flar ve i\u015fletmeler ile i\u015fbirli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecek tedbirler al\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Kaynak: Aygun, 2011<\/p>\n

    \u00dclkemiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 35 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan sekt\u00f6r, bilgi ve sermaye birikimini bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te geli\u015ftirmi\u015f, bug\u00fcn art\u0131k yerli tohum \u015firketlerimiz hibrit sebze, pamuk, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, m\u0131s\u0131r gibi \u00fcr\u00fcn gruplar\u0131nda kendi \u0131slah ettikleri \u00e7e\u015fitlerle hem ulusal hem de uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda rekabet eder d\u00fczeye gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

    \u00dclkemiz tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fc bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak yerli ve yabanc\u0131 firmalar\u0131n i\u015fbirlikleri neticesinde teknoloji transferi, sermaye birikimi,\u00a0 insan kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli bir yol kat etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Bu\u011fday, arpa, \u00e7eltik, baz\u0131 yem bitkileri ve yemeklik baklagillere ait sertifikal\u0131 tohumluklar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0131slah edilen \u00e7e\u015fitler kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Tohumculuk stratejileri ve politikalar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    G\u0131da Tar\u0131m ve Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2013-2017 Stratejik Plan\u0131<\/em> raporunda \u201cBitki genetik kaynaklar\u0131 koruma ve tescil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, genetik kaynaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, karakterizasyonu, kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131m i\u00e7erisinde genetik kaynak olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre al\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Bu kapsamda D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck gen bankas\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye Tohum Gen Bankas\u0131 kurulmu\u015f ve saklanan materyal say\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e art\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Genetik kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z modern biyoteknoloji ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilerek T\u00fcrkiye, b\u00f6lgesinde lider tar\u0131msal teknoloji transfer merkezi haline getirilecektir.<\/em>\u201d denmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Raporda, yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda, verim, kalite ve adaptasyon kabiliyetleri y\u00fcksek ve biyotik\/abiyotik stres ko\u015fullar\u0131na dayan\u0131kl\u0131\/tolerant yeni \u00e7e\u015fitlerin geli\u015ftirilerek \u00fcretime aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 ile verim ve kalitede art\u0131\u015flar sa\u011flamak; \u00fclkemiz meyve \u00fcretimini pazar istekleri do\u011frultusunda art\u0131rmak, modern meyve bah\u00e7eleri tesis etmek; bitki sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kaliteyi dikkate alarak sertifikal\u0131 tohum ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yurti\u00e7i \u00fcretimle kar\u015f\u0131lamak; sertifikal\u0131 fidan\/fide ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yurti\u00e7i \u00fcretimle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve bitkisel \u00fcretimini art\u0131rmak stratejik hedef olarak ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    GTHB 2018-2022 Stratejik Plan<\/em>\u2019da, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde kalite ve verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik ara\u015ft\u0131rma-geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek amac\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, tar\u0131msal i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f pazar talepleri do\u011frultusunda yeni \u00e7e\u015fit, \u0131rk, metot ve teknoloji geli\u015ftirmek; genetik kaynaklar\u0131 ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi korumak, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak; ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flarla Ar-Ge i\u015fbirli\u011fini geli\u015ftirmek; Ar-Ge sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n uygulamaya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak hedefleri belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131msal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Master Plan\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda (2016-2020), Ara\u015ft\u0131rma F\u0131rsat Alanlar\u0131 (AFA) kapsam\u0131nda bah\u00e7e bitkileri y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli AFA; \u0131l\u0131man iklim meyveleri ve sert kabuklu meyveler y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli program olarak, organik bah\u00e7e bitkileri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve s\u00fcs bitkileri ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6ncelikli programlar olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Tarla bitkileri orta \u00f6ncellikli AFA; end\u00fcstri bitkileri ve enerji tar\u0131m\u0131 ile serin iklim tah\u0131llar\u0131 y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli program; \u00e7ay\u0131r-mer\u2019a, t\u0131bbi-aromatik ve boya bitkileri, bitkisel biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve genetik kaynaklar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6ncelikli programlar olarak belirlenmi\u015f; s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir tar\u0131msal yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde amaca y\u00f6nelik hat, \u00e7e\u015fit geli\u015ftirilmesi program hedefleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Y\u00fcksek \u00f6ncelikli ara\u015ft\u0131rma programlar\u0131nda; d\u00fcnya ve \u00fclkemizdeki pazar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen taleplerine uygun kalitede \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7e\u015fit geli\u015ftirilmesi; \u00fclkemizdeki \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkede kullan\u0131lan mark\u00f6r teknolojisi kullan\u0131larak uygun bitkilerin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve do\u011fru tespitinin \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yap\u0131lmas\u0131; \u0131slah programlar\u0131nda sanayici, t\u00fcketici, kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle de \u00fcniversitelerin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 stratejik hedeftir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye Tohumculuk Birli\u011fi (T\u00dcRKTOB) 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00dcB\u0130TAK-T\u00dcSS\u0130DE kurulu\u015fu i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cTohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Ulusal Strateji Geli\u015ftirme Projesi<\/em>\u201d ile GZFT (SWOT) ve\u00a0 rekabet\u00e7ilik\u00a0analizi, firma\u00a0ve\u00a0payda\u015f\u00a0analizleri, literat\u00fcr ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve teknik komite toplant\u0131lar\u0131 sonucunda T\u00fcrkiye Tohumcular Birli\u011fi (T\u00dcRKTOB) ve di\u011fer alt birliklerin vizyonlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015fler ve bu vizyonlara ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in stratejik eylem planlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r (Torun, 2017).<\/p>\n

    Bu\u00a0kapsamda\u00a0a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki d\u00f6rt adet m\u00fcdahale alan\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir: 1) Y\u00f6neti\u015fim, 2) Ar-Ge ve yenilik\u00e7ilik, 3) Rekabet\u00e7ilik, 4) Yasal ve kamusal d\u00fczenlemeler.<\/p>\n

    Eylemlerin\u00a0her\u00a0birinin\u00a0hangi\u00a0s\u00fcreler\u00a0i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131\u00a0da\u00a0eylem\u00a0plan\u0131nda\u00a0yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, stratejik eylem plan\u0131nda yer alan tedbirler i\u00e7in performans g\u00f6stergeleri belirlenerek plan son haline getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Tohumculuk Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda kamu kurumu niteli\u011finde kurulan T\u00dcRKTOB ve alt birlikler taraf\u0131ndan bakanl\u0131k yetkilileriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek haz\u0131rlanan ve bakanl\u0131k yetkililerinin de bu ama\u00e7la yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131lara kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; \u201cTohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Ulusal Stratejisi<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>belgesinin yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kamu-\u00f6zel t\u00fcm tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclse bile kamunun bu belgenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda mevzuat gere\u011fi karar verici ve inisiyatif al\u0131c\u0131 olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu belgenin kamu kesimini mutlak ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu durum, tohumculuk strateji belgesinin etkin olarak uygulanabilmesinde engel yaratabilir. \u201cTohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Ulusal Stratejisi<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>ad\u0131n\u0131n, ilgili toplant\u0131larda taraf\u0131mdan da yetkililere \u00f6nerildi\u011fi gibi \u201cMilli Tohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Strateji Belgesi<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>olmas\u0131, bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cMilli Tar\u0131m Projesi<\/em>\u201d <\/strong>anlay\u0131\u015f ve uygulamas\u0131yla daha uygun olabilirdi.<\/p>\n

    Tohumluk \u00fcretiminin durumu:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Tohumluk \u00fcretiminde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn pay\u0131 y\u0131llar itibar\u0131yla artmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam tohumluk \u00fcretiminin %63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131larken, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran %79\u2019a y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Hibrit ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, hibrit m\u0131s\u0131r, patates, pamuk ve sebze tohumlu\u011funun ise 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda sertifikal\u0131 bu\u011fday tohumlu\u011funun %52\u2019si kamu taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken bu oran 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %36\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Arpa tohumlu\u011funun \u00fcretiminde ise, kamunun pay\u0131 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda %51 iken 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %13\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda en fazla \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lan tohumluk \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bu\u011fday olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    \"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kaynak: Aygun, 2011<\/p>\n

    Tohumluk \u00fcretiminde zaman i\u00e7inde kooperatifleri de kapsayan \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn pay\u0131 kamuya g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda 111 bin tonluk bu\u011fday tohumluk \u00fcretiminin %3\u2019\u00fc \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirken; bu oran 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda %14, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 315 bin ton \u00fcretimde %48 ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 485 bin ton \u00fcretimin %69\u2019u \u00f6zek sekt\u00f6r pay\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda yem bitkileri tohumluk \u00fcretiminde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn pay\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %10 iken, bu oran 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda %75 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7izelge 1: T\u00fcrkiye Tohumluk \u00dcretimleri (Ton)<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Kaynak: GTHB<\/p>\n

    Sertifikal\u0131 bu\u011fday tohumu \u00fcretimi 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %18 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u0131llar itibar\u0131yla tohumluk \u00fcretim miktarlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, baz\u0131 tohumluklar\u0131n \u00fcretimi artarken baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkenin o y\u0131lki \u00fcretim durumuna g\u00f6re azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretimi en fazla artan tohumluk cinsi arpa (%158) olmu\u015ftur. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki toplam tohumluk \u00fcretiminde ise 2011 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %41 oran\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00d6rt\u00fc alt\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirilen sebzelerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 hibrit \u00e7e\u015fitler olup g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131kta yeti\u015ftiricilikte de hibrit \u00e7e\u015fit kullan\u0131m\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Tohumculuk d\u0131\u015f ticareti:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda 35,1 milyon dolar olan toplam tohum ihracat\u0131m\u0131z 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 160,8 milyon dolar seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130thalat\u0131m\u0131z ise 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda 79,2 milyon dolar iken 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 202,1 milyon dolar seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir (B\u00dcGEM ve TS\u00dcAB, 2016).<\/p>\n

    \u00c7izelge 2: Tohumculuk Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc D\u0131\u015f Ticaret Verileri (Ton) (1.000 ABD $)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    YIL<\/strong><\/td>\n2004<\/strong><\/td>\n2005<\/strong><\/td>\n2008<\/strong><\/td>\n2010<\/strong><\/td>\n2013<\/strong><\/td>\n2015<\/strong><\/td>\n2016<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0130hracat<\/strong><\/td>\n35.147<\/td>\n26.981<\/td>\n71.101<\/td>\n94.789<\/td>\n126.073<\/td>\n102.717<\/td>\n160.831<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0130thalat<\/strong><\/td>\n79.238<\/td>\n89.597<\/td>\n170.798<\/td>\n176.792<\/td>\n194.286<\/td>\n202.181<\/td>\n202.127<\/p>\n

    242.436*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    Denge<\/strong><\/td>\n44.091<\/em><\/td>\n62.616<\/em><\/td>\n99.697<\/em><\/td>\n82.003<\/em><\/td>\n68.213<\/em><\/td>\n99.464<\/em><\/td>\n41.296<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kar\u015f\u0131lama Oran\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n%44<\/td>\n%30<\/td>\n%41<\/td>\n%53<\/td>\n%64<\/td>\n%50<\/td>\n%79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Kaynak: B\u00dcGEM ve TS\u00dcAB<\/p>\n

    * Ya\u011fl\u0131 tohumluklara ait d\u0131\u015f ticaret verilerinde T\u00dc\u0130K veri taban\u0131nda tohum\/\u00fcr\u00fcn ayr\u0131m\u0131 yoktur.<\/em><\/p>\n

    2015 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle \u00fclkemizin en fazla tohumluk ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi \u00fclkelerden ilk s\u0131ray\u0131 15,6 milyon dolarl\u0131k de\u011feri ile toplam tohumluk ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %13,7\u2019sinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ukrayna, 2. s\u0131ray\u0131 10 milyon dolar ve %8,8 pay ile Rusya Federasyonu, 3. s\u0131ray\u0131 9,8 milyon dolar ve %8,7 pay ile Irak almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    2015 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle \u00fclkemizin en fazla tohumluk ithal etti\u011fi \u00fclkelerden ilk s\u0131ray\u0131 28 milyon dolarl\u0131k de\u011feri ile toplam tohumluk ithalat\u0131n\u0131n %14,6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fransa, 2. s\u0131ray\u0131 24,8 milyon dolar ve %13 pay ile Hollanda, 3. s\u0131ray\u0131 18,9 milyon dolar ve %9,8 pay ile ABD almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcnya tohumculuk pazar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yere sahip firmalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu, uygun iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 ve Ortado\u011fu, T\u00fcrki Cumhuriyetler, Kuzey Afrika ve Balkanlar gibi di\u011fer pazarlara olan yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da verdi\u011fi jeopolitik konum avantaj\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tohum \u00fcretimi, \u0131slah\u0131 ve pazarlamas\u0131 gibi faaliyetlerde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Son y\u0131llara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tohum ihracat\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda pik yap\u0131p, 148 milyon dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde olmu\u015ftur. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ana ihra\u00e7 pazar\u0131m\u0131z olan Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen kur de\u011fi\u015fiminin de etkisiyle (Dolar\u0131n Ruble kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011ferlenmesi) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan talep daralmas\u0131 sonucunda; 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 28 milyon dolar seviyesinde olan Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na olan ihracat\u0131m\u0131z, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle 10 milyon dolar seviyelerine gerilemi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrkiye tohum d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde, di\u011fer \u00f6nemli pazarlar olan; Ukrayna, \u0130talya ve Fransa\u2019ya olan ihracat\u0131m\u0131zda, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131na k\u0131yasla, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda %50\u2019ye varan oranlarda azalma g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda; Macaristan, Almanya, T\u00fcrkmenistan, Bulgaristan ve \u0130ran gibi \u00fclkelere olan ihracat\u0131m\u0131zda, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re, art\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye tohum ithalat\u0131, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131na oranla, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda yakla\u015f\u0131k %7 artarak 200 milyon dolar seviyesini a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l 63 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeden tohum ithalat\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Serbest b\u00f6lgeler hari\u00e7). Tohum ithalat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 sebze tohumluklar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam tohum ithalat\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fer olarak %57\u2019si). Sebze tohumlar\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca ithal edilen t\u00fcr domatestir. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 7.456 kg domates tohumlu\u011fu ithal edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Patates ve \u015feker pancar\u0131 tohumluklar\u0131, sebze tohumluklar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, de\u011fer olarak en fazla ithal edilen di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerdir. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 38 bin ton (24 milyon dolar) patates, 622 ton ise (13,9 milyon dolar) \u015feker pancar\u0131 tohumlu\u011fu ithalat\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    Rusya, Ukrayna, Balkan \u00dclkeleri, Kafkas \u00dclkeleri, Orta Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri ve Orta Asya T\u00fcrk cumhuriyetlerine \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tohum ihracat\u0131 oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ithalat\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine ra\u011fmen durumu di\u011fer alt sekt\u00f6rlerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tohum \u00fcretim girdisi olarak t\u00fcketim mal\u0131 de\u011fil, yat\u0131r\u0131m mal\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin y\u0131llara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle beraber yap\u0131lan sebze tohumu ithalat\u0131 ile \u00fclkemiz d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck sebze \u00fcretimi yapmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131smen ithal edilen tohumlar\u0131n \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sayesinde yurt i\u00e7i t\u00fcketimin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6nemli miktarda da sebze ihracat\u0131 da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00dcRKTED\u2019in de\u011ferlendirmesine g\u00f6re 1980 \u00f6ncesinde toplam tohumluk pazar\u0131n\u0131n 80 milyon dolardan daha az oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen \u00fclkemizde 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla toplam ticari tohumluk hacminin 400 milyon dolar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu art\u0131\u015f trendinin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda da h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle sertifikal\u0131 tohum kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n desteklenmesine y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar, teknolojideki yenilikler ve katma de\u011fer art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flayan baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de tohum \u00fczerinden pazara sunulmas\u0131 sonucu ivmesinin artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret etmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye tohumluk pazar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle end\u00fcstriyel bitkiler ve serin iklim tah\u0131llar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6stermesi beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f ticaret kurallar\u0131 ve \u00fclke ekonomisi gerektirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in tohumluk ithal etmektedir. Ancak ithalat\u0131n orta d\u00f6nemde azalmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Sebzeler hari\u00e7 \u201cdo\u011frudan \u00e7ift\u00e7i kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/em>\u201d\u00a0 amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan tohumluk ithalat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Sebze t\u00fcrleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ithalat; \u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tohumluk \u00fcretimi amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan, ebeveyn tohumluk ithalat\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yem-\u00e7im bitkileri tohumluk ithalat\u0131; fiyat ucuzlu\u011fu ve i\u00e7 piyasada yeterince tohumluk bulunamamas\u0131ndan olmaktad\u0131r. Hibrit (F1) sebze tohumlu\u011fu ithalat\u0131, yurt i\u00e7i \u00e7e\u015fit geli\u015ftirme kapasitesinin artmas\u0131yla \u00f6nemini nispeten yitirecektir (Aygun, 2011).<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcs bitkilerinde artan \u00fcretim, ihracat durumu ve ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 potansiyel yan\u0131nda sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u201cEkolojik ve lojistik avantajlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kullanarak s\u00fcs bitkilerinde \u00fcretim ve pazarlama \u00fcss\u00fc olmak\u201d hedef ve iddias\u0131 bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn ihtiyac\u0131 olan belirli tohum ve klon anac\u0131 dam\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n resmi ve \u00f6zel fidanl\u0131klarda kurulmas\u0131 ve etkin \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Karahan, 2017-2). Konuyla ilgili detayl\u0131 bilgiye buradan ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00a02.\u00a0<\/strong>Tohumculuk ve Ar-Ge Sorunlar\u0131 ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Yap\u0131sal ve kurumsal sorunlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n