{"id":6332,"date":"2019-03-12T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-12T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=6332&preview=true&preview_id=6332"},"modified":"2019-03-12T18:55:36","modified_gmt":"2019-03-12T15:55:36","slug":"hazarlarin-tarihsel-seruveni-ve-son-hazaryali-romani-uzerine-bir-degerlendirme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/hazarlarin-tarihsel-seruveni-ve-son-hazaryali-romani-uzerine-bir-degerlendirme\/","title":{"rendered":"Hazarlar\u2019\u0131n tarihsel ser\u00fcveni ve \u2018Son Hazaryal\u0131\u2019 roman\u0131 \u00fczerine bir de\u011ferlendirme"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Hazar Devlet Bayra\u011f\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

Tarihte sisler aras\u0131nda kaybolan ya da gerekli \u00f6nem ve de\u011ferin verilmedi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok olgu, olay, kurum, te\u015fkilat ve medeniyetler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferlendirmemde bunlar i\u00e7erisinde yeterli \u00f6nem ve ilginin verilmedi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck bir T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funa de\u011finmek istiyorum; Hazarlar.<\/p>\n

Konuyla ilgili girizgaha en eski ve temel kaynaklardan biriyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Bizansl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Theophanes, Chronographia ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Hazarlar\u2019dan bahsederken \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel olarak kabul edildi\u011fi \u00fczere Bizansl\u0131 yazarlar bu tip terimleri \u00e7ift olarak (do\u011fu ile bat\u0131, kuzey ile g\u00fcney gibi) kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri\u201dne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u201cBat\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri\u201d vard\u0131r; sonuncusu erken devir Macarlar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek \u00fczere kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizansl\u0131 vakan\u00fcvislerin 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Macarlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk olarak adland\u0131rmalar\u0131 da bu y\u00fczdendir. Theophanes, Hazarlar\u0131 \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri\u201d olarak zikretmi\u015f; \u00fczerine bilgisi varm\u0131\u015f gibi Hazarlar\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir halk\u0131 ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrk olarak belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu\u2019da Hazar Denizinden bat\u0131da Tuna nehrine kadar uzanan, Altay bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bir nevi devam\u0131 niteli\u011findeki Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyindeki bozk\u0131rlar (G\u00fcney Rusya Bozk\u0131rlar\u0131) tarih \u00f6ncesi ve tarihi devirlerde bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcre ve kavme ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bozk\u0131r\u0131n Orta \u00c7a\u011fdaki ev sahipleri ise hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz tarihin her devrinde kendini g\u00f6steren ve b\u00fcy\u00fck siyasi organizmalar ve te\u015fkilatlar kuran HAZAR T\u00dcRKLER\u0130\u2019dir. Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin \u015fekillenmesinde Hazarlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. 8.-9. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Hazar-Arap sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131nda vuku bulmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7ta Hazarlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 mecburen Azerbaycan\u2019da yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn Azerbaycan\u2019da Hazarda\u011f (F\u00fczuli), Hazaryurd (Ordubad), yer isimleri Hazarlardan kalmad\u0131r.\u00a0 Mesela, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n milli kahramanlar\u0131ndan, b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet ve fikir adam\u0131 Eb\u00fclfez El\u00e7ibey \u2018\u0130bn El-Esir Hazarlar Hakk\u0131nda\u2019<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Hazarlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. El\u00e7ibey, bu \u00f6nemli ve pek bilinmeyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Hazarlar hakk\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn tespitlerde bulunmaktad\u0131r.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hazarlar\u2019\u0131n etnik k\u00f6keni hakk\u0131nda kesin bir kan\u0131t olmamakla beraber bu konuda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 SSCB\u2019li tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131ndan biridir. D. M. Dunlop ve P. B. Golden adl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larsa Hazarlar\u0131n, Uygur soyundan geldi\u011fini kabul etmektedirler. Frans\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Ren\u00e9 Grousset ise, Hazarlar\u2019\u0131n Rouran Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesi sonucunda bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden T\u00fcrki halklardan biri oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. El-Mes\u00fbd\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Hazarlar, Sabar T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin devam\u0131d\u0131r ve \u201cHazar\u201d ad\u0131yla Bizansl\u0131 ile \u0130ranl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. D. M. Dunlop, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda \u201cT\u2019uk\u00fce Ho-sa-K\u2019o-sa\u201d <\/em>ad\u0131 ile zikredildi\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015fsa da Peter Golden, Hazarlar ile Uygurlar aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n Ogurlar aras\u0131nda var oldu\u011funu belirterek Dunlop\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cHazar\u201d ad\u0131 \u201cgezgin\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen-kaz k\u00f6k\u00fc ve \u201cadam\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen er ekinden t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Eski Rus kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda Hazarlar \u201cBeyaz Ugriler<\/em>\u201d, Macarlar da \u201cKara Ugriler<\/em>\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Yunan tarih\u00e7i Theophanes kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda, Hazarlar\u0131 \u201cdo\u011fudan gelen T\u00fcrkler<\/em>\u201d olarak ifade eder. Hazarca\u2019n\u0131n, eski T\u00fcrk dili ve Uygurca\u2019n\u0131n etkisinde kalm\u0131\u015f, Hunca ve Bugarca gibi T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinin O\u011fur \u00f6be\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir leh\u00e7e oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde birle\u015fen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da vard\u0131r. Hazarlar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan Arap seyyah ve co\u011frafyac\u0131 \u0130bn Havkal ve \u0130stahr\u00ee, Hazar ismini; ne bir milletin, ne de bir halk\u0131n ismi oldu\u011funu belirtip sadece ba\u015fkenti \u0130til olan \u00fclkeye verilen isim olarak nitelemi\u015flerdir.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hazar Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcnden sonra Hazar co\u011frafyas\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik unsurlar\u0131n da kayna\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclke haline gelmi\u015fti.\u00a0 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fan bu yeni sosyal ortamda \u00e7e\u015fitli inan\u00e7lar\u0131n bir arada g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de ola\u011fan bir durumdur.<\/p>\n

Hazar Dili hakk\u0131nda :\u00a0T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin Oghur grubuna mensup Hazarca\u2019n\u0131n gruptaki di\u011fer diller olan Eski Bulgarca ve halen ya\u015fayan tek \u00f6rne\u011fi olan, iki milyon insan\u0131n konu\u015ftu\u011fu \u00c7uva\u015f\u00e7a\u2019ya benzedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00d6nceleri runik T\u00fcrk harfleri kullanan Hazarlar Yahudili\u011fi kabul ettikten sonra \u0130brani alfabesini kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bulunabilen orijinal Hazar belgeleri \u0130branice yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Schechter Mektubu, Kral Joseph\u2019in Cevab\u0131 ve Kiev Mektubu) Kiev Mektubu\u2019nda \u0130branice yaz\u0131lar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki tek Hazarca s\u00f6zc\u00fck runik harflerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u2018Okur\u00fcm\u2019 yani okudum anlam\u0131na gelir. <\/em>[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130branice hem K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da yerle\u015fik eski Yahudiler\u2019den hem de g\u00f6\u00e7lerle yeni gelenlerden \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130branice \u00f6\u011frenen H\u0131ristiyanlar da vard\u0131 ve bu sayede \u015f harfi \u0130branice\u2019den Rus\u00e7a\u2019ya ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.\u00a0 <\/em>[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Son Hazaryal\u0131 adl\u0131 tarihi roman\u0131n yazar\u0131 Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc, Arthur Koestler’\u0131n “Kay\u0131p Kabile” ya da “13. Kabile” adl\u0131 eserinde ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tezden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, bu roman\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Koestler’in, Bat\u0131’dan ve Kuzey’den Hristiyanlar\u2019\u0131n ve Do\u011fu’dan, G\u00fcney’den M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar\u2019\u0131n h\u00fccumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk Hazar \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Musevili\u011fi kabul edi\u015fini ve daha sonra y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, Hazar T\u00fcrkleri’nin Avrupa ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyaya da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve “Kay\u0131p 13. Kabile’nin Hazarya\u2019l\u0131lar oldu\u011funu<\/em>” anlatan tezi, Bat\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle musevi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda f\u0131rt\u0131nalar kopar\u0131rken, T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda “sanki ortaya at\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f” gibi, g\u00f6rmezden, duymazdan gelinmi\u015fti. \u0130\u015fte Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc,”Son Hazaryal\u0131’da\u2019\u2019, tezi,\u00a0 Koestler’in b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden al\u0131yor ve Hazarya-Polonya-Portekiz-\u0130stanbul d\u00f6rtgeninde sa\u011flam bir kurgu ile “Hazaryal\u0131lar\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu” ifad ediyor. Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc’n\u00fcn roman\u0131nda Koestler’in tezinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda Yahudilikle Musevili\u011fin, Seferad’larla ve E\u015fkinaz’lar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 okuyor ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir mukayese yapabiliyoruz. Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc, kitab\u0131n\u0131n son s\u00f6z\u00fcnde, ne demi\u015f bir bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

“…Elinizdeki eserin ak\u0131betini merak etmekten kendimi alam\u0131yorum. O da y\u0131llar boyunca bir k\u00f6\u015fede unutulacak m\u0131; yoksa ondaki tezleri destekleyen, ak\u0131l ve mant\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayan, eksiklerini g\u00f6sterip tamamlayan d\u00fczeyli ele\u015ftirileri, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 tetikleyecek mi? Hep birlikte g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Son Hazaryal\u0131 roman\u0131, hem tarihi bamba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131dan okuyup, de\u011ferlendirme yapmam\u0131za neden oluyor; hem de farkl\u0131 zihin jimnastikleri ve tarih tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Romandaki tarihsel ser\u00fcven \u015fu \u015fekilde ilerliyor:<\/p>\n

\u2018Son Hazaryal\u0131\u2019 bir nevi tarih tezi gibi bir roman. Roman\u0131n ba\u015f kahramanlar\u0131ndan olan H\u00fcrrem (Roksalana) Hazarya kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f bir\u00a0 Musevi T\u00fcrk k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Hazarlar darmada\u011f\u0131n olunca, Roksalana\u2019n\u0131n da sevgilisi \u0130spanya’ya ka\u00e7ar. Roksalana da esir olarak \u0130stanbul’a sat\u0131l\u0131r. Saraya s\u0131zmay\u0131 ve\u00a0 Kanuni’nin g\u00f6z\u00fcne girmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. Art\u0131k s\u0131ra Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bir Hazaryal\u0131 kan\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan birini ge\u00e7irmeye gelmi\u015ftir. Nihayetinde tarihe\u00a0 2. Selim (ya da Sar\u0131 Selim) olarak ge\u00e7en ge\u00e7en \u015fehzade do\u011far. 2. Selim\u2019in tahta ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin kalkmas\u0131 gerekir. H\u00fcrrem Kanuni’nin \u00f6nceki kar\u0131s\u0131ndan olma, halk\u0131n ve askerin \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi \u015eehzade Mustafa’n\u0131n idam ferman\u0131n\u0131 Kanuni’den almay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Zaten H\u00fcrrem\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Mehmed \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta vefat etmi\u015ftir. Selim\u2019e olan d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle, kendi do\u011furdu\u011fu \u015eehzade Beyaz\u0131t\u2019\u0131n bile idam\u0131na seyirci kal\u0131r.\u00a0 Sonunda 2. Selim tahta \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Bu romanda i\u015flenen Hazaryal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma tezi kapsam\u0131nda; H\u00fcrrem Sultan’dan ba\u015flayarak, Tiberya’n\u0131n[5]<\/a> Sultan S\u00fcleyman taraf\u0131ndan Museviler\u2019e c\u00fczi bir rakam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kiralanmas\u0131; Sultan 2. Selim’in annesinin misyonunu y\u00fcr\u00fctmek amac\u0131yla K\u0131br\u0131s’\u0131 bir Hazar krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla fethetmeye karar vermesi gibi tarihi olaylar da, merkezdeki tezi destekleyici bir yorumla aktar\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00a0Romanda sadece 2. Selim de\u011fil; annesi H\u00fcrrem Sultan, babas\u0131 Sultan S\u00fcleyman, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Mihrimah Sultan, onun kocas\u0131 ve H\u00fcrrem Sultan’\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ma\u015fas\u0131 olan R\u00fcstem Pa\u015fa, H\u00fcrrem’in kendi elleriyle yeti\u015ftirip o\u011fluna sundu\u011fu yine Hazaryal\u0131 bir Musevi T\u00fcrk k\u0131z\u0131 olan Nurbanu Sultan, Selim’in veziri Sokollu Mehmet Pa\u015fa ile \u00f6zellikle \u015fehzadeler Mustafa ve Bayezid de bu tarihi romanda hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen \u00f6zellikleriyle tasvir ediliyor. Klasik \u00c7a\u011f Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde \u015fairli\u011fi ve \u015faraba olan ilgisiyle tan\u0131t\u0131lan ve tarihteki sefere hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131p \u0130stanbul’da kalan ilk padi\u015fah olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini de ta\u015f\u0131yan 2. Selim’in ise asl\u0131nda \u00f6nemi ge\u00e7 kavranan bir strateji dehas\u0131 oldu\u011fu, denizlerin gelecekteki \u00f6nemini \u0130ngilizler\u2019den 250 y\u0131l \u00f6nce anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131’n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ilk olarak onun te\u015febb\u00fcs etti\u011fi tezi de yine Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yine Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc\u2019den bu konuda bir anekdot aktar\u0131yorum:<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/em>Son Hazaryal\u0131, Arthur Koestler\u2019in tezine katk\u0131 \u00f6tesinde g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, A\u015fkenazlar\u0131n k\u00f6keni, Yahudi-Musev\u00ee kavramlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark, A\u015fkenazlardaki \u015eamanist izler, Son Hazaryal\u0131\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc kan\u0131tlard\u0131r.\u201d[6]<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hazar medeniyetinin men\u015fei\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Konuyla ilgili muhtelif kaynaklara g\u00f6re G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re Rus veya \u0130bran\u00ee yaz\u0131s\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen Hazarlardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar, ancak iki adet yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge kald\u0131. Bunlardan birisi, Hazar hakan\u0131 Yusuf bin Harun taraf\u0131ndan, End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc Musev\u00ee devlet ve bilim adam\u0131 Hasday bin \u0130shak bin \u015eapr\u00fbt\u2019a g\u00f6nderilen mektuptur (960). \u00d6teki ise bilinmeyen Hazarl\u0131 bir Musev\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan, hakan Yusuf zaman\u0131nda (931-965) yaz\u0131lan bir mektubun, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Keniset-el-\u015e\u00e2mi\u2019de bulunan par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Birinci mektupta, hakan Yusuf, \u015feceresini saymakta, Musev\u00ee dinine girmekle ilgili bilgiler vermektedir. Mektupta ayr\u0131ca, Hazar \u00fclkesinde ya\u015fayan boylar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f tarz\u0131n\u0131 anlatan c\u00fcmleler vard\u0131r. Mektuptan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Hazarlar, yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe, yar\u0131 \u015fehir hayat\u0131 ya\u015farlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, bu bilgileri baz\u0131 Arap kaynaklar\u0131 da do\u011frular. Genellikle yaz\u0131n \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u015fehirlerde oturuyorlard\u0131. En \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fehirleri, Etil, Saks\u0131n, Belencer, Sarkil ve Semender\u2019di. Ba\u015fkent Etil\u2019in, \u0130dil \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda kuruldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eehrin bat\u0131 kesimine Etil (Sar\u0131\u011f\u015f\u0131n da denir), do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131na Hazar\u00e2n (Hanbal\u0131\u011f da denir) deniliyordu. Irma\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda, \u015fehrin iki yakas\u0131na dubal\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ada vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne g\u00f6re daha geni\u015fti. Burada hakan\u0131n tu\u011fladan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f saray\u0131 vard\u0131. \u015eehrin uzunlu\u011fu 25 km idi ve d\u00f6rt kap\u0131l\u0131 bir surla \u00e7evrilmi\u015fti. \u015eehir, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kt\u0131. Evler, T\u00fcrklerin derme evleri (harg\u00e2h, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ad\u0131r da denir) denen, a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcstleri ke\u00e7e ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc t\u00fcrdendi. Onlar, bu evlere od\u00e2de ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyorlard\u0131. Pek az\u0131 kerpi\u00e7ten yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Hakandan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 kimse tu\u011fla ev yapamazd\u0131. \u015eehirde ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve hamamlar vard\u0131. Sarkil \u015fehrinde yap\u0131lan son kaz\u0131lardan, \u015fehrin dikd\u00f6rtgen bi\u00e7imli; ev yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan tu\u011flalar\u0131n, Asya kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hazar hakanlar\u0131, sava\u015flarda, od\u00e2de denilen, \u00e7ad\u0131rl\u0131 bir arabaya binerlerdi. Araban\u0131n her taraf\u0131 hal\u0131larla d\u00f6\u015fenir, \u00fczerinde s\u0131rmalarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir kubbe y\u00fckselirdi. Kubbenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde, alt\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir armut bulunurdu. Gelinlerin \u00e7eyiz arabalar\u0131 da, hakan\u0131n sava\u015f arabas\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bu arabalar\u0131n on tanesinin kap\u0131lar\u0131 alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f levhalarla kapl\u0131 olurdu. Arkadan gelen 20 araba ile her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7eyiz e\u015fyas\u0131, alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Hazarlar, \u00f6l\u00fclerini suya atarlard\u0131.\u00a0 Baz\u0131 s\u00f6ylentilere g\u00f6re sonralar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcleri yakma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bir hakan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde her birinde birer kabir bulunan 20 odal\u0131 bir ev yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kabirler, ufalanm\u0131\u015f ta\u015f tozu ile d\u00f6\u015fenir, i\u00e7ine kire\u00e7 veya mine konulurdu. G\u00f6mme i\u015fi bittikten sonra, hakan\u0131 g\u00f6menler de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclerek, \u00f6teki odalara g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrlerdi. Bu i\u015f, hakan\u0131n hangi odaya g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bilinmemesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu gelene\u011fin, Hunlarda da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren belgeler vard\u0131r. Hakan\u0131n kabir odas\u0131, ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa, alt\u0131nla i\u015flenmi\u015f kuma\u015fla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcr; b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fler bittikten sonra suyun alt\u0131nda kalacak \u015fekilde, nehrin suyu kabir eve bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r ve yap\u0131 iyice su alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r; b\u00f6ylelikle art\u0131k, hakan\u0131n cesedine insan, \u015feytan, kurt ve b\u00f6ceklerin zarar veremeyece\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Hazar hakanlar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7birinin mezar\u0131n\u0131n bulunamay\u0131\u015f\u0131, kendilerinin bu g\u00f6mme gelene\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcndendir.<\/p>\n

Hazar \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile m\u00fcttefiklik ili\u015fkisi en uzun olan devlet, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fudur. \u0130yi ili\u015fkiler, II. Justinianos d\u00f6nemi hari\u00e7 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar devam etmi\u015f; bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda yerini d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu Roma\u00a0 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Kerson Kentine ula\u015fan yollar\u0131 Pe\u00e7enek ve Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan koruyamayan Hazar Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u00a0 ar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Art\u0131k Do\u011fu Roma Hazarlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layarak, Ruslar ve Pe\u00e7eneklerle m\u00fcttefiklik ili\u015fkileri kurmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hazar Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Do\u011fu Roma, b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili isteklerine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u015fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki; Hazar \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla, (M.S. 985) b\u00f6lgede siyasi, iktisadi, ticari istikrar kaybolmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki devletin ili\u015fkilerinin bu kadar zaman iyi olmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni; Hazar Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun Kuzey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Araplar ve di\u011fer ak\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 korumu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ki devlet aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fcttefiklik ili\u015fkisi 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bozulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130li\u015fkilerin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Rus ve Pe\u00e7enek ak\u0131nlar\u0131yla Do\u011fu Roma\u2019n\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019daki kentlerinin kalbi olan Kerson Kentinin g\u00fcvenli\u011finin tehlike alt\u0131na girmesidir. Hazarlar\u0131n askeri te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131, ticarete \u00f6nem vermeleri ve Arap Abbasi Halifeli\u011fi ile sava\u015fa son verip, ticari ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmesi ili\u015fkilerin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n sebeplerindendir. K\u0131saca Hazarlar ve Do\u011fu Roma aras\u0131nda gelgitli olan ama yine de uzun s\u00fcreli m\u00fcttefiklik ili\u015fkilerine dayanan siyasi ili\u015fkiler, siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar bitince d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir h\u00e2l alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu Roma Hazarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmak amac\u0131yla Alanlar, Ruslar ve Pe\u00e7eneklerle m\u00fcttefiklik ili\u015fkisi kurmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece 965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Svylatoslav ad\u0131ndaki bir Rus Kinez\u2019i Hazarlar\u0131n ba\u015fkenti \u0130til\u2019i alm\u0131\u015f ve Hazar \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu sona erdirmi\u015ftir. Bundan sonra Hazar Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclerek varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma-Rus ortak sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla kalan Hazar Devletinin topraklar\u0131 olan Hazarya i\u015fgal edilerek y\u00f6netimleri alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hazar Hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili olan isteklerine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hazarlardan sonra T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n ve ard\u0131ndan K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n gelmesi ve en sonda Mo\u011fol \u0130stilas\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgede siyasi, iktisadi, ticari istikrar tamamen yok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz, Hazarlar D\u00fcnya tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yer edinmi\u015flerdir. Onlar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019dan Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya kadar olan b\u00f6lgede kurmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u0130mparatorluk, bir yandan sert kanl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler verirken; di\u011fer yandan dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc ve huzurlu ticareti ile tam bir bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hazarlar\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131mlar\u0131 da fevkalade \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Bu da ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusudur.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/h2>\n

[1]<\/a> Pamukkale \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi Say\u0131 18, 2014, Sayfa 57-76<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> A.N. Kurat, Karadeniz\u2019in Kuzeyindeki T\u00fcrk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, s. 30<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Sa\u011fdan sola yaz\u0131lan s\u00f6zc\u00fckteki o harfi \u0130branicedeki alef\u2019e olduk\u00e7a benzemektedir.<\/em><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Kiril alfabesindeki \u015ea harfiyle \u0130branice\u2019deki \u015ein benzerdir.<\/em><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Tiberya\u00a0g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130srail’inde kuzeyde yer alan bir kent, g\u00f6l ve eski\u00e7a\u011flardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelen bir co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgedir. Kanuni d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131 ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileri olan\u00a0Yasef Nassi\u2019 nin Yahudiler\u2019i yerle\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak istemektedir. Nihayet bu iste\u011fine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve kanuni sultan s\u00fcleyman’dan tiberya’da bir yahudi yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi kurma izni alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6stergesi olarak Yasef Nassi\u2019ye Filistin’de Tiberya \u015fehrini \u00e7evresiyle birlikte zulme u\u011frayan milletine bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak yeri olarak geli\u015ftirmesi i\u00e7in izin verdi. Yasef Nassi, b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudiler\u2019i imtiyaz\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tiberya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Yasef Nassi’nin\u00a0Siyonizm’in \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Cahit \u00dclk\u00fc,\u00a0<\/strong>H\u00fcr ve Kabul Edilmi\u015f Masonlar Derne\u011fi\u2019nin web sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan s\u00f6yle\u015fisinde bu ifdeleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lgili ba\u011flant\u0131 linki:\u00a0 https:\/\/masonlar.org\/masonlar_forum\/index.php?topic=13.0<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

-ARTAMONOV, M.\u0130., Hazar Tarihi: T\u00fcrkler, Yahudiler, Ruslar\u2019, L. N. Gumil\u00ebv\u2019in Tashih ve Notlar\u0131yla,<\/em> (Rus\u00e7adan \u00c7eviren: D. A. Batur), \u0130stanbul: Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2004.<\/p>\n

-KAFESO\u011eLU, \u0130brahim, T\u00fcrk Milli K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/em>, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat, \u0130stanbul, 2015.<\/p>\n

-KOESTLER, Arthur, 13. Kabile<\/em> (THE THIRTEENTH TRIBE<\/em>), \u00c7eviren: Belk\u0131s D\u0130\u015eBUDAK, Plato Film Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2007.<\/p>\n

-TA\u015eA\u011eIL, Ahmet, \u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re Eski T\u00fcrk Boylar\u0131 (M.\u00d6. III \u2013 M.S. X. as\u0131r<\/em>), AKDTYK, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara: TTK Bas\u0131mevi, 2004<\/p>\n

-\u00dcLK\u00dc, Cahit,<\/em><\/strong> Son Hazaryal\u0131<\/em>, \u0130nk\u0131lap Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 2003.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hazarlar Hazar Denizi havzas\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir medeniyettir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri olarak an\u0131ld\u0131lar.Bulunduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin tarihine y\u00f6n veren bir \u00e7ok olaya ya dahil oldular ya da olay\u0131n etki alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldular. Merak edenlere g\u00fczel bir sunum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":6358,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,70,68,69],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHazarlar\u2019\u0131n tarihsel ser\u00fcveni ve \u2018Son Hazaryal\u0131\u2019 roman\u0131 \u00fczerine bir de\u011ferlendirme - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/hazarlarin-tarihsel-seruveni-ve-son-hazaryali-romani-uzerine-bir-degerlendirme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hazarlar\u2019\u0131n tarihsel ser\u00fcveni ve \u2018Son Hazaryal\u0131\u2019 roman\u0131 \u00fczerine bir de\u011ferlendirme - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hazarlar Hazar Denizi havzas\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir medeniyettir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri olarak an\u0131ld\u0131lar.Bulunduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin tarihine y\u00f6n veren bir \u00e7ok olaya ya dahil oldular ya da olay\u0131n etki alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldular. 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