{"id":6589,"date":"2019-03-29T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-29T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=6589&preview=true&preview_id=6589"},"modified":"2019-03-29T18:11:18","modified_gmt":"2019-03-29T15:11:18","slug":"ermeni-tehciri-ve-almanya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/ermeni-tehciri-ve-almanya\/","title":{"rendered":"Ermeni tehciri ve Almanya"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Osmanl\u0131

“Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, cephe gerisinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak, siviller aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek, Ermeni \u00e7etelerine kar\u015f\u0131 intikam hareketlerini engellemek, asayi\u015fle beraber cephedeki ikmal hatlar\u0131ndaki Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sabotajlar\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in tehcir karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”<\/p><\/div>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak ac\u0131s\u0131 olarak kabul edilen bir\u00e7ok hadise 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. \u0130ki cihan sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131n ordular\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayarak sivillere s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131 ve end\u00fcstri ile teknolojinin sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fimi sonunda kitle imha silahlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zetlemektedir.[1]<\/a> \u0130ki cihan sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, silaha ba\u015fvurulmadan devletleraras\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in \u00fcst organizasyon olarak kabul edilen mekanizmalar kurulmu\u015f, sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131yla beraber insanl\u0131k su\u00e7u kavram\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. \u0130nsanl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bug\u00fcn en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r. 1948’de kabul edilen Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun Engellenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’nin 2. maddesinde soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131ma g\u00f6re, ”ulusal, etnik, \u0131rksal ve dinsel bir grubunun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yok edilmesi ile giri\u015filen \u015fu hareketlerden herhangi biridir: grubun \u00fcyelerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; grubun \u00fcyelerine ciddi bedensel ya da zihinsel hasar verilmesi; grubun ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bunun grubun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne ya da bir k\u0131sm\u0131na getirece\u011fi fiziksel y\u0131k\u0131m hesaplanarak kasti olarak bozulmas\u0131; grup i\u00e7inde do\u011fumlar\u0131 engelleyecek y\u00f6ntemlerin uygulanmas\u0131; (ve) \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n zorla bir gruptan al\u0131n\u0131p bir di\u011ferine verilmesi” soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7udur.[2]<\/a> Bu tan\u0131m Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi’nin Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn 6. maddesinde de yer almaktad\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1944’de ilk defa kaleme alan ki\u015fi de Polonyal\u0131 Yahudi Raphael Lemkin’dir. Yunanca ‘\u0131rk’, ‘soy’ anlam\u0131na gelen g\u00e9nos kelimesi ile Latince ‘katletmek’ anlam\u0131ndaki cidium kelimesinin birle\u015fiminden genocide (jenosit) kavram\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcretmi\u015ftir. [3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn, tan\u0131mdan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak incelenmesi gereken bir\u00e7ok toplu katliam, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk nezdinde soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak kabul edilmezken[4]<\/a>, kabul edilen soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda sinemadan edebiyata kadar uzanan bir yelpazede i\u015flenerek, insanl\u0131k haf\u0131zas\u0131ndan silinmemesine gayret edilen Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ilk akla gelenlerin ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 Nazi Almanya’s\u0131n\u0131n daha nice sava\u015f su\u00e7unu i\u015fledi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. 1933’de Almanya’da Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi’nin iktidara gelmesiyle Adolf Hitler, Almanya \u015eans\u00f6lyesi olmu\u015ftur.[5]<\/a> Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Hindenburg’un k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra vefat\u0131 \u00fczerine yasal d\u00fczenlemelerle de me\u015fru zemine oturtarak Almanya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 makam\u0131n\u0131 tesis etmi\u015f ve F\u00fchrer unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hitler, siyasi ya\u015fam\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gizleme ihtiyac\u0131 hissetmemi\u015ftir. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z sonu\u00e7lanan M\u00fcnih Darbesi \u00fczerine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131 Lansberg cezaevinde doldururken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kavgam isimli kitab\u0131nda Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 fikirlerinden bahsetmi\u015ftir. \u0130ktidar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra \u00fclke genelinde ba\u015flat\u0131lan anti-semitizm hareketi ile Yahudilerin sosyal ve ekonomik hayattan soyutlan\u0131lmas\u0131na giri\u015filmi\u015ftir. ”Kristal Gece” diye bilinen 9 Kas\u0131m 1938’de bir\u00e7ok Yahudi’nin i\u015fyeri ve evinin ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 ile \u015fiddet eylemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.[6]<\/a> \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnada, ilk zamanlarda muhalifler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli su\u00e7lardan h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fclerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplama kamplar\u0131na Yahudiler, ya\u015f ve cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeksizin sevk edilmi\u015ftir. Gerek bu kamplarda, gerek Alman ordusunun i\u015fgal etti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde ormanl\u0131k ya da k\u0131rsal alanlarda Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 toplu katliamlara giri\u015filmi\u015ftir. 1942’den sonra Heinrich Himmler’in ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi ”Yeni D\u00fczen”[7]<\/a> isimli katliam plan\u0131yla toplama kamplar\u0131 tamamen imha kamplar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. M\u00fcttefik ve Sovyet ordular\u0131n\u0131n Almanya i\u00e7lerinde ilerlemesi ile bu kamplara girilince, d\u00fcnya kamuoyu ya\u015fanan vah\u015feti \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015ftan hemen sonra kurulan N\u00fcrnberg mahkemesinde sa\u011f ele ge\u00e7irilen Nazi \u00f6nde gelenleri, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yarg\u0131lamalar sonunda idam cezas\u0131 alan Hermann G\u00f6ring, infaz edilmeden intihar etmi\u015ftir.[8]<\/a> Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n planlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan Adolf Eichmann ise 1960’da sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Arjantin’de \u0130srail gizli servisi taraf\u0131ndan yakalanm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130srail’e getirilerek yarg\u0131lanarak idam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[9]<\/a>. Eichman’\u0131n cezas\u0131 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda infaz edilirken, Hitler’in sava\u015f\u0131n son anlar\u0131nda intihar etmeyip, ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki asl\u0131 olmayan sansasyonel haberler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda insanl\u0131k haf\u0131zas\u0131na kaz\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u elbette bir ka\u00e7 c\u00fcmleye indirgenemez. Ancak, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kapsam\u0131, Almanya’n\u0131n i\u015fledi\u011fi Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fildir. Almanya’n\u0131n insanl\u0131k haf\u0131zas\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu i\u015fleyen tek \u00fclke olarak[10]<\/a> kalmak istemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 1915’te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ermeni Tehciri’ni soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak kabul etmektedir. Ermeni Tehciri’nin neden soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak Alman makamlar taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi\u011fi ve Almanya’n\u0131n maksad\u0131n\u0131n ne olabilece\u011fi sorular\u0131na yan\u0131t aramak ad\u0131na bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Almanya, 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l’\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiler kurarak, d\u00fcnyadaki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda rakibi olan \u0130ngiltere’yi Ortado\u011fu’da geride b\u0131rakmak istemi\u015ftir.[11]<\/a> Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f ittifak anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde n\u00fcfuz elde ederek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin m\u00fcttefiki olan Almanya’n\u0131n Ermeni Tehciri’nde sorumlulu\u011fu var m\u0131d\u0131r sorusuna yan\u0131t ararken, soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddialar\u0131n\u0131 tarih biliminin ortaya koydu\u011fu veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda reddetti\u011fimizi ve bu gerek\u00e7eyle neden soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak kabul edilemeyece\u011fini etrafl\u0131ca kaleme almayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 vurgulayal\u0131m. Ermeni Tehciri’nin s\u00f6zde soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik Alman yay\u0131nlar\u0131 da tetkik edilirken, yay\u0131n i\u00e7eriklerinin uzun uzad\u0131ya d\u00fczmecelikleri \u00fczerine de\u011fil, hadise \u00fczerinde Alman yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n okuyucuya sunulmas\u0131na dikkat edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

A) T\u00fcrk Alman \u0130ttifak\u0131na genel bak\u0131\u015f ve Alman Islahat Heyetleri <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda silah arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan iki devletin ili\u015fkileri 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l itibariyle bi\u00e7imlendi. 1701 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Osmanl\u0131-Prusya ili\u015fkileri, Prusya Kral\u0131 II. Friedrich\u2019in 1762 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya ve Avusturya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne m\u00fcttefiklik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131yla beraber yeni bir a\u015fama kazand\u0131.[12]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Prusya\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttefiklik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olumlu yan\u0131tlayamamakla beraber bir ticaret ve dostluk antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.[13]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Prusya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda s\u00fcregelen zamanda siyaset dengelerinin tesiri ile yak\u0131nla\u015fmalar oldu. 30 Ocak 1790 senesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Prusya ittifak anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.[14]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk defa bir Avrupa devleti ile ittifak kurdu.[15]<\/a> III. Selim d\u00f6neminde Giritli Seyyid Ali Efendi, Prusya\u2019ya ilk daimi el\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6revlendirildi.[16]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131-Prusya ili\u015fkileri Avrupa\u2019da Frans\u0131z \u0130htilal\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda Fransa’da Napolyon\u2019un ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla sekteye u\u011frad\u0131. Napolyon\u2019un Avrupa\u2019da harbi kaybetmesi ile Osmanl\u0131-Prusya ili\u015fkilerinde iyile\u015fme g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. M\u0131s\u0131r Buhran\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde Prusya Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin menfaatlerini g\u00f6zetti. 1853\u2019de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgalini stat\u00fckonun de\u011fi\u015fmesini istemeyen Prusya protesto etti. Prusya\u2019da Bismarck\u2019\u0131n \u015fans\u00f6lye olmas\u0131 ile birlikte g\u00fcd\u00fclen siyaset de\u011fi\u015fti.[17]<\/a> Alman Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan yana olan Bismarck, do\u011fuda Polonya i\u00e7in Rusya ile m\u00fccadele etmemeyi tercih etti.[18]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin aleyhine olan Rus ve Avusturya geni\u015flemeleriyle ilgilenmedi. 1871\u2019de Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Fransa\u2019y\u0131 ma\u011flup etmesi ile Avrupa dengeleri de\u011fi\u015fti.[19]<\/a> Toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc muhafaza etmek gayretinde olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa\u2019da dengeleri bozan Almanya\u2019ya yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. 14 Haziran 1888\u2019de II. Wilhelm\u2019in Alman \u0130mparatoru olmas\u0131ndan sonra Almanya\u2019da hammadde ihtiyac\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yollar\u0131ndaki menfaatleri \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. \u0130stanbul, Kud\u00fcs ve \u015eam\u2019\u0131 ziyaret eden II. Wilhelm, II. Abd\u00fclhamit ile dostlu\u011funu geli\u015ftirdi.[20]<\/a> Almanya bir\u00e7ok yat\u0131r\u0131m ihalesi ald\u0131.[21]<\/a> \u0130ktisadi alandaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n haricinde askeri alanda da iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler h\u0131zla geli\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ordusunun modernle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in Almanya\u2019dan \u0131slahat heyetleri davet etti.<\/p>\n

Bu \u0131slahat heyetlerinin ilki niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan ad\u0131m ise II.Wilhelm ve II. Abd\u00fclhamit’in dostluk ili\u015fkilerinden yar\u0131m as\u0131r \u00f6nce at\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde II. Mahmut\u2019un ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenile\u015fme hareketleri kapsam\u0131na ordu da giriyordu. Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra kurulan modern ordu i\u00e7in Almanya\u2019dan heyet talebinde bulunuldu. Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Moltke ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Alman heyeti 22 Aral\u0131k 1835\u2019te g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131.[22]<\/a> Moltke \u0130stanbul\u2019da kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Prusya ordusu ekol\u00fcnde bir nizamiye ve redif te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda kurdu. \u0130stanbul su i\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda plan yapt\u0131. Heyetin di\u011fer subaylar\u0131 Kurmay Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Baron V. Bicke ve V. Fischer ile istihk\u00e2m Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 V. M\u00fclhbach\u2019t\u0131.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

Moltke\u2019nin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ikinci Alman \u0131slahat heyetinin geli\u015fine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131. 1877-1878\u2019teki Osmanl\u0131-Rus harbinden sonra ordunun yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. 1880\u2019de Almanya\u2019ya tahsil ve staj i\u00e7in subaylar g\u00f6nderildi. Ard\u0131ndan General Wettendorf, \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi.\u00a0 Ordunun e\u011fitimindeki aksakl\u0131klar\u0131 rapor ederek padi\u015faha sundu. II. Abd\u00fclhamit ordunun d\u00fczene girmesi i\u00e7in nihayet 1882\u2019de Bismarck\u2019tan askeri uzmanlar istedi. S\u00fcvari Albay\u0131 Kaehler ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00fcvari Binba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Hobbe, top\u00e7u Binba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Restow, piyade Binba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Kemphoevener\u2019den olu\u015fan heyet \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi.[24]<\/a> Askeri okullar m\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi ile g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan Von der Goltz, heyet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Genelkurmay Ba\u015fvekilli\u011fi\u2019ne getirildi ve Pa\u015fa unvan\u0131 ald\u0131. seferlik nizamnamesi haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Haz\u0131r ve yedek kuvvetler i\u00e7in talim ve terbiye esaslar\u0131 tespit etti. Askeri okullarda okutulan Frans\u0131z ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131 yerine 4000 sayfal\u0131k Almancadan terc\u00fcme ders yay\u0131nlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Kurmay subaylar i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma programlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Ordunun zinde durmas\u0131 i\u00e7in harp oyunlar\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 yazd\u0131 ve tatbikat planlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n haricinde bo\u011fazlar\u0131n savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Krup firmas\u0131ndan toplar al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. \u00a0Talimat\u0131 do\u011frultusunda Mauser marka t\u00fcfek ve b\u00fcy\u00fck Krup toplar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.[25]<\/a> 1884\u2019de Mekatib-i Umumiye M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi\u2019ne getirildi. Askeri okul derslerini d\u00fczenlerken o d\u00f6nem m\u00fchendislik okulu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in teknik dersler ile matemati\u011fi m\u00fcfredattan kald\u0131rmad\u0131. Yeni dersler koydurdu. Askeri co\u011frafya, harp tarihi, uygulamal\u0131 taktik gibi dersler ilk defa onunla birlikte harp okuluna girdi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l tedrisat\u0131 fenni ve askeri olarak ikiye ay\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece m\u00fchendis yeti\u015ftirmek \u00fczere ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Almanca \u00f6\u011frenimi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Frans\u0131zca \u00f6\u011frenimi se\u00e7meli ders haline geldi.[26]<\/a>. Goltz Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n neticeleri aras\u0131nda 1897 Yunan Zaferi g\u00f6sterilebilir.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Almanlar sadece kara ordusu de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn askeri mekanizma \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu. Jandarma te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n da d\u00fczenlenmesi i\u00e7in Albay Von R\u00fcdgisch getirildi. Ancak R\u00fcdgisch jandarma e\u011fitimi hakk\u0131nda bilgisi yoktu. Makedonya\u2019da jandarmay\u0131 \u0131slah g\u00f6revi verildi. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z neticeler sonras\u0131nda g\u00f6revden al\u0131nd\u0131, Almanya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderildi.\u00a0 Yerine Frans\u0131z Baumann getirildi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn jandarma te\u015fkilat\u0131 ona teslim edildi.[28]<\/a> R\u00fcdgisch\u2019in g\u00f6nderilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir ba\u015fka Alman subay\u0131 Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Messmer\u2019de 1902\u2019de zimmetine para ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi i\u00e7in cezaya \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ancak Almanya subay\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak cezan\u0131n infaz\u0131n\u0131 engelledi.[29]<\/a> Donanma da ise Albay Starke ve Kalau vom Hofe 1891\u2019de Bahriye Nezareti\u2019nde m\u00fc\u015favirlik g\u00f6revini yapmakta idi ancak ger\u00e7ek anlamda Sanders Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fine kadar da donanmada Alman etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi.[30]<\/a><\/p>\n

1909\u2019da \u0130kinci defa \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi\u011finde Goltz, ordu i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00e7edeki k\u0131s\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Orduya sirayet eden politika neticesinde beliren durum moralini bozdu. Yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan II. Me\u015frutiyet’in ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ve Alman-Osmanl\u0131 ittifak\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesi, moralini d\u00fczeltti.[31]<\/a>1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fc\u015fir r\u00fctbesi ald\u0131.\u00a0 Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Almanya harbe girdi. A\u011fustos 1914\u2019de Almanya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc, Bel\u00e7ika askeri valili\u011fine tayin oldu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin de harbe girmesinden sonra, Bel\u00e7ika\u2019daki g\u00f6revinden memnun olmayan Von der Goltz, \u0130stanbul\u2019a tekrar geldi ve 1. Ordu Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Balkan Muharebeleri\u2019nde al\u0131nan ma\u011flubiyetten sonra, Goltz Pa\u015fa\u2019ya ra\u011fmen yeni bir \u0131slahat heyetinin Almanya\u2019dan davet edilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f idi. 22 May\u0131s 1913\u2019te resmi talep iletildi. II. Wilhelm talebi ivedilikle de\u011ferlendirdi. \u00a0Kassel\u2019de 22. T\u00fcmen komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan Liman von Sanders 1913\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi ve 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k mukavele imzalad\u0131.[32]<\/a> Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nca ordunun yeniden tanzimi, e\u011fitimi, muharebe g\u00fcc\u00fc, geri hizmetlerin kurulmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda tek yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. 17 Ekim 1913 tarihinde imzalanan mukaveleden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, Alman Islahat Heyeti geni\u015f yetkilerle birlikte sorumluluk sahas\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Mukaveleye g\u00f6re; General Liman von Sanders Alman Askeri Heyeti ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak ve Korgeneral r\u00fctbesiyle I. Kolordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Askeri \u015eura \u00dcyeli\u011fi g\u00f6revine atan\u0131yordu. Sanders, Osmanl\u0131 ordusundaki b\u00fct\u00fcn yabanc\u0131 askerlerin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya amiri ordu ve yabanc\u0131 uzmanlar hakk\u0131nda tek yetkiliydi General Sanders’in makam\u0131, protokolde Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131’ndan sonra gelmekteydi. Sanders, Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 haberdar etme ko\u015fuluyla t\u00fcm askeri k\u0131talar\u0131, istihk\u00e2mlar\u0131, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tefti\u015f etme yetkisine de sahipti. Alman ordusu, Avrupa’da bir sava\u015fa kat\u0131l\u0131rsa Almanya, Liman von Sanders ile yan\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm subaylar\u0131n\u0131n mukavelelerini feshettirerek Almanya\u2019ya geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rabilirdi. [33]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu mukaveleden sonra Rusya ile sorun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Rusya, Liman Von Sanders\u2019in bir e\u011fitmen olarak geldi\u011fi halde bo\u011fazlar\u0131n savunmas\u0131yla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan 1. Kolordu Komutan\u0131 olmas\u0131na itiraz etti.[34]<\/a> Alman \u0130mparatoru ve Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden de sonra Liman Von Sanders, kolordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131 ve genel m\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fe getirildi. B\u00f6ylece o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in Rusya ile olan sorunum \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te k\u0131rk ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan \u0131slahat heyeti yetmi\u015f iki ki\u015fiye kadar y\u00fckseldi.[35]<\/a> 2 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019de imzalanan anla\u015fma h\u00fckm\u00fcnce Almanya ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti resmen m\u00fcttefik oldu. 8 maddelik antla\u015fmay\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ad\u0131na Sadrazam Said Halim Pa\u015fa, Almanya ad\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Freiherr Von Wangenheim imzalad\u0131.[36]<\/a> Anla\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik ile Alman D\u0131\u015f i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda bir dizi yaz\u0131\u015fma oldu. \u0130ttifak Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesine g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015fa girdi\u011fi anda b\u00fct\u00fcn ordusunun idaresini Alman Islahat Heyeti\u2019ne b\u0131rakmay\u0131 kabul ediyordu.[37]<\/a> Bu madde i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca Sanders ve Enver Pa\u015fa aras\u0131nda mukavele imzaland\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda T\u00fcrk-Alman ittifak\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funda en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen Alman askeri misyonunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B) Almanya’n\u0131n Ermeni Tehciri’ndeki sorumlulu\u011fu ve Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri <\/strong><\/h2>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinde ikamet eden Ermeniler, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurma maksad\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Balkanlardaki Yunan ve S\u0131rp ayaklanmalar\u0131 sonras\u0131, bu ayaklanmalarda etkin rol\u00fc bulunan Rusya, Kafkasya ile Anadolu’nun birle\u015fti\u011fi noktada bir Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki giri\u015fimleri desteklemi\u015ftir. \u0130lk kez 1878’de Berlin Kongresi’nde g\u00fcndeme gelen Ermeni Sorunu, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda s\u00fcratle silahl\u0131 isyan hareketi h\u00fcviyetini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurulan Ermeni \u00f6rg\u00fct ve cemiyetleri, \u00e7e\u015fitli soygun ve suikast gibi eylemler ortaya koyarken Rusya’n\u0131n hamili\u011finde Do\u011fu Anadolu’da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir ayaklanma tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla evvelden yap\u0131lan haz\u0131rl\u0131klar prati\u011fe d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ermenilerin kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ayaklanmalar aras\u0131nda Van’daki hadise olduk\u00e7a kanl\u0131 cereyan etmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131-Rus cephesini tesir etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu durum i\u00e7erisinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, cephe gerisinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak, siviller aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek, Ermeni \u00e7etelerine kar\u015f\u0131 intikam hareketlerini engellemek, asayi\u015fle beraber cephedeki ikmal hatlar\u0131ndaki Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sabotajlar\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in tehcir karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[39]<\/a> Bu kararla b\u00f6lgede bulunan Ermeni n\u00fcfusu, yanlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yabilecekleri kadar e\u015fya ile g\u00fcneye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilerek, Suriye’de isk\u00e2n edilecektir. 27 May\u0131s 1915 tarihinde kabul edilen ve 1 Haziran 1915’te d\u00f6nemin resmi gazetesi Takvim-i Vekayi’de yay\u0131nlanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren tehcir kanununun ad\u0131, ‘Sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gelenler i\u00e7in asker taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemler hakk\u0131nda ge\u00e7ici kanun” \u015feklindedir[40]<\/a>. \u00a0Bug\u00fcn Ermeni Tehciri olarak bilinen bu kanunla, sadece Ermeniler de\u011fil, cephe gerisinde asayi\u015fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ad\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131ndan di\u011fer unsurlar aras\u0131ndan da g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulanlar olmu\u015ftur.[41]<\/a><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin tehcir karar\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131nda Almanya’n\u0131n rol\u00fcne bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda elimizde tehcir karar\u0131 almas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde talimat veren do\u011frudan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge bulunmamaktad\u0131r.[42]<\/a> Ancak Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun \u0131slahat\u0131 meselesinde etkin g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f ve yukar\u0131da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi subay e\u011fitimini tanzim etmi\u015f, Von der Goltz’un 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makalesi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Goltz, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Balkan topraklar\u0131ndan Anadolu ve Mezopotamya’ya \u00e7ekilmesini, Do\u011fu Anadolu’da n\u00fcfusun T\u00fcrkler lehine d\u00fczenlenmesini, ba\u015fkentin \u0130stanbul’dan \u015eam’a veya Halep’e ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131,\u00a0 T\u00fcrk-Arap devleti kimli\u011fini daha sa\u011flam ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011finiz yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[43]<\/a> Goltz’un ayn\u0131 makalesinde, Do\u011fu Anadolu’da T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilirken Ermenilerin demokratik reformlarla Mezopotamya’ya yerle\u015ftirilmesini tavsiye etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u015eubat 1914’te Alman-T\u00fcrk Derne\u011fi’nin Berlin’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi toplant\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fan Goltz, T\u00fcrkler ve Ermenilerin yan yana ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fen d\u00f6nemde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Rusya’n\u0131n son bir as\u0131rda Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale ederek y\u0131pratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulayan Goltz, Van, Bitlis ve Erzurum gibi s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan yar\u0131m milyon Ermeni’nin T\u00fcrk-Rus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcneye ta\u015f\u0131narak Halep ve Mezopotamya’ya yerle\u015ftirilmesini zorunlu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli kademelerde komutanl\u0131k yapan Goltz, 19 Nisan 1916’da, Irak cephesinde 6. ordu komutan\u0131 iken tif\u00fcs nedeniyle vefat etti. Vefat\u0131ndan sonra, \u00a08 Nisan 1916’ya kadar kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 notlar\u0131, Goltz Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Hat\u0131rat\u0131<\/em> olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. Hat\u0131rat\u0131nda tehcirle ilgili sadece Toros’un g\u00fcneyi kuzey Suriye ovas\u0131 olarak tarif etti\u011fi noktada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehcir kafilelerinin sefalet i\u00e7erisindeki durumun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc ve elinden bir \u015feyin gelmedi\u011fini yazmakla yetinmi\u015ftir.[45]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tehcirde Alman sorumlulu\u011funu ortaya koyan ikinci \u00f6nemli husus Talat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Talat Pa\u015fa,[46]<\/a> harbin hemen ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir toplant\u0131da Alman askeri otoritelerinin Rus cephe gerisindeki Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin faaliyetlerini detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde masaya yat\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 aktarmaktad\u0131r. Toplant\u0131da Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin, sabotaj, bask\u0131n, pusu kurma gibi sald\u0131r\u0131larla beraber Amerikan insan\u00ee yard\u0131m \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine yanl\u0131\u015f propaganda yap\u0131larak uluslararas\u0131 destek ve lojistik sa\u011flama giri\u015fimleri vurgulanm\u0131\u015f, ordunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in askeri tedbir al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015flerdir. Talep kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrk yetkililer kesin bir yarg\u0131 ortaya koymakta teredd\u00fct ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar ancak belli bir s\u00fcre daha ge\u00e7tikten sonra istenen tedbir ba\u011flam\u0131nda tehciri, genel bir isim alt\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 uygun bulmu\u015flard\u0131r.[47]<\/a><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Anadolu’daki konsoloslu\u011funun telgraflar\u0131 ve Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Wangenheim’in Alman Ba\u015fbakan\u0131na iletti\u011fi raporlara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tehcir karar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Ermenilerin Van ve Bitlis’te isyan haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olduklar\u0131 ile Rusya’n\u0131n Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik ifadelere rastlanmaktad\u0131r.[48]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca Almanya’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u0130slam \u00e2leminde ba\u015flat\u0131lacak cihat i\u00e7in casusluk faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fcten Arkeolog Max Von Oppenheim, Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda Alman \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeyecekleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirmi\u015ftir.[49]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131nda yer alan ve \u00c7anakkale savunmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan Alman Amiral Guido Von Usedom da Ermenilerin Alman zaferine engel te\u015fkil ettikleri i\u00e7in uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 fikrindedir.[50]<\/a><\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda verdi\u011fi kararlarla s\u0131k\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bununla beraber bir\u00e7ok Alman komutana g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk komuta heyetinde daha \u00e7ok sayg\u0131 duyulan Liman Von Sanders, tehcir sonucu k\u0131smen bo\u015falan Do\u011fu Anadolu’da ziraat faaliyetlerinin durmas\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.[51]<\/a> Tehcir karar\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yahut haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131nda bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klamayan Sanders, T\u00fcrk yetkililerin kabul edilebilir sebepleriyle tehcir karar\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, tehcir ettirilen kafilelerin g\u00fcvenliklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hususunda ciddiyetle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ancak yerel idareciler ve \u015fahsi d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n istenmeyen hadiselerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131nda etkili oldu\u011funu aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Alman subaylar\u0131n tehcirdeki sorumlulu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda Sanders’in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri \u015f\u00f6yledir: ”Fakat anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan husus, Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenilerin kovu\u015fturulmas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na dair olan Levanten iftiralar\u0131na geni\u015f \u00e7evrelerde nas\u0131l inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fudur. Ermeni b\u00f6lgesindeki kurmay heyetlerinde ve birliklerde g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki Alman subay\u0131, en zor beslenme ve e\u011fitim \u015fartlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda askeri mevkilerinin icab\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmekle me\u015fguld\u00fcler. Alman subaylar, T\u00fcrk kumandanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu kez, d\u00e2hili siyasi meseleler askeri olaylar ve tedbirler hakk\u0131nda bile yeterince bilgilendirilmiyorlard\u0131. Almanlar\u0131n, kapsam\u0131 T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan tam olarak belirlenmi\u015f r\u00fctbeleri haricinde etki edebileceklerine inanmak konumlar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlendirmek olur”.<\/em> [52]<\/a><\/p>\n

Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131n tehcir esnas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev al\u0131p almamalar\u0131 asl\u0131nda bug\u00fcn tehcirde Almanya’n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu var m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelebilir. Tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n odak merkezinin karar alma mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekir. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapan Alman subaylar\u0131n oran\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda komuta kadrosunda yer alan y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli alman subaylar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn komuta merkezi i\u00e7erisindeki oran\u0131 bir hayli y\u00fcksek iken alt r\u00fctbeli subaylar aras\u0131nda tabii olarak y\u00fcksek oranda Alman subay\u0131n\u0131n bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131 ordu d\u00fczeni i\u00e7erisinde belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sanders, tehcir hususunda \u015fahsi bir sorumlulu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ilave ederek, harbin kaybedilmesinden sonra harpteki b\u00fct\u00fcn su\u00e7lar\u0131n Almanlara y\u00fcklenilmesi gibi bir e\u011filimin oldu\u011funu,[53]<\/a> kendisinin \u00fclkenin bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki birliklere komuta ederken bin kilometre uzakl\u0131ktaki b\u00f6lgelerde vuku bulan hadiselerle ili\u015fkilendirilemeyece\u011fini ve bu b\u00f6lgelere hi\u00e7 gitmedi\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [54]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sanders’in Alman Askeri Misyonundaki g\u00f6revine ra\u011fmen, Enver Pa\u015fa ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileriyle de daha \u00e7ok \u00f6n planda olan isim, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini de y\u00fcr\u00fcten General Bronsart Von Schellendorf’tur. 25 Temmuz 1915’te imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir telgrafla amele taburlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Ermenilerin tehcir edilmesini istemi\u015ftir.[55]<\/a> 3 Ekim 1915 tarihinde ayn\u0131 i\u00e7erikli bir telgraf\u0131 da Ba\u011fdat Demiryolu’nun Alman Askeri Komiseri B\u00f6ttrich \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Her iki telgraf da \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Ar\u015fivi’ndedir. Schellendorf’la beraber Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019nda bulunan Albay Otto von Feldmann, Ermeni Tehciri karar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131n Alman subaylarca y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fi belirtmi\u015ftir.[56]<\/a>1<\/p>\n

918 ba\u015f\u0131nda Schellendorf’un yerine Osmanl\u0131 Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na getirilen Hans Friedrich Leopold von Seeckt, tehciri askeri bir zaruret g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, 1915’te Urfa’da cereyan eden Ermeni ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131ran 4.Ordu top\u00e7u birliklerinin komutas\u0131 Albay Kont Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg ise Ermenilerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n deportasyon[57]<\/a> etmekten ba\u015fka \u00e7are olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindedir.[58]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hat\u0131rat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenirlili\u011fi hususunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar olan d\u00f6nemin ABD B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Morgenthau, Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Wangenheim ile Ermeni tehciri hususunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Morgenthau’nun aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Wangenheim, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede tehcirde ya\u015fanan olaylara ele\u015ftiriler \u00fczerine, ya\u015fanan insan\u00ee sorunlarla ilgilenmedi\u011fini, g\u00fcndeminin sava\u015f\u0131 kazanmak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.[59]<\/a>Alman Deniz Ata\u015fesi Hans Humann da Morgenthau’ya, T\u00fcrklerle Ermenilerin birlikte ya\u015famaya devam edemeyeceklerini, Ermeni tehciri karar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir.[60]<\/a> \u00a0Amiral Souchon, tehcirin arkas\u0131nda duran Alman subaylar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.[61]<\/a> Erzurum’da bulunan III. Ordu Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Felix Guse, III. Ordunun durumu hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirken, ordunun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sorunlardan birinin Rus ilerlemesi oldu\u011fu takdirde T\u00fcrkiye’deki Ermenilerin de T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 isyan \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 ihtimalinin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyece\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[62]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C)Soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddialar\u0131na dayanak yap\u0131lan Alman belgeleri ve Johannes Lepsius<\/strong><\/h2>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren Almanya’n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda n\u00fcfuz elde etme politikas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahip kesimler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. T\u0131pk\u0131 T\u00fcrk Alman Dostluk Derne\u011fi’ni kuran Ernst Jaeckh[63]<\/a> gibi T\u00fcrk-Alman yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 taraftarlar\u0131 gibi Alman menfaatlerine Alman-Ermeni yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n daha uygun olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler de bulunuyordu. Ancak devlet politikas\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yana olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Alman-Ermeni dostlu\u011fu taraftarlar\u0131 Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonuna kadar devletin \u00fcst kademelerinde yer bulamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda di\u011fer Avrupa devletlerinin misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctleri gibi Alman Protestan misyoner \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de misyonerlik faaliyetleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki yeg\u00e2ne amac\u0131, Gregoryen Ermenileri, Protestan yapmakt\u0131r.[64]<\/a><\/p>\n

Avrupa bas\u0131n\u0131nda Ermeni meselesinin fitili, ”T\u00fcrkler Ermenileri katlediyor” \u015feklinde ate\u015flenmesi \u00fczerine kiliseler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yard\u0131m kampanyalar\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131rken, Alman kiliseleri devlet politikas\u0131 gere\u011fi kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, \u0130svi\u00e7reli yard\u0131m dernekleri organize etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Alman Ermeni yard\u0131m faaliyetlerini Almanya’da ilk defa Frankfurt am Main’de papazl\u0131k yapan Ernst Lohmann ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[65]<\/a> Lohmann’\u0131n H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k davas\u0131 \u00e7izgisiyle ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketin manevi liderli\u011fini bir s\u00fcre sonra Rahip Johannes Lepsius \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.[66]<\/a><\/p>\n

15 Aral\u0131k 1858’de Berlin’de d\u00fcnyaya gelen Lepsius, matematik, teoloji, felsefe, edebiyat ve sanat tarihi alanlar\u0131nda e\u011fitim ald\u0131.[67]<\/a> Teoloji e\u011fitiminin ard\u0131ndan Berlin Kara Muhaf\u0131z Alay\u0131’nda bir y\u0131l g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak askerlik yapt\u0131. 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda girdi\u011fi s\u0131navdan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Kud\u00fcs’te Alman cemaati papaz yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 teklif edildi. Teklifi kabul eden Lepsius, Kud\u00fcs’teki g\u00f6revinden sonra Almanya’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve 1887’de papazl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. 1893’te Nitschareuth Kilisesi’nden ilk Alman Protestan-Luther misyonerlerinin u\u011furlama t\u00f6reninde bir konu\u015fma yaparak misyonerlik faaliyetlerine ba\u015flad\u0131. 1895’te Alman Do\u011fu Misyonu’nu[68]<\/a> kurdu.[69]<\/a> Misyonun kurulu\u015f amac\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda \u0130ncil’i yaymak, Alman menfaatlerine H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k faaliyetleri sergilemekti. Ancak 1896’da Lepsius’un Anadolu seyahatinden sonra misyon, Ermenilere y\u00f6neldi.[70]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Ermeni sempatisi ile harmanlayan Lepsius 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin Ermenileri katletti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir kitap kaleme ald\u0131. Hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bu kitab\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, Lepsius’un gitmedi\u011fi yerlerle ilgili g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitli\u011fi yapmas\u0131yd\u0131.[71]<\/a> Alman yazar Hans Barth, kitaptaki hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc propaganda ama\u00e7l\u0131 vah\u015fet i\u00e7eren sayfalar i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilerde bulundu ve yalanlarla kamuoyu olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti.[72]<\/a> Lepsius’un kitab\u0131 i\u00e7in ‘pespaye adi bir roman’ ifadesini kulland\u0131.[73]<\/a> Barth’\u0131n analizine ra\u011fmen, fanatik H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla Lepsius’a kat\u0131lanlar oldu. 1914’de Alman Ermeni Cemiyeti’ni kuran Lepsius, 1915’deki tehcirin bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilk iddiay\u0131 atan ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda gelmektedir. 1917’de Almanya’dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Hollanda’ya yerle\u015fti. Sava\u015f sonu tekrar Almanya’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Lepsius’un Almanya’ya d\u00f6nmesinden sonra soyk\u0131r\u0131m yalan\u0131n\u0131n ilk defa temellendirildi\u011fi eser olan Almanya ve Ermenistan 1914-1918 Toplu Diplomatik Belgeler<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131. D\u00f6nemin Almanya D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Wilhelm Heinrich Solf ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen Lepsius, bakana sava\u015f sonu d\u00fcnyada Almanya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin sorumlusu olarak bir alg\u0131 olu\u015ftu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015f, Ermenilerin \u00e7ektikleri s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da Almanya’n\u0131n su\u00e7lu tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sorumlular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterecek bir kitap haz\u0131rlamay\u0131 teklif etmi\u015ftir. Bunun i\u00e7in de bakanl\u0131k ar\u015fivindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn belgelerin kendisine sunulmas\u0131n\u0131, belgelerin hangisinin yay\u0131nlanaca\u011f\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n kendisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bakanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil kendisinin belirleyece\u011fi bir yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131l\u0131p da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ko\u015ful olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer.[74]<\/a> Ko\u015fullar\u0131n kabul edilmesi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flayan Lepsius, hen\u00fcz tarih ilminin kabul edilebilir s\u00fcre dolmadan belgeler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Kendisine verilen orjinal belgelerin kopyalar\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 Tempel Yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131l\u0131r.[75]<\/a> Belgelerin orjinal n\u00fcshalar\u0131 18 Haziran 1920’de yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fuan da da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara mikrofilme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kopyalar verilmektedir.[76]<\/a> Lepsius’un bug\u00fcn belgeleri tahrif etti\u011fi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddias\u0131nda bulunan kesimlerce dahi kabul edilmektedir. Lepsius, olaylar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnenden fazla \u015fiddetle g\u00f6stermek, Alman makamlar\u0131n\u0131n hadiseler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalan\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmek i\u00e7in belgelerde manip\u00fclasyon yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[77]<\/a> Prof.Dr. Mustafa \u00c7olak’\u0131n Belleten Dergisi’nde yay\u0131nlanan makalesinde, Lepsius’\u0131n manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle verilmi\u015ftir.[78]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lepsius’un belge manip\u00fclasyon ve tahrifat\u0131 hususunda Almanya’da \u00e7eli\u015fkili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r. Gust, kritik yapmak yerine tarih\u00e7i metodolojisinde yeri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma konusu bile edilmeyecek bir \u015fekilde niyet okuyuculu\u011funa soyunarak Lepsius’un tahrifat yapmas\u0131 ard\u0131nda Almanya’y\u0131 koruma arzusu oldu\u011funu ve bunun bir sorun te\u015fkil etmeyece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeyken, Almanya’da soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f veren Dr. Tessa Hofmann taraf\u0131ndan Lepsius belgeleri 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[79]<\/a> \u00dcstelik Dr. Hofmann, kendi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kitab\u0131n\u0131n kapa\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6zde 1916-1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeni kafataslar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst \u00fcste y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla piramit g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fan bir foto\u011fraf\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda Prof.Dr.T\u00fcrkkaya Ata\u00f6v, s\u00f6z konusu foto\u011fraf\u0131n 1842-1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Rus ressam Vassili Vere\u015fganin’in bug\u00fcn de Moskova’da sergilenen bir ya\u011fl\u0131 tablosu oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. [80]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lepsius’un haricinde Almanya’da soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddiac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer kaynak kabul ettikleri eser Heinrich Vierb\u00fccher’in kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitapt\u0131r. \u0130lk bask\u0131s\u0131 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ermenistan 1915 Bir Halk\u0131n T\u00fcrkler Taraf\u0131ndan Bo\u011fazlan\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em>, isminden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, T\u00fcrklerin Ermeni katleden caniler olarak g\u00f6stermektedir. Hi\u00e7 bir belge i\u00e7ermemesi ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan Ermenileri y\u00fccelten \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 yorumlar i\u00e7ermesi bu eserin asla ciddiye al\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131n sebepleridir.[81]<\/a> Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada da kullan\u0131lan Wolfgang Gust’un belgelerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z da da \u00f6zenle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f[82]<\/a>, ekseriyeti Do\u011fu Anadolu’daki alt\u0131 Alman konsolosunun rapor ve telgraflardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz.[83]<\/a> Gust’un yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgeleri T\u00fcrkiye’de Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yapan Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gust’un kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n s\u00f6z\u00fcnde belgelerin Alman D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan mikrofilm olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara sunulan ”T\u00fcrkiye 183”<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 dosyalara ve m\u00fcttefikler taraf\u0131ndan \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 mikrofilme al\u0131nan belgelerin Amerikan Ulusal Ar\u015fivi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f kopyalar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir.[84]<\/a><\/p>\n

Wolfgang Gust’a \u00f6ns\u00f6z yazan Dadrian yine yukar\u0131da de\u011findi\u011fimiz g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ekseninde Almanya’y\u0131 sorumlu tutmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Gust’un yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgeler aras\u0131nda iki belge Alman idari makamlar\u0131n\u0131n tehcirle ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ortaya koymak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

31 May\u0131s 1915 tarihli \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Wangenheim, Alman D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na \u00e7ekti\u011fi telgraf \u015f\u00f6yledir;[85]<\/a> ”Enver Pa\u015fa, Ermeni istihbarat\u0131n\u0131 engellemek ve yeni kitlesel Ermeni ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, Sava\u015f (Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc) Hali ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan yararlanarak, Ermeni okullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu kapatmak, Ermeni gazetelerini bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almak, Ermeni posta haberle\u015fmesini yasaklamak, ayaklanan Ermeni merkezlerinde oturan b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcvenilmez aileleri Mezopotamya’da iskan etmek istemektedir. Bizden \u00f6nemle kendisine engel olmamam\u0131z\u0131 rica etmektedir. T\u00fcrklerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nlemler bize d\u00fc\u015fman d\u00fcnyada yine b\u00fcy\u00fck tepkilere yol a\u00e7acak ve aleyhimizde kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n okullar\u0131 bundan etkilenecektir. Tabii ki bu \u00f6nlemler Ermeniler i\u00e7in de b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar getirecektir. Bence bu \u00f6nlemleri belki bizim a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131zdan yumu\u015fatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131, ama tamamen engel olmamal\u0131y\u0131z. Rus taraf\u0131ndan beslenen Ermeni oyunlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eder boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. L\u00fctfen Profes\u00f6r Lepsius’a ve di\u011fer Alman Ermeni komitelerine T\u00fcrkiye’nin bug\u00fcn i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu siyasi ve askeri ko\u015fullarda s\u00f6z konusu \u00f6nlemlerin gerekli oldu\u011funu bildiriniz. Erzurum, Musul, Adana, Halep, Ba\u011fdat konsolosluklar\u0131 gizli olarak bu konuda bilgilendirilmi\u015ftir”.[86]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

27 Temmuz 1915 tarihli W.Spieker’in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda yer alan bir T\u00fcrk Yarbay\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6zleri de oldu\u011fu gibi aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. W.Spieker’in Halep’ten yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131, ar\u015fivde no:81’e olarak dizinlenen belgedeki ifade \u015f\u00f6yledir[87]<\/a>; ”Biz Almanlara \u00e7ok k\u0131zg\u0131n\u0131z b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in. Ben ona itiraz edince \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: bizim genelkurmay ba\u015fkan\u0131m\u0131z bir Alman. V.D. Goltz komutan ve bir\u00e7ok Alman subat var bizim ordumuzda – bizim Kuran’\u0131m\u0131z \u015fimdi Ermenilerin \u00e7ekti\u011fi muamelelere izin vermez.”[88]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin d\u0131\u015f i\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Zimmermann’\u0131n \u0130stanbul’daki Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fine ise g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi telgraf \u015f\u00f6yledir[89]<\/a>; ”L\u00fctfen Halep’ten gelen 1645 No’lu raporu uygun bir zamanda ve uygun bir \u015fekilde Kayzerlik Konsolosunu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmadan, Bab\u0131\u00e2li’de de\u011ferlendirin ve Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlar\u0131n, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin niyet ve direktiflerine ra\u011fmen meydana gelmi\u015f oldu\u011funa kanaat getirmi\u015f oldu\u011funuzu belirtin. Sadece bize yap\u0131lan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma su\u00e7lamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, kanun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hareketlerin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla hararetle ilgilendi\u011fimizi T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetindeki dostlar\u0131m\u0131zda anlayacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrk sava\u015f anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n insanl\u0131k ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlere verdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem, onu d\u00fc\u015fman sava\u015f anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ay\u0131r\u0131r ve m\u00fcttefikimizin ayn\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yurt i\u00e7inde de g\u00f6sterece\u011fine dair teminat veririz.\u00a0 Say\u0131n Ekselans, Konsolos R\u00f6ssler’i, Ermenilerin entrikalar\u0131, bizim buna ra\u011fmen onlar i\u00e7in olanaklar el verdi\u011fince att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ad\u0131mlar hakk\u0131nda ayd\u0131nlats\u0131nlar ve yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rs\u0131nlar<\/em>.[90]<\/a><\/p>\n

Halep Konsolosu R\u00f6ssler’in tamamen Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131na dayand\u0131rarak yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlar bug\u00fcn soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddiac\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lsa da dipnotlarda verdi\u011fimiz kitaplarda ne\u015fredilen bu belgelerin sat\u0131r aralar\u0131 \u00f6zenle incelendi\u011finde bilakis soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n de\u011fil tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmet talimatlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda suiistimal ve intikam hissiyle meydana gelen hadiselerin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[91]<\/a><\/p>\n

Almanya D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re bug\u00fcn Alman ar\u015fivleri 1945 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme ait b\u00fct\u00fcn belgelerini s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara sunmu\u015ftur.[92]<\/a>Buna g\u00f6re ”Turkei 183, Armenien”<\/em> 1889-1920 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan toplam 57 cilt dosya bulunmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llara ait belgeler, ”Turkei133 adh.13, Die armeniche Reformfrage”<\/em>[93]<\/a> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla 1878-1889 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan 7 ciltte yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu dosyalar\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye de al\u0131rken, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Alman D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ar\u015fivi m\u00fcttefiklerin eline ge\u00e7mesi \u00fczerine bu belgelerin kopyalar\u0131 Londra ve Washington’a da g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Alman belgelerinin ard\u0131na kadar ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara a\u00e7\u0131k bir halde oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, belirli yay\u0131nevlerinin belirli yazarlar\u0131n ve belirli enstit\u00fclerin yay\u0131nlar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddialar\u0131na dayanak olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in abart\u0131l\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131ktan uzak, b\u00f6lgede a\u00e7\u0131k sempatisini belli etmi\u015f Alman konsolosluk rapor ve telgraflar\u0131ndan te\u015fkil ettikleri belgelerin tek tek g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi incelenmeli, belgelerde yer alan tasvir ve rakamlar tetkik edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

\"Alman

“Almanya,1970lerden itibaren Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyada tek olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ermeni sorununu ele al\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek ve kabul ettirmek y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olmu\u015ftur.”<\/p><\/div>\n

D) G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Almanya’n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Almanya,1970lerden itibaren Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyada tek olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ermeni sorununu ele al\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek ve kabul ettirmek y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olmu\u015ftur.[94]<\/a> \u00dcstelik Fransa ve ABD gibi \u00fclkelerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Ermeni lobileri bulunurken Almanya’da \u00fc\u00e7 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n bir T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu n\u00fcfusun Almanya’da ulusal az\u0131nl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk insan\u0131n\u0131n bir ulus olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalan\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsleme ihtiyac\u0131 hissedenler vard\u0131r. \u00a0Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131radanla\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen revizyonistler ile Almanya’daki T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z olan Neonaziler, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc noktas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkilerinin \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmesiyle ortak hareket etmektedir.[95]<\/a> Alman devleti i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, T\u00fcrkiye’nin T\u00fcrk, K\u00fcrt, Laz, \u00c7erkez, Ermeni, Arnavut vs \u015feklinde bir\u00e7ok etnik yap\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fiminden oldu\u011fu teziyle Almanya’da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin ulusal ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak arzusundad\u0131r. Berlin H\u00fcr \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkiye ve Kafkaslarda az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapan Dr. Tessa Hofmann, Almanya D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Alman \u0130stihbarat Servisi (BND) ile ba\u011flant\u0131dad\u0131r.[96]<\/a> Udo Steinbach’\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi ve kayna\u011f\u0131 Alman D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinden sa\u011flanan Hamburg Do\u011fu Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Dr. Tessa Hofmann, Alman kamuoyunda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mesai harcamaktad\u0131r.[97]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle Dr. Tessa Hofmann, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Yahudi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6n ayak yapma maksad\u0131 g\u00fctmesi, hakikatleri \u00e7arp\u0131tmak ve maksatl\u0131 yalanlarla kamuoyu olu\u015fturmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmelidir. Gaz odalar\u0131n\u0131n ve gulag kamplar\u0131n\u0131n ilk defa T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011funu,[98]<\/a> Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn 2.5 milyon Ermeni ve Rum’un katili oldu\u011fu,[99]<\/a> Nazilere ilham veren katliamlar\u0131n bu d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131,[100]<\/a> hatta Hitler’in Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na at\u0131fta[101]<\/a> bulundu\u011fu yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131kmadan i\u015flemektedirler. Yukar\u0131da vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Hofmann’\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dok\u00fcmanlarda ve g\u00f6rsellerde sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131k tespit edilse de bunlara bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmemekte, ba\u015fka bir d\u00fczmece hamle ile ad\u0131m atmaktad\u0131r. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman parlamentosuna sunulmak \u00fczere, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lan bir imza kampanyas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Hofmann’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, 17 Aral\u0131k 2004 tarihindeki Br\u00fcksel AB Konseyi Zirvesi sonras\u0131 Almanya’n\u0131n ulusal \u00e7\u0131kar alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle sonu\u00e7 vermi\u015ftir.[102]<\/a> Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti Federal Parlamentosu’nun T\u00fcrkiye aleyhine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 15.06.2005 tarihli karar\u0131 ile Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanca soyk\u0131r\u0131m anlam\u0131na gelen v\u00f6lkermord kelimesinin ge\u00e7medi\u011fi metnin tam \u00e7evirisi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r:[103]<\/a><\/p>\n

”Alman Federal Meclisi, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fiddet, cinayet ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn kurban\u0131 olan Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde sayg\u0131 ile e\u011filir. Anadolu’da Ermenilerin neredeyse tamamen yok edilmesine yol a\u00e7an, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin eylemlerine ili\u015fkin bir\u00e7ok bilgiye ra\u011fmen, bu zulm\u00fc durdurmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir giri\u015fimde bulunmayan, Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iftihar edilmeyecek rolden \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duyar”.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0”Alman Federal Meclisi, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7ok zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda s\u00f6z ve eylemleriyle Ermeni kad\u0131n, erkek ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcn Alman ve T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 gururlar anar. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6zellikle, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in enerjik ve etkin \u015fekilde m\u00fccadele eden Dr. Johannes Lepsius’un eserinin unutulmamas\u0131 ve Ermeni, Alman ve T\u00fcrk haklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin iyile\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131da bulunmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda muhafaza edilmesi gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131r. <\/em><\/p>\n

”Alman Federal Meclisi, kendi deneyimiyle, bir halk i\u00e7in kendi ge\u00e7mi\u015finin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131yla y\u00fczle\u015fmesinin ne kadar zor oldu\u011funun bilincindedir. Tarihin d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir \u015fekilde i\u015flenmesinin, bar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin inanc\u0131 tamd\u0131r. Avrupa anma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temelinde \u00f6zellikle, tarihin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde y\u00fczle\u015fmek yatar.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0”Alman Federal Meclisi bu ge\u00e7mi\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye’de zaman\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda vuku bulan olaylar \u00fczerinde kapsaml\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamamas\u0131ndan ve T\u00fcrk tarihinin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ayd\u0131nlatmak isteyen bilim adamlar\u0131 ve yazarlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda su\u00e7 kovu\u015fturmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ve kamuoyunda hakarete u\u011framas\u0131ndan \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duyar<\/em>. [104]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu karardan sonra Hofmann yeni hedeflerinin Almanya’n\u0131n bu kez soyk\u0131r\u0131m kelimesini net telaffuz etmesini, T\u00fcrkiye’nin AB \u00fcyeli\u011fi s\u00fcreci kapsam\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 kabul etmesini, Berlin’de bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n dikilmesini oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [105]<\/a> Hofmann, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 reddeden de\u011ferli tarih\u00e7iler Prof. Dr. Heaty Lowry’ye, T\u00fcrk B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011finin paral\u0131 yazar\u0131, Bernard Lewis i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftiren biri, Erich Feigel i\u00e7in de fosil diyerek, bilim ahlak ve adab\u0131n\u0131n uza\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu bir kez daha ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[106]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sene itibariyle Ermeni meselesindeki tavr\u0131 tamamen netle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda parlamentonun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karara ra\u011fmen gerek Ermenistan’da gerek Almanya’da soyk\u0131r\u0131m taraftarlar\u0131, karar\u0131 yetersiz bulmu\u015f ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m kelimesi kullan\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a bunun bir kabul manas\u0131na gelmeyece\u011fi iddias\u0131nda diretmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye’deki Ermeni bas\u0131n\u0131 da bu a\u00e7\u0131dan yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz seneye kadar Almanya’y\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 kabul eden \u00fclkeler listesinde do\u011frudan yazmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2015 senesine gelindi\u011finde \u00f6nce Alman parlamentosunun ba\u015fkan\u0131 ard\u0131ndan 22 Nisan 2015’te Almanya Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Joachim Gauck, 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlarken trajedi veya muadili bir kelime yerine do\u011frudan soyk\u0131r\u0131m kelimesini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gauck, ‘Ermenilerin kaderi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la deh\u015fet veren bir \u015fekilde damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran toplu k\u0131y\u0131m, etnik temizlik, tehcirler ve evet soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarihi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rnektir’ a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylelikle, \u00f6ncelikle tehcirdeki Alman sorumlulu\u011funu ink\u00e2r olarak ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 devlet politikas\u0131 bug\u00fcn son halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 askeri mekanizmas\u0131na h\u00e2kim iken, ordu e\u011fitiminde vazifeli Alman subaylar\u0131n tayin ettikleri rota d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz iken, s\u00f6zde soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ispatlamak ad\u0131na kendi yay\u0131nlad\u0131klar\u0131 belgelerde dahi karar alma mekanizmas\u0131nda etkileri ve y\u00f6nlendirmeleri gizlenemiyorken \u00f6nce tehcirdeki sorumluluktan s\u0131yr\u0131lma hamlesiyle ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen en ac\u0131 toplu katliamlara imza atan, sistematik yok etme esas\u0131n\u0131 uygularken d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u015fok eden bir \u015fekilde so\u011fukkanl\u0131 durabildiklerini g\u00f6steren Almanya, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle y\u00fczle\u015fme ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda i\u015fledi\u011fi soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun \u00f6rneklerini \u00e7o\u011faltarak s\u0131radanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektedir. Hatta metin i\u00e7erisinde de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi daha da ileri giderek i\u015fledikleri soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun ilham\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerden ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia edecek kadar hakikate ihanetten ayr\u0131lmayacak bir y\u00f6ntemi bilim kisvesiyle tatbik etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u015fayet T\u00fcrkiye ile s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkiler gerektirdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde dostane bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131naca\u011f\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 m\u00fcttefiki Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne nota verdi\u011fi gibi de ulusal menfaatlerinin sona erdi\u011fi noktada \u015fark d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde gayet sak\u0131ncal\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan dost \u00fclke kavram\u0131n\u0131 terk edece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Nitekim devletlerin ortak yazg\u0131lar\u0131 dahi onlar\u0131 dost k\u0131lmaya yeterli de\u011fildir. Almanya, bug\u00fcn sorumlulu\u011funu tabiri caizse bir ma\u011fduriyete \u00e7evirme noktas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekleri tahrif ve tahrip etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n Ermeni Tehciri’ni ”Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131” Kabul Etmesi [107]<\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Alman parlamentosu Bundestag, Ermeni Tehciri’ni ”soyk\u0131r\u0131m” olarak tan\u0131d\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda de\u011findi\u011fimiz hususlardaki gayelerine y\u00f6nelik son ad\u0131m\u0131 att\u0131. Alman Ye\u015filler Partisi e\u015f ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cem \u00d6zdemir taraf\u0131ndan soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6nergesini 2015 sonbahar\u0131nda Bundestag’a getirme giri\u015fiminde bulunmu\u015f ancak bunu 2016 yaz\u0131 \u00f6ncesine ertelediklerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6nerge Ye\u015filler, H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Birli\u011fi(CDU\/CDS), Alman Sosyal Demokrat Parti(SPD) \u00a0taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa verilirken Sol Parti ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nerge verdi. [108]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk kamuoyunca dikkatle izlenen s\u00fcre\u00e7te, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Alman parlamentosundan soyk\u0131r\u0131m kabul\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 halinde iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerinin zedelenece\u011fi ve \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda ihtilaf ya\u015fanabilece\u011fi uyar\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu. Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ise parlamentonun karar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet sorumlulu\u011funda olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek kesin bir tav\u0131r sergilemedi. 2 Haziran g\u00fcn\u00fc, Alman parlamentosunda \u00f6nerge \u00fczerine a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 Federal Parlamento Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Norbert Lammert yapt\u0131. Lammert’in konu\u015fmas\u0131nda yer alan dikkat \u00e7ekici ifade,\u00a0 karar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni san\u0131k sandalyesine oturtarak yarg\u0131lama amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye devletinin ya\u015fanan ‘soyk\u0131r\u0131m’dan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc sorumlu tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet partileri ad\u0131na ilk konu\u015fmay\u0131 Alman Sosyal Demokrat Parti Meclis Grup Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Rolf M\u00fctzenich yapt\u0131.M\u00fctzenich, 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak niteledi, konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ekseninde T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fan bir tema belirdi. Muhalefetteki Sol Parti s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc ile abart\u0131l\u0131 rakamlar ile bilimsel verilerle ispat edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan, sloganla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir ifadeyle ”1.5 milyon Ermeni’nin katledildi\u011fini”<\/em> s\u00f6yledi.[109]<\/a> H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Birli\u011fi ad\u0131na konu\u015fan CDU\/CSU Meclis Grubu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Franz-Josef Jung konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Almanya’n\u0131n ”soyk\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131 engellemedi\u011fi ve sorumlulu\u011funun g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyece\u011fini vurgulad\u0131. Ye\u015filler ad\u0131na konu\u015fan T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 Alman milletvekili Cem \u00d6zdemir konu\u015fma yapt\u0131. Bundestag’\u0131n bu oturumunda Ba\u015fbakan Angela Merkel, Ba\u015fbakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve SPD Genel Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Sigmar Gabriel ve Federal D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Frank-Walter Steinmeier oylamaya kat\u0131lmad\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00f6nemli isimlerinin oylamaya kat\u0131lmamas\u0131 ilerleyen d\u00f6nemde tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131ndaki de\u011ferlendirmeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fer i\u00e7in bir yarg\u0131da bulunulmas\u0131 erkendir.<\/p>\n

Be\u015f sayfal\u0131k tasar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6zeti okunduktan sonra oylamaya ge\u00e7ildi. [110]<\/a> Oylamaya kat\u0131lan vekillerden tek ret oyu H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Birli\u011fi vekili Bettina Kudla’dan, tek \u00e7ekimser oy da ayn\u0131 partinin vekili Oliver Wilttke’den geldi. Kabul karar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bir grup Ermeni diasporas\u0131 \u00fcyesi, ellerinde Danke! (Te\u015fekk\u00fcrler!) yazan pankartlar kald\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0 On bir T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 Alman milletvekilinin evet oyu vermesi, T\u00fcrkiye’de de\u011fi\u015fik tepkilere neden olurken, T\u00fcrkiye, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fini Ankara’ya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Bu karar\u0131n T\u00fcrk-Alman ili\u015fkilerinde yarataca\u011f\u0131 etki ilerleyen y\u0131larda haz\u0131rlanacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan siyasi ve sosyal bilan\u00e7o tespit edilecektir.<\/p>\n

\"(2.06.2016

2.06.2016 tarihinde Alman parlamentosunun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar metninin ilk sayfas\u0131 (http:\/\/dip21.bundestag.de\/dip21\/btd\/18\/086\/1808613.pdf)<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"15.06.2006

(15.06.2006 tarihinde Alman parlamentosunun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar metninin ilk sayfas\u0131)<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"III.

III. Ordu komutan\u0131 Mahmud Kamil Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Harbiye Nezaretine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u015fifreli yaz\u0131. 27 May\u0131s 1915’te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanun kapsam\u0131nda tehcir uygulamas\u0131 bu mesajla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orjinali ATASE’de bulunan bu belge 19.04.2015 tarihinde Habert\u00fcrk gazetesinde Murat Bardak\u00e7\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"(Johannes

(Johannes Lepsius’un manip\u00fclasyonlar ve tahrifatlar i\u00e7eren kitab\u0131n\u0131n kapa\u011f\u0131. Al\u0131nt\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131: Selami K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, T\u00fcrk-Alman Ar\u015fiv Belgeleriyle Ermeni Sorunu ve Almanya, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2015, s.331.)<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Bkz:Sven Lindqvist, Bombalaman\u0131n Tarihi<\/em>, Yeni \u0130nsan Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2009.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u015eeref \u00dcnal, Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Ermeni Sorunu<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2011, s.368.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00dcnal, a.g.e<\/em>. s.375.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> 18 May\u0131s 1944’de \u00f6z yurtlar\u0131 olan K\u0131r\u0131m’dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen K\u0131r\u0131m T\u00fcrkleri, sistematik bir yok edili\u015fe maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130ngu\u015fya’da ve \u00c7uva\u015f’ta da SSCB’nin benzer uygulamalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Bkz: \u0130an Kershaw, Hitler (1889-1936),<\/em>\u00a0 c.I, \u0130thaki Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2007.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Jane Caplan, Hitler Almanyas\u0131 1933-1945, \u00e7ev. \u0130dem Erman, \u0130nk\u0131lap Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.261.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> William L. Shirer, Nazi \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/em>, c.III, \u00e7ev.Rasih G\u00fcran, \u0130nk\u0131lap Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, \u0130stanbul 2002,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0s.1182<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Shirer, a.g.e.<\/em> s.1439.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Adolf Eichmann i\u00e7in bkz: Hannah Arendt, K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn S\u0131radanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, Metis Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2009.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Bosna M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 katleden Radovan Karadzi\u00e7, Lahey’de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131 Mahkemesi’nde soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve sava\u015f su\u00e7u i\u015fledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle 40 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Srebrenitsa Katliam\u0131 olarak bilinen dokuz bine yak\u0131n Bo\u015fnak’\u0131n katledilmesi hen\u00fcz soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak nitelendirilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Yunus Kobal, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesinde Almanya<\/em>, Gece Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara 2014, s.121.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Kemal Beydilli, 1790 Osmanl\u0131-Prusya \u0130ttifak\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1984, s.11.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi<\/em>, c.IV\/1,\u00a0 T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1978, s.200-202.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Beydilli, a.g.e<\/em>. s.61.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u0130.H. Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, a.g.e<\/em>. s.561; Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi<\/em> c.VIII, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2007, s.164.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Veli Y\u0131lmaz, 1.D\u00fcnya Harbinde T\u00fcrk-Alman \u0130ttifak\u0131 ve Askeri Yard\u0131mlar<\/em>, Cem Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1993, s.21.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Bismarck i\u00e7in bkz: Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Hakan Abac\u0131, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2015.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>Otto Von Bismarck, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve Hat\u0131ralar<\/em>, c.I, \u00e7ev. Nijad Akipek, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara 1991, s.471-477.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> 1870 Sava\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinen Alman-Frans\u0131z sava\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Sava\u015ftaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan Sedan muharebesi sonras\u0131 Alman ordular\u0131 Paris’i ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fransa’daki muhtelif direni\u015f hareketleri ve Paris ablukas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rma giri\u015fimleri sonu\u00e7 vermeyince imzalanan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Almanya’n\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fi s\u00fcreci tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>Nicolae Jorga, <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Tarihi<\/em>, c.V, \u00e7ev. Nil\u00fcfer Ep\u00e7eli, Yeditepe Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2009, s.515.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>Bkz: Albayrak Mustafa, ”Osmanl\u0131-Alman \u0130li\u015fkilerinin Geli\u015fimi ve Ba\u011fdat Demiryolu\u2019nun Yap\u0131m\u0131”, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi<\/em>, <\/strong>Say\u0131: 6 s.001-038, (1995)<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Karal, a.g.e<\/em>. s.165.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Kaz\u0131m Karabekir, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve T\u00fcrk Ordusunda Almanlar<\/em>, Emre Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2001, s.69.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Enver Ziya Karal, a.g.e<\/em>. <\/strong>s.366-367; Matthew Smith Anderson, Do\u011fu Sorunu 1774-1923 Uluslar aras\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme<\/em>, \u00e7ev.\u0130dil Eser, YKY, \u0130stanbul 2001, s.239.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Rifat \u00d6nsoy, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Almanya 1914-1918<\/em>, Atlas Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara 2004, s.18.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Zeynep G\u00fcler, Osmanl\u0131 Ordusun Modernle\u015fmesinde Von Der Goltz Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Rol\u00fc<\/em>, <\/strong>(Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Mersin \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Mersin 2007, s.115-127<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Kemal Karpat, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Asker ve Siyaset<\/em>, Tima\u015f Yay. \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 99.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Odile Moreau, Reformlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Askeri \u2018Yeni D\u00fczen\u2019in \u0130nsanlar\u0131 ve Fikirleri 1826-1914<\/em>, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 62.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> O. Moreau, <\/strong>a.g.e<\/em>.<\/strong> s,62.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> A.g.e<\/em>. s,63<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Karpat, a.g.e<\/em>. s.99<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> Klaus Wolf, Gelibolu 1915 Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbi’nde Alman-T\u00fcrk Askeri \u0130ttifak\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev.E\u015fref Bengi \u00d6zbilen, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2014, s.41.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Yavuz \u00d6zg\u00fcld\u00fcr, ”Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Helmut Moltke\u2019den M\u00fc\u015fir Liman Von Sanders\u2019e Osmanl\u0131 Ordusunda Alman Askeri Heyetleri”. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi<\/em> Say\u0131: 4 s.30.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Carl M\u00fchlman, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Sonu 1914<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Kadir Kon, Tima\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2009, s.31.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Wolf, a.g.e<\/em>. s.44.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> M\u00fchlman, a.g.e<\/em>. s.83.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Feroz Ahmad, <\/strong>Bir Kimlik Pe\u015finde T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010, s.78.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> \u0130lber Ortayl\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Alman N\u00fcfuzu<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2003, s.123-126.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a>\u00a0 B\u00fclent Bakar, Ermeni Tehciri<\/em>, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, Ankara 2009, s.71.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Bakar, a.g.e<\/em>. s.75.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Bkz: B\u00fclent \u00d6zdemir, S\u00fcryanilerin D\u00fcn\u00fc Bug\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda S\u00fcryaniler, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2009.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> Almanya’n\u0131n Ermeni Tehciri ile ilgili kaynaklara, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda Almanya’n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu ile ilgili bir kayna\u011fa dair bilgileri de metin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmamak i\u00e7in dipnotta vermeyi tercih ettik. \u00d6ncelikle Almanya’n\u0131n tehcir karar\u0131nda aktif rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlayan bir belge bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Alman belgeleri diye bilinen belgeler, b\u00f6lgedeki \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerde bulunan konsoloslar\u0131n, \u0130stanbul’daki Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi’ne, \u0130stanbul’daki B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i’nin de Almanya’ya sundu\u011fu rapor, telgraf ve yaz\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. Tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6revli Alman subaylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hat\u0131rat\u0131 bulunan subaylar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri metin i\u00e7inde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Goltz’un ve di\u011fer Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu irdeleyen eser, Vahakn N. Dadrian’\u0131n kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide’<\/em>tir (Blue Crane Books, Cambridge 1996). Dadrian’\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilirken bu eseri hen\u00fcz \u00e7evrilmemi\u015ftir. Bu konuya de\u011finen Kerem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Alman Cihad\u0131 ve Ermeni S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc\u00a0 <\/em>isimli kitab\u0131nda Dadrian’\u0131n bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131rken, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evrilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Dadrian, soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddias\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak soyk\u0131r\u0131m planlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak Almanya’y\u0131 g\u00f6rmektedir. Almanya’n\u0131n ilk soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olarak nitelendirirken, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne kar\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri su\u00e7lay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dadrian’\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine g\u00f6re, II. Wilhelm, Mezopotamya ve Do\u011fu Anadolu’da Alman kolonisi olu\u015fturma ve Berlin-Ba\u011fdat Demiryolu ba\u011flam\u0131nda Ermeni burjuvazisini Alman \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re kullanma planlar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu planlara mani te\u015fkil edebilecek bir Ermenistan’\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ihtimalini bertaraf etmek i\u00e7in tehcir Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> Kerem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, 100 Y\u0131l\u0131n R\u00f6van\u015f\u0131<\/em>, Caretta Kitap, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.38.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> \u00dcnal, a.g.e<\/em>. s.105.<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a> Colmar Von der Goltz, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Alman \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/em>, yay.haz.Faruk Y\u0131lmaz, \u0130z Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.131-132.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a> Berlin’de 15 Mart 1921 tarihinde Talat Pa\u015fa, Ta\u015fnak tetik\u00e7isi So\u011fomon Tehliryan taraf\u0131ndan suikasta u\u011frad\u0131. Talat Pa\u015fa hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybederken, suikast\u00e7\u0131 Tehliryan’\u0131n yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahkeme hukuki skandalla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Ciddi bir delil olmaks\u0131z\u0131n mahkemede deli rol\u00fc yapan Tehliryan, ‘ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131lar sonucu cinnet ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi’ gerek\u00e7esiyle tahliye oldu. Mahkemede Liman Von Sanders’in \u015fahitli\u011fine ba\u015fvurulur. Sanders’in mahkemede h\u00fcr irade ile Talat Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 savunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, Prof. Dr. Mustafa \u00c7olak’\u0131n Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Dergisi’nin 63. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ‘‘Talat Pa\u015fa” Karar\u0131na Berlin’deki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Tepkisi ve Alman H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin Tutumu’ <\/em>isimli makalesinde de\u011finilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Talat Pa\u015fa suikast\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 Alman Gizli Servisi taraf\u0131ndan, tehcirdeki Alman sorumlulu\u011funun \u00f6rt bas edilmesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek, Sanders’in de bu gerek\u00e7eyle mahkemede kesin ifade veremedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f akademi i\u00e7erisinde kabul g\u00f6rmemektedir.\u00a0 Mahkemenin di\u011fer \u015fahidi olan Johannes Lepsius, meseleyi Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olarak benimsemekte ve kendisini Ermeni dostu olarak tan\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Davaya \u015fahit olarak dahil olmak isteyen Schellendorf’un talebini mahkeme reddetmi\u015ftir. Schellendorf bunun \u00fczerine 24 Nisan 1921 g\u00fcn\u00fc Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung gazetesinde ‘Talat Pa\u015fa \u0130\u00e7in Tan\u0131kl\u0131k’ ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir metin kaleme al\u0131r. Metinde, Do\u011fu Anadolu’da Ermeni mezalimi ve tehcirin askeri zaruret oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Metnin T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi’ni okumak i\u00e7in bkz: Kerem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Alman Cihad\u0131 ve Ermeni S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>, Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul 2015, s.130-137<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a> Kerem \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Alman Cihad\u0131 ve Ermeni S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>, Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul 2015, s.125-128.<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a> \u00dcnal, a.g.e. s.106-107.<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a> Kadir Kon, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Almanya’n\u0131n \u0130slam Stratejisi<\/em>, K\u00fcre Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul 2013, s.69<\/p>\n

[50]<\/a> M. Nail Alkan, ”1915 Ermeni Tehciri Kanunu ve Almanya’n\u0131n Etkisi”, Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Akademik Bak\u0131\u015f Dergisi,\u00a0 <\/em>Cilt:8, Say\u0131:15, K\u0131\u015f 2014 Ankara, s.98.<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a> Liman Von Sanders, T\u00fcrkiye’de Be\u015f Sene<\/em>, \u00e7ev.E\u015fref Bengi \u00d6zbilen, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010, s.211.<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a> Sanders, a.g.e<\/em>. s.212.<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a> Berlin’de \u0130mparatorluk Parlamentosu’nda 7 Ekim 1915 tarihinde d\u00fczenlenen bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda bas\u0131na Ermeni olaylar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sans\u00fcr uygulamas\u0131 getirildi\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir. Bas\u0131na iletilen tebli\u011f \u015f\u00f6yledir: ”T\u00fcrkiye ile olan dostluk ili\u015fkilerimiz, T\u00fcrkiye’nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine ili\u015fkin olaylar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden tehlikeye at\u0131lmak bir yana, h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rdaki zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda inceleme konusu dahi yap\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, \u015fu andaki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck susmakt\u0131r. Daha sonra d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan ‘Almanlar\u0131n su\u00e7a olduklar\u0131na’ (deutscher mitschuld) itham\u0131yla do\u011frudan sald\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 takdirde konu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkat ve \u00e7ekingenlikle de\u011ferlendirilmeli ve Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkleri a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde tahrik ettikleri hususu daima vurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Alman Cihad\u0131<\/em>… s.140; \u00dcnal, a.g.e<\/em>. 291.<\/p>\n

[54]<\/a> A.g.e<\/em>. s.212.<\/p>\n

[55]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Alman Cihad\u0131<\/em>…. s.115.<\/p>\n

[56]<\/a> A.g.e,<\/em> s.116<\/p>\n

[57]<\/a> S\u00fcrg\u00fcn<\/p>\n

[58]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, Alman Cihad\u0131…. <\/em>s.117.<\/p>\n

[59]<\/a> Burhan O\u011fuz, Fa\u015fizm, Alman Kimli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye ile \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/em>, Anadolu Ayd\u0131nlanma Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2008, s.277; Wolfgang Gust, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 1915-16 Alman D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Siyasi Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri<\/em>, \u00e7ev.Zekiye Hasan\u00e7ebi & A.Takcan, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2012, s.134.<\/p>\n

[60]<\/a> O\u011fuz, a.g.e.<\/em> s.277.<\/p>\n

[61]<\/a> Serdar Din\u00e7er, Alman Belgelerinde Alman-T\u00fcrk Silah Arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ermeniler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2011, s.396.<\/p>\n

[62]<\/a> Selami K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, T\u00fcrk-Alman Ar\u015fiv Belgeleriyle Ermeni Sorunu ve Almanya, <\/em>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2015, s.90.<\/p>\n

[63]<\/a> Din\u00e7er, a.g.e<\/em>. s.402.<\/p>\n

[64]<\/a> U\u011fur \u0130nan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde Almanlar\u0131n Protestan Misyonerlik Faaliyetleri<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2015, s.313.<\/p>\n

[65]<\/a> \u0130nan, a.g.e. s.318.<\/p>\n

[66]<\/a> A.g.e. s.320.<\/p>\n

[67]<\/a> Z\u00fcbeyir B\u00fct\u00fcner ”Tarihte T\u00fcrklere Kar\u015f\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u0130ddialar\u0131n\u0131n Mimar\u0131 Portreler- Bir Alman Din Adam\u0131 Dr.Johannes Lepsius 4”, Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131na Ermeniler<\/em>, c.IV, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Kayseri 2009, s.426.<\/p>\n

[68]<\/a> Deutscher Orient Mission<\/p>\n

[69]<\/a> \u0130nan, a.g.e<\/em>. s.321.<\/p>\n

[70]<\/a> Tamer Bac\u0131no\u011flu & Andrea Bac\u0131no\u011flu, Modern Alman Oryantalizmi<\/em>, ASAM Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2001, s.203.<\/p>\n

[71]<\/a> Bac\u0131no\u011flu, a.g.e.<\/em> s.204<\/p>\n

[72]<\/a> Mustafa \u00c7olak, ”Hans Barth’\u0131n ‘T\u00fcrk Kendini Savun’ Adl\u0131 Eserine G\u00f6re Ermeni Meselesinin Do\u011fu\u015fu ve Avrupa”, Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131na Ermeniler<\/em>, c.III, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Kayseri 2009, s.239-240.<\/p>\n

[73]<\/a> Bac\u0131no\u011flu, a.g.e<\/em>. s.204.<\/p>\n

[74]<\/a> Mustafa \u00c7olak, ”Kaynak Kriti\u011fi ve Tehcir Olay\u0131nda Belge Tahrifat\u0131 – Johannes Lepsius \u00d6rne\u011fi”, Belleten Dergisi, <\/em>c.66, say\u0131:247, Ankara 2002, s.974.<\/p>\n

[75]<\/a>\u00a0 Gust, a.g.e<\/em>. s.176.<\/p>\n

[76]<\/a>\u00a0 A.g.e<\/em>. s.177.<\/p>\n

[77]<\/a> Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n temellendirilmesi i\u00e7in ortaya konan belgelerdeki sahtekarl\u0131klar Lepsius belgeleri ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f belge sahtekarl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz: T\u00fcrkkaya Ata\u00f6v, Ermeni Belge D\u00fczmecili\u011fi<\/em>, \u0130leri Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul Ankara 2006.<\/p>\n

[78]<\/a> Bkz: Mustafa \u00c7olak, ”Kaynak Kriti\u011fi ve Tehcir Olay\u0131nda Belge Tahrifat\u0131 – Johannes Lepsius \u00d6rne\u011fi”, Belleten Dergisi, <\/em>c.66, say\u0131:247, Ankara 2002 (s.967-984)<\/p>\n

[79]<\/a> Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6zdal, ‘Do\u011fu Sorunu Kapsam\u0131nda Almanya’n\u0131n Ermenilere Y\u00f6nelik \u0130zledi\u011fi Politikalar – Tessa Hofmann’\u0131n \u0130ddialar\u0131n\u0131n Analizi ve Kriti\u011fi”, Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131na Ermeniler<\/em>, c.I, Kayseri 2009, s.314.<\/p>\n

[80]<\/a> \u00d6zdal, a.g.m<\/em>. s.318.<\/p>\n

[81]<\/a> K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, a.g.e.<\/em> s.273.<\/p>\n

[82]<\/a> T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye terc\u00fcmelerde kelimelerin dahi \u00f6zenle se\u00e7ildi\u011fi metin i\u00e7inde dipnotlarda vurgulanm\u0131\u015f ve farkl\u0131 terc\u00fcmelerle k\u0131yaslama okuyucunun takdirine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[83]<\/a> Gust, a.g.e<\/em>. s.19.<\/p>\n

[84]<\/a> A.g.e.<\/em> s.35.<\/p>\n

[85]<\/a> \u00dcnal’\u0131n eserinin 291. sayfas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 belgenin terc\u00fcmesi ile Gust’un kitab\u0131nda yer alan Zekiye Hasan\u00e7ebi’nin terc\u00fcmesi aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 kelime farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n anlam de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine sebebiyet verecek durumda olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bu terc\u00fcmeyi de aktar\u0131yoruz: ”Enver Pa\u015fa, Ermenilerin kitle ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak ve Ermeni casuslu\u011funu \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, sava\u015f ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal ortam\u0131nda da yararlanarak, \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni okulunu kapatmak, Ermenilerin posta arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla haberle\u015fmesini yasaklamak, Ermeni gazeteleri \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurmak ve pek de masum olmayan Ermeni ailelerini Mezopotamya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmek niyetindedir. Bu konuda bizden \u0131srarla, kendisini engellememizi rica etmektedir. T\u00fcrklerin bu tedbirleri, do\u011fal olarak bize d\u00fc\u015fman olan d\u00fcnyada heyecan uyand\u0131racak ve bize kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nlemler ku\u015fkusuz Ermeni halk\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok serttir. Ancak ben, bizim bunlar\u0131 yumu\u015fatmam\u0131z ve fakat ilke olarak engellememiz gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyim. Rusya taraf\u0131ndan beslenen Ermeni \u00e7abalar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden bir boyuta ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. L\u00fctfen Dr.Lepsius ve Alman-Ermeni komitelerini buna uygun olarak, al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerin T\u00fcrkiye’nin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu siyasi ve askeri durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu konusunda bilgilendiriniz. Erzurum, Adana, Halep, Musul, Ba\u011fdat konsolosluklar\u0131 taraf\u0131mdan gizlice bilgilendirilmi\u015ftir.”<\/em><\/p>\n

[86]<\/a> Gust, a.g.e<\/em>. s.243.<\/p>\n

[87]<\/a> K\u0131van\u00e7 Galip \u00d6ner’in yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 terc\u00fcmede bir T\u00fcrk Binba\u015f\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

[88]<\/a> Gust, a.g.e<\/em>. s.335; K\u0131van\u00e7 Galip \u00d6ner, Alman Belgelerinde Ermeni Meselesi 1915<\/em>, Kakn\u00fcs Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2007, s.95.<\/p>\n

[89]<\/a> \u00d6ner’in eserinin 96. sayfas\u0131ndaki ayn\u0131 belgenin terc\u00fcmesi ile Gust’un kitab\u0131nda yer alan Zekiye Hasan\u00e7ebi’nin terc\u00fcmesi aras\u0131nda\u00a0 baz\u0131 kelime farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n anlamda de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe sebebiyet verecek durumda olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bu terc\u00fcmeyi de aktar\u0131yoruz: ‘‘L\u00fctfen Halep’ten gelen 1645 no’lu raporu uygun bir zamanda ve uygun bir \u015fekilde Bab\u0131’ali’deki \u0130stanbul konsolosunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeden, de\u011ferlendirin ve Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlar\u0131n<\/em> sizin niyet ve direktiflerinize kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funa kanaat getirmi\u015f oldu\u011funuzu belirtin. Sadece bize yap\u0131lan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma su\u00e7lamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kanun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hareketlerin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla hararetle ilgilendi\u011fimizi T\u00fcrk meclisindeki arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z da anlayacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrk sava\u015f anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n insanl\u0131k ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlere verdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem onu d\u00fc\u015fman sava\u015f anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ay\u0131r\u0131r ve m\u00fcttefikimizin ayn\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yurt i\u00e7inde de g\u00f6sterece\u011fine dair teminat verir. Konsolos R\u00f6lsser Ew.pp. Ermenilerin entrikalar\u0131na ve buna ra\u011fmen bizim onlar i\u00e7in att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ad\u0131mlara i\u015faret ederek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve sakinle\u015ftirmek istiyor.”<\/em><\/p>\n

[90]<\/a> Gust, a.g.e<\/em>. s.335.<\/p>\n

[91]<\/a> \u00d6ner, a.g.e<\/em>. s.67.<\/p>\n

[92]<\/a> A.g.e<\/em>. s.11.<\/p>\n

[93]<\/a> Ermeni Reformu Sorunu<\/p>\n

[94]<\/a> Bac\u0131no\u011flu, a.g.e.<\/em> 198; K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, a.g.e<\/em>. s.266.<\/p>\n

[95]<\/a> K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, a.g.e. <\/em>s.266.<\/p>\n

[96]<\/a> Alman \u0130slam\u0131<\/em>, \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 Temsilcili\u011fi, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2002, s.55<\/p>\n

[97]<\/a> A.g.e<\/em>. s. 56<\/p>\n

[98]<\/a> Bac\u0131no\u011flu a.g.e.<\/em> s.200; K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 a.g.e<\/em>. s.267 ;\u00d6zdal, a.g.m<\/em>. s.318.<\/p>\n

[99]<\/a> Alman \u0130slam\u0131..<\/em>. s.57; K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 a.g.e<\/em>. s.275 ;\u00d6zdal, a.g.m<\/em>. s.319.<\/p>\n

[100]<\/a> Bac\u0131no\u011flu a.g.e<\/em>. s.200; K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 a.g.e.<\/em> s. 267 ;\u00d6zdal a.g.m<\/em>. s.318<\/p>\n

[101]<\/a> Bac\u0131no\u011flu a.g.e<\/em>. s.201; K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 a.g.e<\/em>. s. 267.<\/p>\n

[102]<\/a> \u00d6zdal, a.g.m<\/em>. s.320.<\/p>\n

[103]<\/a> Alman parlamentosunun karar\u0131n\u0131n ilk sayfas\u0131 Ekler <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[104]<\/a> \u0130nan, a.g.e<\/em>. s. 289.<\/p>\n

[105]<\/a> \u00d6zdal, a.g.m<\/em>. s.322-323.<\/p>\n

[106]<\/a> K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, a.g.e<\/em>. s.277.<\/p>\n

[107]<\/a> Bu k\u0131s\u0131m, kitab\u0131n bask\u0131ya girmesinden hemen \u00f6nce ilave edilmi\u015ftir. Usul olarak De\u011ferlendirme <\/strong>k\u0131sm\u0131ndan sonra metne devam edilmesi metot ihl\u00e2line sebebiyet verece\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ek b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer almas\u0131 uygun bulunmu\u015ftur. Metnin insicam\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve son geli\u015fmeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda metnin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi muhafaza etmek amac\u0131yla ilave olunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

[108]<\/a> http:\/\/www.milliyet.com.tr\/turkiye-almanya-daki-oylamaya\/dunya\/detay\/2255705\/default.htm<\/em> (son eri\u015fim 01.08.2016)<\/p>\n

[109]<\/a> http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler\/2016\/06\/160602_almanya_soykirim_oylama<\/em> (son eri\u015fim 01.08.2016)<\/p>\n

[110]<\/a> Karar metninin Almanca kopyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk sayfas\u0131 ek b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde verilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e terc\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in bkz: http:\/\/www.cnnturk.com\/dunya\/almanya-meclisindeki-ermeni-soykirimi-tasarisinin-tam-metni (son eri\u015fim 01.08.2016)<\/em><\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

AHMAD, <\/strong>Feroz, Bir Kimlik Pe\u015finde T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010 .<\/p>\n

ALKAN, M. Nail, ”1915 Ermeni Tehciri Kanunu ve Almanya’n\u0131n Etkisi”, Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Akademik Bak\u0131\u015f Dergisi,\u00a0 <\/em>Cilt:8, Say\u0131:15, K\u0131\u015f 2014 Ankara, s.91-104.<\/p>\n

Alman \u0130slam\u0131<\/em>, \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 Temsilcili\u011fi, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2002.<\/p>\n

ANDERSON, Matthew Smith, Do\u011fu Sorunu 1774-1923 Uluslar aras\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler \u00dczerine Bir \u0130nceleme<\/em>, \u00e7ev.\u0130dil Eser, YKY, \u0130stanbul 2001.<\/p>\n

BACINO\u011eLU, Tamer & BACINO\u011eLU, Andrea, Modern Alman Oryantalizmi<\/em>, ASAM Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2001.<\/p>\n

BAKAR, B\u00fclent, Ermeni Tehciri<\/em>, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, Ankara 2009.<\/p>\n

BEYD\u0130LL\u0130, Kemal, 1790 Osmanl\u0131-Prusya \u0130ttifak\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1984.<\/p>\n

B\u0130SMARCK, Otto Von, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve Hat\u0131ralar<\/em>, c.I, \u00e7ev. Nijad Akipek, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara 1999.<\/p>\n

B\u00dcT\u00dcNER, Z\u00fcbeyir, ”Tarihte T\u00fcrklere Kar\u015f\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u0130ddialar\u0131n\u0131n Mimar\u0131 Portreler- Bir Alman Din Adam\u0131 Dr.Johannes Lepsius 4”, Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131na Ermeniler<\/em>, c.IV, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Kayseri 2009.<\/p>\n

CAPLAN, Jane, Hitler Almanyas\u0131 1933-1945, \u00e7ev. \u0130dem Erman, \u0130nk\u0131lap Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul 2012.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ALI\u015eKAN, Kerem, Alman Cihad\u0131 ve Ermeni S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>, Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul 2015.<\/p>\n

__________, Kerem, 100 Y\u0131l\u0131n R\u00f6van\u015f\u0131<\/em>, Caretta Kitap, \u0130stanbul 2012.<\/p>\n

\u00c7OLAK, Mustafa, ”Hans Barth’\u0131n ‘T\u00fcrk Kendini Savun’ Adl\u0131 Eserine G\u00f6re Ermeni Meselesinin Do\u011fu\u015fu ve Avrupa”, Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131na Ermeniler<\/em>, c.III, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Kayseri 2009.<\/p>\n

______, Mustafa,<\/p>\n

D\u0130N\u00c7ER, Serdar, Alman Belgelerinde Alman-T\u00fcrk Silah Arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ermeniler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2011.<\/p>\n

GOLTZ, Colmar Von Der, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Alman \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/em>, yay.haz.Faruk Y\u0131lmaz, \u0130z Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2012.<\/p>\n

GUST, Wolfgang, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 1915-16 Alman D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Siyasi Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri<\/em>, \u00e7ev.Zekiye Hasan\u00e7ebi & A.Takcan, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2012.<\/p>\n

G\u00dcLER, Zeynep, Osmanl\u0131 Ordusun Modernle\u015fmesinde Von Der Goltz Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Rol\u00fc<\/em>, <\/strong>(Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Mersin \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Mersin 2007.<\/p>\n

JORGA, <\/strong>Nicolae, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Tarihi<\/em>, c.V, \u00e7ev. Nil\u00fcfer Ep\u00e7eli, Yeditepe Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2009.<\/p>\n

KARABEK\u0130R, Kaz\u0131m, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve T\u00fcrk Ordusunda Almanlar<\/em>, Emre Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2001.<\/p>\n

KARAL, Enver Ziya, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi<\/em> c.VIII, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2007.<\/p>\n

KARPAT, Kemal, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Asker ve Siyaset<\/em>, Tima\u015f Yay. \u0130stanbul 2010.<\/p>\n

KILI\u00c7, Selami, T\u00fcrk-Alman Ar\u015fiv Belgeleriyle Ermeni Sorunu ve Almanya, <\/em>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2015.<\/p>\n

KOBAL, Yunus, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesinde Almanya<\/em>, Gece Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara 2014.<\/p>\n

KON, Kadir, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Almanya’n\u0131n \u0130slam Stratejisi<\/em>, K\u00fcre Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul 2013.<\/p>\n

MOREAU, Odile, Reformlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Askeri \u2018Yeni D\u00fczen\u2019in \u0130nsanlar\u0131 ve Fikirleri 1826-1914<\/em>, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010.<\/p>\n

M\u00dcHLMAN, Carl, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Sonu 1914<\/em>, Tima\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2009.<\/p>\n

O\u011eUZ, Burhan, Fa\u015fizm, Alman Kimli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye ile \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/em>, Anadolu Ayd\u0131nlanma Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2008.<\/p>\n

ORTAYLI, \u0130lber, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda Alman N\u00fcfuzu<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2003.<\/p>\n

\u00d6NER, K\u0131van\u00e7 Galip, Alman Belgelerinde Ermeni Meselesi 1915<\/em>, Kakn\u00fcs Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2007.<\/p>\n

\u00d6NS\u00d6Y, Rifat, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Almanya 1914-1918<\/em>, Atlas Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara 2004.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZDAL, Bar\u0131\u015f, ”Do\u011fu Sorunu Kapsam\u0131nda Almanya’n\u0131n Ermenilere Y\u00f6nelik \u0130zledi\u011fi Politikalar – Tessa Hofmann’\u0131n \u0130ddialar\u0131n\u0131n Analizi ve Kriti\u011fi”, Ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131na Ermeniler<\/em>, c.I, Kayseri 2009.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR, Yavuz ”Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Helmut Moltke\u2019den M\u00fc\u015fir Liman Von Sanders\u2019e Osmanl\u0131 Ordusunda Alman Askeri Heyetleri”. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi<\/em> Say\u0131: 4.<\/p>\n

SANDERS, Liman Von, T\u00fcrkiye’de Be\u015f Sene<\/em>, \u00e7ev.E\u015fref Bengi \u00d6zbilen, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2010.<\/p>\n

SH\u0130RER, L. William, Nazi \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/em>, c.III, \u00e7ev.Rasih G\u00fcran, \u0130nk\u0131lap Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, \u0130stanbul 2002.<\/p>\n

UZUN\u00c7AR\u015eILI, \u0130smail Hakk\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi<\/em>, c.IV\/1,\u00a0 T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1978.<\/p>\n

\u00dcNAL, \u015eeref, Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Ermeni Sorunu<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2011.<\/p>\n

WOLF, Klaus, Gelibolu 1915 Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbi’nde Alman-T\u00fcrk Askeri \u0130ttifak\u0131, \u00e7ev.E\u015fref Bengi \u00d6zbilen, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2014.<\/p>\n

YILMAZ, Veli, 1.D\u00fcnya Harbinde T\u00fcrk-Alman \u0130ttifak\u0131 ve Askeri Yard\u0131mlar<\/em>, Cem Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1993.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; cephenin ve cephe gerisinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve asayi\u015fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in tehcir karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011fhan Sar\u0131 bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda; Almanlar\u0131n Ermeni tehcirindeki rol\u00fcne ve bug\u00fcn tehciri neden \u201csoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d olarak kabul ettiklerine yan\u0131t aramaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":6600,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,66],"tags":[739,189,738,741,740,646,742],"coauthors":[194],"class_list":["post-6589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-siyaset-tarih","tag-alman-parlamentosu","tag-almanya","tag-asilsiz-ermeni-iddialari","tag-goltz-pasanin-hatirati","tag-liman-von-sanders","tag-sozde-ermeni-soykirimi","tag-von-der-goltz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6589","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/58"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6589"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6589\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6600"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6589"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6589"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}