{"id":6682,"date":"2019-04-04T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-04-04T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=6682&preview=true&preview_id=6682"},"modified":"2019-04-04T15:21:38","modified_gmt":"2019-04-04T12:21:38","slug":"rusyanin-ermeni-devleti-kurma-politikasinin-sonucu-karabag-sorunu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/rusyanin-ermeni-devleti-kurma-politikasinin-sonucu-karabag-sorunu\/","title":{"rendered":"Rusya’n\u0131n Ermeni devleti kurma politikas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu: Karaba\u011f sorunu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Karaba\u011f\u2019da meydana gelen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temeline inmeden \u00f6nce Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcne bakmak yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Yer isimleri b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n kimli\u011fini ortaya koyabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bir b\u00f6lgenin isminin nereden ve ne anlama geldi\u011fini bilmek oran\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131yabilmemize imkan sa\u011flar. \u00d6zellikle Ermenilerin y\u0131llarca \u00fczerinde hak iddia etti\u011fi Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n ismini bilmek b\u00f6lgenin as\u0131l sahibinin kim oldu\u011funu anlamam\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem te\u015fkil etmektedir. Karaba\u011f kelimesi \u2018\u2018Kara\u2019\u2019 kelimesinden dolay\u0131 olumsuz bir anlam \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor olsa da Eski T\u00fcrklerde bu kelimenin anlam\u0131 olumlu y\u00f6ndedir. Kara kelimesinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e anlam\u0131 \u2018\u2018Yi\u011fit, kahramand\u0131r.\u2019\u2019 (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 6-7) \u2018\u2018Ba\u011f\u2019\u2019 kelimesi ise Fars\u00e7a k\u00f6kenli bir kelimedir.<\/p>\n

(Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995, s. 6) Bu kelime, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n verimli topraklar\u0131 ve bu topraklarda yap\u0131lan ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcretiminden gelmektedir. (Mustafazade, 2014: 46) Eski T\u00fcrklerde, Kara kelimesi renk anlam\u0131ndan ziyade \u2018\u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. (Ahundlu, 2010: 57) Bu durum bu kelimenin pek \u00e7ok yerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bunlara Karakoyunlu ve Karahanl\u0131 Devletleri\u2019ni \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 6) Ruslar, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u2018Da\u011fl\u0131k\u2019\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelen \u2018\u2018Nagorno\u2019\u2019 kelimesiyle ifade etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Eski zamanlardan beri kullan\u0131lan Karaba\u011f isminin ilk olarak ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u0131ll\u0131klardan biri, XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda G\u00fcrc\u00fclere ait olan Tarihi Olay Defterleri\u2019dir. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995:18) Ayn\u0131 zamanda Fars ve Ermeni y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda da Karaba\u011f isminin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bilinmektedir. (Attar, 2005: 5)<\/p>\n

Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen T\u00fcrk-Ermeni m\u00fccadelesinin sebebini ve Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n neden bu denli \u00f6nemli yer i\u015fgal etti\u011fini anlayabilmemiz i\u00e7in Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinin co\u011frafyas\u0131na da bakmal\u0131y\u0131z. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze bir\u00e7ok medeniyete kucak a\u00e7an, \u00e7ok say\u0131da devlet taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmek istenen Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesi, Azerbaycan\u2019da bulunan K\u00fcr-Aras Nehirleri ile G\u00f6k\u00e7e G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc i\u00e7ine alan k\u0131sm\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. (\u00c7apraz, 2012:231) Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00fcneyinde \u0130ran\u2019\u0131, do\u011fusunda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131, bat\u0131s\u0131nda ise Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Karaba\u011f\u2019da, \u2018\u2018Demirci-Aslanl\u0131, K\u00fcpara, Berk\u00fc\u015fat, Bahab Yurt, Kebirli, Tal\u0131\u015f, Cevan\u015fir, Ha\u00e7\u0131n \u00c7ilebird, H\u0131rda-Para Dizah, Otuziki, \u0130yirmid\u00f6rt, Gara\u00e7orlu, Verend, A\u00e7an-T\u00fcrk\u2019\u2019 gibi vilayetler vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni k\u00f6yleri bulunan baz\u0131 yerlere\u00a0 \u2018\u2018Dizah, Verend, \u00c7ileb\u00fcrd, Ha\u00e7\u0131n ve Tal\u0131\u015f\u2019\u2019\u0131 \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. (Aslan, 1990: 50.)<\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli seyyahlar\u0131ndan biri olan Evliya \u00c7elebi, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n bulundu\u011fu mevkinin \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgeyi \u2018\u2018K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Azerbaycan\u2019\u2019 olarak ifade etmi\u015ftir. (Demir, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m vd. 1992: 42) Karaba\u011f\u2019da, y\u00fckseltinin kuzey-g\u00fcney aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve g\u00fcneye do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e y\u00fckseltinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 9) Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin olmas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli iklim ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinin ekonomisine katk\u0131da bulunan sekt\u00f6rlerden biri de yeralt\u0131 zenginlikleridir. Gibs, mermer, alt\u0131n, metal filizleri yeralt\u0131 zenginliklerinin birka\u00e7 \u00f6rne\u011fidir. (Attar, 2005: 7) Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinin ekonomisine katk\u0131s\u0131 bulunan di\u011fer sekt\u00f6r tar\u0131md\u0131r. Karaba\u011f\u2019da tar\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan verim al\u0131nabilecek yakla\u015f\u0131k 210 hektar alan vard\u0131r. 23.000 hektarl\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131mda sulu tar\u0131m yap\u0131labilirken kalan k\u0131s\u0131m ise yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/em> (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 10) Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde \u00f6nemli i\u015f kollar\u0131ndan olan \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fin ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da ekonomiye b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. (Ek\u015fi, 2010: 4)<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019ya giri\u015fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da ilerleyi\u015finin zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde, Ruslar, Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu b\u00f6lgedeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 kendili\u011finden Rusya\u2019ya tabi olurken, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek isteyen baz\u0131 hanlar ise Rus himayesine girmeyi reddetmi\u015ftir. Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanan hanl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki ve \u015eamah\u0131 Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Gence, Bak\u00fc, Kuba gibi hanl\u0131klar ise Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi vermi\u015ftir. (Ye\u015filot, 2010: 10-11) Rusya, hanl\u0131klar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeleri ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in 1801\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek i\u015fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fkomutan olarak Prens Sisianov\u2019u g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir. Sisianov, ba\u015fa ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez 1803 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gence b\u00f6lgesini i\u015fgale ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (T\u00fcrkmen, 2010: 114-116) Rusya\u2019n\u0131n buray\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesindeki neden, b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nemli askeri ve ticaret yollar\u0131 bulunduran bir mevkide yer almas\u0131d\u0131r. Gence i\u015fgal edildi\u011finde, Gence Han\u2019\u0131 Cavad Han bu b\u00f6lgeyi savunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysada Ruslar\u0131n askeri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131 elde edememi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fgalden sonra, Ruslar kendilerini savunan vatanda\u015flar\u0131 katletmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Rus \u00c7ari\u00e7esi Yelizaveta vermi\u015ftir. Bu durum, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n asimile politikas\u0131 uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00f6lgeye kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yerle\u015fmek istedi\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir. (Saray, 1993: 17) Nitekim Ruslar\u0131n, bu b\u00f6lgeyi Yelizavetpol olarak ifade etmeyenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ceza uygulamalar\u0131 ba\u015flatmas\u0131, asimile politikas\u0131n\u0131n belirtisidir. Ruslar, i\u015fgal ettikleri T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgelerinin isimlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek T\u00fcrklerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini haf\u0131zalar\u0131ndan silmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u0130smailov, 2014: 277)<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131lma faaliyetine direnen hanl\u0131klardan bir di\u011feri Bak\u00fc Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Bu hanl\u0131k, 1806 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fgale \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden General Tsitsianof, Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc teslim olmak zorunda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fgal edilen di\u011fer hanl\u0131k ise Tal\u0131\u015f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Bu i\u015fgal, topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verimli olmas\u0131 ve stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u0130ran\u2019a yak\u0131n olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Tal\u0131\u015f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, iyi bir \u015fekilde savunma yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Rus birliklerinin ek g\u00fc\u00e7 tedarik etmesinden dolay\u0131 1812\u2019de teslim olmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar, daha sonra \u015eeki ve \u015eirvan Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. (Saray, 1993:17) Bu i\u015fgaller, Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 rahats\u0131z etti\u011fi gibi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran da bu durumdan muzdarip olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften beri Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ettiklerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131rsak onlar\u0131n rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sebebini anlam\u0131\u015f oluruz. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Rusya\u2019n\u0131n daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenece\u011fi endi\u015fesi ve Ruslar\u0131n yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u015fgaller, bu b\u00f6lgede \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 bulunan \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019y\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a rahats\u0131z etmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6z konusu devletler Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran\u2019\u0131, Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n sonucunda \u0130ran, 1804 tarihinde Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f ilan etmi\u015ftir. \u0130brahim Han, sava\u015fta arada kalmaktan ve topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgal edilmesinden korkmu\u015ftur. Bu sebeple \u2018\u2018Denize d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131lana sar\u0131l\u0131r\u2019\u2019 misali, Rusya\u2019dan yard\u0131m istemi\u015f ve onlara itaatini bildirmi\u015ftir. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 71)<\/p>\n

\u0130brahim Han, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu zor durum nedeniyle 1805\u2019te Rusya ile K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya, bu antla\u015fma ile Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya vergi vermesi ve \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da bir Rus garnizonu bulundurmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla, Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. Bu madde, Rusya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumluyken Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumsuzdur. Antla\u015fman\u0131n kilit noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u2018\u2018Karaba\u011f topraklar\u0131n\u0131n, Rusya taraf\u0131ndan garantiye al\u0131nmas\u0131\u2019\u2019 maddesi, Karaba\u011f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en olumsuz maddelerden biridir. Nitekim bu madde Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi antla\u015fmada, Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumlu hi\u00e7bir madde bulunmamaktad\u0131r. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995: 68)<\/p>\n

Karaba\u011f ve \u015eeki Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z olan \u0130ran, Karaba\u011f\u2019a h\u00fccum etmeye karar vermi\u015ftir. Bu karar, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tepkisine ve \u0130ran ile Rusya aras\u0131nda sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Ruslar, Bak\u00fc \u00fczerinden hareket ederken \u0130ran ise \u015eu\u015fa Kalesi\u2019ne gelerek oray\u0131 muhasara etmi\u015ftir. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 72.) B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar olurken \u0130brahim Han ailesini Hankendi\u2019den g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeye karar vermi\u015ftir. \u0130brahim Han\u2019\u0131n bu karar\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131n bir sebebi, Rusya\u2019dan beklenen yard\u0131m\u0131n zaman\u0131nda gelmemesi; di\u011fer sebebi ise \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tehlikede olan ailesini korumak istemesidir. (Ek\u015fi, 2010: 159) \u0130brahim Han, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n, Karaba\u011f\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem olarak \u0130ran ile aras\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple Rusya, Hankendi\u2019yi terk eden ve her ihtimale kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ran ile ili\u015fkisini d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130brahim Han\u2019dan \u015f\u00fcphelenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, \u0130brahim Han\u2019\u0131n ve ailesinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 72)<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130brahim Han\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp Kafkasya\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerledi\u011fi zaman, etraf\u0131nda onu engelleyecek kimse yoktur. Bu durum, hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na ve \u00e7aresiz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren sava\u015flardan dolay\u0131 y\u0131prand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019y\u0131 durduracak g\u00fcce sahip de\u011fildir. \u0130ran, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 durdurmak istemi\u015fse de yenilgiye u\u011frayarak Rusya ile 1813 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, \u00d6z\u00fcnder, 1991:4) G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019a \u00e7ok k\u00fclfetli sonu\u00e7lar getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu antla\u015fmayla Rusya, Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Revan d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn hanl\u0131klar\u0131n kendilerine ait oldu\u011funu \u0130ran\u2019a kabul ettirmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran\u2019a kalan k\u0131s\u0131m ise Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Revan\u2019d\u0131r. (Onk, 1997: 48) Bu antla\u015fmayla \u0130ran, y\u0131llarca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgedeki haklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran, bu a\u011f\u0131r antla\u015fmaya uymak istememi\u015f ve eski topraklar\u0131na tekrar kavu\u015fma \u00fcmidiyle antla\u015fmay\u0131 bozarak Rusya ile sava\u015fmaya karar vermi\u015ftir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6nce, \u0130ran\u2019da bulunan Prens Men\u015fikov adl\u0131 el\u00e7iyi Rusya\u2019ya geri g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Daha sonra da \u0130ran ordusu, Abbas Mirza komutas\u0131nda toplanarak \u015eu\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 muhasara alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar, buray\u0131 iyi bir \u015fekilde korumu\u015f ve bu durum \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bu sava\u015ftaki ma\u011flubiyeti \u00fczerine iki taraf aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, 2003: 73)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay k\u00f6y\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan 1828 tarihli T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda, G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn maddeleri kabul edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Revan d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn Azerbaycan Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fmayla, Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Revan da Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. (Onk, 1997: 55) Bu antla\u015fmayla, iki taraf aras\u0131nda, Aras nehri s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edilerek bu nehrin kuzeyi Rusya\u2019ya, g\u00fcneyi ise \u0130ran\u2019a tahsis edilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece Azerbaycan\u2019daki toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bozulmu\u015ftur. (Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, 2011: 73) Ancak bu antla\u015fman\u0131n kilit noktas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden madde \u0130ran ile Rusya\u2018da ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n istedikleri b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine imkan veren maddedir. Bu madde y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren Azeri-Ermeni sorununun do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu antla\u015fma ile Rusya, b\u00fcy\u00fck avantaj elde etmi\u015ftir. Kafkasya topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015fme niyetinde olan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gayesi, bu antla\u015fma ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Onk, 1997: 55) Rusya bu olaydan sonra, g\u00f6\u00e7 maddesini kullanarak binlerce Ermeniyi, Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lan bu g\u00f6\u00e7ler, Kafkasya n\u00fcfusunda \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu te\u015fkil eden etnik unsurlar\u0131 tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ermeniler\u2019in Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ermenilerin, hem Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde hem de Anadolu\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131 1813 G\u00fclistan, 1828 T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay, 1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fmalar\u0131n uygulamaya konulmas\u0131nda, avantajl\u0131 taraf olan Rusya etkilidir. (Tohidi, 2014: 2) 1830\u2019lu y\u0131llardan itibaren T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7 iznine dayanarak \u0130ran\u2019dan, Rusya\u2019dan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Karaba\u011f\u2018a g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen Ermeniler; Karaba\u011f\u2019da gerek n\u00fcfus a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, gerekse sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sebep olmu\u015flard\u0131r. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995: 75) G\u00f6\u00e7ler, Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan sevilen Albay Lazarev taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. (Beydilli, 1988: 368) Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne izin vermesinin sebebi, kendisine tampon b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturma ve kendilerine yak\u0131n duran Ermeniler ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alma iste\u011fidir. (Mehmediyev, 2010: 90) Rusya\u2019n\u0131n amac\u0131 Slavla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Ruslar, b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni n\u00fcfusunu \u00e7o\u011faltmak i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapm\u0131\u015f ve bunda da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. (Mehmediyev, 2010: 45) G\u00f6\u00e7 edilen yerler aras\u0131nda en reva\u00e7ta olanlar Karaba\u011f, Nahcivan ve Erivan\u2019d\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7lerin nedeni, Hristiyan olan Ermenileri uygun bir yere yerle\u015ftirerek Ermeni devleti kurmak istenmesidir. (Beydilli, 1988: 366)<\/p>\n

1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019dan, Kafkasya\u2019ya toplam 41.524 bin Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen 40 bin ki\u015fi ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden gelen 84 bin ki\u015fi, b\u00f6lgede Ermeni n\u00fcfusunu artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da bir zamanlar \u00e7o\u011funluk durumunda olan T\u00fcrkleri az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna getirmi\u015ftir. (Attar, 2005: 39) K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Kafkasya\u2019ya, 400 bin Ermeni yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ahmedov, 2015b:98)<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7lerden \u00f6nceki n\u00fcfus ile sonraki n\u00fcfus aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli farklar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ruslar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 1832 tarihli n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131, Karaba\u011f B\u00f6lgesi’nde T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun ise az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Daha sonra Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesine yap\u0131lan Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ile bu durum de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni n\u00fcfusu artarken T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu azalmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, \u00d6z\u00fcnder, 1992: 5) Bu durumu say\u0131sal olarak ifade etmemiz gerekirse T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Azerbaycan\u2019da T\u00fcrklerin oran\u0131, %64.8\u2019den %58\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ferken Ermenilerin oran\u0131%34.8\u2019den %42\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, 2011: 68)<\/p>\n

Ermeniler, T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusuna hem can g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem de maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok zarar vermi\u015fler ve T\u00fcrkleri kendi yurtlar\u0131ndan atma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. (Attar, 2005: 39) Ermeniler, halk\u0131n can g\u00fcvenli\u011fine zarar verdikleri gibi T\u00fcrklerin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu mimari eserleri de tahrip etmi\u015flerdir. Ermeniler yerle\u015ftikleri b\u00f6lgelerde, yer adlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek T\u00fcrklerin izlerini silmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Na\u011f\u0131, Novruzbeyli, vd. 2014: 33)<\/p>\n

Ermenilerin i\u015fgal giri\u015fimlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan Kafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015ftirilen ve o zamandan beri Ruslarla iyi ge\u00e7inen Ermeniler, bu b\u00f6lgeye geldikten sonra sald\u0131rganl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum bize, Ermenilerin amac\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fayacak yer bulmak de\u011fil, devlet kurmak ve kendilerinden olmayanlara d\u00fc\u015fmanca davranmak oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Rusya, Ermenilerin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu faaliyetlere sesini \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 desteklemi\u015ftir. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6yle tav\u0131r sergilemesinde etkili olan sebeplerden biri, Slavla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131d\u0131r.\u2020 (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, \u00d6z\u00fcnder, 1991: 11) Ruslar\u0131n, XVIII. ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda takip ettikleri Slavla\u015ft\u0131rma yani Panislavizm politikas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn Slavlar\u0131 tek bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplama politikas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu politika ile Ruslar, Slavlar\u0131 bir araya toplayarak kendisine ba\u011flamak istemi\u015ftir. (\u00c7a\u011f, 2008: 205) Di\u011fer etken ise Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve \u0130ran’a kar\u015f\u0131 tampon b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmak istemesidir. Ruslar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler yerine, kendi dininden olan Hristiyan Ermenileri tercih etmi\u015flerdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar Ruslar\u0131n, 1828 T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay ve 1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 maddelerine dayanarak Ermenileri Kafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015ftirmelerine neden olmu\u015ftur. (Saray, 1993:22)<\/p>\n

Ruslar, Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Ermenilere ay\u0131rma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindedir. Bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in yer aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan Ruslar, Ermenilerin eskiden ikamet etti\u011fi Ararat b\u00f6lgesini uygun g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve toprak talebinde bulunurken bu durumun onlara avantaj sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu b\u00f6lgenin i\u00e7inde yer alan ve Ermenilerin eski ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 olan Ararat, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi yerler aras\u0131na girmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Rusya, bu b\u00f6lgeden vazge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Ermenileri, G\u00f6k\u00e7e G\u00f6l\u00fc ve Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirmeye karar vermi\u015ftir. Rusya, bu b\u00f6lgelerde Ermeni \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in iskan ve asimile politikas\u0131n\u0131 faaliyete ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1828 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Ermeniler Karaba\u011f\u2019a, Erivan\u2019a ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019a yerle\u015ferek Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesine sebep olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Rusya, Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve Erivan Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak Erivan merkezli bir Ermeni idaresi kurmu\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece tampon b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in Ermenileri ma\u015fa olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni Devleti Nah\u00e7\u0131van, Ordubad ve Erivan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgede I. Nikola\u2019n\u0131n tasdik verdi\u011fi fermanla 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. Rusya, bu fermanla amac\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ise de bu durum onlar\u0131n bile engelleyemeyece\u011fi y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrecek olan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara neden olmu\u015ftur. (Attar, 2005: 38-39)<\/p>\n

Ermenilerin g\u00fc\u00e7 kazan\u0131p Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerine sald\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihler 1905 y\u0131l\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etmektedir. Bu tarihlerde meydana gelen 1905 \u0130htilali, Rusya\u2019da milliyet\u00e7ilik duygular\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na ve Ruslar\u0131n, kendi milletinden olmayanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sert politika uygulamas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995: 80-81.) Bu politika Rus olmayan Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerini de zor duruma sokmu\u015ftur. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kendi milletinden olmayanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sert politika uygulamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri kendi vatanlar\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Attar, 2005: 49) Bu politikadan Rus olmayan Ermeniler de nasibini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sert politikalara kar\u015f\u0131 isyan hareketlerine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine I. Nikola, Prens Golitzin adl\u0131 bir valiyi Ermenilerin bulundu\u011fu yere atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karakter itibariyle sert miza\u00e7l\u0131 biri olan Prens Golitzin, Ermenileri hi\u00e7 sevmeyen birisidir. Prens Golitzin\u2019in bu tutumu Ermenilerin aleyhine olan baz\u0131 olaylara neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu olaylara Ermeni okullar\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da meydana gelen isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in valinin \u00e7ok sert tav\u0131r sergilemesi gibi \u00f6rnekler verilebilir. Bunun \u00fczerine Ermeniler, kendi aralar\u0131nda te\u015fkilatlanmaya ba\u015flayarak partiler kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ermenilerin kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu partiler aras\u0131nda Ta\u015fnak S\u00fctyun Partisi, bu te\u015fkilatlanman\u0131n temel yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu parti, halka sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulunup y\u00fczlerce masum insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olmu\u015ftur. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995: 80-81.)<\/p>\n

1905 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Ermeniler ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda m\u00fccadeleler tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Aras, Dedeyev, vd. 2008: 26) Ermeniler, sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulunarak binlerce T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olmu\u015ftur. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995: 84) Ermenilerin s\u00fcrekli olarak devam eden bu katliamlar\u0131, 1906\u2019da T\u00fcrklerin kendilerini savunmak i\u00e7in te\u015fkilatlan\u0131p Yukar\u0131 Karaba\u011f\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrklerin te\u015fkilatland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere yak\u0131n ya\u015fayan Ermeniler, kendilerini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in k\u00f6ylerini bo\u015faltmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve iki taraf aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan sava\u015f 9 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sava\u015fta te\u015fkilat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iyi olmayan Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, Ermenilerin, Ta\u015fnak S\u00fctyun adl\u0131 te\u015fkilatlan\u0131n \u00e7ok iyi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler ve iyi te\u015fkilatlanm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya karar vererek Gence\u2019de, Difai isimli te\u015fkilat\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkler b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ermenileri durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015f ve Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131z kesmeden devam etmi\u015ftir. (Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, 1995: 85-86.)<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Karaba\u011f<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1914 tarihinde ba\u015flayan I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ittifak devletlerinin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girmesi, sava\u015f\u0131n geni\u015f b\u00f6lgeye yay\u0131lmas\u0131na ve bir\u00e7ok cephenin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bu cephelerden biri Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kafkasya cephesidir. Bu cephede Ermeniler, Ruslara destek vererek T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u0131pratma politikas\u0131 uygulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (\u00d6zkul, 2014: 244) I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde, B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermeni Devleti kurma hayalinde olan Ermeniler, hem T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrklerine hem de Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerine b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar vermi\u015flerdir. Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde Ermenilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katliamlar, \u00e7ok say\u0131da masum insan\u0131n hayat\u0131na mal olmu\u015ftur. Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri ve T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrkleri dayan\u0131\u015fma yaparak Kafkas \u0130slam Ordusu\u2019nu kurmu\u015f ve bu sayede Ermenileri bir s\u00fcre durdurabilmi\u015flerdir. (Aras, Dedeyev, \u0130bayev, 2008: 27)<\/p>\n

11 Kas\u0131m 1917\u2019de Rusya\u2019da meydana gelen Ekim \u0130htilali, Kafkasya\u2019da milliyet\u00e7ilik duygular\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum, Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde hak iddia eden Ermenilerin ho\u015funa gitmi\u015f \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu sayede, kendi devletlerini kurabilmek i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat yakalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 81.) Ermeniler, Ruslar\u0131n deste\u011fini alabilmek i\u00e7in Bol\u015fevik kal\u0131b\u0131na girerek Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerine kar\u015f\u0131 katliam giri\u015fimlerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. (\u00d6zkul, 2014: 244-245)<\/p>\n

1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Brest-Litovsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Neciyev, 2011:168) Bu durumdan rahats\u0131z olan Ermeniler ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, i\u015fgal ettikleri topraklardan geri \u00e7ekilmek istememi\u015fler ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin aleyhine politika sergilemi\u015flerdir. Bunun \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de sava\u015fa devam etmenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu anlay\u0131p m\u00fccadele ederek Kars\u2019\u0131 ve Batum\u2019u d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu hazmedemeyen Ermeniler; geri d\u00f6nerken k\u00f6yleri yak\u0131p y\u0131km\u0131\u015flar, sivil vatanda\u015flar\u0131 katletmi\u015flerdir. Erivan\u2019a giden Ermenilerin bu b\u00f6lgede Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerine i\u015fkence etmeleri \u00fczerine, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri de kendilerini savunmak i\u00e7in giri\u015fimde bulunmu\u015f fakat muvaffak olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda ma\u011flup olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda imzalanan Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nde yer alan maddeler sebebiyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kafkasya\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Resulzade, haz. Akp\u0131nar, Murat, \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n, 1993:58) Bu durum, Kafkasya\u2019da Ermenilerin faaliyetlerini artt\u0131rmalar\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesinden istifade eden Ermeniler ve \u0130ngilizler buraya yerle\u015fip i\u015fgal giri\u015fiminde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Azerbaycan\u2019a yerle\u015fen \u0130ngilizler t\u0131pk\u0131 Ruslar gibi Ermenileri ma\u015fa olarak kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durumun, Ermenileri rahats\u0131z etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermeniler bu durumu \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizler Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra da Ermeniler burada i\u015fgallerine devam etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130\u015fgallerin ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmeyen Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesi, \u0130ngilizlerin Azerbaycan\u2019dan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra da rahatlayamam\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Azerbaycan\u2019da Sovyet d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015flarda Ermeniler ile Sovyetlerin uzla\u015famamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, Sovyetlerin Azerbaycan \u00fczerinde kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na \u00f6ncelik verdikleri i\u00e7in Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6zeten bir tutum sergiliyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra Sovyetlerin izledi\u011fi siyaset de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Azerbaycan b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan Sovyetler, Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde y\u00f6netimlerinin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ermeni deste\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131ndan, onlar\u0131n deste\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermenilere istedikleri yerler olan Zengezur\u2019u ve Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 verece\u011fine dair s\u00f6z vermi\u015ftir. Azerbaycan Sovyelist Y\u00f6netim Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Neriman Nerimanov, Ermenilere bir mektup yazarak h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulmas\u0131 halinde onlara Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 ve Zengezur\u2019u vereceklerini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Bunun sebebi, onlar\u0131n deste\u011fini almak istiyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Nerimanov 1920\u2019deki bir bildirisinde, Ermenilere ve T\u00fcrklere iyi ge\u00e7inmelerini, birbirlerine sald\u0131rmamalar\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etmi\u015ftir. Ermenistan\u2019da Sovyet y\u00f6netimi kurulduktan sonra, bu durumu kendi lehlerine \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Ermeniler, toprak taleplerinde \u0131srar etseler de toplanan komitede bu istekler reddedilmi\u015ftir. Komite, Karaba\u011f topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019da kalmas\u0131 ve Azeri-Ermeni bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Ruslar\u0131n, Azerbaycan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 Ermenilere vermek istememesinin sebebi, o s\u0131ralarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri Karaba\u011f\u2019dan vazge\u00e7ememesidir.<\/p>\n

Bu olaylardan sonra, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ilgilendiren yeni bir geli\u015fme ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olay T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrklerinin, d\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetlere kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Peki bu sava\u015f Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ne \u015fekilde etkilemi\u015ftir? Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyen Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrkleriyle Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesini de ilgilendiren bir antla\u015fma imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1921 tarihli Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla, Karaba\u011f ve Nahcivan Azerbaycan\u2019a ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 87-89)
\nRusya\u2019da meydana gelen 1917 \u0130htilali Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesini de etkilemi\u015ftir. Bu ihtilal ile Rusya, Kafkasya\u2019da daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu haklar\u0131 geri alm\u0131\u015f ve 11. K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu Azerbaycan Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece Azerbaycan\u2019da Sovyet Sosyalist d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler y\u0131llardan beri Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde hak iddia etmi\u015f ve bunun i\u00e7in faaliyetler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ermenilerin s\u00f6z konusu tavr\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zerk bir b\u00f6lge ilan edilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karaba\u011f; da\u011fl\u0131k (yukar\u0131), ova (a\u015fa\u011f\u0131), olmak \u00fczere 2\u2019ye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde Ermeniler, yukar\u0131 denilen da\u011fl\u0131k k\u0131sma yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve burada n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Aras, Dedeyev, vd. 2008: 28-29.)<\/p>\n

Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f sorunu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f sorununun i\u00e7eri\u011fine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, sorunun b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde son derecede \u00f6nemli rol oynayan glasnost ve perestroyka terimlerinden bahsetmek yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Nitekim bu terimlerin olu\u015fturmu\u015f oldu\u011fu zihniyet, Karaba\u011f sorununda son derece etkilidir. (S\u00fcleymanl\u0131, 2006: 247) A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k anlam\u0131na gelen glastnost, yeniden yap\u0131lanma anlam\u0131na gelen prestroyka d\u00f6nemleri, Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un 1985\u2019te iktidara ge\u00e7mesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 93) Bu terimler, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan halklara, daha \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015fayabilecekleri bir ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, 2011: 51.)
\nBu kavramlarla birlikte milletler dillerini, dinlerini, \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmseyebilmi\u015f ve halk aras\u0131nda milli bilin\u00e7 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bunda, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve bug\u00fcnden yararlanan \u015fairler ve yazarlar etkili olmu\u015ftur. Yazarlar, ge\u00e7mi\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan kahramanlar\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda i\u015flemeye ba\u015flayarak tarih bilincini olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum T\u00fcrk-Ermeni ili\u015fkilerini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve bu konuda \u00e7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumun i\u00e7indeki milli duygular hem eserlere hem de davran\u0131\u015flara yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (S\u00fcleymanl\u0131, 2006: 247.)<\/p>\n

Glastnost terimi, dil konusunda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikler meydana getirmi\u015ftir. Sovyetler, Rus\u00e7an\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yaparak ikinci dillerin s\u00f6nmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Azerbaycan\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler bu duruma tepki g\u00f6stererek dilin \u00f6nemi konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar, okullarda Azerbeycanl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilere Rus\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi konusunda bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmemek i\u00e7in bir tak\u0131m planlar olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin Rus\u00e7ay\u0131 kendi dillerinden daha iyi bilmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. (S\u00fcleymanl\u0131, 2006: 255-257) Ruslar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu milliyet\u00e7ilik faaliyetlerinden biri de yer adlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesidir. (S\u00fcleymanl\u0131, 2006: 259.) Ruslar yer adlar\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrklerin soyadlar\u0131na \u2018\u2018-ova, -ov, -ski, -ev, -n\u2019\u2019 ekleri koyarak Rus isimlerine benzetmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ruslar\u0131n yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bu politikalar, Azerbaycan\u2019da milli ruhunun canlanmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. (S\u00fcleymanl\u0131, 2006: 261)<\/p>\n

Ermeniler, Karaba\u011f\u2019da n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek kendilerine verilmesi i\u00e7in faaliyette bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde T\u00fcrkler, n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015ftururken Ermeniler az\u0131nl\u0131k durumundad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgeye Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildikten sonra Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerine kar\u015f\u0131 Ermenilerin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu katliamlar ve onlar\u0131 zorla yurtlar\u0131ndan atmalar\u0131 T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun azalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum bize Ermenilerin n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu zorla olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. (S\u00fcleymanl\u0131, 2006: 262-263) Ermeniler, hak iddia ettikleri Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde devlet kurabilmek ad\u0131na ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctler halka sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. (El\u00e7in Ahmedov, 2014a: 88-89)<\/p>\n

1960-1970\u2019de artan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcregelen bu faaliyetler, T\u00fcrklere ve T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar vermektedir. (Ayd\u0131n, 2001: 368) Ermeniler, Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinin yan\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran topraklar\u0131n\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irip b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Ermenistan Devleti kurmak istemi\u015ftir. (Ahundlu, 2010: 54) Ermeniler, bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek ad\u0131na propagandalar ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in ASALA ad\u0131nda bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Agop Agopyan, ASALA\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7erek ter\u00f6r faaliyetlerinin te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ASALA, kendileriyle ayn\u0131 amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan di\u011fer ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri Ebu Nidal ve Kara Eyl\u00fcl ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu i\u015fbirli\u011finin geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131da bulunan Agop Agopyan, New York Times gazetesinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. \u2018\u2018Bizim d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z T\u00fcrk rejimi, NATO ve bizimle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmayan Ermenilerdir.\u2019\u2019 (El\u00e7in Ahmedov, 2015b: 88-89)<\/p>\n

1980\u2019lerden 1992\u2019ye kadarki s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan, Sovyet\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 durumdayken Ermeniler, Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesini alabilmek i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131 giri\u015fiminde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum, s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgede \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgenin kime b\u0131rak\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 sorun haline gelmi\u015ftir. (Aras, 2015: 85) Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n yerel meclisi, Azerbaycan\u2019dan ayr\u0131lma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f fakat toplanan Azerbaycan Y\u00fcksek Sovyet\u2019i Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Divan\u0131, yerel meclisin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kararlar\u0131 kabul etmemi\u015ftir. Bu olaydan sonra SSCB Y\u00fcksek Sovyet\u2019i Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Divan\u0131, hem yerel meclisin hem de Azerbaycan Y\u00fcksek Sovyet\u2019i Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Divan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kararlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov, SSCB Y\u00fcce Sovyet\u2019i Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Divan\u0131\u2019ndaki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, Azerbaycan\u2019da olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k durumun fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsederek al\u0131nacak kararlar\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zetecek \u015fekilde olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 23)<\/p>\n

Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda meydana gelen deprem felaketi g\u00fcndeme oturmu\u015f ve olaylar\u0131n ge\u00e7ici olarak durmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6netim bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine Arkadi Volski ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00d6zel Y\u00f6netim Komitesi\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda, iki taraf aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeler devam etmi\u015ftir. 28 Kas\u0131m 1989 tarihinde, \u00d6zel Birlik Komitesi g\u00f6revden al\u0131narak eski d\u00fczen tekrar uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Say\u0131lan, 2007:24) Fakat SSCB, Ermeni haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in \u2018\u2018Karaba\u011f\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin korunmas\u0131\u2019\u2019 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ermeniler, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na tepki g\u00f6stererek haklar\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinin onlara verilmesini istemi\u015flerdir. Bu durum Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n tepkisine neden olurken \u00f6te yandan Ermeniler ise Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 kendilerine dahil etmek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 kararlar alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 95) Ermeniler, bu kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulayabilmek i\u00e7in Hankendi\u2019de ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131 kendi yurtlar\u0131ndan zorla \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Neciyev, 2011: 183-184)<\/p>\n

1988-1994 aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131z kesmeden devam etmi\u015ftir. (Mustafayev, 2015: 214) Sivil halk\u0131 hedef alan bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar sadece insanlara de\u011fil, b\u00f6lgeye de b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar vermi\u015ftir. (Memmedova, 2014: 90-91) 1990\u2019larda Ermenilerin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 faaliyetlerinin artt\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucu, b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar h\u0131z kesmeden devam etmi\u015ftir. Ermeniler, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin kendilerine katliam giri\u015fiminde bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 kendilerine ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in sebep aram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ermeniler 9 Ocak 1990 tarihinde Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesini \u2018\u2018ekonomik plan\u2019\u2019 \u00e7er\u00e7evesine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015flerdir. Sovyetler Ermenilerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z tutumuna m\u00fcdahale etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce gazeteleri kapamay\u0131 denemi\u015f, ard\u0131ndan da Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n, \u2018\u2018Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 ekonomik plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019\u2019 bildirisini ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kararlar, her iki ulusu da durduramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Neciyev, 2011: 183-184) Ermeniler bu karara uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in Birle\u015fik Ermeni Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni ilan etmi\u015ftir. Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f Ulusal Konseyi Azerbaycan\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesi, Azerbaycan Y\u00fcce Sovyet\u2019inin tepkisine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve kabul edilmemi\u015ftir. Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n, Sovyet y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 protestolar d\u00fczenlemesi, \u2018\u2018ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal\u2019\u2019 ilan edilmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 24-25) Sovyet Rusya bunun \u00fczerine, Bak\u00fc\u2019ye m\u00fcdahale etmeye karar vermi\u015ftir. Sovyet askerleri, sivil halka sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olmu\u015ftur. (Neciyev, 2011: 183-184)<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019da bu s\u0131ralarda, Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 darbe yap\u0131lmak istenmi\u015f fakat sonu\u00e7 elde edilememi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri’nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fma s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinden biri olan Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131, Karaba\u011f sorununu d\u0131\u015f politikaya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 26) 1991\u2019de SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Ermenilerin daha da rahat hareket etmelerinden muzdarip olan Gorba\u00e7ov, bu durumu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda dile getirerek Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019a ait oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde, Rus \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmesidir. 30 A\u011fustos 1991\u2019de Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesiyle birlikte Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n kaderi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ermeniler de Artsak Ermeni Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni ilan etmi\u015ftir. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 97)<\/p>\n

Ermeniler sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131nca, Sovyetler bunun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek ve meydana gelen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Rusya Federasyonu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Boris Yeltsin ve Kazakistan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nursultan Nazaryev toplant\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 24 Eyl\u00fcl 1991 tarihinde yap\u0131lan Jeleznevodsk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri sonucunda, ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sovyetlerin bu b\u00f6lgede kalmas\u0131 ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma halinde olan siyasi gruplar\u0131n silahlar\u0131 b\u0131rakarak b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 kararlar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Demirtepe, 2011: 5-6)<\/p>\n

Bu antla\u015fmada Ermenistan, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n, Azerbaycan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015ftir. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 98) Bu kararlar, uzun s\u00fcreden beri Karaba\u011f i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden Ermenilerin uygulamak istemeyece\u011fi kararlard\u0131r ki nitekim \u00f6yle de olmu\u015ftur. Bu antla\u015fma, b\u00f6lgeye k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bar\u0131\u015f getirdiyse de bir s\u00fcre sonra, T\u00fcrk-Ermeni m\u00fccadeleleri tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu engellemek i\u00e7in Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n idaresi, Milli Birlik Konseyi\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Demirtepe, 2011: 5-6)<\/p>\n

Ermeniler, 1992 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131nda Hocal\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcne sald\u0131rarak kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar ve ya\u015fl\u0131larda dahil olmak \u00fczere binlerce insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olmu\u015f ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken Ruslardan yard\u0131m alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 99) Katliam s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermenilerin, kendilerinde bulunmayan geli\u015fmi\u015f sava\u015f aletlerini kullanmas\u0131, onlara Ruslar\u0131n destek verdi\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 28) Bu katliamlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olan A. M\u00fctellibov\u2019un, sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yeterli \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6stermemi\u015f olmas\u0131, iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 99) Muttalibov\u2019dan sonra iktidara Ebulfeyz El\u00e7ibey ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 28)<\/p>\n

24 Mart 1992\u2019de, AG\u0130K (Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131), bu olaylar\u0131 incelemek \u00fczere, Minsk\u2019te toplanma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 99) Minsk grubunu, \u2018\u2018T\u00fcrkiye, Azerbaycan, Ermenistan, ABD, Beyaz Rusya, Rusya, \u0130talya, Fransa, Finlandiya, Hollanda, \u0130sve\u00e7, Portekiz ve Almanya\u2019\u2019 gibi \u00fclkeler olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve bu grup sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne dair \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (Asal, 2015: 62) D\u00fczenledikleri toplant\u0131da, aslen \u0130talyan olan Mario Rafaelli, Minsk ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6reve tayin edilmi\u015ftir. AG\u0130K\u2019in Minsk grubunu toplama karar\u0131 BM\u2019den (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler) tam not alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 99) Bunun \u00fczerine AG\u0130K, her iki milletin de ba\u015fkanlar\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek antla\u015fmaya varm\u0131\u015f fakat buna ra\u011fmen Ermeni-Azeri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler, i\u015fgallerine \u015eu\u015fa ve La\u00e7\u0131n Rayonu\u2019yla devam etmi\u015ftir. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003:100)<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019da, A. M\u00fctellibov\u2019un yerine gelen ve milliyet\u00e7i bir lider olan Ebulfeyz, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve bu konuda kararl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmi\u015ftir. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 29-30)<\/p>\n

AG\u0130K\u2019in yeniden toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenlemesi \u00fczerine, toplant\u0131da bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Karaba\u011f ile bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ve par\u00e7alanmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Rusya\u2019y\u0131 yanlar\u0131na alma niyetinde olan Ermeniler, Rusya ile antla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 101) Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, 7. Rus Askeri \u00dcss\u00fcn\u00fcn vaktinin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgilidir. Bu antla\u015fma ile Ermenistan, BDT\u2019ye (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Devletler Toplulu\u011fu\u2019na) kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat sorunun di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda bulunan Azerbaycan bu toplulu\u011fa al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ve bu durum Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n avantaj elde etmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 30) Bu antla\u015fmadan sonra Ermeniler, antla\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131na uymam\u0131\u015f ve yeniden sald\u0131r\u0131lara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, y\u0131llarca Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerini savunmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015f ve bu durum onlara te\u015fkilat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kez g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle onlar, te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirme ve kendilerini iyi bir \u015fekilde savunma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleden sonra Kazakistan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nazarbayev devreye girerek aray\u0131 yumu\u015fatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve Alma Ata Beyannamesi\u2019nin imzalanmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur. (\u00d6z\u00e7elik, 2003: 101-102)<\/p>\n

1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda, sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne dair Minsk grubu temsilcileri taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131ralarda Ermenilerin, Kelbecer\u2019e y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine sekteye u\u011framas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra, AG\u0130K ve Minsk grubu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri tekrar ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 30-31) Kelbecer Rayonu\u2019ndan, i\u015fgalcilerin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgeyi i\u015fgal edenin Karaba\u011f\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermeniler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekle yetinmi\u015flerdir. AG\u0130K ve Minsk grubunun, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fin i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu bilmelerine ra\u011fmen bunu dile getirmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131, Ermenilerin korundu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 31-32)<\/p>\n

AG\u0130K Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n dahil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Minsk grubu toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Azerbaycan\u2019da meydana gelen darbe olaylar\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sekteye u\u011framas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Azerbaycan\u2019da olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan faydalanan Ermeniler sald\u0131r\u0131 giri\u015fiminde bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunun sonucu olarak Azerbaycan\u2019a ait olan Akdere, Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, A\u011fdam Rayonu da Ermenilerin ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi yerler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar toplant\u0131lar\u0131n tekrar yap\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015f fakat sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 durduramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 34-35)<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememesindeki etken, Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Ermenilerin i\u015fgalci oldu\u011funu kabul etmemesinden ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Terter Rayonu\u2019nda meydana gelen Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra BDT toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Say\u0131lan, 2007: 35) Nihayetinde Azerbaycan ile Ermenistan aras\u0131nda imzalanan Bi\u015fkek Ate\u015fkes Protokol\u00fc ile b\u00f6lge, k\u0131smi huzura kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. (Demirtepe, 2011: 6-7)<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zerk bir b\u00f6lge olan Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesi 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren \u00f6nemli bir mesele haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun sebebi Ermenilerin bu \u00f6zerkli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgeyi i\u015fgal etmek ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na katmak istemeleridir. Bu durum y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen Karaba\u011f problemine neden olmu\u015ftur. (Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, 2011: 13.)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen Karaba\u011f problemi, sadece Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan i\u00e7in de\u011fil d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemini korumaktad\u0131r. Minsk grubu, AG\u0130K, Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlerde bulunmu\u015f olsa da hala varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemesindeki neden, s\u00f6z konusu devletlerin soruna tarafl\u0131 yakla\u015fmas\u0131 ve olaylar\u0131n yeterince irdelenmemesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. (Neciyev, 2011: 184.) S\u00f6z konusu devletler topraklar\u0131n\u0131n %20\u2019sini kaybeden Azerbaycan\u2019dan taviz vermesini istemi\u015ftir. Bu durum Azerbaycan\u2019dan Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f\u2019daki topraklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mesini beklediklerinin g\u00f6stergesidir. (Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, 2011: 290-291.)<\/p>\n

Sorun bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeyi, \u00f6zellikle de ekonomik anlamda olumsuz bir \u015fekilde etkilemesine ra\u011fmen hala \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememektedir. Sorunu Karaba\u011f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131rsak Karaba\u011f, hem ekonomik anlamda olumsuz etkilenmi\u015f hem de yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131larla insan haklar\u0131 ihlal edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fgaller ve katliamlar insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemsenmedi\u011finin en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesidir.
\nKaraba\u011f sorununu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmek amac\u0131yla hem Azerbaycan temsilcileri hem de Ermenistan temsilcileri aras\u0131nda zaman zaman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131l\u0131yor olsa da sonu\u00e7 elde edilememi\u015ftir. Karaba\u011f sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in iki devletinde bunu istemesi gerekir. Sorunla ilgilenen Avrupa devletleri, Ermenilerin haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak istememektedir. Bu durum Karaba\u011f sorununun i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 imkans\u0131z bir hale sokmu\u015ftur. (Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, 2011: 287.)<\/p>\n

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\nT\u00dcRKMEN, Z., (1996). Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Rus \u0130daresine Ba\u011flanma Meselesi. (Cilt 3). Ankara: Avrasya Et\u00fctleri.
\nYE\u015e\u0130LOT, O., (2010). Ate\u015f \u00c7emberinde Azerbaycan. \u0130stanbul: Yeditepe.
\nYILDIRIM, D., \u00d6z\u00f6nder, M. C., (1991). Karaba\u011f Dosyas\u0131. Ankara: T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Bu yaz\u0131, Z\u00fchre Nur Pehlivan’\u0131n Asia Minor Studies – International Journal of Social Science isimli dergi i\u00e7in kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaledir. (Pehlivan, Z. N. (2016). Rusya’n\u0131n Ermeni Devleti Kurma Politikas\u0131n\u0131n Sonucu: Karaba\u011f Sorunu, Asia Minor Studies – International Journal of Social Science, 4(8):94-109)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze s\u00fcregelen” B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkasya Sorunu” ve Rusya’n\u0131n Panislavizm Politikas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 as\u0131ls\u0131z Ermeni iddialar\u0131… Kafkasya’n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k hesab\u0131 Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f B\u00f6lgesi’ne derin bir yolculuk…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6723,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,66,67,69],"tags":[771,738,761,54,765,78,772,766,753,636,767,630,770,760,774,769,768,164,670,764,773,441,762,763,609,187,308],"coauthors":[4],"class_list":["post-6682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-siyaset-tarih","category-tehditler","category-yakin-cografya","tag-ararat","tag-asilsiz-ermeni-iddialari","tag-asimilasyon","tag-azerbaycan","tag-daglik-karabag","tag-devlet","tag-ermeni-devleti","tag-ermeniler","tag-ermenistan","tag-goc","tag-gurcistan","tag-iran","tag-kafkas-sorunu","tag-kafkasya","tag-karisiklik","tag-milli-benlik","tag-panslaviz","tag-rusya","tag-savas","tag-sinir-sorunu","tag-siyaset-tarih","tag-sovyetler-birligi","tag-tehdit","tag-toprak","tag-turk","tag-turkiye","tag-turkluk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6682"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6682\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6723"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6682"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=6682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}