{"id":7287,"date":"2019-05-26T10:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-05-26T07:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=7287&#038;preview=true&#038;preview_id=7287"},"modified":"2019-05-26T03:29:57","modified_gmt":"2019-05-26T00:29:57","slug":"imam-maturidinin-bilgi-kurami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/imam-maturidinin-bilgi-kurami\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130mam Maturid\u00ee&#8217;nin bilgi kuram\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7315 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/imam-maturidi-t\u00fcrbesi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1550\" height=\"568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/imam-maturidi-t\u00fcrbesi.jpg 1550w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/imam-maturidi-t\u00fcrbesi-150x55.jpg 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/imam-maturidi-t\u00fcrbesi-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/imam-maturidi-t\u00fcrbesi-768x281.jpg 768w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/imam-maturidi-t\u00fcrbesi-1024x375.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1550px) 100vw, 1550px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0130mam M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki din\u00ee anlay\u0131\u015flar ve felsef\u00ee ak\u0131mlar\u0131n temsilcileri ile tart\u0131\u015fabilecek bir zemin ve tutarl\u0131 bir bilgi kuram\u0131 olu\u015fturmakla i\u015fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; kendi din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, genel kabul g\u00f6ren vahiy ve ak\u0131l esaslar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak savunmu\u015ftur. Onun do\u011fru din\u00ee bilgiye ula\u015fma ve din\u00ee-toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemedeki y\u00f6ntem ve yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00d6ncelikle tefekk\u00fcre (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye), akla, ak\u0131l erdirmeye ve delil g\u00f6stermeye vurgu yapan Kur\u2019an ayetleri ve Hz. Muhammed\u2019in uygulamalar\u0131;<\/li>\n<li>\u0130kinci derecede, de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni huk\u00fbk\u00ee-siyas\u00ee sorunlar\u0131, toplum yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyen Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131;<\/li>\n<li>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak da \u015fer\u2019i h\u00fck\u00fcmleri toplumun yarar\u0131na dayand\u0131ran ve din\u00ee sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesinde akla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir n\u00fcfuz alan\u0131 tan\u0131yan Eb\u00fb Hanife\u2019nin ak\u0131lc\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi etkili olmu\u015ftur. [Kutlu, 2011(b)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere ayet ve hadisler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, hayat\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan olay ve olgular ise s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zd\u0131r. \u0130mam M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni olay ve olgulara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretme i\u00e7in mevcut din\u00ee bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda akl\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. Onun bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131n ve kurumlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, insanlar ve toplumlar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin \u00e7e\u015fitlendi\u011fi d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130slam \u00e2leminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni din\u00ee ve huk\u00fbk\u00ee sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in imk\u00e2n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f;<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam dininin ir\u015fad\u0131 ve savunulmas\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n iknas\u0131, samimi olarak akla tak\u0131lan hususlar\u0131n halli, din d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 ile m\u00fccadele gibi alanlarda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015f ve<\/li>\n<li>\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserleri incelendi\u011finde, M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee\u2019nin bilgi kuram\u0131n\u0131 Kur\u2019an\u2019dan hareketle olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve \u201cSiz, hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey bilmezken Allah, sizi analar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n karn\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131; \u015f\u00fckredesiniz diye size kulaklar, g\u00f6zler ve kalpler (i\u00e7 duyu) verdi\u201d (Nahl suresi,78) ayetine dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee, bu ayette ge\u00e7en<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201ckulaklar\u201d kelimesini sesleri i\u015fitip ve ne oldu\u011funu belirleme (i\u015fiten);<\/li>\n<li>\u201dg\u00f6zler\u201di \u015fekil ve renkleri birbirinden ay\u0131rma (g\u00f6ren);<\/li>\n<li>\u201ckalpler\u201di ise, Kur\u2019an\u2019da akla, ak\u0131l erdirmeye vurgu yapan ayetlerle g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek; g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen ve kulakla tespit edilemeyen, ki\u015finin lehine ve aleyhine olacak \u015feyleri belirlemeye yarayan (ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fcten) nesneleri olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. [Kutlu, 2011(b)]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Verilen bu bilgilerden ve Kit\u00e2b\u00fc&#8217;t-Tevh\u00eed\u2018deki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee\u2019nin, kalpler ile ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi i\u015faret etmekte; i\u015fitmeyi haberlere, g\u00f6rmeyi duyulara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Buradan hareketle geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilgi kuram\u0131nda bilgi edinme yollar\u0131n\u0131 (esbab-\u0131 marifet) duyular (\u0131yan), haber (nakil) ve ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme (nazar) \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klar. Duyuyla ve haberle edinilen bilginin do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l yapar. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemede mevcut dini bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda akl\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerir. Ona g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n<p>1) Ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme: Ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve derinlemesine analizler (tefekk\u00fcr) ile bilgiye ula\u015fmay\u0131, alternatifli tahminlerde bulunmay\u0131 ve ortaya at\u0131lan fikirlerde de\u011ferlendirmeler yapmay\u0131 kapsar. Bu suretle tevhidi (Allah\u2019\u0131n birli\u011fini ve benzerinin olmamas\u0131n\u0131), risaleti (peygamberlik makam\u0131n\u0131) ve benzerlerini bilmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek t\u00fcrden tecr\u00fcbelere ve tefekk\u00fcrle ortaya konan kan\u0131tlara ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2) Haberler: Dini bilgiye ula\u015fmada haberler (1) \u0130lah\u00ee hitap yolu [Vahiy (Kur\u2019an)] ile duyurulanlar ve (2) Peygamberimize at\u0131f yap\u0131larak ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lanlar (hadisler)dir. Sem\u00ee olarak isimlendirilen bu iki haber kayna\u011f\u0131, genel olarak \u015feriat\u0131n ve bilemedi\u011fimiz ahiret gibi gaip \u00e2leminin bilgilerini kapsar. Bunlar; Allah el\u00e7ilerinin getirdi\u011fi ve ancak haber verilme yolu ile \u00f6\u011frenilebilen veya hakikatleri sadece Allah taraf\u0131ndan bilinebilen haberleri i\u00e7erirler. \u0130nsanlar, Allah\u2019\u0131n emir ve yasaklar\u0131n\u0131, \u015feriat\u0131n ve bilemedi\u011fimiz ahiret gibi gaip \u00e2leminin bilgilerini bu haberlerle \u00f6\u011frenirler ve kendileri i\u00e7in bunu bir delil olarak kabul ederler.<\/p>\n<p>3) D\u0131\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 Duyular (Be\u015f duyular, kanaat ve tepkiler): Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 duyu organlar\u0131yla (be\u015f duyuyla) ve i\u00e7 duyuyla yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler, idrak ile e\u015fyan\u0131n ve varl\u0131klar\u0131n bilgisine ula\u015fmay\u0131 (duyuyla gelen alg\u0131y\u0131) ihtiva eder. M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee, duyular\u0131n kendine has bilgi alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnya ve i\u00e7indeki varl\u0131klar\u0131, g\u00f6k cisimleri; g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclen yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f di\u011fer fiziksel varl\u0131klar\u0131; lezzet, zevk ve \u015fehvet; ac\u0131 ve hayret; a\u00e7l\u0131k ve susuzluk, sesler ve renkler; cisimlerin hareketi, s\u00fckunu, birle\u015fmesi, da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015fekli ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc gibi \u015feyleri saymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>D\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 duyularla ula\u015f\u0131lan bilgiler;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c7evremizde g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimiz ve \u015fahit oldu\u011fumuz Allah\u2019\u0131n birli\u011fine ve benzerinin olmamas\u0131na dela-let eden varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve olaylar\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fan yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u00f6rneklerini ve<\/li>\n<li>Resullerin, peygamberlik iddialar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamalar\u0131 ve risaletlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Allah\u2019\u0131n kendilerine verdi\u011fi mucizeleri, bunlara tan\u0131kl\u0131k eden di\u011fer kan\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7erirler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Her bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131da verilen kendilerine has alanlar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131, di\u011fer alanlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi sa\u011flamayacaklar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bir bilginin do\u011frulu\u011funa insanlar\u0131 iknada bazen birden fazla kaynaktan yararlan\u0131labilir. Bir konuda bazen bir, bazen iki, bazen da \u00fc\u00e7 bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131ndan da yararlan\u0131labilir. M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee, bu \u00fc\u00e7 yolla elde edilen din\u00ee bilgileri, Allah\u2019\u0131n ayetleri (i\u015faretleri) ve kan\u0131tlar\u0131 (delilleri) kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirir. M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re, gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece, bu \u00fc\u00e7 grup kan\u0131ttan birisi, ikisi veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ile do\u011frulanan bilgi kesindir. Yukar\u0131da verilen i\u015faret ve delillerden olu\u015fan Allah\u2019\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ink\u00e2r edenler \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n ayetlerini ink\u00e2r eden\u201d kimselerdir. Allah, \u00fc\u00e7 bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131yla ula\u015f\u0131lan delillerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 Peygamberlere kan\u0131tlar (mucizeler\/ayetler) olarak vermi\u015ftir. Bu bilgi kaynaklar\u0131 ile sunulan deliller insanlar\u0131 inanmaya zorlamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ikna i\u00e7indirler. \u0130mana zorlayan deliller, ki\u015finin irade ve iste\u011fini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ki\u015fi inanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, ger\u00e7ekte ikna olmad\u0131k\u00e7a (kalben tasdik etmedik\u00e7e) inanm\u0131\u015f olmaz. M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u201cher inanan\u0131n, tefekk\u00fcrle ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya ak\u0131l s\u00fczgecinden ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi sa\u011flam bilgi ve delillerle inanc\u0131n\u0131 desteklemesi \u015fartt\u0131r\u201d. Bunu ba\u015faramayan kimsenin taklit yoluyla inanmas\u0131, mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc taklit, taklit edenin vicdan\u0131nda dinlerin ve mezheplerin do\u011frulu\u011funun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olamaz.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda \u0130mam M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee\u2019nin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilgi kuram\u0131n\u0131n benzeri uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Planlanan bir bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmada konu hakk\u0131nda literat\u00fcr taramas\u0131 yap\u0131larak ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya konmakta. Uygun materyal ve y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131larak deney\/deneme yap\u0131lmakta. Deneyden\/denemeden elde edilen g\u00f6zlemler ve veriler literat\u00fcrde verilenlerle kar\u015f\u0131-la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p ak\u0131lla yorumland\u0131ktan sonra bir sonuca var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. M\u00e2tur\u00eed\u00ee\u2019nin \u201cbilgi kuram\u0131\u201dndaki \u201chaberler\u201d, literat\u00fcr taramas\u0131na; \u201cbe\u015f duyuyla ve i\u00e7 duyuyla yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler ve idrak\u201d, deneylerden\/ denemelerden elde edilen g\u00f6zlemler ve verilere; \u201cak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme\u201d de deney\/denemelerden elde edilen bulgular\u0131n literat\u00fcrde verilen bilgiler ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yorumlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130mam Maturid\u00ee, din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l esaslar\u0131na da ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak savunmu\u015ftur. Geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilgi kuram\u0131nda bilginin kaynaklar\u0131; ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme, haberler, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f duyulard\u0131r. Maturid\u00ee&#8217;ye g\u00f6re duyu ve haberle edinilen bilginin do\u011frulamas\u0131n\u0131, ak\u0131l yapar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":1503,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[61,2],"tags":[906,905],"coauthors":[152],"class_list":["post-7287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-din","category-genel","tag-imam-maturidi","tag-maturidilik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/53"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7287"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7287\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7287"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=7287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}