{"id":7336,"date":"2019-05-17T20:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-05-17T17:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=7336&preview=true&preview_id=7336"},"modified":"2019-05-17T15:19:55","modified_gmt":"2019-05-17T12:19:55","slug":"irani-perslestiren-surec-tarihi-gelisim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/irani-perslestiren-surec-tarihi-gelisim\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ran\u2019\u0131, Persle\u015ftiren s\u00fcre\u00e7: Tarihi geli\u015fim"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/h2>\n

\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n tarihsel geli\u015fimi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00d6ncelikle ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n temel konusu olan bu meseleyi ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 soru sormak gerekir. Uluslararas\u0131 bir antla\u015fmadan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u0130ran d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal bir mant\u0131k muhakemesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde incelemek ve bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 do\u011furan temel nedenleri ve antla\u015fman\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in birden fazla soruya ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bu uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmadan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u0130ran d\u0131\u015f politika tarihini kronolojik olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmak, konuyu olaylar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fine inerek sorgulamak, bize do\u011fru cevaplar\u0131 bulmakta yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. O y\u00fczden konuyu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ve sorgulamaya \u015fu sorularla ba\u015flayabiliriz:<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u015fimdiki Pers kimli\u011fine odaklanm\u0131\u015f bir \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 olu\u015fturan bir antla\u015fma var m\u0131d\u0131r, varsa bunlar hangileridir? B\u00f6yle bir antla\u015fma daha \u00f6nce, ne zaman, nerede ve hangi d\u0131\u015f dinamikler veya egemen g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran\u2019daki toplumlara dayat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Dayat\u0131lan bu antla\u015fmalar hangi h\u00fck\u00fbmet taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015f, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmu\u015f ve nas\u0131l g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr?
\nAra\u015ft\u0131rma sorular\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bir \u015fekilde cevaplamak, bu antla\u015fmalar\u0131 do\u011furan temel sebepleri iyi anlamak ve konuya daha geni\u015f bir a\u00e7\u0131dan bakmak i\u00e7in tarih\u00ee s\u0131ralama yapmam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran, jeopolitik konumu itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrk ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ran-Pers kimli\u011fi ile tan\u0131t\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bu co\u011frafya, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu topraklard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu topraklarda T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck tarih\u00ee ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ve mevcudiyeti vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ve arkeolojik kaz\u0131lara g\u00f6re T\u00fcrklerin \u00d6n Asya\u2019ya geli\u015fi hi\u00e7 de Sel\u00e7uklularla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrklerin bu topraklara geli\u015fi milattan on bin y\u0131l \u00f6nceye uzan\u0131yor. Nitekim bir\u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan S\u00fcmer ve Elam gibi ilk be\u015fer\u00ee uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n eski T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. On bin y\u0131ldan fazla bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan ve mek\u00e2n olarak Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u0131ss\u0131z bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndan tutun, Orta Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ta\u015f heykeller ve yap\u0131tlar, T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7ok eskilerden beri bir Avrasya milleti oldu\u011funu ispat ediyor. Anla\u015f\u0131lan T\u00fcrkler \u201cklasik\u201d Bat\u0131c\u0131 tarih tezinin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi Orta Asya\u2019dan gelmemi\u015fler, aksine bu topraklarda bin y\u0131llar boyunca ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n kurucular\u0131 olmu\u015flar. T\u00fcrkler, bug\u00fcn \u0130ran denilen co\u011frafyada milattan \u00f6nceki tarihte S\u00fcmer, Elam, Aratta (Alatau), Saka, \u0130skit, Manna (Mannu) gibi uygarl\u0131klarla ba\u015flayarak \u0130slam\u2019dan \u00f6nceki tarihte Akhun (Eftalitler) ve Hazar gibi T\u00fcrk imparatorluklar\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130slam\u2019dan sonra ise bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 Karahanl\u0131 ve Gaznelilerden ba\u015flayarak Selcuklular, Harezm\u015fahlar, \u0130lhanl\u0131lar, Akkoyunlular ve Karakoyunlularla devam etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra Safevilerle \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yeni bir alternatif \u015eii-ideolojik devlet yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015f, Af\u015far ve Kacar s\u00fclalesi ile bu yap\u0131 1925 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130ran, son 11 as\u0131r boyunca kesin bir dille T\u00fcrklerin n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturarak y\u00f6nettikleri bir co\u011frafya olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Yani T\u00fcrkler, on bin y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir tarihi kapsayan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir egemenlik ve uygarl\u0131k in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir.
\nHindistan\u2019da Bab\u00fcrl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na (1858) kadar, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar, Orta Asya\u2019da K\u0131rg\u0131z, Kazak, T\u00fcrkmen ve \u00d6zbekler taraf\u0131ndan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar ve nihayet yakla\u015f\u0131k 650 y\u0131l Anadolu ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya Yar\u0131madas\u0131 da d\u00e2hil, Orta Do\u011fu, Balkanlar ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyeti sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel anlamda d\u00fcnya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, as\u0131rlarca T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fakat 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hindistan\u2019da Bab\u00fcrl\u00fcler, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren de di\u011fer T\u00fcrk devletleri ve hanl\u0131klar\u0131 art arda hezimete u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Hindistan \u0130ngilizler, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Ruslar, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu i\u015fgaller, an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgelerde bundan sonra uzun s\u00fcrecek bir s\u00fcr\u00fc ihtilaf, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve sava\u015f alanlar\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnya sahnesinde T\u00fcrklerin etkisini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve i\u015fgal edilen s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen halklar durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ama 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar halen ayakta durabilmi\u015f iki b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk devleti vard\u0131r: Osmanl\u0131 ve Kacar T\u00fcrk devletleri. Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin t\u00fcm bask\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu iki devletin uzun s\u00fcre ayakta durabilmesinin temel nedeni, olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet gelene\u011fine sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.
\nR\u00f6nesans sonras\u0131 art arda bilim ve teknolojik ke\u015fiflerle ilerleyen Hristiyan Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131, belli nedenlerden dolay\u0131 Orta \u00c7a\u011f gelene\u011finden kopamayan, bilimsel ve teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan geride kalan ve bu y\u00fczden olduk\u00e7a zor durumda olan T\u00fcrk devletlerini bask\u0131 alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumsal dayana\u011f\u0131 olmayan ve derin devlet gelene\u011fine sahip olmayan di\u011fer T\u00fcrk \u00fclkelerini veya T\u00fcrklerin y\u00f6netti\u011fi di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri birer birer i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel, sanayi, teknolojik ve asker\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne geli\u015fmekte olan Hristiyan ve Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131, bu kadar vahim bir atmosferde \u015eii-S\u00fcnni kavgalar\u0131n\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakmay\u0131 beceremeyen, fakat art arda kan kaybetmelerine ra\u011fmen ayakta durmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki iki T\u00fcrk devletine (Osmanl\u0131 ve Kacar) son darbeyi vurmak i\u00e7in uygun ko\u015fullar\u0131 elde etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bu tarih\u00ee kronolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m \u201cBATICI TAR\u0130H TEZ\u0130\u201dni savunan tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan anti-bilimci \u201cideolojik\u201d bir tarih tezi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunun sebebi de a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131 istenen halklar\u0131n \u00f6nce kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sapt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczdendir ki Avrupa ve Amerika Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 olan Antik Yunan tarihine ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na alternatifmi\u015f gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve kendi tarih tezi olarak benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n tarih boyunca Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Antik Yunan\u2019\u0131 \u00f6n plana almas\u0131 ve muhte\u015fem Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerici ve tiranl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi olarak karakterize etmesi, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131, kendi tarih tezini Antik Yunan\u2019a dayand\u0131rmakla eski bir uygarl\u0131k oldu\u011funu ispat etmenin pe\u015findedir. Bunun tersine Do\u011fu\u2019nun tarihini ink\u00e2r etmeye ve sapt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, Amerikan ve Avrupa yap\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm tarih\u00ee filmlerde Do\u011fulular uygarl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131, vah\u015fi ve kan i\u00e7en, Do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal devam\u0131 olan Yunan ve Rum medeniyetini ise \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve uygar bir halk olarak tasvir etmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne koydu\u011fumuzda kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde yerle\u015fmi\u015f T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar korunan \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ger\u00e7ek tarihini, Pers denilen toplama gruplardan[1]<\/a> olu\u015fan kitleye mal etmelerinin nedenini anlam\u0131\u015f oluyoruz.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Merkezli Tarih tezini savunan tarih\u00e7ilerin, Eski Yunan Medeniyetini parlak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in bir kere Do\u011fu\u2019nun ilerici Irmaklar aras\u0131 (Mezopotamya) medeniyetini yok saymalar\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bunun i\u00e7in de onlar, M.\u00d6. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ilerici Irmaklar aras\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n vah\u015fi kavimlerin istilas\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi, tarihin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak ele alm\u0131\u015flar ve do\u011funun tarihini vah\u015fi, kan i\u00e7en ve do\u011fu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6men Pers denilen gruplara mal etme yoluna gitmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Burada, s\u00f6zde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile ilgili k\u0131sa bir not d\u00fc\u015fmemizde yarar vard\u0131r diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam egemenli\u011finin Do\u011fu\u2019da ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren, h\u00e2l\u00e2 bizim i\u00e7in tam ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f eski tarih \u00fczerinden, Hint-Avrupa birlikteli\u011fi fikrini ileri s\u00fcrerek, s\u00f6zde Pers Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> iddialar\u0131, bir b\u00fcy\u00fck kumpas olarak kurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 550 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan M.S. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131la, yani \u0130slam\u2019a kadarki 1200 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem, b\u00fcy\u00fck Pers Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalanlar\u0131yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim bu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski ve zengin Irmaklar aras\u0131 \u201cMezopotamya\u201d Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 arka plana itmi\u015f ve Do\u011fu tarihinin M.\u00d6. 550 y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u00f6zde b\u00fcy\u00fck, ama asl\u0131nda vah\u015fi Ahamenidlerle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrini d\u00fcnyaya dikta etmi\u015flerdir. Son d\u00f6nem tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bu fikrin ne kadar siyasal ve do\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015f bir kumpas oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu 1200 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7, Do\u011fu\u2019nun uygarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi de\u011fil, aksine vah\u015fili\u011fin, yerli halklara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan amans\u0131z ve y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, gerili\u011fin ve durgunlu\u011fun egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nem olmu\u015ftur. K\u0131sacas\u0131 M.\u00d6. 550 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren, karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclen ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlara maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan Ortado\u011fu halklar\u0131, M.S. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u0130slamiyet\u2019le m\u00fc\u015f\u015ferref olarak, yeniden \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kavu\u015farak, canlanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rahmetli Nasir Purpirar\u2019\u0131n 16 ciltlik \u201c\u0130ran Tarihinin Temelleri \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d adl\u0131 eseri -tam kat\u0131lmasam da- konuyla ilgili olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nasir Purpirar, 1200 y\u0131ll\u0131k bu d\u00f6nemi, yerli olmayan kuzey stepli vah\u015fi kavimlerin, sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucunda kurulan, yerli halklar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla devam ettirilen, Ortado\u011fu Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 mahveden, geli\u015fimden yoksun b\u0131rakan, her \u015feyi geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcren, b\u00f6lgeyi karanl\u0131klara g\u00f6men bir vah\u015fi ve vahim Tiranl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi olarak karakterize ediyor. Ama di\u011fer \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re Nasir Purpirar\u2019\u0131n bu de\u011ferli fikirleri, Ahamenidler ve Sasaniler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.\u00a0 Yani M.\u00d6. 550 y\u0131l\u0131ndan M.\u00d6. 350 y\u0131l\u0131na kadarki, Ahamenidleri ve M.S. 230. y\u0131ldan, \u0130slama kadarki Sasani vah\u015filiklerini kaps\u0131yor. Di\u011fer 600 y\u0131l\u0131n ilk 150 y\u0131l\u0131, \u0130skender\u2019in devamc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan di\u011fer 400 y\u0131l\u0131 ise Ar\u015fak T\u00fcrkleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir ki, bu iki d\u00f6neme ait de\u011ferli maddi deliller de bunu ispat etmektedir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tarihsel yap\u0131da antla\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/h2>\n

19.y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca b\u00fct\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00fc\u00e7ler b\u00f6lgesel siyasetlerinde bu iki T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletine (Osmanl\u0131 ve Kacar) kar\u015f\u0131 kendi ihtilaflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p birlikte hareket etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flar ve bu konuda d\u00f6rt \u00f6nemli antla\u015fma imzalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, kismen Prusya(Almanya) sonralar \u0130talya gibi bat\u0131 devletleri taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan \u201cKUTSAL B\u0130RL\u0130K<\/strong>\u201dlerdir. Bat\u0131l\u0131lar \u00e7e\u015fitli zamanlarda imzalam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 bu ittifaklarla, ilk \u00f6nce T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n cephesinde bulunan Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyan n\u00fcfuslu Avrupa topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan koparmay\u0131 hedef alm\u0131\u015flar. Bu y\u00f6nde de daha \u00e7ok teorik zeminde Jean Jacques Rousseau\u2019nun \u2018Devlet-Millet Tezini\u2019 eylemlerine alet ederek kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

8 Nisan 1904 tarihinde Londra\u2019da \u0130ngiltere ile Fransa aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015f \u201cEntente cordiale \u2013 Samimi Anla\u015fma<\/strong>\u201d isimli s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6nemlidir. Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131nca 1907 tarihli \u0130ngiltere-Rusya antla\u015fmas\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc M\u00fcttefik kuvvetlerini g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Bu antla\u015fmalar\u0131n temel ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa ve Kacar T\u00fcrk Devletine son verip kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 da \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclecek olan devletler aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lmek ve kendi \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131na almak olmu\u015ftur.[5]<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7ar Rusya\u2019s\u0131yla \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda 1806 tarihinde Hindistan, Orta Asya, Kafkasya ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130ran T\u00fcrk egemenliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtilaflara ra\u011fmen beraber y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren ve kaydedilen b\u00f6lgelerde T\u00fcrk Egemenliklerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen Antla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

1907 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ile Rusya aras\u0131nda imzalanan \u201c\u0130ran\u2019\u0131 taksim antla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Bu antla\u015fma 21 \u015eubat 1921 y\u0131l\u0131 darbesinden sonra \u0130ran Devleti ad\u0131na hukuki ge\u00e7erlilik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin direkt m\u00fcdahalesiyle yap\u0131lan 21 \u015eubat 1921 tarihli darbeden sonra hakimiyete el koyan R\u0131za Han Pehlevi ve ba\u015fbakan Seyid Ziyaeddin Tababatayi taraf\u0131ndan Kacar Devletinin imzalamas\u0131ndan imtina etti\u011fi \u00fclkenin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devleti haline getirilmesi istenen ve \u0130ngiltere ile Rusya\u2019ya m\u00fcdahale hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yan antla\u015fmalar\u0131 26 \u015eubat 1921 (Moskova) ve 1 Ekim 1927 (Moskova) tarihlerinde imzalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz 1. ve 2.\u00a0 Antla\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Bat\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu yenmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f olsalar da yerinde Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hukuki miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen yeni bir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 tam engelleyememi\u015flerdir. Nitekim yeni kurulan T\u00fcrkiye, yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na olsa da vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu tavizlere ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrk bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dalgaland\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bunun tersine \u0130ngiltere ile Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131 ve eylemleri olduk\u00e7a vahim ve korkun\u00e7 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. H\u00e2len dolayl\u0131 yollarla olsa da bu durum farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin h\u00e2kimiyeti Af\u015farlardan devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llardan, yani 1790\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren kuzeyde, g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne g\u00fc\u00e7lenen ve Kacar topraklar\u0131-\u0130ran \u00fczerinden s\u0131cak denizlere inmeyi hedefleyen \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan Hindistan\u2019da faaliyetlerine ba\u015flayan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Do\u011fu Hindistan kumpanyas\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 y\u0131l m\u00fccadeleden sonra 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Hindistan T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011fine resmen son vererek kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci h\u00e2kimiyetini olu\u015fturmu\u015f, Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti topraklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na katmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde Kacar Devleti ne \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131yla ne de \u0130ngiltere ile mukayese edilecek g\u00fc\u00e7te de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer taraftan bu iki g\u00fc\u00e7 1806 tarihli T\u00fcrk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Kacarlara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 sald\u0131rgan siyaseti uygulamaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u015eunu da belirtmek gerekiyor ki Rusya ile \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki \u2013 ister Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda, ister Hindistan\u2019da, ister Orta Asya\u2019da, isterse de \u0130ran\u2019da olsun –\u00a0 istila siyaseti u\u011fruna y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri sava\u015flar temel itibar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam egemenlikleri ile olmu\u015ftur, yani nereyi i\u015fgal etmeye kalkm\u0131\u015flarsa oran\u0131n T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bunun i\u00e7in de onlara g\u00f6re b\u00f6lgedeki egemenliklerinin yolu T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn yenilmesinden ge\u00e7iyordu. Tabii buna g\u00f6re de onlar taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Egemenlikleri \u00f6ncelikle yenilmesi gereken g\u00fc\u00e7 gibi karakterize edilmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda T\u00fcrklerin egemenli\u011finde bulunan az\u0131nl\u0131klardan azami \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlanmay\u0131 da ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kacarlar; 19.Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00fcney do\u011fudan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan \u015firketiyle (East India Company)[8]<\/a>, kuzeyden ise Rusya\u2019n\u0131n doymak bilmeyen kibri ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan Fransa \u0130mparatoru Napolyon Bonapart\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu istilas\u0131na ba\u015flamas\u0131 Kacar\u2019lar\u0131n biraz nefes almalar\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur. Kacarlar, Fransa ile Finken\u015ftayn Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (Treaty of Finckenstein) sonucunda ittifaka girerek Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda dayanmay\u0131 hedeflese de bu siyaset Napolyon\u2019un yenilmesi ile fiyaskoya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/a>[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu siyasi fiyaskodan sonra Kacar\u2019lar G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermenistan\u2019la G\u00fcrcistan d\u00e2hil, Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 1813 tarihli \u2018G\u00fclistan\u2019 ve 1828 tarihli T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla yitirmi\u015f oldu. Bu iki antla\u015fma, Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen beyni ve vuran eli olan Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na neden olarak T\u00fcrklerin egemenliklerini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, yani 1850\u2019li y\u0131llarda Kacarlar\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ordusu olan Azerbaycan ordusunun Afganistan\u2019da yenilmesi ve Afganistan\u2019\u0131n Hindistan S\u00f6m\u00fcrge Birli\u011fi\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7mesi, Kacarlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaza sokmu\u015ftur.<\/a>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu sava\u015fta Kacar T\u00fcrklerinin yenilmesine yol a\u00e7an temel sebeplerden biri, \u00fclkede ba\u015flayan a\u00e7l\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. Bu a\u00e7l\u0131k, olduk\u00e7a feci sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. \u00dclke n\u00fcfusunun 1\/3 \u2013 \u00fc\u00e7te biri a\u00e7l\u0131ktan helak olmu\u015ftur. Ayetullah K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu bilerek ba\u015flat\u0131lan a\u00e7l\u0131kta \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu yenilgiden sonra \u0130ngiltere ile Rusya\u00a0 gibi iki emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131nda Kacar Devleti ve arazisi \u00fczerine kendi egemenliklerini kurma u\u011frunda 50 y\u0131l rekabet devam etmi\u015ftir. Sonunda Me\u015frutiyet hareketi d\u00f6neminde, yani 1907 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ile Rusya aras\u0131nda Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nden gizli tutulan bir antla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fma (\u0130ran\u2019\u0131 taksim antla\u015fmas\u0131) \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 iki denetim alan\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcyordu. Antla\u015fma gere\u011fince kuzey taraf Ruslar\u0131n, g\u00fcney taraf\u00a0 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin denetimine veriliyordu ve merkezi k\u0131s\u0131m ise m\u00fcdahele edilmeyecek alan olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Kasr-i \u015eirin b\u00f6lgesinden ba\u015flayarak Kuzey Isfahan ve Horasan\u2019\u0131n Sarahs b\u00f6lgesinden ge\u00e7erek Afganistan\u2019\u0131n Haf Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na, oradan da Tibet da\u011flar\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yordu.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti, \u00fclkeyi \u0130ngiltere ile Rusya aras\u0131nda iki denetim b\u00f6lgesine ay\u0131ran bu gizli anla\u015fmadan, 10 y\u0131l sonra \u2013 Bol\u015feviklerin gizli antla\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 ile haberdar olmu\u015f ve \u00e7ok sert bir bi\u00e7imde buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kacarlar 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda tarafs\u0131z kalmay\u0131 tercih etse de sava\u015f \u00fclkeyi sarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere hem sava\u015f galibi olarak hem de \u0130ran \u00fczerine en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rakibi olan \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n devrilmesinden istifade ederek Kacar T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011finin yerine \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tarihle \u00fcretmi\u015f oldu\u011fu bilimsel esas\u0131 olmayan Pers kimli\u011fi \u00fczerinden kendi egemenli\u011fini kurma hedefini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Kraliyet Akademisine ba\u011fl\u0131 oryantalistler, Do\u011fu Hindistan kumpanyas\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ulusal ve siyasal zeminde Deri (Fars) dilli topluluklar \u00fczerinde Ari ve uydurulmu\u015f Hint-Avrupa soyu teorisine dayal\u0131 bir proje \u00fczerinde 150 y\u0131ldan fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, \u0130ran\u2019a y\u00f6nelik T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir proje olmu\u015ftur. Oryantalistler, az\u0131nl\u0131k olan Fars dilli topluluklar\u0131 daima Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f ve bundan olduk\u00e7a \u00e7ok yararlanm\u0131\u015flar. \u0130ngilizler, hem Kuzey Azerbaycan Sava\u015flar\u0131nda hem Afganistan Sava\u015flar\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131k olan Fars dilli topluluklar\u0131 T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Tahran\u2019daki el\u00e7isi az\u0131nl\u0131k olan Fars dilli topluluklar\u0131n Kacarlar taraf\u0131ndan zulme maruz tutulduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak vurgulam\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinde ba\u015f kald\u0131ran isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur. Hatta \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yani Kirman b\u00f6lgesinde Fars dilli topluluklar\u0131 kendi egemenliklerini (Do\u011fu Hindistan kumpanyas\u0131n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in etten \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f duvar rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenecek ikinci Afganistan gibi) kurmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini de defalarca s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiltere Fars-Pers kimli\u011fine dayal\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli tarikatlar\u0131n te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcnde de temel rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.[13]<\/a> Bunlardan biri de 1840\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan Bahaullah\u2019\u0131n liderli\u011finde ba\u015flayan Bahai tarikat\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tarikatlar ve isyanlar, Kacar T\u00fcrk devletinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kan kaybetmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/h2>\n

\u0130ran\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131k<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130ngiltere, Kacar T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ne ve \u0130ran T\u00fcrklerine en b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131c\u0131 darbeyi ikinci kez bilerek yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u00e7l\u0131kla vurmu\u015ftur. Bu a\u00e7l\u0131k 1917-1920 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde vuku bulmu\u015ftur. Bu, bir bak\u0131ma 8-9 milyon insan\u0131n bir bak\u0131ma da \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yok olmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r, diyebiliriz.<\/a>[15]<\/a>Kaydetmek gerekiyor ki bu a\u00e7l\u0131k esasen \u0130ran\u2019da T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlukta ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tebriz, Urmiye, Erdebil, Hamedan, Sinandej, Zengan, Sungur, Kum, Erak, Ka\u015fkay b\u00f6lgesi gibi b\u00f6lgelerde daha sars\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n