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Zekeriya T\u00fcrkmen\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya ile \u201cDo\u011fu Sorunu\u201dna (\u015eark Meselesi) [[1]<\/a>] y\u00f6nelik mutabakata varmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Musul Vilayeti\u2019nin [[2]<\/a>] ilerleyen y\u0131llardaki kaderini tayin etti. Bu mutabakat sonras\u0131 \u0130ngiltere, m\u00fcstemlekelerine kar\u015f\u0131 Almanya\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015fti\u011fi talepk\u00e2r politikaya kar\u015f\u0131, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 yan\u0131na alarak bat\u0131da Almanya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir cephe a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, do\u011fuda ise Hindistan yolunu g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alarak G\u00fcney Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n yer alt\u0131 zenginli\u011fini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde Musul Vilayeti. Kaynak: http:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/files\/Kitaplar\/5tr.pdf<\/p><\/div>\n \u0130ngiltere, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbi\u2019ne i\u015ftirak etmeden \u00f6nce, \u201cHindistan \u0130stila G\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d isimli askeri birliklerini 23 Ekim\u2019de Bahreyn\u2019e konu\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u015eii Arap a\u015firetleri aras\u0131nda istihbarat faaliyetleri<\/em>ni ba\u015flatt\u0131. 29 Nisan 1916 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nun \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kut-\u00fcl Amare Zaferi, \u0130ngilizlerin Irak\u2019taki ileri harek\u00e2t\u0131na ket vurmu\u015ftu. Ancak Haziran 1916\u2019da ba\u015flat\u0131lan Arap \u0130syan\u0131 sonucu 1917 Mart ay\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve Musul yolu \u0130ngilizlere a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 30 Ekim 1918 tarihinde imzalanan Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler Musul\u2019un 60 km g\u00fcneyinde bulunmakta; T\u00fcrk Ordusu ise, Musul-Erbil-S\u00fcleymaniye \u00fc\u00e7genini kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmaktayd\u0131. Kerk\u00fck merkezi hari\u00e7, S\u00fcleymaniye ve genel olarak Musul vilayeti 6. Ordu komutan\u0131 Ali \u0130hsan Sabis Pa\u015fan\u0131n denetimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130ngilizler, Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 7. maddesini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek \u201cb\u00f6lgedeki H\u0131ristiyan halk\u0131n katledildi\u011fi\u201d yalan\u0131n\u0131 bahane ederek Musul\u2019un bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fadan istediler. Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa her ne kadar bu gerek\u00e7e ve teklifi reddetmi\u015f, direnmi\u015fse de sonras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019dan gelen emir \u00fczerine kuvvetlerini Musul\u2019dan Zaho hatt\u0131na kadar geri \u00e7ekmek zorunda kald\u0131. \u015eehrin bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizler 1 Kas\u0131m 1918 tarihinde Musul\u2019u i\u015fgal ettiler.<\/p>\n \u0130ngilizler, Musul\u2019a girmelerinden sonra b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyeti alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmak ve i\u015fgali me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerine y\u00f6nelik propaganda faaliyetlerine h\u0131z verdiler. Bu do\u011frultuda Birinci Cihan Harbi\u2019nde G\u00fcneybat\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019da Alman istihbarat\u00e7\u0131 Wilhelm Wassmuss\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kuran Binba\u015f\u0131 Edward Noel g\u00f6revlendirdiler. \u0130ngiliz ajanlar\u0131ndan Binba\u015f\u0131 Noel Musul ve Kerk\u00fck hatt\u0131nda, Binba\u015f\u0131 Soon S\u00fcleymaniye b\u00f6lgesinde, Binba\u015f\u0131 Hay ise Erbil \u00e7evresinde \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc faaliyetlere ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Noel, 7 Nisan 1919\u2019da cepheyi geni\u015fleterek Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Mardin\u2019e gelerek T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 topyek\u00fbn bir K\u00fcrt Ayaklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015firetlerle temasta bulunmu\u015f ancak amac\u0131na ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi\u2019ne g\u00f6nderdikleri telgraflarla b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130ngiliz propagandas\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmi\u015fler; \u201c\u2026 K\u00fcrtl\u00fck ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fck bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Birbirlerinin \u00f6z karde\u015fi ve din karde\u015fidir. Her iki toplum i\u00e7in vatan birdir<\/em>… <\/em>K\u00fcrtler vatanlar\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu u\u011frunda \u015fimdiye kadar T\u00fcrklerle ilk sava\u015f saf\u0131nda kanlar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131tm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bundan b\u00f6yle de h\u00fck\u00fcmetimizin devam\u0131 ve mutlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde davranacaklard\u0131r\u2026<\/em>\u201d deklarasyonunu yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Benzer \u015fekilde Musul-Kerk\u00fck hatt\u0131ndaki halk\u0131n da gayrim\u00fcslim bir istilac\u0131n\u0131n idaresini kabul etmemesi, \u0130ngilizlerin Nasturi ve Asur\u00eelere kar\u015f\u0131 imtiyazl\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka uygulanan vergiler, \u0130ngilizler ve yerel halk aras\u0131nda sokak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n B\u00f6lgenin m\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131 TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla beraber Milli M\u00fccadeleyi desteklediler, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar.\u00a0 B\u00f6lge halk\u0131 \u00fczerinde T\u00fcrk propagandas\u0131 etkili oldu. Cizre Kaymakam\u0131 Sultan Maslat Bey, Van Valisi Ali Haydar Bey ve Musul\u2019da Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen \u201cCemiyet-i Hilaliye\u201d, halk\u0131 \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 manevi olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlediler.<\/p>\n 28 Ocak 1920 tarihinde son kez \u0130stanbul\u2019da toplanan Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin te\u015fvikleri ile Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Milli karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131 (EK-1). Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Ankara Ziraat Mektebi\u2019nde Ankara halk\u0131na hitaben yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu konu\u015fmada Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131; \u201cBu hudut \u0130skenderun K\u00f6rfezi cenubundan Antakya\u2019dan Halep ve Katma istasyonu aras\u0131ndan Cerablus K\u00f6rfezi cenubundan F\u0131rat nehrine m\u00fclaki olur (kavu\u015fur)<\/em>. Oradan Deyr-i <\/em>Zor\u2019a iner; <\/em>daha sonra <\/em>\u015earka temdit edilerek, Musul, Kerk\u00fck, S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019yi ihtiva eder\u2026<\/em>\u201d ifadeleri ile a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu s\u0131ralarda Anadolu\u2019da Milli M\u00fccadele ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Do\u011fuda Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 Bat\u0131da ise Yunanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar kazan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Anadolu\u2019da m\u00fccadelenin ba\u015far\u0131yla devam etti\u011fi bu tarihlerde milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde ifade edilen Kerk\u00fck, S\u00fcleymaniye ve Musul da TBMM\u2019nin hedefleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k\u00a0 bir hafta sonra Meclis k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnden Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade ediyordu:<\/p>\n “Hep kabul etti\u011fimiz esaslardan birisi ve belki birincisi olan hudut meselesi tayin ve tespit edilirken, hudud-u mill\u00eemiz, \u0130skenderun’un cenubundan (g\u00fcneyinden) ge\u00e7er, \u015farka do\u011fru uzanarak Musul’u, S\u00fcleymaniye’yi, Kerk\u00fck’\u00fc ihtiva eder. \u0130\u015fte hudud-u mill\u00eemiz budur dedik!”<\/em><\/p>\n Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Musul\u2019u, Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fc ve S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019yi Anadolu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131nda Musul Vilayeti \u0130\u00e7in Verilen M\u00fccadele<\/p>\n Sakarya Zaferi\u2019nden ard\u0131ndan Ekim 1921\u2019de T\u00fcrk-Frans\u0131z diplomatik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131, Musul Meselesi\u2019nde \u0130ngilizleri tela\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz y\u00fcksek komiseri Sir Rumbold\u2019un 12 Ekim 1921\u2019de Lord Curzon\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi telgrafta, T\u00fcrklerin Yunanl\u0131lara son darbeyi vurduktan sonra, Musul\u2019a asker\u00ee bir harek\u00e2t d\u00fczenleyeceklerini bildirerek, Musul i\u00e7in hem diplomatik hem de askeri tedbirler al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n B\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrkmenler ve Revandiz-Erbil hatt\u0131nda bulunan S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve Zibar gibi K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri, \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ete harbine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve Ankara\u2019dan da destek talep etmi\u015flerdi. Bunun \u00fczere Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n emriyle 1 \u015eubat 1922 tarihinde Kuzey Irak\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmek \u00fczere bir milis birli\u011fi olu\u015fturuldu. Birli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131na Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbi\u2019nde Filistin Cephesi\u2019nde bulunmu\u015f, gayrinizam\u00ee harp tecr\u00fcbesi olan Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahs\u00fbsa mensubu \u015eefik \u00d6zdemir Bey getirildi. Yap\u0131lan plana g\u00f6re m\u00fcfrezedeki r\u00fctbeli subaylar T\u00fcrk olmakla birlikte er kademesinde Frans\u0131z Ordusu\u2019ndan ka\u00e7an Tunus ve Cezayir as\u0131ll\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bedeviler ve b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrkmen ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetler yer alacakt\u0131. Zira \u0130ngilizlerle diplomatik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden dolay\u0131 \u201cMusul Harek\u00e2t\u0131na resmi bir mahiyet verilmeyecek, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte T\u00fcrkiye ile hi\u00e7bir ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fahsi ve mahalli te\u015febb\u00fcslerle meydana gelmi\u015f oldu\u011fu kanaati uyand\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131<\/em>.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n 12 Haziran 1922 tarihinde, Elcezire cephe komutan\u0131 Cevat (\u00c7obanl\u0131) Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan ia\u015fe, silah ve cephane bak\u0131m\u0131ndan donat\u0131lan 100 mevcutlu m\u00fcfreze Hakk\u00e2ri\u2019den Kuzey Irak\u2019a girmi\u015f, g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcndeki halk taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fku ve heyecanla kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Diyarbak\u0131r ile \u015eemdinan aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fimi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in telgraf hatt\u0131 \u00e7ektiren \u00d6zdemir Bey, b\u00f6lgenin ileri gelen a\u015firetleri ile de temasa ge\u00e7erek hem m\u00fcfrezeye milis hem de asayi\u015fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in jandarma birlikleri olu\u015fturdu. Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ise e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak m\u00fcfrezenin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlere m\u00fclk\u00ee amirler atayarak siyasi bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. 22 Haziran 1922\u2019de Revandiz\u2019e ula\u015fan \u015eefik \u00d6zdemir Bey M\u00fcfrezesine, \u0130ngilizler 10 Temmuz\u2019da a\u011f\u0131r bir hava bombard\u0131man\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u0130ngilizler ile ilk s\u0131cak temas ise 31 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc Derbent\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. Derbent Muharebesini kazanan m\u00fcfreze 5 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc K\u00f6ysancak\u2019\u0131 alarak \u0130ngilizleri g\u00fcneye p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fc.<\/p>\n M\u00fcfrezenin ileri harek\u00e2t\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamayan \u0130ngilizler taktik de\u011fi\u015ftirerek kendi kontrollerinde S\u00fcleymaniye ve \u00e7evresinde yar\u0131 otonom bir \u201cK\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netimi\u201d olu\u015fturmaya, Binba\u015f\u0131 Noel\u2019in etki alan\u0131nda olan \u015eeyh Mahmut\u2019u Birinci Melik unvan\u0131 ile tahta ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Ancak \u015eeyh Mahmut, \u015eefik \u00d6zdemir Bey\u2019in kendisine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi heyet ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019ye ortak bir harek\u00e2t yapmay\u0131 teklif etti. \u015eeyh Mahmut\u2019un bu siyasetinin arkas\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlerin destekledi\u011fi Kral Faysal\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin deste\u011fini alarak h\u00e2kimiyet alan\u0131nda otonom bir b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmak yatmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Eyl\u00fcl 1922\u2019de Anadolu\u2019daki mili m\u00fccadelenin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben \u0130ngilizler, \u015eefik \u00d6zdemir Bey M\u00fcfrezesi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 tazyiklerini artt\u0131rd\u0131lar. K\u00f6ysancak\u2019a a\u011f\u0131r bombard\u0131man ba\u015flat\u0131p, u\u00e7aklar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla a\u015firetlere y\u00f6nelik propaganda beyannameleri att\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130ran-Irak-T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131f\u0131r noktas\u0131nda konu\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olan Simko \u0130smail A\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n a\u015fireti, \u0130ngiliz g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc Nasturi \u00e7eteleri ve Kral Faysal\u2019\u0131n emrindeki \u201c\u015fehhabe<\/em>\u201d adl\u0131 paral\u0131 askerlerin taarruzlar\u0131; \u015eefik \u00d6zdemir Bey\u2019in M\u00fcfrezesinin -en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu nokta olan Revandiz-Ho\u015fnav hatt\u0131nda- savunmaya \u00e7ekilmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n 7 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mare\u015fal Fevzi \u00c7akmak\u2019\u0131n Bornova\u2019dan Elcezire Cephe Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi tarihi telgrafta, Musul\u2019un silahla al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 emredildi. Harek\u00e2t plan\u0131na g\u00f6re; \u201c\u2026 Elcezire Cephesi b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcyle Dicle\u2019nin iki taraf\u0131ndan, nehir boyunca Musul y\u00f6n\u00fcnde taarruz edecek\u2026 Van, Hakk\u00e2ri ve I\u011fd\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131r birliklerinden olu\u015fan da\u011f bataryalar\u0131yla takviye edilen bir piyade t\u00fcmeni, bir s\u00fcvari tugay\u0131 ve a\u015firetlerden olu\u015fan s\u00fcvarilerle \u0130madiye, S\u00fcleymaniye hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinden Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019e taarruzla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015fti.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n 11 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Konferansta g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin \u00f6nemli ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan biri Musul meselesi oldu.\u00a0 Bu konunun hararetle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde 2 Ocak 1923\u2019te Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa TBMM\u2019de \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2026Musul vilayetinin hudud-\u0131 millimize d\u00e2hil araziden oldu\u011funu biddefaat ilan ettik. Lozan\u2019da elyevm (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcnde) kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda ahz-\u0131 mevki etmi\u015f olanlar bunu pek\u00e2l\u00e2 bilirler. Vatan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n hudutlar\u0131n\u0131 tayin etti\u011fimiz zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klara katland\u0131k. Menafiimize mugayir (menfaatlerimize ayk\u0131r\u0131) olmakla beraber m\u00fcsalemet perverane (bar\u0131\u015ftan yana) hareket ettik. Art\u0131k milli arazimizden en ufak bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bizden koparmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak pek haks\u0131z bir hareket olur. Buna kat\u2019iyen muvafakat etmeyiz\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fan\u0131n bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n benzerleri milletvekilleri taraf\u0131ndan da ifade edildi. Erzurum Milletvekili H\u00fcseyin Avni Bey, TBMM\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 heyecanl\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada; \u201cPa\u015fa, ordunun ba\u015f\u0131na otur, ba\u015fka i\u015fin yoktur. Ba\u015fkumandanl\u0131k vazifesini ifa et ve hudutlara bayra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 rekzet, bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcng\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130ngiliz\u2019in g\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131na daya!<\/em>\u201d\u00a0 diyordu.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131 Lozan Konferans\u0131nda Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu, K\u00fcrtler ve Araplarla beraber Anadolu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu savundu. \u0130ngilizler, T\u00fcrklerin petrol zenginli\u011fi i\u00e7in Musul\u2019u istediklerini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kartarak konferansa kat\u0131lan di\u011fer devletleri de kendi taraflar\u0131na \u00e7ektiler.\u00a0T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131 Musul meselesi de d\u00e2hil, kapit\u00fclasyonlar, Ermeni meselesi gibi konularda taviz vermedi. Gerilen ortam nedeniyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 4 \u015eubat 1923\u2019te kesildi.<\/p>\n \u0130ngilizler; 1923 \u015eubat ay\u0131nda Mare\u015fal John Salmon\u2019\u0131n komutas\u0131ndaki 8. Hava filosuna takviyeler yapm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgeye Hindistan\u2019dan kara g\u00fcc\u00fc sevk etmi\u015f, hava bombard\u0131man\u0131 ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 birlikleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla halk \u00fczerinde alg\u0131 operasyonu yapm\u0131\u015f ve a\u015firetlere para da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu faaliyetler en ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131nda olan Barzani ve Balik a\u015firetlerinin \u0130ngiliz saf\u0131na ge\u00e7melerine neden olmu\u015ftu. T\u00fcm bunlarla -zaten ia\u015fe ve m\u00fchimmat s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7eken- \u00d6zdemir Bey M\u00fcfrezesi zor durumda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 22 Nisan 1923 tarihinde Revandiz\u2019in d\u00fc\u015fmesi ise M\u00fcfrezenin hareket kabiliyetini ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. 29 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc silah ve m\u00fchimmat\u0131yla \u0130ran\u2019a \u00e7ekilen m\u00fcfreze 10 May\u0131s\u2019ta Van\u2019a geldi. Arabulucular\u0131n devreye girmesiyle Lozan\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 23 Nisan 1923\u2019te yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00f6sterilen \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgede verilen askeri m\u00fccadele \u0130ngilizlerin lehine geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Bu durumdan dolay\u0131 Lozan\u2019da Musul Meselesi hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelerde diplomatik \u00e7aresizlikler ya\u015fanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Lozan\u2019da Musul konusunda bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye ile \u0130ngiltere yeni bir sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelmi\u015fti.\u00a0Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ise sava\u015ftan uzak durulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydi. Musul\u2019a yap\u0131lacak bir harek\u00e2t\u0131n \u00fclkeyi sonu belirsiz bir sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fckleyece\u011fini ifade etmeye ba\u015flayan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa askeri se\u00e7enek yerine konunun konferansta \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin gereklili\u011fini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Kesilen Lozan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin tekrar ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Musul\u2019un gelece\u011fi sonraya T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Lozan konferans\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrkiye-\u0130ngiltere ikili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ngilizler petrol b\u00f6lgesi olan Musul ve Kerk\u00fck civar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye b\u0131rakmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade ettiler. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gidermek amac\u0131yla 19 May\u0131s 1924’de \u0130stanbul’da yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde \u0130ngiltere’nin Irak lehine Hakk\u00e2ri \u00fczerinde de hak iddia etmesi \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130ngiltere Musul meselesini 6 A\u011fustos’ta -T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00fcyesi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131- Milletler Cemiyeti’ne g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Milletler Cemiyeti Musul meselesini 20 Eyl\u00fcl 1924’te g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131 daha \u00f6nceki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinde \u0131srar ederek Musul’da bir halk oylamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istediyse de \u0130ngiltere bu talebi de daha \u00f6nce Lozan’da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi “b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n cahil oldu\u011fu ve s\u0131n\u0131r i\u015flerinden anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131” gibi k\u00fcstah bir gerek\u00e7eyle kabul etmedi.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye b\u00f6lge ile ilgili tezlerini (K\u00fcrtlerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ba\u011flanmak istedi\u011fini), Milletler Cemiyeti’nde de savundu. Ancak bu tarihlerde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fusunda \u00e7\u0131kan \u015eeyh Sait isyan\u0131 ve hemen ard\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tezinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n Milletler Cemiyeti, bir soru\u015fturma komisyonu kurdu. Komisyon Irak’ta incelemede bulunarak Musul halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ba\u015fvuracakt\u0131. Ancak, komisyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131rada \u0130ngilizlerin sald\u0131rgan tav\u0131rlar\u0131 ve kuzeye do\u011fru yeni topraklar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesi, kanl\u0131 olaylar\u0131n meydana gelmesine neden oldu. Bunun \u00fczerine komisyon T\u00fcrk-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan “Br\u00fcksel Hatt\u0131” ad\u0131yla bir rapor haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bu raporu 16 Temmuz I925’te Milletler Cemiyeti Meclisi’ne sundu. Raporda yer alan temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ana hatlar\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yleydi:<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye’nin bu komisyon raporuna itiraz etmesi \u00fczerine, Konsey, 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1925’te La Haye Adalet Divan\u0131’ndan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f istedi. Divan’\u0131n verdi\u011fi karar, Milletler Cemiyeti Meclisi’nin i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r nitelikteydi. Milletler Cemiyeti Meclisi, T\u00fcrkiye’nin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 8 Aral\u0131k 1925’te Divan’\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Hemen arkas\u0131ndan da 16 Aral\u0131k 1925’te Soru\u015fturma Komisyonu Raporu’nu kabul ederek, Br\u00fcksel Hatt\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki topraklar\u0131n Irak’a b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye’nin Milletler Cemiyeti karar\u0131na tepkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. Ancak d\u00f6nemin i\u00e7 sorunlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin hen\u00fcz yeni sava\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 alanda yaln\u0131z konumda bulunmas\u0131, daha fazla direnilmesine engel oldu. T\u00fcrkiye defalarca Musul konusundaki \u0130ngiliz oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sonunda mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131larak, Milletler Cemiyeti Meclisi karar\u0131na uydu ve 5 Haziran 1926’da yap\u0131lan Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Musul’u Irak’a terk etmeyi kabul etti.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye ile Irak aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirleyen ve kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyen Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131, 05 Haziran 1926 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye, Irak ve \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131. Antla\u015fma, 7 Haziran 1926’daTBMM’de onayland\u0131. Oylamaya kat\u0131lan 145 milletvekilinden\u00a0 142’si kabul,\u00a02’si ret, 1’i \u00e7ekimser oy verdi (TBMM Zab\u0131t Ceridesi,\u00a0C, 26, s. 164-195). Antla\u015fma, 18 Haziran 1926’da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. B\u00f6ylece bug\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131\u00a0\u00e7izildi.<\/p>\n Antla\u015fma; s\u0131n\u0131r, iyi kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkileri ve genel h\u00fck\u00fcmler adlar\u0131 ile \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve toplam 18 maddeden meydana geliyordu:<\/p>\n Antla\u015fma s\u0131n\u0131rlar konusunda\u00a0\u201cs\u00fcresiz<\/em>\u201ddi.\u00a0\u0130smail Soysal’\u0131n ifadesiyle\u00a0 \u201cBa\u015fka bir de\u011fi\u015fle s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemek \u00fczere \u00e7izilmi\u015fti<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0 Antla\u015fman\u0131n\u00a0 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011fine\u00a0vurgu yapan\u00a0 \u201cbirinci kesimi<\/em>\u201d\u00a0s\u00fcresizdi, ama\u00a0 \u201cikinci kesimi\u201d\u00a018 Temmuz 1936’da sona eriyordu.\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye ile Irak,\u00a08 Aral\u0131k 1936’daki\u00a0\u201cnota veri\u015fimi\u201d\u00a0ile antla\u015fman\u0131n\u00a0\u201cikinci kesimini\u201d uzatt\u0131lar. 1932’de\u00a0Irak’taki \u0130ngiliz mandas\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesiyle\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye-Irak aras\u0131nda 1937\u00a0 Sadabat Pakt\u0131’yla sonu\u00e7lanacak iyi ili\u015fkiler kuruldu.<\/p>\n 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra29 Mart 1946’da Irakve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda\u00a0 Ankara’da bir antla\u015fma daha yap\u0131ld\u0131. O antla\u015fman\u0131n 1. maddesinde de\u00a0 \u201c1926 Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile belirlenmi\u015f ve \u00e7izilmi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131ra sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilece\u011fi<\/em>\u201d\u00a0 belirtildi (\u0130smail Soysal,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye’nin Siyasal Andla\u015fmalar\u0131,\u00a0 C.1, s. 312-325).<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131\u00a0de\u011fi\u015ftirecek herhangi bir giri\u015fim,\u00a0 1926 ve 1946\u00a0Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Barzani’nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k referandumu,\u00a0 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’yla belirlenen T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 \u201ckesinli\u011fini ve bozulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7layan bir giri\u015fimdir.\u201d\u00a0Yani, Barzani’nin referandumuyla Irak’\u0131n kuzeyinde kurulacak bir K\u00fcrt devleti,\u00a0Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’na g\u00f6re\u00a0 \u201cde\u011fi\u015ftirilemez\u201d\u00a0olan T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131\u00a0de\u011fi\u015ftirecektir,\u00a0 daha do\u011frusu\u00a0 ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki\u00a0\u201cs\u0131n\u0131r rejimi\u201d, antla\u015fman\u0131n\u00a01. maddesinde\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edildi\u011fi gibi\u201cMilletler Cemiyeti’nin 29 Ekim 1924 g\u00fcnl\u00fc oturumunda kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7izgiye uygun olarak\u201d\u00a0 belirlenmi\u015fti. T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131\u00a0belirleyen\u00a0\u201cB\u00fcr\u00fcksel S\u0131n\u0131r \u00c7izgisi\u201d\u00a0 anla\u015fman\u0131n ekinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u00a0 \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclke;\u00a0\u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0 ve Irak aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, antla\u015fmadaki\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131\u00a0\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclke de\u011fil, o zamanki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u00a0 Milletler Cemiyeti Komisyonu\u00a0 belirlemi\u015fti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Barzani’nin referandumu, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce\u00a0 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n\u00a0Milletler Cemiyeti\u00a0 kararlar\u0131na dayanan uluslararas\u0131\u00a0 \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r rejimine\u201d\u00a0ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6ncelikle, Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’nda \u201cIrak’\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bozulursa T\u00fcrkiye, Musul ve Kerk\u00fck’te hak iddia eder<\/em>\u201d diye bir madde yoktur. Ancak\u00a0Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n\u00a0 \u201cBozulmaz\/de\u011fi\u015fmez\u201d\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, taraflar\u0131n onay\u0131 olmadan\u00a0bozulursa,\u00a0taraflar antla\u015fmadan do\u011fan hukuki haklar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0arayabilirler. Ayr\u0131ca\u00a0 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131,\u00a0 Milletler Cemiyeti Komisyonu’nun belirledi\u011fi\u00a0\u201cB\u00fcr\u00fcksel Hatt\u0131\u201dna dayal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bozmaya y\u00f6nelik te\u015febb\u00fcsler,\u00a0uluslararas\u0131 hukukun ihlali\u00a0anlam\u0131na gelecektir. Bu durumda taraflar \u00f6nce\u00a0uluslararas\u0131 hukuku\u00a0 devreye sokmay\u0131 deneyebilirler,\u00a0 buradan bir sonu\u00e7 alamad\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0 takdirde\u00a0 ise\u00a0 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki\u00a0\u201cs\u0131n\u0131r rejimini\u201d\u00a0 korumak i\u00e7in gerekirse\u00a0 g\u00fc\u00e7\u00a0 kullanabilirler. T\u00fcrkiye sa\u011fduyulu, hesapl\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i hareket etmelidir.<\/p>\n Di\u011fer baz\u0131 konu uzmanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise Misak-\u0131 Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Kerk\u00fck ve Musul, 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flanmas\u0131\u00a0\u015fart\u0131yla terk edilmi\u015fti.\u00a0Irak’\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc esas al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcn\u00a0 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131\u00a0 ve b\u00f6lgenin\u00a0 illegal \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin kontrol\u00fcne\u00a0ge\u00e7mesi T\u00fcrkiye’nin haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, otorite bo\u015flu\u011fundan kaynaklanan\u00a0kaos ortam\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Kerk\u00fck ve Musul’a girebilmesi i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 hukukta me\u015fru zemini\u00a0 haz\u0131rl\u0131yor.\u00a0 Yani\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye e\u011fer isterse, Kerk\u00fck ve Musul’daki haklar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koyabilir.<\/p>\n Yine de yap\u0131lacak eylem plan\u0131 \u00f6ncesi, Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk iyi bir \u015fekilde incelenmeli ve mevcut konj\u00fckt\u00fcr ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n Cengiz ERO\u011eLU, Murat BABU\u00c7\u00c7UO\u011eLU, Orhan \u00d6ZD\u0130L. 2012. Osmanl\u0131 Vilayet Salnamelerinde Musul. ORSAM Kitaplar\u0131 No:5. ORSAM Ortado\u011fu Kitaplar\u0131 No: 3.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/files\/Kitaplar\/5tr.pdf<\/p>\n Musul-Kerk\u00fck Meselesinin Tarih\u00e7esi: http:\/\/www.kerkuk-musul.com\/tarihce_2.html<\/a><\/p>\n Sinan TAVUK\u00c7U. 2015. Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n Eski Eyaleti Musul Nereye? http:\/\/www.sde.org.tr\/tr\/newsdetail\/osmanlinin-eski-eyaleti-musul-nereye\/4267<\/p>\n Sinan MEYDANLI, 2017. 91 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sigorta: ANAKARA ANTLA\u015eMASI. http:\/\/www.sozcu.com.tr\/2017\/yazarlar\/sinan-meydan\/91-yillik-sigorta-ankara-antlasmasi-1715685\/<\/a><\/p>\n Zekeriya T\u00dcRKMEN, \u201cMusul Meselesi: Askeri Y\u00f6nden \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 (1922-1925). Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2011, 182 sayfa, ISBN: 978-975-16-1646-3\u201d<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.dunyabulteni.net\/tarih-dosyasi\/223260\/musul-ve-kerkuk-turkiyeden-nasil-koparildi-<\/a><\/p>\n http:\/\/www.internethaber.com\/1926-ankara-antlasmasi-maddeleri-ve-musul-karari-684054h.htm<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/1-1.jpg\")
Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Milli karar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/2.jpg\")
<\/p>\nMisak-i Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131’nda Musul vilayeti<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Musul vilayeti hakk\u0131nda Milletler Cemiyeti karar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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Musul\u2019a m\u00fcdahale hakk\u0131 do\u011far m\u0131?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/h2>\n