{"id":7823,"date":"2019-06-21T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2019-06-21T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=7823&preview=true&preview_id=7823"},"modified":"2019-06-21T19:07:34","modified_gmt":"2019-06-21T16:07:34","slug":"ebubekir-efendi-ve-guney-afrikanin-oteki-yuzu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/ebubekir-efendi-ve-guney-afrikanin-oteki-yuzu\/","title":{"rendered":"Ebubekir Efendi ve G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n \u00f6teki y\u00fcz\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"(G\u00f6rsel:

“\u00dclkenin ekonomik verileri b\u00fcy\u00fck yan\u0131lg\u0131lara yol a\u00e7abilir. Apartheid d\u00f6neminden kalan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 miras sebebiyle \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir de \u0131rksal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r ve de devam etmektedir. \u00dclkede n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 10\u2019u servetin\u00a0y\u00fczde 95\u2019ine sahiptir.” (G\u00f6rsel: Johnny Miller -Millefoto Cape Town, G\u00fcney Afrika )<\/p><\/div>\n

Son 6 ay i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkeyi ziyaret ettim. Bunlar; Sosyalist Tek Partili Cumhuriyet rejimi ile y\u00f6netilen Vietnam, K\u0131z\u0131l Khmerler\u00a0 (Khmer Rouges) y\u00f6netimde uzun s\u00fcre kalan Kambo\u00e7ya ile liberal bir ekonomiye sahip G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019d\u0131r. Ge\u00e7en hafta sonunda G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nden d\u00f6n\u00fcnce g\u00f6zlemlerimi yazma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 hissettim. Ger\u00e7i 18 Eyl\u00fcl 2007 tarihindeki THY\u2019n\u0131n ilk u\u00e7u\u015funda yerel ve ulusal bas\u0131ndan gazeteciler ile birlikte davetli olarak bu \u00fclkeyi ziyaret etmi\u015ftim ama halkla fazla temas\u0131m olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk Havaliman\u0131’ndan saat 23.50’de hareket eden THY u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Cape Town’a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk seferde davetlilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 150 yolcu da yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fkenti olan (Pretoria, Cape Town ve Bloemfontein)\u00a0 bir \u00fclkedir. 1.219.090 km\u00b2 alan\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin iki kat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndedir. Kom\u015fular\u0131 Botsvana, Lesotho, Mozambik, Namibya, Svaziland ve Zimbabve\u2019dir. \u00dclkenin bat\u0131s\u0131nda\u00a0 yar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6l, do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda subtropikal iklim hakimdir. G\u00fcney yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede bulundu\u011fundan Aral\u0131k, Ocak ve \u015eubat yaz aylar\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Alt\u0131n, elmas, krom, antimon, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, demir, manganez, nikel, fosfat, kalay, uranyum, de\u011ferli ta\u015flar, platin, bak\u0131r, vanadyum, tuz ve \u00a0do\u011falgaz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengindir.<\/p>\n

Bu zenginli\u011fine ra\u011fmen G\u00fcney Afrika, \u00a0\u00e7ok yoksul ile \u00a0\u00e7ok zenginin birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha do\u011frusu birlikte ya\u015fayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyadaki tek \u00fclkedir. Bu konuda Oral \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar\u2019\u0131n tespitine<\/a>\u00a0aynen kat\u0131l\u0131yorum: \u201cG\u00fcney Afrika yoksul mu, zengin mi karar vermekte zorlan\u0131yorsunuz. Ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7inde bah\u00e7eli tek katl\u0131 evlerden olu\u015fan \u015fehirlerde, beyazlar\u0131n oturduklar\u0131 mahalleler, Londra\u2019dan geri kalm\u0131yor. \u015eehrin kenar mahallelerine y\u00f6neldi\u011finizde, yoksul, teneke barakalardan olu\u015fan bir ba\u015fka ger\u00e7ekle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geliyorsunuz. Siyahlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu gecekondu mahallelerinde ya\u015f\u0131yor, a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki gelirle var olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Siyahla beyaz aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik u\u00e7urum varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyor.\u201d <\/em>\u00c7al\u0131\u015flar\u2019a\u00a0 g\u00f6re \u201cToplumda \u00f6zellikle ekonomik alanda adaletsizlik \u00e7ok can ac\u0131t\u0131c\u0131. Toplumun en zengin y\u00fczde 10\u2019u, zenginli\u011fin y\u00fczde 71\u2019ini, en fakir y\u00fczde 60, zenginli\u011fin y\u00fczde 7\u2019sini alabildi\u011fi bir dengesizlik s\u00f6z konusu.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 57,3 milyondur. (2018)\u00a0 N\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 79\u2019u\u00a0 Afrikal\u0131,\u00a0 y\u00fczde 9,6 Avrupal\u0131, y\u00fczde 8,9\u2019u Melez ve y\u00fczde 2,5\u2019i de Asyal\u0131d\u0131r. N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 80\u2019i H\u0131ristiyan, y\u00fczde 2\u2019si M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, y\u00fczde 1,2\u2019si\u00a0 Hindu, y\u00fczde 15,1\u2019i ise\u00a0 agnostiktir. (bilinmezcilik) G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti her ne kadar uzun y\u0131llar s\u00f6m\u00fcrge olmu\u015f ise de k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini, ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkede 11 resmi dil vard\u0131r: Afrikanca, \u0130ngilizce, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa ve Zulu. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Zulu, Xhosa ve Sotho en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan yerel dillerdir. \u0130ngilizce ve Afrikanca s\u00f6m\u00fcrge dilleridir. Ortalama ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi 57 ya\u015f (erkekler) ile\u00a0 64 ya\u015f (kad\u0131nlar) aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika, 15\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bilinmiyordu. 1488 y\u0131l\u0131nda Portekizli Bartholomeu Dias\u2019\u0131n \u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nu ke\u015ffetmesi ile burun stratejik \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hollandal\u0131lar\u0131n 1652\u2019de Endonezya’daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere ula\u015fmak amac\u0131yla \u00dcmit Burnu’nda bir ikmal istasyonu kurmas\u0131yla, ba\u015fta Hollandal\u0131lar olmak \u00fczere Avrupal\u0131lar G\u00fcney Afrika’ya yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve koloni olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Zamanla Avrupal\u0131 beyazlar, Afrikal\u0131, Asyal\u0131 ve melez (renkli) n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 a\u015famal\u0131 olarak siyasi kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Irk\u00e7\u0131 Apartheid rejimi (Ulusal Parti: NP) taraf\u0131ndan uygulamaya konulan siyahlar\u0131n beyazlarla evlenmeleri, belli b\u00f6lgelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131, k\u0131y\u0131lara ve plajlara inmeleri yasaklanarak onlara pasaport ta\u015f\u0131ma zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kenti Cape Town 17\u2019nci\u00a0 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Hollandal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcrge haline getirilmi\u015f, daha sonra \u0130ngilizlerin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi olmu\u015ftur. Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fine kadar Zulu, Xhosa ce Sotho gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck kabilelerin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya Hollanda\u2019dan gelen Avrupal\u0131 yerle\u015fimciler, yanlar\u0131nda Java ve Malay Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 da getirmi\u015flerdir. 1806 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler ile yerel kabileler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan sava\u015flar sonucunda b\u00f6lge \u0130ngiliz denetimine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019y\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde yerli halka kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 politikas\u0131, 1807\u2019de \u0130ngilizlerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasa ile kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7o\u011funlukta olan siyah \u0131rka kar\u015f\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k devam etmi\u015ftir. 1867-1886 d\u00f6neminde \u00fclkede elmas ve alt\u0131n yataklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz ve Hollanda k\u00f6kenli Afrikanlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan iktidar m\u00fccadelesi 11 Ekim 1899\u00a0 tarihinde ba\u015flayan ve 31 May\u0131s 1902\u2019de sona eren G\u00fcney Afrika Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na (Boer Sava\u015f\u0131) yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Boer\u2019in kelime anlam\u0131 \u201c\u00e7ift\u00e7i\u201d<\/em>dir. Sava\u015f, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve geneli \u00e7ift\u00e7i olan Hollandal\u0131 muhacirler ile \u0130ngilizler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130ngilizlerin zaferiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda iktidara gelen General James Barry Munnik Hertzog\u2019un zaman\u0131nda (1924-1939) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasalarla me\u015fru hale getirilmi\u015ftir.(https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/exhibit\/gRba14lr?hl=tr<\/a>) G\u00fcney Afrika 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama 1931-1994 y\u0131llar\u0131nda siyah Afrikal\u0131lar \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, 1948\u2019den sonra \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 \u201capartheid\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 y\u00f6netiminin iktidarda\u00a0 oldu\u011fu y\u0131llar, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerden yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 politikalar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyince, baz\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flardan ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Commonwealth (\u0130ngiliz Uluslar Toplulu\u011fu) bunlardan biridir. 1976 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki zenci hareketlerinde y\u00fczlerce zenci \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce, BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne silah sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ANC ve SASO gibi siyasi hareketler \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde verilen m\u00fccadele sonunda 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda demokrasiye ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda zencilere kar\u015f\u0131 yumu\u015fama politikas\u0131 uygulayan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Frederik Willem de Klerk 1989 Eyl\u00fcl’\u00fcnden 1994 May\u0131s’\u0131na kadar g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve onun \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile yumu\u015fama ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Klerk, apartheid d\u00f6nemi G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nin son devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. 1989 \u015eubat’\u0131ndan 1997 Eyl\u00fcl’\u00fcne kadar da Ulusal Parti’nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6neminde Afrika Milli Konseyi, Afrika Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ve 33 muhalefet \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc hakk\u0131ndaki yasak kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hapisteki zenci lider Nelson Mandela serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Afrika Milli Konseyi 1991 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 iktidar\u0131n halka devredilmesi i\u00e7in toplu eylem y\u0131l\u0131\u00a0 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f, Konsey toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Nelson Mandela ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa se\u00e7ilmi\u015f, 10 May\u0131s 1994 tarihinde G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ilk siyah devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Mandela\u2019n\u0131n \u201cM\u00fccadele benim hayat\u0131md\u0131r. Hayat\u0131m\u0131n sonuna kadar siyahlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edece\u011fim\u201d<\/em> s\u00f6zleri halk aras\u0131nda onu \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Mandela, anti-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci ve anti-apartheid g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile uluslararas\u0131nda destek bulmu\u015f, 1993 Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Madalyas\u0131 ve Sovyet Lenin Ni\u015fan\u0131 da dahil 250\u2019nin \u00fczerinde \u00f6d\u00fcl alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da \u201cUlusun Babas\u0131\u201d<\/em> olarak\u00a0tan\u0131n\u0131r. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin ter\u00f6rist listesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kabilesindeki b\u00fcy\u00fckler kendisini \u201cMadiba\u201d<\/em> lakab\u0131yla anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 8 Haziran 2013\u2019te hastaneye kald\u0131r\u0131lan Mandela, 5 Aral\u0131k 2013 tarihinde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele veren Nelson Mandela 27 y\u0131ll\u0131k hapisli\u011finin 17 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Robben Adas\u0131\u2019nda (Fok Adas\u0131) ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kendi \u00fclkesindeki \u0131rk ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok fazla zarar g\u00f6ren Mandela, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sergilemi\u015f ve haks\u0131zl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 12 May\u0131s 1992 tarihinde Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn verildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanan Mandela, partisi Afrika Ulusal Konseyi (ANC) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kabul etmedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mandela’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn hayat\u0131n\u0131 demokrasi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye adad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu sebeple \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc reddetti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc 19 May\u0131s 1992 g\u00fcn\u00fc Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Turgut \u00d6zal\u2019\u0131n elinden alacakt\u0131. Mandela\u2019n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi tarihi bir hatayd\u0131:\u00a0 \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fcrtlere y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ben bu \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kabul etmiyorum ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gitmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum.\u201d<\/em> Asl\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin PKK\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadeleydi. O \u00a0d\u00f6nemde Mandela\u2019ya PKK\u2019n\u0131n bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc oldu\u011funun\u00a0 anlat\u0131lamamas\u0131, kamu diplomasisinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc,\u00a0 \u201cyurtta sulh, cihanda sulh\u201d<\/em> ilkesi do\u011frultusunda d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na, uluslararas\u0131 dostluk ve iyi niyetin geli\u015ftirilmesine hizmet eden ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filere devlet \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc niteli\u011finde verilmi\u015ftir. 1986-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda\u00a0 Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcl alanlar \u015funlard\u0131r:\u00a0 1986 Joseph Luns (5. NATO Genel Sekreteri), 1987 Richard Von Weizsaecker (Federal Almanya Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131), 1989 Takahito Mikasa (Japon Prensi), 1990 Kenan Evren (7. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131), 1995 T\u00fcrkiye K\u0131z\u0131lay Derne\u011fi, 1996 UNICEF (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7ocuklara Acil Yard\u0131m Fonu), 1997 Bosna-Hersek T\u00fcrk Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00fcc\u00fc G\u00f6rev Kuvveti, 1998 Prof. Dr. Bernard Lewis (Princeton \u00dcniversitesi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi), 1999 Haydar Aliyev (3. Azerbaycan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131), 2000 Rauf Denkta\u015f (1. KKTC Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131). 2000- 2013 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcrokratik sebeplerle \u00f6d\u00fcl verilememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Mandela Atat\u00fcrk Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc reddetmi\u015ftir ama ABD\u2019nin Houston \u00dcniversitesi b\u00fcnyesinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren G\u00fclen Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (4800 Calhoun Rd. University of Houston, 110 HA Social Work Building, Room 417, Houston, TX 772042010) Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc 27 Ocak 2011 tarihinde alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6d\u00fcl, icraatlar\u0131yla insanl\u0131k tarihine katk\u0131da bulunan kurumlara veya \u015fah\u0131slara veriliyordu.<\/a><\/p>\n

Johannesburg\u2019daki Nelson Mandela Vakf\u0131\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenen \u00f6d\u00fcl t\u00f6renine Mandela kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc Mandela ad\u0131na vakf\u0131n mali i\u015fler m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Ruth Rensburg alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00f6rende G\u00fclen\u2019in g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u00f6zel mesaj Mandela\u2019ya iletilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fclen Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn web sitesinden yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamada, \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn Mandela’ya bar\u0131\u015f, diyalog ve sosyal adalet i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar ve milyonlara ilham veren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla verildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n ilk siyah avukat\u0131 olan Mandela, ayn\u0131 zamanda se\u00e7imle iktidara gelen ilk G\u00fcney Afrika Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Irk\u00e7\u0131 rejim taraf\u0131ndan 27 y\u0131l hapiste tutulan Mandela, Lenin Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, Simon Bolivar \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc, Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fcn de aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu 250’den fazla \u00f6d\u00fcl alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mandela, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fdu\u011fu g\u00fcn olan 18 Temmuz’un \u201cD\u00fcnya Mandela G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 ilan edilmesiyle onurland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin ekonomik verileri b\u00fcy\u00fck yan\u0131lg\u0131lara yol a\u00e7abilir. Apartheid d\u00f6neminden kalan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 miras sebebiyle \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir de \u0131rksal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r ve de devam etmektedir. \u00dclkede n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 10\u2019u servetin\u00a0 y\u00fczde 95\u2019ine sahiptir. G\u00fcney Afrika, i\u015fsizli\u011fin \u00e7ok yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu\u00a0 bir \u00fclkedir. \u0130\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 30\u2019u seviyesindedir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki dengesizlik, toplumsal hayata da yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kentlerde ak\u015fam karard\u0131ktan sonra soka\u011fa beyazlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n sak\u0131ncal\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Kuzey Amerika, \u00c7in, Hindistan ve Rusya’da 2018 D\u00fcnya E\u015fitsizlik Raporu’nda<\/a> belirtti\u011finden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rapor\u2019da, d\u00fcnyadaki en zengin 42 ki\u015finin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 50\u2019ne denk gelen 3,6 milyar insanla e\u015fittir. En zengin 10 \u00fclkenin geliri en fakir 10 \u00fclke gelirinin 77 kat\u0131d\u0131r. 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 Avrupa\u2019da milli gelirin y\u00fczde 37\u2019si en \u00fcst y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk gelir grubu taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131rken, bu oran Ortado\u011fu\u2019da y\u00fczde 61\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

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Kaynak: wir2018.wid.world (WID, World 2017).<\/p><\/div>\n

K\u00fcresel adaletsizli\u011fin rahats\u0131z edici boyutlarda olmas\u0131 ve servetin adaletsiz payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 beraberinde yoksulluk, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, a\u00e7l\u0131k gibi ba\u015fka sosyal sorunlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Avrupa ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki fark, \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Bir \u00fclkede gelir ve servet b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n elinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme yava\u015flar. Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu 2015 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda \u015fu tespiti yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u00a0\u201cen y\u00fcksek y\u00fczde 20’lik gelirin (zengin) gelir pay\u0131 artarsa, GSYH b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi orta vadede azal\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

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Bu kapsamda bak\u0131l\u0131nca G\u00fcney Afrika, \u00e7ok zengin ile \u00e7ok yoksulun birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclkedir. \u0130\u015fsizlik \u00e7ok fazla oldu\u011fundan\u00a0 her ad\u0131m ba\u015f\u0131nda sizi rahats\u0131z edecek kadar dilencinin olmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Dilenenler ac\u0131nacak durumdad\u0131r. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki dengesizlik, sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla etkilemi\u015ftir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da son 6 ayda ziyaret etti\u011fim \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin \u201cgini\u201d<\/em> katsay\u0131lar\u0131, i\u015fsizlik ve yoksulluk oranlar\u0131, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir ve ya\u015fam beklentisi, T\u00fcrkiye ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131\u00a0 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131, bir \u00fclkede milli gelirin \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er. Katsay\u0131, \u201cs\u0131f\u0131r\u201d <\/em>ile \u201cbir\u201d<\/em> aras\u0131nda de\u011fer al\u0131r. Katsay\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r oldu\u011funda\u00a0 \u00fclkede milli gelir her bir ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan e\u015fit olarak payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor demektir. Bir oldu\u011funda, \u00fclkenin milli gelirini sadece bir ki\u015fi elde etmektedir. Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 net de\u011fere g\u00f6re de\u011fil net gelire g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ki\u015filerin gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 nispeten e\u015fit olsa bile bir \u00fclkenin servetinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu az say\u0131da ki\u015finin elinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Katsay\u0131ya sadece tek bir d\u00f6nem veri olarak bakmak, \u00fclke hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimizi \u015fekillendirse de trendi izlemek, gidilen yolun seyrini a\u00e7\u0131klar. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n 1965-2015 aras\u0131nda 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, 1965\u2019li y\u0131llarda 0,39 civar\u0131nda seyreden gini katsay\u0131 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 0,48 katsay\u0131s\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Bu e\u011filim, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin \u00fcst ucunda artmas\u0131 sebebiyle orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kayboldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir ve orta kesimde yer alan insanlar\u0131 da \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin alt ucuna s\u00fcr\u00fckler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika, Kambo\u00e7ya ve Vietnam\u2019a g\u00f6re ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan (7,504) nerdeyse 7 kat daha fazla gelire sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 di\u011fer iki \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Benzer \u015fekilde yoksulluk oran\u0131 Vietnam\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 kat fazlad\u0131r. G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde ya\u015fam beklentisi 54 y\u0131l iken, Kambo\u00e7ya (58) ve Vietnam\u2019da (66) beklenti \u00e7ok daha uzundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00dclke<\/td>\nNet Gelir Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\nVarl\u0131k Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\nKi\u015fi Ba\u015f\u0131na Gelir (USD)<\/td>\nHizmet oran\u0131 (%)<\/td>\nOrtalama G\u00fcnl\u00fck Gelir (USD PPP)<\/td>\nYoksulluk Oran\u0131 (%)<\/td>\nYa\u015fam Beklentisi (Y\u0131l)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00fcney Afrika<\/td>\n57.70<\/td>\n86.70<\/td>\n7.504<\/td>\n39.50<\/td>\n4.70<\/td>\n35.90<\/td>\n54.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kombo\u00e7ya<\/td>\n36.60<\/td>\n70.00<\/td>\n1.078<\/td>\n80.70<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\nN\/A<\/td>\n58.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vietnam<\/td>\n42.20<\/td>\n74.50<\/td>\n1.770<\/td>\n76.70<\/td>\n6.80<\/td>\n11.60<\/td>\n66.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00fcrkiye<\/td>\n39.80<\/td>\n81.80<\/td>\n14.071<\/td>\n45.10<\/td>\n13.10<\/td>\n2.40<\/td>\n66.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kaynak:\u00a0https:\/\/www.gfmag.com\/global-data\/economic-data\/wealth-distribution-income-inequality<\/a><\/p>\n

Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, bir \u00fclkede belirli d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7inde yarat\u0131lan gelirin ki\u015filer, hane halklar\u0131 veya \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesidir. Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m, yoksulluk, sosyal d\u0131\u015flanma ve ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6stergeler \u00fcretmek \u00fczere yap\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 veya bir ekonomide yarat\u0131lan gelirin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, belirli bir d\u00f6nemdeki toplam gelirin elde edilmesine katk\u0131da bulunanlar\u0131n bu gelirden alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 paylara denir. Amac\u0131, ekonomide gelir farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 belirlemektir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n bozuk oldu\u011fu toplumlarda k\u00f6t\u00fc beslenme, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesi, hijyenik olmayan \u00e7evre ve sa\u011fl\u0131k ortam\u0131 geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin yoksullu\u011fu ile birle\u015fince, sosyal huzuru ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 tehdit etmeye ba\u015flar. Zengin kesimin g\u00f6steri\u015fli t\u00fcketim kal\u0131b\u0131 da buna eklenince, o toplumda b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyal \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ve patlamalar meydana gelebilir. G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki adaletsizlik ve yoksulluk, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biridir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sadece\u00a0 bir ekonomi sorunu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak siyasi ve sosyal bir sorun olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Cape Town, zenginli\u011fin ve yoksullu\u011fun yana yana oldu\u011fu d\u00fcnyadaki tek kenttir. \u00c7ok l\u00fcks villalar\u0131n hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na kurulan teneke evler, sokakta ya\u015fayan evsizler, zengin-fakir u\u00e7urumunu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Cape Town\u2019un en fazla teneke evde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusuna sahip Khayelitsha semtinin Zwelitsha mahallesinden manzaralar\u00a0 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r. Foto\u011fraflar, G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n \u00f6teki y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Cape Town\u2019un en fazla teneke evde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusuna sahip Khayelitsha, yar\u0131m milyondan fazla insan\u0131n barakalarda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, y\u00fcksek su\u00e7 oran\u0131 ve\u00a0 yoksullu\u011fun \u00fcst seviyede oldu\u011fu semtlerden sadece birisidir. Teneke evler, sokakta ya\u015fayan evsizler, zengin-fakir u\u00e7urumunu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n

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Siyahi rehberimizin anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetlemeden \u00f6nce T\u00fcrk B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi’nin hat\u0131rlatmas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmak isterim:\u201c\u2026 \u00fclkede yayg\u0131n olarak ya\u015fanan gasp, silahl\u0131 soygun, cinayet ve \u0131rza tecav\u00fcz gibi su\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n m\u00fcteyakk\u0131z olmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik verileri b\u00fcy\u00fck yan\u0131lg\u0131lara yol a\u00e7abilir. Apartheid d\u00f6neminden kalan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 miras sebebiyle\u00a0 \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir de \u0131rksal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r ve de devam etmektedir. \u00dclkede n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 10\u2019u\u00a0 servetin y\u00fczde 95\u2019ine sahiptir. \u0130\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 30\u2019u seviyesindedir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki dengesizlik,\u00a0 toplumsal hayata da yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kentlerde ak\u015fam hava karard\u0131ktan sonra soka\u011fa beyazlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n sak\u0131ncal\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00fclkede n\u00fcfusun 10\u2019a giren diliminin 1963-2012 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda milli gelirden ald\u0131klar\u0131 pay verilmi\u015ftir. Zaman i\u00e7inde\u00a0 y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk kesimin gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015f, bu da gelir dengesizli\u011fini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da\u00a0 N\u00fcfusun Y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk Kesimin Gelirden Ald\u0131klar\u0131 Pay: 1963-2012<\/em><\/p>\n

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Kaynak: https:\/\/wid.world\/country\/south-africa\/<\/p><\/div>\n

Camp Town \u00fc\u00e7e\u00a0 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir kenttir. Siyahlar, beyazlar ve melezler. Mahalleleri, okullar\u0131, \u00fcniversiteleri ayr\u0131d\u0131r. Safari park\u0131n\u0131 ziyaretimizde siyah ve beyaz ilkokul \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131m. Yak\u0131n bir zamana kadar siyahlar\u0131n kendi mahallelerinden \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in pasaport veya belgeye ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu rehberimiz a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer herhangi bir yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor ve pasaportu da yoksa, mahalle d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kam\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f. Sokakta gezerken pasaportlar\u0131n\u0131 yanlar\u0131nda\u00a0 ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131\u00a0 gerekirmi\u015f. Rehberin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re restoranlara eskiden giremiyorlarm\u0131\u015f. \u015eimdi paras\u0131 olsa bile restoranlara girmeleri olduk\u00e7a zormu\u015f. Ya restoran kabul etmiyor ya da rezervasyon yaparken \u015fiveden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yer verilmiyormu\u015f.<\/p>\n

Teneke mahallelerde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n alkol ve sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131n. Alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kileri kendileri \u00fcrettiklerinden alkolik siyah say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla. Teneke mahalledeki konteyneri iki aile payla\u015fmakta. Tuvalet d\u0131\u015far\u0131da. \u00dcstlerini d\u0131\u015farda, bel alt\u0131n\u0131 konteynerde y\u0131k\u0131yorlar. Yar\u0131m konteynerde anne baba iki \u00e7ocu\u011fa kadar kalabiliyor. Ziyaret etti\u011fimiz\u00a0 b\u00f6lgede iki kilise var.\u00a0 Biri yerel dille ibadet ediyor, daha yoksul. Di\u011fer kilisede \u0130ngilizce ayin yap\u0131l\u0131yor,\u00a0 gen\u00e7lere hitap ediyor. Her tarafta \u00e7ocuk ald\u0131rma afi\u015fleri ve doktor numaras\u0131 var ama bunlar legal de\u011fil. Cinsel e\u011fitim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ocuklar 15-17 ya\u015f\u0131nda hamile kal\u0131yor ve \u00e7ocuk ald\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Bu \u00e7ocuklar sonradan hayata \u00e7o\u011funlukla tutunam\u0131yor. Ya alkolik oluyorlar ya da intihar ediyorlar. B\u00f6lgede karakol var ama\u00a0 halk polise gitmiyor. Olay olunca kendi aralar\u0131nda sorunu gideriyorlar. Bir beyaz han\u0131mla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri \u00e7ok zor. Hem kendi aralar\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fcyor, hem de beyaz bir han\u0131m zenciyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek istemiyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika; sahip oldu\u011fu elmas ve alt\u0131n yataklar\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak Nijerya\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci,\u00a0 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 32\u2019nci (2017, GSMH 348,8 milyon dolar)\u00a0 b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisine sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, en fazla yoksulu bulunan\u00a0 \u00fclkedir. (https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/opendata\/new-country-classifications-income-level-2018-2019<\/a>) Oysa ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama gelir 14 bin dolar. Bu sebeple G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan gelir adaletsizli\u011fi en y\u00fcksek \u00fclkelerden biri olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika, H\u0131ristiyan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir n\u00fcfusa sahiptir. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0 b\u00f6lgeye hakim oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi olan Java ve Malay adalar\u0131ndan getirdi\u011fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, 19\u2019ncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hindistan\u2019dan gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hintli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle birle\u015fince,\u00a0\u00a0 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 19\u2019ncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 devletine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck sevgi g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Bunda, bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman alim olan Ebu Bekir Efendi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da devlet di\u011fer dinlere oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130slam dinine de k\u0131s\u0131tlama getirmemekte, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar dinlerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. \u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu Johannesburg ve Durban \u015fehirlerinde Hintliler, Cape Town\u2019da ise Malaylar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n etkisiyle G\u00fcney Afrika, Filistin davas\u0131na \u00f6zel\u00a0 \u00f6nem vermektedir. Ziyaret etti\u011fim M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mahallesinde Filistin bayraklar\u0131 as\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n en eski \u0130slam m\u00fczesi olan Bo-Kaap M\u00fczesi 17 Nisan 2019 tarihinde Ebubekir Efendi gibi Osmanl\u0131 ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan M\u00fcderris Mahmud Efendi’nin evinde a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde T\u00fcrk bayra\u011f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 armas\u0131 ve o d\u00f6nemin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren haritas\u0131\u00a0 sergilenmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcmit Burnu\u2019nda 1805 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Hindistan ve Malezya as\u0131ll\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u0130slami kurallar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndaki ciddi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar sebebiyle anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, \u015fiddete varan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in bir komisyon olu\u015fturarak 16 Nisan 1862 tarihinde \u0130ngiliz Valisine ba\u015fvurulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fvuruda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nden (halife) \u0130slam’\u0131 do\u011fru anlat\u0131p anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderecek bir din alimi talebinde bulunulmu\u015ftur. Talep \u00fczerine Krali\u00e7e Victoria, Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’e bu talebi iletmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Ebubekir Efendi padi\u015fah\u0131n emriyle g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa Ebubekir Efendi\u2019ye tebligat\u0131 yap\u0131nca, yan\u0131na \u00f6\u011frencisi \u00d6mer L\u00fctfi\u2019yi alarak 1 Ekim 1863\u2019te\u00a0 Ebubekir Efendi yola \u00e7\u0131kar ve \u00f6nce deniz yoluyla\u00a0 Marsilya\u2019ya, trenle Paris\u2019e oradan\u00a0 Londra\u2019ya ve Liverpool \u00fczerinden Ocak ay\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Cape Town\u2019a\u00a0 ula\u015f\u0131r. Ebubekir Efendi\u00a0 Cape Town’da 17 y\u0131l\u00a0 g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda do\u011fru \u0130slami anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00a0 m\u00fccadele vermi\u015f, \u00a029 A\u011fustos 1880’de Cape Town’da vefat etmi\u015ftir. Arap\u00e7a olarak kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Beyan\u00fc\u2019d-din\u2019i\u00a0 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlayarak bir n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Beyan\u00fc\u2019d-din, Mia Brandel-Syrier taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizce\u2019ye\u00a0 \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: The Religious Duties Of Islam As Taught And Explained By Abu Bakr Effendi: A Translation From The Original Arabic And Afrikaans.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Ebubekir Efendi (Ortada)<\/p><\/div>\n

Ebubekir Efendi ilki Hollandal\u0131 bir han\u0131mla, ikincisi Kaptan Cook\u2019un akrabas\u0131 ve gemi in\u015faat ustas\u0131 olan Jeremiah Cook\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131yla olmak \u00fczere iki evlilik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci evlili\u011finden Ahmed Ataullah, Hi\u015fam Ni\u2018metullah ve \u00d6mer Celaleddin adlar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu olmu\u015ftur. \u0130slami ilimler alan\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Ahmed Ataullah Efendi, 1884\u2019te Kimberley\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan ilk Osmanl\u0131 okulunun m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n d\u00f6rt mezhebi de hak kabul edip dini ve sosyal birliklerini olu\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, aralar\u0131nda torunlar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu bir grup Hanefi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman cemaati varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Ebubakir Efendi\u2019nin 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Padi\u015faha yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubun orijinali ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kaynak: Halim Gen\u00e7o\u011flu, https:\/\/www.dunyabulteni.net\/afrika\/guney-afrika-nin-en-eski-islm-muzesi-olan-bo-kaap-acildi-h441098.html<\/p><\/div>\n

Ebubekir Efendi\u2019nin Cape Town’da ya\u015fayan torunlar\u0131 ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 26 Haziran\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelmi\u015flerdir. Torun Washila Muhammed, “B\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fckbabam Ebubekir Efendi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 160 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130slam dinini \u00f6\u011fretmek i\u00e7in Erzurum’dan Cape Town’a geldi ve bir daha da geri d\u00f6nmedi. Cape Town’da bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fiye ders verdi, e\u011fitti. Dedem Ebubekir Efendi, arkas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miras b\u0131rakt\u0131. Cape Town’da hatta G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n her yerinde \u015eeyh Ebubekir Efendi’den izler bulmak bug\u00fcn de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn\u201d <\/em>demi\u015ftir. Muhammed, Halim Gen\u00e7o\u011flu’nun 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cape Town \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Afrika’da Osmanl\u0131 izleri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, Ebubekir Efendi’nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki hayat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmelerine\u00a0 yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u00a0 demokratik de\u011ferlere dayanan anayasal d\u00fczeni ve geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomisiyle Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131ndaki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve istikrarl\u0131 \u00fclkedir. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemine dayanan parlamenter demokrasiyle y\u00f6netilir.\u00a0 Demokratik se\u00e7imler 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 beyaz rejime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Afrika Ulusal Kongresi (ANC: African National Congress) se\u00e7imlerden\u00a0 ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ANC; 1999, 2004 ve 2009\u00a0 se\u00e7imlerini tek ba\u015f\u0131na h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurabilecek \u00e7o\u011funlukla kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nisan 2009’da yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerde oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 65’ini alarak be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na yeniden iktidara gelen ANC, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Jacob Zuma’n\u0131n May\u0131s 2009’da yemin etmesiyle g\u00f6reve ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 7 May\u0131s 2014\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen genel se\u00e7imlerde\u00a0 ANC oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 62,15\u2019ni alarak se\u00e7imlerden birinci parti olarak \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son yap\u0131lan (May\u0131s 2019)\u00a0 se\u00e7imlerde oylar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: Y\u00fczde 57,68. Ana muhalefetteki Demokratik Birlik (DA) y\u00fczde 20,69 Ekonomik \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (EFF) ise y\u00fczde 10,60 oran\u0131nda oy alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ANC\u00a0 se\u00e7imde\u00a0 oy kaybederken, parti Mandela’n\u0131n ba\u015fkan oldu\u011fu 1994 se\u00e7imlerinden bu yana en k\u00f6t\u00fc oy oran\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok beyazlar\u0131n oyunu alan ana muhalefetteki DA ve muhalefetteki di\u011fer parti EFF, bir \u00f6nceki se\u00e7imde oldu\u011fu gibi bu se\u00e7imde de oylar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ANC y\u00f6neticilerinin isimlerinin s\u00fcrekli yolsuzlukla g\u00fcndeme gelmesinin yan\u0131nda, \u00fclkede\u00a0 i\u015fsizli\u011fin\u00a0 artmas\u0131\u00a0 iktidar partisinin oylar\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli sebebidir. G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yeni se\u00e7ilen Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 (Mandela ad\u0131na bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015f m\u00fczakerecisi) Cyril Ramaphosa\u2019dan yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadeleye \u00f6nem vermesi istenmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcney Afrika ili\u015fkilerinin uzun bir \u00a0ge\u00e7mi\u015fi vard\u0131r. Ebu Bekir Efendi\u2019nin Cape Town\u2019a gitmesi ve 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Johannesburg kentinde a\u00e7\u0131lan konsoloslu\u011fa Mehmet Remzi Bey\u2019in g\u00f6nderilmesi, ili\u015fkilerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. 27 \u015eubat 1993 tarihinde Ankara\u2019da G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi, 22 Mart 1994 tarihinde ise Pretoria\u2019da T\u00fcrk\u00a0 B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Sahran\u0131n G\u00fcneyindeki Afrika’daki (SAGA) en \u00f6nemli ticaret orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ikili ticaret hacmi 1,4 milyar dolara\u00a0 ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130hracat: 406 milyon dolar, ithalat: 1.058 milyon\u00a0 dolar. T\u00fcrk yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri 500 milyon dolardan fazlad\u0131r. Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak madencilik ve tekstil sekt\u00f6rlerindedir. Ba\u015fta Cape Town ve Johannesburg\u2019da olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrklere ait tekstil, hal\u0131, g\u0131da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ithalat, toptan ve perakende sat\u0131\u015f yapan firmalar vard\u0131r. \u00dclkede 3 bin civar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. THY\u2019nin Cape Town-Johannesburg-\u0130stanbul seferleri 17 Eyl\u00fcl 2007 tarihinde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Ekim 2015\u2019de Cape Town\u2019a do\u011frudan u\u00e7u\u015f ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kas\u0131m 2015\u2019deki Durban u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131yla u\u00e7u\u015f noktas\u0131 3\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0 G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’ne T\u00fcrkiye burslar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda her y\u0131l burs verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Johansbug\u2019un d\u0131\u015f semtlerinden ge\u00e7erken Selimiye Camisi\u2019nin bir benzeri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca\u00a0 \u015foke oldum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kar\u015f\u0131mda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir Selimiye vard\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye’de Kervanc\u0131, G\u00fcney Afrika’da ise Uncle Ali olarak an\u0131lan Ali Kat\u0131rc\u0131o\u011flu’nun yap\u0131m\u0131na 1 Ekim 2009’da ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nizamiye K\u00fclliyesi, Johannesburg’un Midrand B\u00f6lgesi’ndedir. Sahra alt\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck cami olan K\u00fclliye, Selimiye Camii’nin y\u00fczde 20 oran\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. 100 d\u00f6n\u00fcm arazi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Nelson Mandela’n\u0131n iste\u011fiyle 10 odal\u0131 bir klinik de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n G\u00fcney Afrika’da \u015fehit edilen ilk diplomat\u0131 olan Mehmet Remzi Efendi’nin mezar\u0131 Nizamiye K\u00fclliyesi’ndedir. Kat\u0131rc\u0131o\u011flu G\u00fclen cemaatine yak\u0131n bir i\u015fadam\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fclen zaman\u0131nda\u00a0 Kat\u0131rc\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun soyad\u0131n\u0131 be\u011fenmemi\u015f ve bundan sonra kendisine \u201cKervanc\u0131\u201d<\/em> denmesini istemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

FET\u00d6, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak tan\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce Ba\u015fbakan Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n G\u00fcney Afrika ziyaretine kat\u0131lan T\u00fcrk heyeti, T\u00fcrkiye-G\u00fcney Afrika \u0130\u015f Forumu’nun ard\u0131ndan Johannesburg’da yap\u0131m\u0131 devam eden Nizamiye Camisi’ni ziyaret etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Camii ziyaret edenler aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birli\u011fi\u00a0 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rifat Hisarc\u0131kl\u0131o\u011flu, Be\u015fikta\u015f Kul\u00fcb\u00fc Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Demir\u00f6ren de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ali Kat\u0131rc\u0131o\u011flu, ziyaret\u00e7ilere bilgi vermi\u015ftir. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin Ekonomi Bakan\u0131 Zafer\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c7a\u011flayan, G\u00fcney Afrika Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jacob Zuma ile birlikte yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015fa T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015fadamlar\u0131 ve Sanayiciler Konfederasyonu (TUSKON) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 R\u0131zanur Meral, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130hracat\u00e7\u0131lar Meclisi (T\u0130M) Ba\u015fkan Vekili Mustafa \u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. R\u0131zanur Meral FET\u00d6\u2019ye maddi destek sa\u011flamaktan ve ter\u00f6rist bir gruba \u00fcye olmakla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. FET\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn mali yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik operasyon kapsam\u0131nda Mustafa \u00c7\u0131kr\u0131k\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu da g\u00f6z alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada dikkat \u00e7ekici olan,\u00a0\u00a0 G\u00fcney Afrika<\/a>‘da yap\u0131lacak, Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan ve \u00c7in’in olu\u015fturdu\u011fu BRICS’in zirvesine \u00f6zel davetli olarak kat\u0131lan Ba\u015fkan\u00a0Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan<\/a>, bu \u00fclkeye ka\u00e7an FET\u00d6 eleba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n iadesini Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cyril Ramaphosa istemesidir.<\/p>\n

Ak\u015fam gazetesinin o d\u00f6nemdeki haberinde Ali Kat\u0131rc\u0131o\u011flu<\/a>\u2019nun FET\u00d6’n\u00fcn bir numaral\u0131 finans\u00f6r\u00fc oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015fti. Benim dikkatimi \u00e7eken, K\u00fclliye\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erken rehberimizin buray\u0131 ziyaret program\u0131na almamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hediyelik ma\u011fazalarda bile mola verilirken buradan transit ge\u00e7ilmesine o zaman bir anlam verememi\u015ftim. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fcnce mola verilmemesinin sebebini anlad\u0131m ama buna da bir anlam veremedim.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sad\u0131k R\u0131dvan Karluk; G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ekonomisine, siyahilere kar\u015f\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fine, Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz devrinde Ebubekir Efendi\u2019nin g\u00f6revlendirilmesiyle ba\u015flayan ve s\u00fcregelen G\u00fcney Afrika-T\u00fcrkiye ili\u015fkilerine de\u011finiyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7846,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,66],"tags":[],"coauthors":[6],"class_list":["post-7823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-siyaset-tarih"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7823"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7823\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7848,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7823\/revisions\/7848"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7823"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7823"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7823"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=7823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}