{"id":797,"date":"2017-12-31T08:22:50","date_gmt":"2017-12-31T05:22:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/?p=797"},"modified":"2018-03-10T11:50:21","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T08:50:21","slug":"turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi: Yolsuzluk- yoksulluk ili\u015fkisi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-817 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/yolsuzluk.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/yolsuzluk.jpg 601w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/yolsuzluk-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/yolsuzluk-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/p>\n<style> img{min-width:100%;}<\/style>\n<h2><strong>T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde yoksulluk, yolsuzluk ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ili\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Giri\u015f<\/h2>\n<p>Yoksul (arap\u00e7a fakr) paras\u0131 ve rahat bir \u015fekilde ya\u015famak i\u00e7in gerekli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olmayan ki\u015fi demektir. Ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gerekli \u015feyler; ki\u015filere, i\u00e7inde bulunulan topluma ve \u00e7evreye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. Yoksulluk kavram\u0131, sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lara dayan\u0131r. \u0130nsan toplumsal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu sebeple fiziki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli beslenmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra giyim, bar\u0131nma, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ortak ya\u015fam gibi sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar, ekonomik durumuna g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131lanabilen ihtiya\u00e7lar (maddi nitelikte) ve ekonomik \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan ihtiya\u00e7lar (manevi nitelikte) olarak iki ana gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Ekonomide \u00f6nemli olan, ekonomik duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 olan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131d\u0131r (UNESCO, Learning To Live Together).<\/p>\n<p>Yolsuzluk (corruption) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hem akademik hem de g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131l\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 ve yoksul \u00fclkelerde yolsuzluk, d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131k ekonomilere g\u00f6re daha fazlad\u0131r (Olken and Pande, 2012:2). Fakat mevcut kapal\u0131l\u0131k bunun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir. Etkin bir hukuk sistemi hem siyasi yolsuzluklar\u0131 \u00f6nlemede hem de siyasi iradenin ortaya koydu\u011fu yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadele kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemede \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Siyasal istikrars\u0131zl\u0131klar, hukuk sistemindeki etkinsizlikler, kurumsal yap\u0131daki g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fckler, yolsuzluklar\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak etkilemektedir. Yolsuzluk, kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin kendilerine verilmi\u015f olan yetkileri \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla g\u00f6rev alanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak kullanmalar\u0131 durumunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (World Bank, 1997: 8).<\/p>\n<p>Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ve kaynaklar\u0131 ile \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flardaki g\u00f6rev, yetki ve kaynaklar\u0131n, toplumun zarar\u0131na olarak \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak \u00a0tan\u0131mlanabilen yolsuzluk; rekabeti engelleyerek ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi yava\u015flatmakta, do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fini ve vergi gelirlerini azaltmakta, kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n israf edilmesine yol a\u00e7arak e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, g\u00fcvenlik gibi zorunlu kamu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkilemekte, kamu kurumlar\u0131na, y\u00f6neticilerine ve adalet sistemine duyulan g\u00fcveni zedelemekte ve de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bozarak yoksullu\u011fu art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (Resmi Gazete, 2010).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisindeki gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki bozukluk yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rken, yolsuzluklar\u0131n da \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Ekonomide gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik yayg\u0131n ise, o toplumda yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artarken, yolsuzluklar da giderek fazlala\u015f\u0131r. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda adalete yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a yolsuzluklar azal\u0131r. Saydam toplumlarda yolsuzluk asgari seviyededir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc saydaml\u0131k, yolsuzlu\u011fun pan zehiridir (Yast\u0131, 2005). T\u00fcrkiye yolsuzlu\u011fu \u00f6nleme konusunda uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere taraf olmu\u015ftur ama bu konuda gerekli ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 hen\u00fcz g\u00f6sterememi\u015ftir (Cebeci, 2008; D\u00f6kmen, 2012: 41-51; Gounari, 1998).<\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Derne\u011fi (TI) taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan yolsuzluk endeksinde T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019da yolsuzlu\u011fun en y\u00fcksek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkeler grubunda de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye, 175 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan endeks \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re 2014 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda, 5 puanl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fle puan\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fanan \u00fclke olmu\u015f, 50 puandan 45\u2032e gerilemi\u015ftir. Puan\u0131ndaki bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2032nin son 6 y\u0131ldaki ilerlemesi s\u0131f\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 11 s\u0131ra birden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkiye, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 endeksinde 53\u2019nc\u00fc s\u0131radayken\u00a0 64\u2019nc\u00fc s\u0131raya gerilemi\u015ftir (Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Dernegi, 2014b).<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, bir \u00fclkede belirli d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7inde yarat\u0131lan gelirin ki\u015filer, hane halklar\u0131 veya \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesidir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, yoksulluk, sosyal d\u0131\u015flanma ve ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6stergeler \u00fcretmek \u00fczere yap\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 veya bir ekonomide yarat\u0131lan gelirin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, belirli bir d\u00f6nemdeki toplam gelirin elde edilmesine katk\u0131da bulunanlar\u0131n bu gelirden alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 paylara denir (Karluk, 2014:79). Bozuk gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sosyal huzursuzluklara yol a\u00e7arak siyasi istikrar\u0131 bozar. Ge\u00e7im s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7eken hane halklar\u0131n\u0131n marjinal partilere y\u00f6nelmesi, siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da artt\u0131r\u0131r. Co\u011frafi anlamdaki gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n adaletsizli\u011fi, i\u00e7 pazar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki adaletsizlik ve yoksulluk, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biridir (DPT, 2001:5-8).<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, n\u00fcfusun tamam\u0131na ili\u015fkin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 belirledi\u011fi i\u00e7in yoksulluktan daha geni\u015f bir kavramd\u0131r. Belirli bir gelir seviyesinde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik ne kadar artarsa, yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan ki\u015filerin oran\u0131 da o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fckselir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle bir \u00fclkede yoksulluk ile gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00a0bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r. \u00dclkede gelir dengesi bozuluyorsa, bunun do\u011fal sonucu olarak yoksul ki\u015filerin say\u0131s\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen temel fakt\u00f6rler incelendi\u011finde ayn\u0131 zamanda yoksullu\u011fun belirleyicileri de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olur. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki dengesizlik yoksullu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu durum da yolsuzluk i\u00e7in uygun bir ortam haz\u0131rlar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda b\u00f6yle bir ili\u015fkinin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, yoksulluk ve yolsuzluk bir\u00e7ok bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya konu olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131ran en temel \u00f6zellik yaz\u0131nda da ilk defa gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 adaletsizli\u011fi ile yolsuzluk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temel alarak bakmakta olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temel bulgular\u0131na g\u00f6re gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bozuk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde daha az yolsuzluk olmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu bulgu, daha az yolsuzluk olan \u00fclkelerde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 daha adildir \u015feklinde de yorumlanabilmektedir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131na giren \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu bulgunun istatistiksel olarak en kuvvetli oldu\u011fu \u00fclke T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ba\u011flamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yedi ana k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci k\u0131s\u0131mda yoksulluk kavram\u0131 genel olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, Merih Celasun\u2019a ait \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yoksulluk temas\u0131 i\u015flenecek ve ilgili yaz\u0131n hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgilendirme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131mda yolsuzluk kavram\u0131 ve yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki incelemektedir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yolsuzluk konusuna de\u011finirken, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kavram\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya ve OECD \u00fclkelerinde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kavram\u0131 be\u015finci k\u0131s\u0131mda ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Alt\u0131nc\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerine baz\u0131 tespitlere de\u011finmekte, yedinci k\u0131s\u0131mda ise nihai de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yoksulluk kavram\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yoksulluk<\/h2>\n<p>Yoksulluk, ki\u015filerin ve hane halk\u0131n\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in uygun g\u00f6recekleri bir tatmin seviyesini sa\u011flamaya yetecek bir gelire sahip olmamalar\u0131d\u0131r \u00a0(Dumanl\u0131. 1995: 211; Duclos, 2002). Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada gelir yoksullu\u011fu (income poverty) esas al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Yoksulluk kavram\u0131, mutlak yoksulluk (absulute poverty), nispi yoksulluk (relative poverty) ve \u00f6znel yoksulluk (subjective poverty) olarak da tan\u0131mlanabilir (UNESCO). Nispi yoksullu\u011fun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinde kimlerin yoksul s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na girece\u011fini belirleyen d\u00fczeye yoksulluk \u00e7izgisi denir (poverty line). Bu \u00e7izgi ortanca (medyan) gelirin belli bir y\u00fczdesi (%40, %50 gibi) olarak belirlenir. \u00c7izginin alt\u0131nda kalanlar aras\u0131nda da bir gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bunun da dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir. Yoksulluk seviyesinin belirlenmesinde kullan\u0131lan mutlak yoksulluk, hane halk\u0131 ya da ki\u015filerin ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 asgari gelir ve harcama seviyesidir<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]<\/a>. \u00dclkeleraras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan bir tan\u0131md\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda \u00fclkelerin i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 durumlar\u0131 ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 dikkate almaks\u0131z\u0131n her \u00fclkeye uygulanabilecek bir k\u00fcresel yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r, temel t\u00fcketim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lan mal demetinin maliyetine denk gelen yoksulluk seviyesidir.<\/p>\n<p>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Kalk\u0131nma Program\u0131 (UNDP) 1997 y\u0131l\u0131 \u0130nsani Geli\u015fme Raporu\u2019nda, insani yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, insanca ya\u015fam i\u00e7in maddi imkanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmesi i\u00e7in sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel imkanlara sahip olmay\u0131 da kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir (Pradhan ve Ravallion 2000). Rapor\u2019da insani yoksullu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u201cinsani yoksulluk endeksi\u201d (Human Poverty Index: HPI) geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu endeks, ya\u015fam s\u00fcresinin k\u0131sal\u0131\u011f\u0131, temel e\u011fitim hizmetlerinden mahrumiyet, kamusal ve \u00f6zel kaynaklara eri\u015fememe gibi insani geli\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan eksikleri, yoksullu\u011fun boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve insani geli\u015fim d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yoksulluk \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Merih Celasun\u2019a aittir.<a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> Celasun, mutlak yoksulluk yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla Dervi\u015f ve Robinson\u2019un<a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> 1973 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 esas alarak 1973, 1978 ve 1983 y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7in yoksulluk oranlar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra bu alanda DPT\u2019de iki, D\u0130E\u2019de bir uzmanl\u0131k tezi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Dumanl\u0131, 1995; Dansuk 1997; Dumanl\u0131 1996; Erdo\u011fan 1997). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 yoksulluk \u00e7izgisini belirlemeye y\u00f6nelik olarak d\u00f6rt ki\u015filik bir ailenin mutfak giderleri \u00fczerinden tespit yaparlar.<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cT\u00fcrkiye: Ekonomik Reformlar, Ya\u015fam Standartlar\u0131 ve Toplumsal Refah\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131; 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u0130E taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve toplam 25 bin haneyi kapsayan Hanehalk\u0131 Gelir ve T\u00fcketim Harcamalar\u0131 Anketi verileri temel al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc paritesine (SAGP) g\u00f6re g\u00fcnl\u00fck 1 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda gelirle ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren n\u00fcfusun oran\u0131n\u0131 1994 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in %2,5 olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. 1994 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in ayda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 1,1 milyon TL (SAGP\u2019ye g\u00f6re 88 dolar) g\u0131da yoksullu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kabul edilmekte ve bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan n\u00fcfusun oran\u0131 %7,3 olarak belirlenmektedir (World Bank, 2000a:8).<\/p>\n<p>Yine ayn\u0131 rapora g\u00f6re yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcren kesim, toplam n\u00fcfusun %36,3\u2019n\u00fc, toplam hane say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise %31\u2019ini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Nispi yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ortalama hane ba\u015f\u0131na 4 milyon TL\u2019dir (SAGP\u2019ye g\u00f6re 319 dolar). N\u00fcfusun %15,7\u2019si toplam y\u0131ll\u0131k harcamalar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda nispi yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019\u0131n bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda<a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nispi yoksullu\u011fa g\u00f6re 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda ki\u015filerin %15.5\u2019in\u0131n yoksulluk \u00e7izgisinin alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda yoksul ki\u015fi oran\u0131n\u0131n ise %14.5\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131n\u0131n, Yoksullukla M\u00fccadele, 2000-2001 raporunda ise 1994 Hanehalk\u0131 Gelir ve T\u00fcketim Harcamalar\u0131 Anketi verilerinden hareketle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de n\u00fcfusun %2,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcnl\u00fck 1 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda bir t\u00fcketim seviyesi ile ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 idame ettirdi\u011fini hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcnl\u00fck t\u00fcketim seviyesi 2 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda olan n\u00fcfusun oran\u0131 ise %18\u2019dir (World Bank, 2000b:17).<\/p>\n<p>Kalk\u0131nma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (\u00f6nceki DPT) g\u00f6re yoksulluk ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6stergelerde iyile\u015fmeler g\u00f6zlemlenmesine ra\u011fmen, sorunlar<a href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]<\/a> devam etmektedir (DPT, 1994:3-8). 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de n\u00fcfusun %0.87\u2019si g\u0131da harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, %20.5\u2019i ise g\u0131da ve g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f\u0131 harcamalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015famakta idi. T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in 2005 Y\u0131l\u0131 Yoksulluk \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ki\u015filerin %0.87\u2019si (623 bin ki\u015fi) sadece g\u0131da harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, %20.5\u2019i (14.681 bin ki\u015fi) ise g\u0131da ve g\u0131da d\u0131\u015f\u0131 harcamalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda idi (TU\u0130K, 2005). 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc paritesine g\u00f6re ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 dolar cinsinden yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yoksulluk oranlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu d\u00fczelme yeterli de\u011fildir. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck harcamas\u0131, cari sat\u0131nalma g\u00fcc\u00fc paritesine g\u00f6re 2,15 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan ki\u015fi oran\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %0,03 seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ise\u00a0 cari sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc paritesine g\u00f6re 4,3 dolar olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda %2,06 olan yoksulluk oran\u0131, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %1,62 olmu\u015ftur (TU\u0130K, 2015a).<\/p>\n<p>2012 Gelir ve Ya\u015fam Ko\u015fullar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re e\u015fde\u011fer hane halk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir medyan gelirin %50\u2019si dikkate al\u0131narak belirlenen yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na g\u00f6re n\u00fcfusun %16,3\u2019\u00fc yoksulluk riski alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de n\u00fcfusun %16,3\u2019\u00fc yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r (TUIK, 2012:1). D\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k panel veri kullan\u0131larak hesaplanan \u201cs\u00fcrekli yoksulluk\u201d oran\u0131, son y\u0131lda ve \u00f6nceki \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan en az ikisinde yoksulluk riski alt\u0131nda olanlar olarak <em>tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r<\/em>. S\u00fcrekli yoksullu\u011fun hesaplanmas\u0131nda e\u015fde\u011fer hanehalk\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir medyan gelirin %60\u2019\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, hem 2011 hem de 2012 y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli yoksulluk riski alt\u0131nda olanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 %16 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>TU\u0130K\u2019in Yoksulluk \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 2012\u2019ye g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck harcamas\u0131 cari SAGP\u2019ye g\u00f6re 2,15 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan ki\u015fi oran\u0131 %0,06 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 cari SAGP\u2019ye g\u00f6re 4,3 dolar olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise s\u00f6z konusu oran %2,27 olmu\u015ftur (Tablo 1). Cari SAGP\u2019ye g\u00f6re 4,3 dolar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 itibariyle k\u0131rsal yerle\u015fim yerlerinde ya\u015fayanlarda ayn\u0131 oran %5,88, kentsel yerlerde ya\u015fayanlarda ise %0,60 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ciddi mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan n\u00fcfusun oran\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan maddi yoksunluk oran\u0131 ise 2012\u2019de %59,2\u2019dir (TU\u0130K, 2013).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tablo: 1. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yoksulluk Oran\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-812\" style=\"min-width: 100%;\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TabloI-1024x312.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TabloI-1024x312.gif 1024w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TabloI-150x46.gif 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TabloI-300x91.gif 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TabloI-768x234.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><br \/>\nT\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in 2014 aile verilerine ili\u015fkin istatistiklerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;deki hane halklar\u0131n\u0131n % 22.4&#8217;\u00fc yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Hane halk\u0131 tipine g\u00f6re yoksulluk oran\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda tek ebeveynli ve en az bir \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan hane halklar\u0131n\u0131n %28,9&#8217;u ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7in hesaplanan nispi yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan hane halklar\u0131n\u0131n yoksulluk oran\u0131 (%27,2), ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmayan hane halklar\u0131n\u0131n yoksulluk oran\u0131ndan (%7,7) yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,5 kat fazlad\u0131r (TU\u0130K, 2015b).Kaynak: T\u00dc\u0130K, Haber B\u00fclteni, 06.12.2013<\/p>\n<h2>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yolsuzluk kavram\u0131 ve yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi ile Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki korelasyon<\/h2>\n<p>Yolsuzluk, insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eski bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahiptir. Aristoteles, Politika isimli eserinde toplumdaki yolsuzluklar ile ilgili olarak \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: <em>\u201cHazineyi yolsuzluklardan koruyabilmek i\u00e7in, parasal i\u015flemleri b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumun (\u015fehrin) \u00f6n\u00fcnde yapal\u0131m, bunlarla ilgili kay\u0131tlar\u0131n suretlerini \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerde saklayal\u0131m.\u201d<\/em><a href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]<\/a> Yolsuzluk s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hem akademik hem de g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kullan\u0131m ayn\u0131 zamanda uygulamadaki yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Yolsuzlu\u011fun ciddi bir sorun olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, sorunu ortadan kald\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmektedir. Yolsuzluk, bir\u00e7ok sosyal bilimci taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan ortak bir terimdir. Sosyolojiden siyaset bilimine, hukuktan kamu y\u00f6netimine kadar yolsuzluk \u00fczerine geni\u015f yaz\u0131n vard\u0131r.<a href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yolsuzlu\u011fun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek olup, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyal geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en \u00f6nemli engeldir (\u00c7elen, 2007: 191).<\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Derne\u011fi yolsuzlu\u011fu, emanet edilmi\u015f yetkiyi \u00f6zel yarar sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullanmak olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r (Transparency International, 2014). Tan\u0131m, hem \u00f6zel hem de kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kapsay\u0131c\u0131 niteliktedir. Yolsuzluk, do\u011frudan para transferi \u015feklinde olmayabilir. Herhangi bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 da bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli yolsuzluk tan\u0131mlar\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir. Avrupa Konseyi taraf\u0131ndan 4 Kas\u0131m 1999 tarihinde Strasburg\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan ve T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan onaylan\u0131p, 17.06.2003 tarihli Resmi Gazete\u2019de yer alan Yolsuzlu\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yolsuzlu\u011fu \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<em>: \u201cBir g\u00f6revin ola\u011fan ifas\u0131na ya da haks\u0131z bir komisyondan veya hak edilmemi\u015f bir yarardan veya b\u00f6yle bir hak edilmemi\u015f yarar vaadinden fayda sa\u011flayan\u0131n, gereken davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na etki eden haks\u0131z bir komisyonun veya di\u011fer hak edilmemi\u015f bir yarar\u0131n talep edilmesi, sorulmas\u0131, verilmesi ya da kabul edilmesidir.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n<p>D\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 ve yoksul \u00fclkelerde yolsuzluk, d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131k ekonomilere g\u00f6re daha fazlad\u0131r. Fakat mevcut kapal\u0131l\u0131k bunun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 ekonomilerin say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla azalmaktad\u0131r. Bunda Sosyalist Blok\u2019un \u00e7\u00f6kmesinin ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok merkezi planlamaya dayal\u0131 ekonomilerin d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Kapal\u0131 ekonomilerde, y\u00fcksek g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n, devletin ekonomiye s\u0131k s\u0131k ve belirli kurallara dayal\u0131 olmadan m\u00fcdahale etmesinin, saydaml\u0131k ve hesap verebilirlikten yoksun kamu mali y\u00f6netimlerinin yolsuzlu\u011fa ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir.<a href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]<\/a> Kamu maliyesi ile yolsuzluklar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda yolsuzluklar\u0131n; toplumda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiledi\u011fi, (Gupta vd 1998) kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 bile\u015fiminde de\u011fi\u015fime\u00a0 yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Mauro,1998), kamu kesimi taraf\u0131ndan sunulan hizmetlerin kalitesini azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Gupta vd., 2000), kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Del Monte ve Papagni, 2001), kamu yat\u0131r\u0131m projelerinin maliyetlerini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Tanzi ve Davoodi, 2000) ve\u00a0 kamu gelirlerini azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00a0savunulmu\u015ftur (Be\u015fkaya ve Ba\u011fdigen, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>Bir \u00fclkedeki yolsuzluk d\u00fczeyini etkileyen bir\u00e7ok etken vard\u0131r. Bu etkenler sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 kaynaklardan beslenebilir. Yolsuzlu\u011fa etki eden etkenler do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ve yetkilendirmeler, vergileme, kamu harcama kararlar\u0131, siyasi yozla\u015fma, gelir dengesizli\u011fi ve yoksulluk do\u011frudan etkenlerdir. Dolayl\u0131 etkenler ise, b\u00fcrokrasinin kalitesi, siyasi ve idari duyarl\u0131l\u0131k, yapt\u0131r\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131, kurallar\u0131n, yasalar\u0131n ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin saydaml\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (World Bank,1999).<\/p>\n<p>Ekonomide yolsuzluklar ile kamu kesimi finansman a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yine s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r. Yolsuzluk seviyesi y\u00fcksek \u00fclkelerde kamu kesimi a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Yolsuzluklardaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler, kamu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaktad\u0131r. Yolsuzluklar, kamu harcamalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir etkiye sahiptir ve kamu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131z yere transferine dayan\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan kamu harcamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k istenen miktarda ve nitelikte mal ve hizmetin sat\u0131n al\u0131namamas\u0131, ekonomide yolsuzlu\u011fun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015farettir. Reel kamu harcamalar\u0131 sonucu piyasa de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda mal ve hizmet sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 ekonomideki yolsuzlu\u011fun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r (Tanzi ve Davoodi, 2000).<\/p>\n<p>Etkin bir hukuk sistemi hem siyasi yolsuzluklar\u0131 \u00f6nlemede hem de siyasi iradenin ortaya koydu\u011fu yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadele kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemede \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Siyasal istikrars\u0131zl\u0131klar, hukuk sistemindeki etkinsizlikler, kurumsal yap\u0131daki g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fckler, yolsuzluklar\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak etkilemektedir. Ekonomide yolsuzluklarla m\u00fccadelede ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n yakalanabilmesi i\u00e7in kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r mutlaka i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yolsuzluklar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn etkinli\u011fini artt\u0131r\u0131r. Kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u015fbirli\u011fi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sinerji yarat\u0131r ve denetim ve denge mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak yolsuzluklar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur (World Bank, 1997).<\/p>\n<p>Yolsuzluklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan iki temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct vard\u0131r. Bunlar, yolsuzlu\u011fun do\u011fas\u0131 ve boyutudur. Yolsuzluklar da do\u011fas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cfazladan \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flamak\u201d i\u00e7in yap\u0131lanlar (paying for benefits) ve \u201cfazladan maliyetten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak\u201d i\u00e7in (paying to avoid cost) yap\u0131lanlar olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131labilir. Yolsuzluklar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerine g\u00f6re de farkl\u0131la\u015fabilmektedir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yolsuzluklar. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yolsuzluklar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta sevideki memurlar\u0131n bir t\u00fcr bah\u015fi\u015f (tips) olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ufak r\u00fc\u015fvetleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, b\u00fcy\u00fck yolsuzluklar y\u00fcksek b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler ve silah tedariki gibi \u00e7apl\u0131 kamu ihalelilerinde ald\u0131klar\u0131 r\u00fc\u015fvetleri ifade etmektedir (\u00d6rselli, 2010:103-107).<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil: 1. Yolsuzluk Alg\u0131 Endeksi ve Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki korelasyon<br \/>\n\u015eekil: 2. T\u00fcm \u00fclkeler<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-806\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/BirinciSekil-847x1024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"847\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/BirinciSekil-847x1024.gif 847w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/BirinciSekil-124x150.gif 124w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/BirinciSekil-248x300.gif 248w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/BirinciSekil-768x928.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kaynak: Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 verileri D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 (D\u00fcnya Kalk\u0131nma G\u00f6stergeleri veri taban\u0131) ve IMF\u2019den (D\u00fcnya Ekonomik G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc veri taban\u0131), yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi verileri Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Derne\u011fi\u2019nden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hesaplamalar yazarlara aittir. K.K. korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmektedir<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ekonomideki gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki bozukluk yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rken, yolsuzluklar\u0131n da giderek \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve yoksullu\u011fu belirleyen \u00fc\u00e7 temel etken; yap\u0131sal etkenler, sosyal d\u00fczenlemeler ile kamu politikalar\u0131d\u0131r.<a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]<\/a> Ekonomide gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik yayg\u0131n ise, o toplumda yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artarken, yolsuzluklar da giderek fazlala\u015f\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, yoksulluk ve yolsuzluklar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir ba\u011f vard\u0131r. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda adalete yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, toplumda yolsuzluklar azal\u0131r (Gupta, Davoodi and Terme, 1998: 6-8). Saydam toplumlarda yolsuzluk asgari seviyededir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc saydaml\u0131k, yolsuzlu\u011fun panzehiridir.Kaynak: Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 verileri D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 (D\u00fcnya Kalk\u0131nma G\u00f6stergeleri veri taban\u0131) ve IMF\u2019den (D\u00fcnya Ekonomik G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc veri taban\u0131), yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi verileri Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Derne\u011fi\u2019nden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hesaplamalar yazarlara aittir. K.K. korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Pellegrini ve Gerlagh\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi yolsuzluk\u00a0 t\u00fcm toplumlar\u0131 etkileyen geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir olgudur. R\u00fc\u015fvet, gelir d\u00fczeyi, hukuk sistemi ve y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi ne olursa olsun t\u00fcm toplumlarda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r (Pellegrini vd., 2007). Bir toplumda yolsuzluk ve r\u00fc\u015fvetin yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131, o toplumda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde olumsuz\u00a0 etki yarat\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, yolsuzluk yaparak zenginle\u015fen kesim ile bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kesim aras\u0131nda\u00a0 zamanla gelir farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu da gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda adaletsizli\u011fe yol a\u00e7ar. Uygulamada geliri yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 harcamalar\u0131n yolsuzlu\u011fa daha fazla yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. La Porta ve di\u011ferleri devletin transfer ve destekleme harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n GSYH\u2019ye oran\u0131n\u0131n yolsuzlukla pozitif ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r (La Porta vd., 1999). Drury vd. (2006)\u2019n\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye paralel olarak demokratikle\u015fme ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda adaletin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 yolsuzlu\u011fun\u00a0 azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Toplumda\u00a0 gelir d\u00fczeyinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, gelir adaletinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve\u00a0 hukuk sisteminin etkin k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131\u00a0 yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadelede etkilidir (\u015eenses, 2014: 93-121). Bu sebeple gelir adaletinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6sterge olan Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 ile yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f, toplumlarda gelir adaletinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ile yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin belirlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 1, se\u00e7ili \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi ile Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi<a href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]<\/a>, korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 baz alarak 2000-2012 y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6stermektedir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde bir g\u00f6sterge olan Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131, bir \u00fclkede yarat\u0131lan ekonomik de\u011ferin n\u00fcfusa ne derece e\u015fit payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir g\u00f6stergedir. 0 ile 1 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen oranlarda s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n de\u011ferler gelir adaletini g\u00f6sterirken, y\u00fcksek oranlar yarat\u0131lan gelirin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir n\u00fcfusa gitti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. 175 \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, 11 farkl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 kurumun 12 farkl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n bulgular\u0131 incelenerek haz\u0131rlanan ve Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Derne\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi ise 0-10 aras\u0131nda<a href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]<\/a> de\u011ferler almakta olup; \u201c0\u201d en y\u00fcksek yolsuzluk alg\u0131s\u0131 \u201c10\u201d ise en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yolsuzluk alg\u0131s\u0131na denk gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131 iki de\u011fi\u015fken aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7en ve istatistikte yayg\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lan bir katsay\u0131d\u0131r. -1 ile +1 aras\u0131nda de\u011fer al\u0131r. -1\u2019e ne kadar yak\u0131nsa iki de\u011fi\u015fken aras\u0131nda o derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc negatif bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fundan; +1\u2019e ne kadar yak\u0131nsa iki de\u011fi\u015fken aras\u0131nda o derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc pozitif bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilir. Unutulmamas\u0131 gereken husus, korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nedensellik konusunda bir ipucu olmayaca\u011f\u0131, sadece ili\u015fkinin y\u00f6n\u00fc ve g\u00fcc\u00fc hususunda fikir verece\u011fidir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ba\u011flamda se\u00e7ili \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Kolombiya ve Arjantin<a href=\"#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]<\/a> d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131nda Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 ile yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi aras\u0131nda negatif bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu tespit, <em>\u201cgelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ne kadar adilse yolsuzluk o kadar azd\u0131r\u201d<\/em> veya <em>\u201cyolsuzlu\u011fun fazla oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 daha adaletsizdir\u201d<\/em> \u015feklinde yorumlanabilir. S\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde negatif ili\u015fkinin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu \u00fclkenin T\u00fcrkiye olmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n<h2>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yolsuzluk<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye yolsuzlu\u011fu \u00f6nleme konusunda uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere taraf olmu\u015ftur ama daha \u00f6ncede belirtildi\u011fi gibi bu konuda gerekli ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 hen\u00fcz \u00fclke genelinde g\u00f6sterememi\u015ftir. Bir \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde s\u00f6z edilen yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi s\u0131ralamas\u0131n\u0131n 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019da yolsuzlu\u011fun en y\u00fcksek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkeler grubunda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0\u00dclke s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ge\u00e7en y\u0131la g\u00f6re 11 basamak gerileyerek 64\u2019nc\u00fc s\u0131raya\u00a0(Umman ve Makedonya ile ayn\u0131)\u00a0d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 175 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda puan\u0131 ve s\u0131ralamas\u0131 en \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fclke olan T\u00fcrkiye, bu sonu\u00e7la listede 2002\u2019deki s\u0131ras\u0131na gerilemi\u015ftir (Transparency International, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler S\u0131n\u0131r A\u015fan \u00d6rg\u00fctl\u00fc Su\u00e7larla M\u00fccadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin (United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime) sekizinci maddesi ile s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan su\u00e7 olarak kabul edilen yolsuzluk, son y\u0131llarda uluslararas\u0131 nitelik kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelmi\u015ftir. Meksika\u2019n\u0131n Merida kentinde 9-11 Aral\u0131k 2003 tarihlerinde d\u00fczenlenen konferans s\u0131ras\u0131nda imzaya a\u00e7\u0131lan BM Yolsuzlukla M\u00fccadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi 10 Aral\u0131k 2003 tarihinde imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, BM Yolsuzlukla M\u00fccadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni 18 May\u0131s 2006 tarihinde 5506 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<a href=\"#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019de uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7 olarak kabul edilecek 11 yolsuzluk t\u00fcr\u00fc tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Benzer bi\u00e7imde T\u00fcrkiye r\u00fc\u015fvet ve yolsuzluk konular\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6ncelikle yer veren OECD\u2019nin Mali Eylem G\u00f6rev G\u00fcc\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (Financial Action Task Force: FATF) karar ve tavsiyelerini uygulamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Avrupa Konseyi Yolsuzlu\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve Yolsuzlu\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Ceza Hukuku S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile OECD Uluslararas\u0131 Ticari \u0130\u015flemlerde Yabanc\u0131 Kamu G\u00f6revlilerine Verilen R\u00fc\u015fvetin \u00d6nlenmesi S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne taraft\u0131r (Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk ve D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 2013).<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, Avrupa Birli\u011fi Komisyonu\u2019nun\u00a0 2014 ve 2015 T\u00fcrkiye \u0130lerleme Raporlar\u0131nda yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadele konusunda kurumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ve somut iyile\u015fme i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi iradenin gerekli oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f, siyasi partiler ile adaylar\u0131n mali kaynaklar\u0131nda denetim sa\u011flanmas\u0131, yolsuzluk konusunda dokunulmazl\u0131klar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, siyaset\u00e7iler ile kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin servet beyanlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131p yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni d\u00fczenlemelere olan ihtiya\u00e7 vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Avrupa Komisyonu, 2014:6).<\/p>\n<p>2014 Y\u0131l\u0131 Raporu, 17 ve 25 Aral\u0131k tarihlerinde ger\u00e7eklesen yolsuzluk operasyonunun ard\u0131ndan istifa eden Milletvekili ve Bakanlara yer vermekte, yolsuzluk operasyonuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak polis ve yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131nda operasyonla ilgilenen yetkililerin g\u00f6rev yerlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ile HSYK ve internet yasalar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir tart\u0131\u015fma olmadan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkinli\u011fi konusunda endi\u015fe yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkati \u00e7ekmektedir.\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca Rapor\u2019da siyasilerin ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n geni\u015f dokunulmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadelede engel olu\u015fturdu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilmektedir (Uluslararas\u0131 \u015eeffafl\u0131k Derne\u011fi, 2014a).<\/p>\n<p>Rapor\u2019da yolsuzluk operasyonuna cevap olarak polis ve yarg\u0131 kurumlar\u0131nda operasyonla ilgilenen yetkililerin g\u00f6rev yerlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ile HSYK ve internet yasalar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir tart\u0131\u015fma olmadan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkinli\u011fi konusunda endi\u015fe yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve siyasiler ile \u00fcst d\u00fczey b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n geni\u015f dokunulmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadelede engel olu\u015fturdu\u011funa yer verilmi\u015ftir. Etik Konseyi kararlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulatma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yetkisinin bulunmamas\u0131 ele\u015ftirilmi\u015f, siyasilerin ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kamuya beyan\u0131 konusunda denetimin yetersizli\u011fine ve yasadaki a\u00e7\u0131klara dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu konuda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf oldu\u011fu Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Yolsuzlukla M\u00fccadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 20\u2019nci maddesinin gere\u011fi olarak yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 zenginle\u015fmeyi su\u00e7 haline getirmesinin g\u00fcndeme al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmi\u015f, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Tefti\u015f Kurulu\u2019nun yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadelede ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve kurumsal kapasitesinin belirsiz oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z ederken Kurul\u2019un sadece koordinasyon rol\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunulmu\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6zellikle siyasi etik ve siyasetin finansman\u0131 alan\u0131nda Avrupa Konseyi\u2019nin Yolsuzlu\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Devletler Grubu\u2019nun (GRECO) \u00f6nerilerini cevaps\u0131z b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<a href=\"#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]<\/a> (Avrupa Komisyonu, 2014:46) 2015 Y\u0131l\u0131 Raporu\u2019nda da \u015fu tespitler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <em>\u201cYolsuzlukla m\u00fccadele ve yolsuzlu\u011fun engellenmesine y\u00f6nelik haz\u0131rl\u0131klar belirli bir d\u00fczeydedir. Ancak bu y\u00f6nde hala uygun seviyeye ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Yolsuzluk yayg\u0131n olmaya devam etmektedir. Y\u00fcksek profilli yolsuzluk dosyalar\u0131nda y\u00f6neticilerin, soru\u015fturma ve yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine usule ayk\u0131r\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleleri \u00f6nemli oranda endi\u015fe yaratmaktad\u0131r.\u201d\u00a0 <\/em>(T\u00dcS\u0130AD, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Et\u00fcdler Vakf\u0131 (TESEV)\u00a0<em>Yolsuzluk ve Yolsuzlukla M\u00fccadele T\u00fcrkiye<\/em> De\u011ferlendirme Raporu\u2019na<a href=\"#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]<\/a> g\u00f6re Yolsuzluk ve Yolsuzlukla M\u00fccadele T\u00fcrkiye anketine kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n %82\u2019si T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yolsuzluk oldu\u011funa,\u00a0<em>%18\u2019i yolsuzluk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r.<\/em> Toplumun %16\u2019s\u0131 yolsuzlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131 iken,\u00a0<em>%58 duyarl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermemekte<\/em><strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0%26 ise belirsizlik i\u00e7indedir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %68\u2019i yolsuzlu\u011fu kabul edilemez,\u00a0<em>%32\u2019si ise kabul edilebilir bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/em>\u00a0Kamu g\u00f6revlileri ile temasta bulunanlar\u0131n %15,5\u2019i r\u00fc\u015fvet vermi\u015f, %81\u2019i vermemi\u015ftir. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %35\u2019i kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin \u00e7o\u011funun, %27\u2019si kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ve %15 ise kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin hepsinin yolsuzluk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %50\u2019si kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin \u00e7o\u011funun veya hepsinin yolsuzlu\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan sadece %13\u2019l\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131s\u0131m hi\u00e7bir kamu g\u00f6revlisinin yolsuzlu\u011fa kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir (TESEV, 2014: 14).<\/p>\n<p>Rapor\u2019a g\u00f6re\u00a0<em>\u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en acil \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi gereken sorunu nedir?\u201d<\/em>\u00a0sorusuna kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %59\u2019u T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorununu \u2018i\u015fsizlik,<strong>\u2019 <\/strong><em>%<\/em><em>44\u2019\u00fc \u2018yolsuzluk\u2019<\/em> %7\u2019si \u2018\u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi\u2019 olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. <em>TESEV\u2019e g\u00f6re yolsuzlu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli sorunu olarak g\u00f6renlerde \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftur. <\/em>Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %87\u2019si T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki en yayg\u0131n yolsuzluk davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan \u2018ehliyeti kapt\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in polis memuruna para vermeyi\u2019 yolsuzluk olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Vergi muafiyeti veya vergi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme i\u00e7in idari alandaki kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin para kabul etmesi ise ikinci s\u0131radad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00e7ok yolsuzlu\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kamu g\u00f6revlileri; %13 ile polis memurlar\u0131, %12 ile belediye memurlar\u0131, %11 ile vergi memurlar\u0131 ve belediye meclisi \u00fcyeleri ve %10 ile g\u00fcmr\u00fck memurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ankete g\u00f6re kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %50\u2019sinin kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin \u00e7o\u011funun yolsuzlu\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r, %48 ile kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yolsuzlu\u011fun en h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu\u011fu alan olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci s\u0131rada %47 ile g\u00fcmr\u00fck, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada %45 ile kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gelmektedir. Belediyeler %44 ile d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k %40 ile be\u015finci s\u0131radad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00d6\u011fretmenler, \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6revlileri, do\u00e7entler, profes\u00f6rler ve doktorlar yolsuzlu\u011fun en az yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen meslek gruplar\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat bu son tespit ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, T\u00fcrk \u00fcniversitelerinde bilimsel h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k (intihal) anlam\u0131nda yolsuzluklar giderek artmaktad\u0131r (Karluk, 2013).<\/em> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin\u00a0 g\u00fcvenilir intihal (plagiarism) konulu internet portal\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 ar\u015fiv b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00a0 son on y\u0131lda yaz\u0131l\u0131 bas\u0131n ve internet ortam\u0131nda 402 adet intihal ve bilimsel sahtecilik konulu haber ve yaz\u0131\u00a0 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu haber ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0\u00a0 tamam\u0131nda\u00a0 Y\u00d6K ve \u00fcniversitelerin bilimsel sahtecilik olaylar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00f6rtbas etmeye odaklanm\u0131\u015f sorumsuzlu\u011fu ele\u015ftirilmektedir.\u00a0 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretim\u00a0 \u00fcyelerinin\u00a0 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 intihal konulu 82 haber ve yaz\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130ntihal olay\u0131nda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fi profes\u00f6r, do\u00e7ent, yard\u0131mc\u0131 do\u00e7ent, ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisi gibi unvanlara sahip olup, i\u00e7lerinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc akademik ve idari g\u00f6revlere atanmakta bir sak\u0131nca g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen\u00a0 \u00e7ok say\u0131da\u00a0 \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye yolsuzlar ile m\u00fccadelede ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famaz ise, toplumda adil bir gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011flayamaz. Bu durum, T\u00fcrk toplumunda siyasi ve ekonomik istikrar\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyeli\u011fi \u00f6n\u00fcnde de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel olu\u015fturur. Zira, yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere AB \u0130lerleme Raporlar\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu duruma \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekilmektedir.<\/p>\n<h2>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OECD \u00dclkelerinde Gelir Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve Bunun Servet Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na Etkisi<\/h2>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, bir \u00fclkede belirli d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7inde yarat\u0131lan gelirin ki\u015filer, hane halklar\u0131 veya \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesidir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 veya bir ekonomide yarat\u0131lan gelirin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, belirli bir d\u00f6nemdeki toplam gelirin elde edilmesine katk\u0131da bulunanlar\u0131n bu gelirden alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 paylara denir. Amac\u0131, ekonomide gelir farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Toplumda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan belirleyen en \u00f6nemli etken, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetine kimin sahip oldu\u011fudur. Di\u011fer bir etken, kamu hizmetlerinin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, haberle\u015fme, ula\u015ft\u0131rma, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik gibi kamu hizmetlerinin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bundan yararlanma oran\u0131, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00f6nemli etken, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn hareketlili\u011fidir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, yatay olarak k\u0131rsal kesimlerden \u015fehirlere ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 etkiler. \u015eehirlerde kamu hizmetlerinden daha fazla yararlanma, i\u015f bulma ve y\u00fcksek gelir elde etme imkanlar\u0131 bulunur. Benzer durum, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Yurt i\u00e7i ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccret farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen bir etkendir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn dikey hareketlili\u011fini de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, e\u011fitim imkanlar\u0131ndan yararlanmada bir belirleyicidir.<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen temel etkenlerden bir di\u011feri toplumdaki siyasi tercihlerdir. Demokratik \u00fclkelerde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler se\u00e7imle i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7im d\u00f6nemlerinde kendilerine oy verecek kesimlere \u015firin g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek amac\u0131yla belli kesimlere gelir transferinde bulunur ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkilerler. \u015eehirlerde gecekondulara imar aff\u0131 getirilmesi, kamu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, kamu mal ve hizmetlerini fiyatland\u0131rma politikalar\u0131, tar\u0131msal taban \u00fcr\u00fcn fiyatlar\u0131, g\u00fcbre s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m ve ihracat te\u015fvikleri, memur ve i\u015f\u00e7ilere verilen ek zamlar, asgari \u00fccretin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bu uygulamalara \u00f6rnektir (\u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu ve Hamurdan, 1963).<\/p>\n<p>Toplumda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda e\u015fitli\u011fe do\u011fru bir hareket, \u00fclke i\u00e7i talebi canland\u0131rarak \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda \u201chak\u00e7a da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u201d ile \u201cadil da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u201d ayn\u0131 anlama gelmez. Gelirin hak\u00e7a da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 demek de\u011fildir. Adil da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m iki \u015fekilde yorumlanabilir. Adil da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m, ki\u015finin katk\u0131s\u0131 oran\u0131nda pay almas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelebilece\u011fi gibi ki\u015finin ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re pay almas\u0131 olarak da yorumlanabilir (Bulutay vd. 1971). Toplumda uygulanan ekonomi politikalar\u0131 e\u011fer insanlar\u0131n \u00fcretimlerini artt\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik de\u011filse, sonu\u00e7ta bu durum b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclecek toplam geliri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bunun sonucunda toplumsal adaleti sa\u011flayarak gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda e\u015fitlik sa\u011flarken, ekonomik etkinlikten uzakla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 itibariyle, toplumda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n adaletsiz olmas\u0131, insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7im s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmesine ve mutsuz olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar, ekonominin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini \u00f6nler. Milli gelirin y\u00fcksek gelir gruplar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, i\u00e7 talebin geni\u015flemesine engel olur. Sanayiciler, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini y\u00fcksek gelirlilerin al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flar. De\u011fi\u015fik nitelikleri olan, pahal\u0131ya sat\u0131lan bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin d\u0131\u015f piyasalardaki rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131flar. Geni\u015f kitleler i\u00e7in \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yap\u0131lmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, fabrikalarda kapasitelerin b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmesini ve maliyetin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini engeller.<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki adaletsizlik ve yoksulluk, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biridir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sadece bir ekonomi sorunu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak siyasi ve sosyal bir sorun olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (UNDP, 2007:281-284). Gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fimini izlemeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yan\u0131nda, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sorununun yoksulluk sorununa indirgenmi\u015f olmas\u0131yla gelir yoksullu\u011fu, sosyal imkan yoksullu\u011fu, sosyal d\u0131\u015flanma gibi yeni kavramlara ili\u015fkin verilerin \u00fcretilmesi ihtiyac\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fme yolunda olan \u00fclkelerde birbirinden ayr\u0131 olarak incelenmelidir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde son y\u0131llarda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizliklerde azalma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u011filim s\u00f6z konusudur. Uzun d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fme yolunda olan \u00fclkelerde de benzer de\u011fi\u015fmeler g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle beraber, bu \u00fclkelerde yine de e\u015fitsizlikler daha fazlad\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde en y\u00fcksek gelirli n\u00fcfus grubunun gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay zamanla d\u00fc\u015ferken, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli gruplar\u0131n paylar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Geli\u015fme yolunda olan \u00fclkelerde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re daha adaletsiz da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebebi, tar\u0131m kesiminin ekonomideki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00a0n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck kesiminin bu sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve de n\u00fcfusun %80\u2019nin g\u00fcnde 2 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda gelire sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r (Santos-Paulino, 2012:3). Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n adil bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131nda, uygulanan sosyal politikalar yan\u0131nda, \u00fccretliler kesiminin pay\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler sonucunda servetin alt ve orta gelir gruplar\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli etkileri vard\u0131r (Karluk, 2014:88).<\/p>\n<p>OECD\u2019ye (2011) g\u00f6re 34 \u00fcye \u00fclke aras\u0131nda \u015eili, Meksika, T\u00fcrkiye, ABD ve \u0130srail gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fin en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerdir. E\u015fitsizli\u011fin en az oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler ise Danimarka, Slovenya, Slovakya ve Norve\u00e7\u2019tir. T\u00fcrkiye gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finde Meksika ve \u015eili\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r. \u00dcstteki ve en alttaki %10\u2019luk dilimler aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumda T\u00fcrkiye Meksika, \u015eili ve ABD\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en zengin %10\u2019luk kesim, en yoksul %10\u2019luk kesimden 15.2 kat daha fazla kazanmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0Bu fark Meksika\u2019da 30.5 kat, ABD\u2019de 18.5 kat, \u0130srail\u2019de 12.5 kat, Yunanistan\u2019da 12.3 katt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dcye \u00fclkelerde n\u00fcfusun en zengin %10\u2019u, n\u00fcfusun en yoksul %10\u2019undan 9,6 kat gelir elde etmektedir. Bu oran 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda 7,1, 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda 8,1, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda ise 9,1\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f idi. T\u00fcrkiye, 1985 ve 2013 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin giderilmesinde a\u015fama sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama\u00a0 \u00e7ocuk yoksullu\u011funda birinci s\u0131radad\u0131r. 0-17 ya\u015f grubunda %28.4\u2019l\u00fck kesim yoksuldur. Bu oran 18 &#8211; 25 ya\u015f grubunda %16.2, 26 &#8211; 65 ya\u015f grubunda %14.4 ve 65 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc grupta %18.4\u2019t\u00fcr (OECD, 2011:21-22).<\/p>\n<p>OECD, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilerlemeye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7inde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n en adaletsiz bi\u00e7imde payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci \u00fclke oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (OECD, 2014). D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerinden olu\u015fan 34 OECD \u00fcyesi \u00fclke i\u00e7inde Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 en y\u00fcksek \u00fclke Meksika\u2019dan sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir. Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re g\u00f6re 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin en fazla oldu\u011fu 21 \u00fclkelik listenin ba\u015f\u0131nda Meksika (0.482) gelmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye, 0.412 ile Meksika&#8217;n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan en y\u00fcksek (en k\u00f6t\u00fc) ikinci orana sahip olan \u00fclkedir (\u015eekil 3). ABD \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r (0.389). Gelir<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin en az oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Norve\u00e7 (0.250) birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131rken, bu \u00fclkeyi Danimarka (0.253) ve \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti (0.256) izlemektedir. 30 y\u0131lda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin en fazla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler ise \u0130srail, Yeni Zelanda, ABD, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Finlandiya\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 3. 1985 Y\u0131l\u0131ndan Bu Yana Gelir E\u015fitsizli\u011findeki De\u011fi\u015fim<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-808\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/EsitsizliktekiDegisim-1024x423.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/EsitsizliktekiDegisim-1024x423.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/EsitsizliktekiDegisim-150x62.jpg 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/EsitsizliktekiDegisim-300x124.jpg 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/EsitsizliktekiDegisim-768x317.jpg 768w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/EsitsizliktekiDegisim.jpg 1860w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kaynak: OECD, Focus on Inequality and Growth, December, 2014.<\/p>\n<p>OECD T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan&#8217;\u0131n gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok az iyile\u015fme sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemekle beraber, 1985-2010 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin %4,6&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131 gelir adaletsizli\u011fi sebebiyle kaybetti\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Meksika&#8217;n\u0131n %10, Yeni Zelanda&#8217;n\u0131n ise %9&#8217;luk b\u00fcy\u00fcme kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik \u015eekil 4\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 4. Gelir E\u015fitsizli\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fcme Oranlar\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyor<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-807\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/YolsuzlukveBuyume-1024x433.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/YolsuzlukveBuyume-1024x433.gif 1024w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/YolsuzlukveBuyume-150x63.gif 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/YolsuzlukveBuyume-300x127.gif 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/YolsuzlukveBuyume-768x324.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kaynak OECD, Focus on Inequality and Growth, December, 2014.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>OECD\u2019ye (2014) g\u00f6re \u00fcye \u00fclkelerde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin son y\u0131llarda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulan\u0131rken, \u00fcyeler aras\u0131nda zengin ve yoksul aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumun giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirlenmi\u015ftir. \u00dcye \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funda son 30 y\u0131l\u0131n en y\u00fcksek gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: <em>\u201c\u00dcye \u00fclkelerde zenginlerin toplam n\u00fcfus i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %10 civar\u0131nda. Zenginlerin, yoksullardan ortalama 9.5 misli daha fazla kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplan\u0131yor. Bu da genel ekonomiyi olumsuz etkiliyor.&#8221; <\/em>Rapor\u2019un sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00fczerinde olumsuz etki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, e\u015fitsizlikle m\u00fccadelenin toplumlar\u0131 daha adil ve ekonomilerini daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale getirdi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir<em>: &#8220;Gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi dezavantajl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n e\u011fitim f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca, s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fi\u015ftirme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. Ki\u015filer yeteri kadar beceri geli\u015ftiremiyorlar.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusunda de\u011finilmesi gereken bir di\u011fer husus, k\u00fcresel d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde servet e\u015fitsizli\u011finin gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir \u00fclkenin zenginler kul\u00fcb\u00fcne girebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 temel husus; n\u00fcfus, ortalama servet miktar\u0131 ve servet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fin fazla olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnya zenginli\u011finin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, <em>\u201cE\u011fer d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu on ki\u015fiden ibaret sayarsak, bunlardan biri zenginli\u011fin %90\u2019unu al\u0131rken, geri kalan 9 ki\u015fi geriye kalan %10\u2019u payla\u015f\u0131yor\u201d<\/em> olarak de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n toplam zenginli\u011finin %90\u2019n\u0131 Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa ve y\u00fcksek gelirli baz\u0131 Asya-Pasifik \u00fclkelerinin elinde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Credit Suisse, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>Credit Suisse\u2019e g\u00f6re 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusun %75.3\u2019n\u00fcn ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen t\u00fcm mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (ki\u015filerin hayatlar\u0131 boyunca elde ettikleri toplam servetleri) 10.000 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn toplam mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10.000 dolardan azd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ayn\u0131 y\u0131l medyan servet 4000 dolar civar\u0131nda oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re n\u00fcfusun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 4.000 dolardan daha azd\u0131r. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusun %22.8\u2019nin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10.000-100.000 dolar aras\u0131nda, %1.8\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 100.000-1.000.000 dolar, %0.2\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 1 milyon dolardan fazlad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki servet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 %84.3 olup, adil bir servet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir (Credit Suisse, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>Kanada, Almanya, Japonya gibi sosyal adaletin etkin oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde servet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik son on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde azal\u0131rken, \u00c7in, Hindistan, Endonezya ve T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerde e\u015fitsizlik artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu \u00fclke %91.9 ile Ukrayna\u2019d\u0131r. Bu \u00fclkeyi %89.7 ile Rusya, %87.3 ile Kazakistas\u2019tan izlemektedir. T\u00fcrkiye %84.3 ile alt\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131radad\u0131r. Servetin adil da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda %63.4 oran\u0131 ile Japonya, %62.0 ile Bel\u00e7ika ve %53.8 ile Slovakya gelmektedir (Credit Suisse,\u00a0 Global Wealth Databook 2015). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda GSYH olarak ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir 10.404 dolar iken, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (t\u00fcm menkul ve gayrimenkuller-bor\u00e7lar toplam\u0131) 20.347 dolard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de medyan %50\u2019lik dilimin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 4.000 dolar oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama servet ile medyan servet aras\u0131nda ortalama 16.000 dolar fark vard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fer T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de servetin adil da\u011f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesidir (Credit Suisse, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 5\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en zengin %1\u2019lik kesim ile geri kalan %99\u2019luk kesimin toplam servet birikiminden ald\u0131klar\u0131 paylar g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki en zengin %1\u2019lik n\u00fcfus toplam servetin %39.4\u2019\u00fcne sahip iken ( sahip iken kelimeleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131cak), geri kalan %99\u2019luk kesim ise toplam zenginli\u011fin %60.6\u2019na sahiptir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de zaman i\u00e7inde servet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda olumsuz bir geli\u015fme olmu\u015f, bu durum gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki en zengin %1\u2019lik n\u00fcfus toplam servetin %54.3\u2019\u00fcne sahip iken buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k n\u00fcfusun %99\u2019luk kesimi toplam servetten ancak %45.7 oran\u0131nda pay almaktad\u0131r (G\u00fcney, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>\u015eekil 5. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Servet B\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc Adaletsizli\u011fi<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-809\" src=\"http:\/\/misak.millidusunce.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TurkiyeServetAdaletsizligi-1024x394.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TurkiyeServetAdaletsizligi-1024x394.gif 1024w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TurkiyeServetAdaletsizligi-150x58.gif 150w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TurkiyeServetAdaletsizligi-300x115.gif 300w, https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/TurkiyeServetAdaletsizligi-768x296.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kaynak: G\u00fcney, K. M. (2015), \u201cEkonomi Kimin \u0130\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fcyor? T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Servet B\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc Adaletsizli\u011fi\u201d. <a href=\"http:\/\/riturkey.org\/2015\/05\/ekonomi-kimin-icin-buyuyor-turkiyede-servet-bolusumu-adaletsizligi-k-murat-guney\/\">http:\/\/riturkey.org\/2015\/05\/ekonomi-kimin-icin-buyuyor-turkiyede-servet-bolusumu-adaletsizligi-k-murat-guney\/<\/a> . ( Eri\u015fim:21.12.2015)<\/p>\n<p>D\u00fcnya ekonomisinde servet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlik, Hurun Report\u2019un haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda da tespit edilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcresel Zenginler Listesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re<a href=\"#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]<\/a> d\u00fcnyadaki dolar milyarderlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 414 ki\u015fi artarak (68 \u00fclke) 1867\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD, 72 ki\u015fiyle listede birinci, \u00c7in 41, \u0130ngiltere 22 ki\u015fiyle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r. Sekt\u00f6rel olarak listenin tepesinde teknoloji yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcretim ve perakende bu iki sekt\u00f6r\u00fc izlemi\u015ftir. Listede 32 T\u00fcrk milyarder bulunmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya milyarderlerinin toplam serveti 6.9 trilyon dolara \u00e7\u0131karak Japonya\u2019n\u0131n milli gelirini geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Oxfam&#8217;\u0131n<a href=\"#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]<\/a> Credit Suisse&#8217;in verilerini kullanarak D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 son raporda d\u00fcnyadaki gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 adaletsizli\u011fiyle ilgili\u00a0 \u00f6nemli\u00a0 sonu\u00e7lar yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 D\u00fcnyadaki en zengin y\u00fczde 1&#8217;lik kesimin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, gelecek y\u0131l geri kalanlar\u0131n toplam mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fecektir. \u00a0D\u00fcnyadaki en zengin y\u00fczde 1&#8217;lik kesimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2009&#8217;da y\u00fczde 44 iken, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 y\u00fczde 48&#8217;e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Bu oran\u0131n 2016\u2019da y\u00fczde 50\u2019ye\u00a0 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131\u00a0 beklenmektedir. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda zengin kesimde\u00a0 ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen servet 2.7 milyar dolard\u0131r. Oxfam, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n y\u00fczde 1&#8217;lik n\u00fcfusuna denk gelen 70 milyon ki\u015finin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan y\u00fczde 99&#8217;ndan (yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 milyar insan) daha fazla servete sahip olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Raporda, servetin giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen bir insan grubunun elinde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilerek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en yoksul y\u00fczde 50&#8217;sinin toplam servetinin 2010&#8217;da en zengin 388 ki\u015finin servetine denk geldi\u011fi ve ge\u00e7en y\u0131l bu say\u0131n\u0131n 80&#8217;e, bu y\u0131l da 62&#8217;ye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Oxfam raporunda 62 s\u00fcper zenginin toplam serveti, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun en\u00a0 yoksul olan yar\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazla oldu\u011fu\u00a0 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun en\u00a0 yoksul olan yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n serveti\u00a0 80 s\u00fcper zenginin\u00a0 servetine denk gelirken, 2010-2015 y\u0131llar\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en yoksul yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 400 milyon artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen servetleri y\u00fczde 41 oran\u0131nda (1 trilyon dolar civar\u0131nda)\u00a0 gerilemi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Oxfam, gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011findeki patlaman\u0131n \u00a0yoksullu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015f\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiledi\u011fini\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fcresel servetin \u00a0son 14 y\u0131lda 2 kat artarak 263 trilyon dolara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n<h2>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Gelir Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile \u0130lgili Tespitler<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 her zaman g\u00fcndemde olan bir konudur. \u00dccretlerin pay\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermesinde, \u00f6ncelikle 1963 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sisteminin uygulanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u0131llarda sendikalar ve kamuoyunda daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde kar marj\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki kan\u0131n\u0131n hakim olmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00fccret talepleri y\u00fcksek olmu\u015f ve 1963-67 y\u0131llar\u0131nda reel \u00fccretler verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir (Karluk, 2014:101). Sonraki y\u0131llarda h\u0131zl\u0131 kalk\u0131nma sebebiyle talebin canl\u0131 olmas\u0131, artan \u00fccretin genel fiyatlara yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Fiyatlar\u0131n bir \u00fcst seviyede dengeye gelmesi sebebiyle, \u00fccret fiyat spirali i\u015flememi\u015f ve gelirin fakt\u00f6r gelirleri aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00fccretlerin pay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1970 deval\u00fcasyonuyla \u015fiddetlenen enflasyon ile birlikte \u00fccret fiyat yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 1973 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren petrol fiyatlar\u0131na ve d\u00fcnya konjonkt\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ekonomik yap\u0131da meydana gelen dalgalanmalar, imalat sanayiinde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen katma de\u011ferde gerilemelere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Toplu pazarl\u0131k sisteminin etkisiyle bu durum uzun s\u00fcre \u00fccretlere yans\u0131mam\u0131\u015f ve \u00fccretler 1977\u2019ye kadar y\u00fckselmeye devam etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra \u00fccretlilerin pay\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015ferken, sermaye kesiminin pay\u0131 \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunda, uygulanan faiz politikas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi vard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u00fcretici kesim, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli kredi kullanarak toplam gelir i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Boratav, 2003).<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131m kesimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n aleyhine d\u00f6nmesinin en \u00f6nemli sebebi, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f ticaret hadlerinin s\u00fcrekli tar\u0131m aleyhine geli\u015fmesidir. D\u00fcnyada 1974-1983 d\u00f6neminde tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ile sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri fiyatlar\u0131 oran\u0131 yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu gerilemenin i\u00e7 piyasaya yans\u0131mas\u0131 sonucunda i\u00e7 ticaret hadleri tar\u0131m kesimi aleyhine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1963 y\u0131l\u0131 baz (100) al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tar\u0131m sanayi endeksi 1981\u2019de 74\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00fc\u015fme, tar\u0131m kesimi gelirlerinin d\u00f6rtte bir oran\u0131nda azalmas\u0131 demektir (Kazgan, 1990).<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar temelde k\u00f6y-kent (\u015fehir) ayr\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna, bir yandan tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck kitlenin \u015fehir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na oranla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emek verimi elde etmesi, di\u011fer yandan da tar\u0131m topraklar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki dengesizli\u011fe dayanan tar\u0131m i\u00e7i b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm e\u015fitsizli\u011fi yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat 1987 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonraki d\u00f6nemde yeni bir a\u015famaya ge\u00e7ilerek, i\u00e7 ticaret hadlerinin tar\u0131m aleyhine d\u00f6nmesi gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bu kesimin aleyhine \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir (Kazgan, 1990:17). Uygulanan politikalar sonucu toplumun orta kesimini olu\u015fturan \u00fccretli-maa\u015fl\u0131 kesim, reel gelirlerinde meydana gelen a\u015f\u0131nma sonucu alt gelir dilimlerine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve T\u00fcrkiye, tar\u0131mda emek ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermaye ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla, salt emekle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar (i\u015f\u00e7iler ve memurlar) aleyhine gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n giderek bozuldu\u011fu bir s\u00fcrece girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>1980 \u00f6ncesindeki sosyal yard\u0131m ve hizmet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda geleneksel dayan\u0131\u015fma ve yard\u0131mla\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131, gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fini dengelemi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131mdaki destekleme politikalar\u0131, herkesin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccretsiz sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim hizmetleri, \u015fehirlerde hazine arazilerinin i\u015fgali (gecekondula\u015fma), sendikal hareketin geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi, i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcme modelinden kaynakl\u0131 y\u00fcksek \u00fccret politikas\u0131, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finin \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Geleneksel dayan\u0131\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131, geni\u015f aile ve hem\u015ferilik gibi unsurlar gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fini nispeten \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir (DPT, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde tar\u0131m kesimi gelirlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucunda temel t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 talebinde azalma, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 talebinde ise art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mal ve hizmet \u00fcretim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015ftur. Faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n 1980\u2019den sonra serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve reel faiz uygulanmas\u0131, piyasa faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Faizlerin y\u00fckselmesinde, kamu kesimi a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, i\u00e7 bor\u00e7lanmaya gidilerek kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi de b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Bu geli\u015fme kar+faiz+rant grubunun gelirdeki pay\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretken yat\u0131r\u0131mlara gidecek tasarruflar\u0131n risksiz olmas\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek getirisi sebebiyle faize y\u00f6nelmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sabit sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, istihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yava\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve i\u015fsiz say\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<a href=\"#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]<\/a> \u00d6zetle belirtmek gerekirse, 1980 sonras\u0131 uygulanan politikalar T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olumlu sonu\u00e7lar yaratm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<a href=\"#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, T\u00fcrkiye, 1980\u2019lere kadar yoksullu\u011fun ve e\u015fitsizli\u011fin yok say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplumsal ve politik ge\u00e7mi\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u015fitsizlik ve yoksulluk sadece siyaset \u00e7evresindeki ideolojik b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerin arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumsal, ahlaki, siyasi ve insani duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar geleneksel yard\u0131m mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zellikle 1980\u2019lerden sonra g\u00f6r\u00fclen ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131klar reel faizleri y\u00fckseltmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fme, faiz gelirlerinin toplam gelirler i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi yoluyla gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finin daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine ve de yolsuzluklara ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1980-1988 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de zorunlu t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 fiyatlar\u0131 12 ile 55 kat aras\u0131nda artarken, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fccretlerdeki art\u0131\u015f, bu kesimin sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc korumaya yetmemi\u015ftir (Karluk, 2014:104-105). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1990\u2019larda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusu g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019a g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;deki ki\u015fisel gelirler 2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimine girmi\u015f, ancak 2007 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fcz bir seyir izlemi\u015ftir. En yoksul %20&#8217;lik kesim 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam gelirin %5.3&#8217;n\u00fc al\u0131rken, bu oran 2007&#8217;de %6&#8217;ya kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015f, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise %6,1 ile ayn\u0131 seviyelerde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En zengin %20&#8217;lik kesimin 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam gelirden %49.8 pay al\u0131rken, bu oran 2007&#8217;de %43,7&#8217;ye gerilemi\u015f, 2011&#8217;de ise %44.8&#8217;e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. 2002-2007 aras\u0131nda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finde azalma e\u011filimi s\u00f6z konusuyken, 2007-2011 d\u00f6neminde e\u015fitsizlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerinde kayda de\u011fer bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6zlenmemi\u015ftir: <em>&#8220;Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n birinci d\u00f6nemde e\u015fitli\u011fe yakla\u015fmas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcst ucunda yer alan en zengin gelir grubunun gelirlerindeki oransal azalma etkili olmu\u015ftur.&#8221; <\/em><\/p>\n<p>TU\u0130K 2006 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra, Avrupa Birli\u011fine uyum \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde amac\u0131 gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda, ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131, sosyal d\u0131\u015flanma ve nispi gelir yoksullu\u011fu konular\u0131nda da veri \u00fcretmek olan panel anket y\u00f6nteminin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Gelir ve Ya\u015fam Ko\u015fullar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131<a href=\"#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]<\/a> uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada 5 farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flama kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar; ekonomik faaliyetler, meslek, e\u011fitim durumu, i\u015fteki durum ve \u0130statistiki B\u00f6lge Birimleri S\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r (\u0130BBS, 1. D\u00fczey).<\/p>\n<p>TU\u0130K\u2019in 2013 Gelir ve Ya\u015fam Ko\u015fullar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re %20\u2019lik gruplarda en y\u00fcksek gelire sahip son gruptakilerin toplam gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay %46,6 iken, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelire sahip ilk gruptakilerin toplam gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay %6,1\u2019dir. Buna g\u00f6re son %20\u2019lik grubun toplam gelirden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pay, ilk %20\u2019lik gruba g\u00f6re (P80\/P20 g\u00f6stergesi) 7,7 katt\u0131r. P80\/P20 g\u00f6stergesi kentsel yerlerde 7,2 k\u0131rsal yerlerde ise 6,5\u2019tir. Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 0,002 puan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ile 0,400 olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. Katsay\u0131, kentsel yerle\u015fim yerleri i\u00e7in 0,392, k\u0131rsal yerle\u015fim yerleri i\u00e7in ise 0,365\u2019tir. Lorenz e\u011frisinde T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fim olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tablo 2).<\/p>\n<p>Tablo: 2. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Gelir Dilimleri<\/p>\n<table width=\"738\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"175\"><strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"175\"><strong>Kent<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"175\"><strong>K\u0131r<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>%20&#8217;lik Ki\u015fi Gruplar\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>2012<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>2013<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>2012<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>2013<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>2012<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\"><strong>2013<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>Toplam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">100<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">100<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">100<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">100<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">100<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>\u0130lk %20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">5.9<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">6.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">6.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">6.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">6.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">6.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>\u0130kinci %20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">10.6<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">10.7<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">10.9<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">10.9<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">11.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">11.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc %20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">15.3<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">15.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">15.3<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">15.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">15.9<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">16.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc %20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">21.7<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">21.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">21.3<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">21.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">22.8<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">22.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>Son %20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">46.6<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">46.6<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">46.1<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">46.4<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">44<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">43.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">0.402*<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">0.400<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">0.391<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">0.392<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">0.377<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">0.365<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"214\"><strong>Son %20\/\u0130lk %20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">8<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">7.7<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">7.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">7.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">7.2<\/td>\n<td width=\"87\">6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>*Soz konusu rakam OECD taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7in 0.412 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kaynak: TU\u0130K Haber B\u00fclteni, Say\u0131 16083. T\u00dcS\u0130AD (2014)\u2019te Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda 0.44 iken 2011\u2019de 0.38 olarak bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Bankac\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fczenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu<a href=\"#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]<\/a> 2015 Haziran ay\u0131 sonunda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de hesab\u0131nda 1 milyon lira ve \u00fczeri paras\u0131 olan 86 bin 177 mudi bulundu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mudilerin banka hesaplar\u0131ndaki mebla\u011f 550 milyar 434 milyon 710 bin lirad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re bankalarda bulunan toplam mevduat\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 milyonerlere aittir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de banka hesap say\u0131s\u0131 Haziran sonunda 61 milyon 82 bin 822 TL olmu\u015ftur. Bu miktar 2014 Aral\u0131k sonunda 59 milyon 238 bin 929 TL idi. 6 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcrede hesap say\u0131s\u0131 2 milyon 588 bin 893 daha artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Haziran sonunda bankalardaki 61 milyondan fazla hesab\u0131n 58 milyon 690 bin 830&#8217;nu hesab\u0131nda 10 bin liraya kadar bakiye bulunan mudiler, 4 milyon 436 bin 650&#8217;ni 10 bin ile 50 bin lira olanlar, 1 milyon 947 bin 714&#8217;n\u00fc 50 bin ile 250 bin lira olanlar, 370 bin 67&#8217;ni 250 bin ile 1 milyon liras\u0131 olanlar, 86 bin 177&#8217;ni de 1 milyon lira ve \u00fczeri paras\u0131 olanlar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Hesab\u0131nda 1 milyon lira ve \u00fczeri bulunan mudi say\u0131s\u0131 Haziran 2015\u2019de 86 bin 177&#8217;ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu miktar 2014 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda 77 bin 210 idi. Bu durumda ilk yar\u0131da milyoner say\u0131s\u0131 8 bin 967 ki\u015fi daha artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan gizli hesaplardaki para miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan s\u0131ralamada T\u00fcrkiye 3.5 milyar dolar ile 23\u2019nc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r. M\u00fc\u015fterilerin a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplar i\u00e7erisinde en y\u00fcksek tutar\u0131n 263.7 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir hesapta bulunmas\u0131 ise, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cgelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi\u201d durumunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n<h2>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yoksulluk ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6stergelerde iyile\u015fmeler g\u00f6zlemlenmesine ra\u011fmen sorunlar devam etmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki bozukluk yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rken, yolsuzluklar\u0131n da giderek \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Ekonomide gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda e\u015fitsizlik s\u00f6z konusu ve yoksulluk yayg\u0131n ise, o toplumda yoksullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artarken, yolsuzluklar da giderek fazlala\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n adaletsiz oldu\u011fu bir \u00fclkede toplumsal huzursuzlu\u011fun olmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Var olan e\u015fitsizlikleri azaltma ve gelir seviyesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kesimlerin gelirlerini ekonomik geli\u015fmeye paralel olarak artt\u0131rmak \u00f6nemlidir. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bir \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcketimi, tasarruf hacmini ve t\u00fcketimin bile\u015fimini etkilemekte ve bu sebeple gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki bozulman\u0131n derecesinin ve nereden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesi gerekir. Etkin bir gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ancak bu \u015fekilde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sorunu sadece var olan\u0131 payla\u015fmak olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemeli, \u00fclkede toplam kaynaklar\u0131n dengeli da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda piyasa geni\u015flemesinin sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131, ekonomide \u00fcretim potansiyelinin artaca\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r (D\u0130E, 1990).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finde iyile\u015fme sa\u011flanarak Portekiz\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki seviyesine kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f sa\u011flanmal\u0131 (Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 0.35\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015fmesi kastedilmektedir) ve ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 2.25 dolar alt\u0131nda gelir sa\u011flayan kimse kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in ekonomide istikrarl\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeli, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar te\u015fvik edilmeli, vergi taban\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ekonomi kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik sistemi yeniden yap\u0131lanmal\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, k\u0131rsal kesimde yoksullu\u011fun \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in yoksul \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere gelir a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatacak \u015fekilde Do\u011frudan Gelir Deste\u011fi Program\u0131 kapsam\u0131na destek verilmelidir. AB\u2019nin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul etti\u011fi Lizbon Stratejisi kapsam\u0131nda yoksullukla m\u00fccadelenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilen b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve istihdam politikalar\u0131yla uyumu sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ekonomide ekonomik istikrardan sapma olmamal\u0131, yoksullu\u011fun giderilmesi i\u00e7in sosyal transfer programlar\u0131 da etkinle\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye, 34 OECD \u00fcyesi aras\u0131nda gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en bozuk oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. OECD \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 en y\u00fcksek \u00fclke Meksika\u2019dan sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi ile Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131 temel al\u0131narak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Kolombiya ve Arjantin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerin tamam\u0131nda Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 ile yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi aras\u0131nda negatif bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sadece Kolombiya ve Arjantin i\u00e7in yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi ve Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer bir ili\u015fkiye rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131 bu iki \u00fclke i\u00e7in s\u0131f\u0131ra \u00e7ok yak\u0131n de\u011ferdedir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur: Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bozuk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde daha az yolsuzluk olmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle yolsuzlu\u011fun fazla oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 daha bozuktur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131na giren \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda negatif ili\u015fkinin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu \u00fclkenin T\u00fcrkiye olmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>AA, <a href=\"http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/tr\/dunya\/bm-genel-sekreteri-ban-ki-mun-acil-yardima-muhtac-25-milyon-insan-var\/506472\">http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/tr\/dunya\/bm-genel-sekreteri-ban-ki-mun-acil-yardima-muhtac-25-milyon-insan-var\/506472<\/a>. (Eri\u015fim: 19.01.2016) Sonradan eklenmi\u015f.<\/li>\n<li>Aristoteles, (2007), \u201cPolitika\u201d, (\u00c7ev.: Ersin Uysal), <em>Derg\u00e2h Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul.<\/li>\n<li>ATO (2001), \u201cYolsuzluk K\u0131skac\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, <em>ATO Yay\u0131n\u0131<\/em>, No: 15, s. 21.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa Komisyonu (2014), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye 2014 \u0130lerleme Raporu\u201d, Br\u00fcksel, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ab.gov.tr\/files\/ilerlemeRaporlariTR\/2014_ilerleme_raporu_tr.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ab.gov.tr\/files\/ilerlemeRaporlariTR\/2014_ilerleme_raporu_tr.pdf<\/a>. (Eri\u015fim: 29.08.2015)<\/li>\n<li>Be\u015fkaya, A., Ba\u011fdigen, M. (2008), \u201cThe Relationship Between Corruption and Government Revenues: A Time Series Analysis Of The Turkish Case, 1980-2005\u201d,<em> Yap\u0131 Kredi<\/em> <em>Economic Review, <\/em> 19(1), s. 67-84.<\/li>\n<li>Boratav, K. 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(2008), \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Ticari \u0130\u015flemlerde Yabanc\u0131 Kamu G\u00f6revlilerine R\u00fc\u015f\u00advet Verilmesinin \u00d6nlenmesi Ba\u011flam\u0131nda T\u00fczel Ki\u015filerin Cezai Sorumlulu\u011fu ve Etkin Pi\u015fmanl\u0131k Sorunu\u201d, <em>Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi,<\/em> Say\u0131 XXX. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/data\/Kutuphane\/yayinlar\/EkonomikSorunlarDergisi\/sayi30\/cebeci.pdf\">http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/data\/Kutuphane\/yayinlar\/EkonomikSorunlarDergisi\/sayi30\/cebeci.pdf<\/a>. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0( Eri\u015fim:21.12.2015)<\/li>\n<li>Celasun, M. (1986), &#8220;Income Distiribution and Domestic Term of Trade in Turkey 1978\u20131983&#8221;, <em>ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi<\/em>, Say\u0131.13, s,193-216.<\/li>\n<li>Celasun, M. (1989), &#8220;Income Distribution and Employment Aspects of Turkey&#8217;s Post -1980 Adjustment&#8221;, <em>ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi<\/em>, C. 16 (3-4), s. 1-31.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7elen, M. (2007), \u201cYolsuzluk Ekonomisi, Kamusal bir K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck Olan Yolsuzlu\u011fun Ekonomik Analizi\u201d, <em>\u0130SMMMO<\/em>, Yay\u0131n No. 77, \u0130stanbul, s. 191-242.<\/li>\n<li>Credit Suisse (2015), \u201cGlobal Wealth Report\u201d, Global Wealth Data Book. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.credit-suisse.com\/us\/en\/news-and-expertise\/research\/credit-suisse-research-institute\/publications.html\">https:\/\/www.credit-suisse.com\/us\/en\/news-and-expertise\/research\/credit-suisse-research-institute\/publications.html<\/a>. \u00a0( Eri\u015fim: 03.01.2016)<\/li>\n<li>Dansuk, E. 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( Eri\u015fim: 27.12.2015)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki aylarda bas\u0131lacak olan, \u201cFikret \u015eenses\u2019e Arma\u011fan\u201d isimli kitapta yay\u0131nlanacakt\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ilgili kitapta yay\u0131nlanmadan \u00f6nce revize edilebilir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hakk\u0131 kitab\u0131 yay\u0131nlayacak olan yay\u0131nevine aittir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a>\u00a0Sad\u0131k R\u0131dvan Karluk, Profes\u00f6r, Antalya AKEV \u00dcniversitesi, \u0130ktisat B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Ankara. Email: ridvankarluk@gmail.com<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a>\u00a0Umut \u00dcnal, Do\u00e7ent, Antalya AKEV \u00dcniversitesi, \u0130ktisat B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Ankara. Email: unalumut@gmail.com<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> Mutlak yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00fcnde 1 dolar, Latin Amerika ve Karaipler i\u00e7in 2.15 dolar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de dahil edildi\u011fi Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu grup i\u00e7in 4.3 dolard\u0131r. Gelir yoksullu\u011fu, ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ya da asgari hayat standard\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in veya hane halk\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterli miktarda gelirin elde edilememesidir. Relative Poverty, Absolute Poverty and Social Exclusion, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.poverty.org.uk\/summary\/social%20exclusion.shtml\">http:\/\/www.poverty.org.uk\/summary\/social%20exclusion.shtml<\/a>.( Eri\u015fim: 03.01.2016)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> Celasun, M. (1989), &#8220;Income Distribution and Employment Aspects of Turkey&#8217;s Post -1980 Adjustment&#8221;, <em>ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi<\/em>, C. 16 (3-4), s. 1-31 ; Celasun, M.(1986), &#8220;Income Distiribution and Domestic Term of Trade in Turkey 1978\u20131983 &#8220;, <em>ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi<\/em>, Say\u0131 13, s.193-216.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> Dervis, K.,\u00a0 Robinson, S. (1980), \u201cThe Sources and Structure of\u00a0 Income Inequality in Turkey (1950-73)\u201d, E. \u00d6zbudun and A. Ulusan (eds.), <em>The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey<\/em>, Holmes &amp;Meier, New York.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de T\u00fcrki\u015f\u2019e g\u00f6re Aral\u0131k 2015 tarihinde yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 4.516,25 TL\u2019dir (T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikalar\u0131 Federasyonu).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> T\u00dcS\u0130AD (2000), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bireysel Gelir Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve Yoksulluk: Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u00a0 ile Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d, \u0130stanbul, s. 101. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tusiad.org.tr\/__rsc\/shared\/file\/tbgdyabk.pdf\">http:\/\/www.tusiad.org.tr\/__rsc\/shared\/file\/tbgdyabk.pdf<\/a> .( Eri\u015fim: 13.08.2015.)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]<\/a> DPT\u2019ye g\u00f6re toplumda baz\u0131 sosyal kesimler, sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim hizmetleri ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel imkanlardan ve bilgi-ileti\u015fim teknolojilerinden yararlanmak, \u00fcretim etkinlikleri i\u00e7inde yer almak ve karar alma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kat\u0131lmak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sosyal d\u0131\u015flanmaya maruz kalmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar ayn\u0131 zamanda yoksulluk riskiyle en fazla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan kesimlerdir. Sosyal d\u0131\u015flanmaya maruz kalanlar, \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ile ge\u00e7ici ve g\u00fcvencesi olmayan i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, e\u011fitimsiz ki\u015filer, kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ve \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fclerdir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]<\/a> Aristoteles (2007), \u201c Politika\u201d, (\u00c7ev.: Ersin Uysal), Dergah Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Istanbul, s.3.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]<\/a> \u015eenses, F. (1999), \u201cYoksullukla M\u00fccadele ve Sosyal Yard\u0131mla\u015fma ve Dayan\u0131\u015fma Te\u015fvik Fonu\u201d <em>, ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi<\/em>, C.26 (3-4), s. 427-451; \u015eenses, F. (2003), \u201cYoksullukla M\u00fccadelenin Neresindeyiz? G\u00f6zlemler ve \u00d6neriler\u201d, <em>\u0130ktisat \u00dczerine Yaz\u0131lar I, K\u00fcresel D\u00fczen: Birikim, Devlet ve S\u0131n\u0131flar<\/em>, Korkut Boratav\u2019a Arma\u011fan i\u00e7inde, (der: A. H. K\u00f6se, F. \u015eenses ve E. Yeldan), <em>\u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, s. 319-356; \u015eenses, F. (2005), \u201cApproaches to Poverty and Poverty Alleviation: A Turkish Perspective\u201d, A Review Article, <em>New Perspectives on Turkey<\/em>, No.32, s. 199-215. ; DPT (2007), \u201cDokuzuncu Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 Gelir Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve Yoksullukla M\u00fccadele \u00d6zel \u0130htisas Komisyonu Raporu\u201d, <em>DPT Yay\u0131n\u0131<\/em>, Ankara.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]<\/a> Sosyal Demokrasi Derne\u011fi ve Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Vakf\u0131 (2007), \u201c Siyaset ve Ekonomi D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Yolsuzluk: \u00d6nleme ve M\u00fccadele Yollar\u0131\u201d, Ankara.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]<\/a> ATO (2001), \u201cYolsuzluk K\u0131skac\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, <em>ATO Yay\u0131n\u0131<\/em>, No: 15, s.21.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]<\/a> De\u011fi\u015fkenlik katsay\u0131s\u0131, Atkinson endeksi, log sapmalar\u0131n\u0131n ortalamas\u0131 ve Theil endeksi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yeterli veri bar\u0131nd\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dahil edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0130lgili de\u011ferler 2012 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 0-100 band\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]<\/a> Kolombiya ve Arjantin i\u00e7in yolsuzluk alg\u0131 endeksi ve Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer bir ili\u015fkiye rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Korelasyon katsay\u0131s\u0131 bu iki \u00fclke i\u00e7in s\u0131f\u0131ra \u00e7ok yak\u0131n de\u011ferler almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]<\/a> 18.5.2006 tarihli ve 5506 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa ile onaylanmas\u0131 uygun bulunan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Yolsuzlukla M\u00fccadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin onaylanmas\u0131; D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 19.7.2006 tarihli ve HUM\u015e\/286065 say\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine 31.5.1963 tarihli ve 244 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa\u2019n\u0131n 3\u2019nc\u00fc maddesine g\u00f6re Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nca 11.8.2006 tarihinde kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]<\/a>Avrupa Komisyonu (2014), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye 2014 \u0130lerleme Raporu\u201d, Br\u00fcksel. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ab.gov.tr\/files\/ilerlemeRaporlariTR\/2014_ilerleme_raporu_tr.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ab.gov.tr\/files\/ilerlemeRaporlariTR\/2014_ilerleme_raporu_tr.pdf<\/a>. (Eri\u015fim: 29.08.2015). AB\u2019nin 17\u2019nci 80 sayfal\u0131k son ( son kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131cak) raporu ile birlikte Komisyon\u2019un T\u00fcrkiye ile ilgili raporlar\u0131 1786 sayfay\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Bu, Lizbon Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ortalama 6.5 kat\u0131ndan daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]<\/a> Rapor, Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin finansal deste\u011fi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, TESEV ve SELDI taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. SELDI; Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, H\u0131rvatistan, Kosova, Makedonya, Karada\u011f, S\u0131rbistan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f \u201cyolsuzlukla m\u00fccadele ve iyi y\u00f6neti\u015fim\u201d giri\u015fimidir. SELDI, yolsuzlukla m\u00fccadele ve iyi y\u00f6neti\u015fim alan\u0131nda karar alma s\u00fcreciyle politika yap\u0131m\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Rapor\u2019da ele al\u0131nan anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 28 \u015eubat-11 Mart 2014 tarihleri aras\u0131nda 1206 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. TESEV; Pennsylvania \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve Sivil Toplumlar Program\u0131 2014 Y\u0131l\u0131 D\u00fcnyan\u0131n En \u0130yi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Kurulu\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 6.681 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi 74\u2019nc\u00fc, ABD hari\u00e7 d\u00fcnya s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda en iyi 42\u2019nci, Orta Do\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin de en iyi 7\u2019nci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fudur.<\/p>\n<p>TEPAV , http:\/\/www.tepav.org.tr\/upload\/files\/haber\/1255423114r6531.Birlesmis_Milletler_Yolsuzlukla_Mucadele_Sozlesmesi.pdf; TBMM ,http:\/\/www.tbmm.gov.tr\/kanunlar\/k5506. html.( Eri\u015fim: 16.08.2015)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]<\/a> Hurun Report, http:\/\/www.hurun.net\/en\/ArticleShow.aspx?nid=9607 . (Eri\u015fim 18.08.2015). T\u00fcrk milyarderlerin ilk s\u0131ras\u0131nda 3.7 milyar dolarl\u0131k servetiyle Ferit \u015eahenk gelmektedir. \u015eahenk&#8217;in d\u00fcnyadaki s\u0131ralamas\u0131 451\u2019incilikdir. \u0130kinci s\u0131rada 3.4 milyar dolarla Murat \u00dclker yer al\u0131rken, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada 3.3 milyar dolarla H\u00fcsn\u00fc \u00d6zye\u011fin bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclker ve \u00d6zye\u011fin&#8217;in d\u00fcnya listesindeki yeri ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla 493 ve 510\u2019dur. T\u00fcrklerin ortalama serveti 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %6 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun sebebi, geli\u015fme yolunda olan \u00fclkelerdeki yerel para birimlerindeki de\u011fer kayb\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6viz kurundaki art\u0131\u015f %19 olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de servetteki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f %6&#8217;d\u0131r. Benzer \u00fclkelerden Endonezya&#8217;da kur %20 artarken, servet %12 gerilemi\u015ftir. Brezilya&#8217;da bu oranlar %15&#8217;e 13, Hindistan&#8217;da ise %11&#8217;e 13 olmu\u015ftur. \u0130svi\u00e7re merkezli UBS adl\u0131 finans kurulu\u015funun raporuna g\u00f6re 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 38 dolar milyarderi bulunan T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde en fazla dolar milyarderine sahip 14\u2019nc\u00fc ekonomiye sahip \u00fclkedir. Fakat IMF verilerine g\u00f6re ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 gelir bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 67\u2019nci s\u0131radad\u0131r. Karluk, S.R. (2015), \u201cOECD: T\u00fcrkiye Gelir Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 En Bozuk \u00dclkeler Aras\u0131nda,\u201d Sakarya. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sakaryagazetesi.com.tr\/kose-yazarlari\/ridvan-karluk\/oecd-turkiye-gelir-dagilimi-en-bozuk-ulkeler-arasinda\/\">http:\/\/www.sakaryagazetesi.com.tr\/kose-yazarlari\/ridvan-karluk\/oecd-turkiye-gelir-dagilimi-en-bozuk-ulkeler-arasinda\/<\/a> . (Eri\u015fim: 03.08.2015.)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]<\/a> \u0130ngiltere&#8217;nin Oxford \u00dcniversitesi b\u00fcnyesinde 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Oxfam, 90 \u00fclkede faaliyet g\u00f6steren 17 uluslararas\u0131\u00a0 kurulu\u015fu\u00a0 \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir araya getirmekte ve\u00a0 yoksullu\u011fun ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u0131tl\u0131k, felaketzedelere yard\u0131m gibi alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. OXFAM (2015), \u00a0https:\/\/www.oxfam.org\/en\/pressroom\/pressreleases\/2015-01-19\/richest-1-will-own-more-all-rest-2016. (Eri\u015fim: 15.08.2015.)<\/p>\n<p>Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u00a0 Genel Sekreteri Ban Ki-mun da\u00a0 d\u00fcnyada acil yard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 25 milyondan fazla oldu\u011funu\u00a0 belirtmi\u015ftir. Ban, Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri&#8217;nin Dubai kentinde\u00a0 bas\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamadan <em>&#8220;D\u00fcnyada acil yard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 25 milyondan fazla insan var. D\u00fcnyadaki yard\u0131m ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 konusundaki b\u00fcy\u00fck eksikli\u011fi giderme noktas\u0131nda ciddi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar bulunuyor&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0 demi\u015ftir. Anadolu Ajans\u0131, <a href=\"http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/tr\/dunya\/bm-genel-sekreteri-ban-ki-mun-acil-yardima-muhtac-25-milyon-insan-var\/506472\">http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/tr\/dunya\/bm-genel-sekreteri-ban-ki-mun-acil-yardima-muhtac-25-milyon-insan-var\/506472<\/a>. (Eri\u015fim: 19.01.2016.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]<\/a> G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve Bilen (1995)\u2019e g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusunda \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken bir \u00f6nemli nokta da gizli hesaplardaki m\u00fc\u015fteri say\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Gizli hesaplar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye, 3 bin 105 m\u00fc\u015fteri ile listelenen 34 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 9\u2019ncu s\u0131radad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, a\u00e7\u0131lan gizli hesaplardaki para miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan s\u0131ralamada ise 3.5 milyar dolar ile 23\u2019nc\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den m\u00fc\u015fterilerin a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplar i\u00e7erisinde en y\u00fcksek tutar 263.7 milyon dolarl\u0131k bir hesaptad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]<\/a> T\u00dcS\u0130AD, 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bireysel Gelir Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve Yoksulluk: Avrupa Birli\u011fi ile Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Raporu isimli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rapor\u2019a g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 12 AB \u00fclkesinin t\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha e\u015fitsizdir. Rapor, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011finde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en e\u015fitsiz \u00fclkesi olan Portekiz\u2019i bile geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye o tarihte Portekiz\u2019den Gini katsay\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re %28 daha e\u015fitsiz bir gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na sahiptir. AB \u00fclkeleri incelendi\u011finde, Danimarka\u2019da yoksul n\u00fcfusun pay\u0131 %4.5, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de %13.5, Yunanistan\u2019da %16.5, Portekiz\u2019de %16.7\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]<\/a> Gelir ve Ya\u015fam Ko\u015fullar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, (GYKA) T\u00fcrkiye geneli i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ve gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011finin kaynaklar\u0131na ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma analizlerini, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin on iki b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 elde ederek analizler yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Bu anketler, T\u00fcrkiye geneli, kent ve k\u0131r kesimlerinin yan\u0131nda NUTS (D\u00fczey) 1 temelinde tahminler \u00fcretebilecek \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]<\/a> HT Ekonomi, \u201cMilyonerlerin bankada 550 milyar TL&#8217;si var\u201d. http:\/\/www.haberturk.com\/ekonomi\/ekonomi\/haber\/1116494-milyonerlerin-bankada-550-milyar-tlsi-var. Eri\u015fim: 16.08.2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yolsuzlukla yoksulluk aras\u0131nda bir ilgile\u015fim var m\u0131? <\/p>\n<p>Literat\u00fcrde ilk defa gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi veren Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131 ile yolsuzluk aras\u0131ndaki korelasyon incelenmekte ve yolsuzluk ile e\u015fitsizli\u011fin birlikte y\u00fckselip d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":817,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63,2,66],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v16.0.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi: Yolsuzluk- yoksulluk ili\u015fkisi - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi: Yolsuzluk- yoksulluk ili\u015fkisi - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yolsuzlukla yoksulluk aras\u0131nda bir ilgile\u015fim var m\u0131?   Literat\u00fcrde ilk defa gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi veren Gini Katsay\u0131s\u0131 ile yolsuzluk aras\u0131ndaki korelasyon incelenmekte ve yolsuzluk ile e\u015fitsizli\u011fin birlikte y\u00fckselip d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-12-31T05:22:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-03-10T08:50:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/yolsuzluk.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"601\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"396\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"71 dakika\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"sameAs\":[],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/mdmLogo-yazisiz.jpg\",\"width\":422,\"height\":422,\"caption\":\"Mill\\u00ee D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnce Merkezi\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/\",\"name\":\"M\\u0130SAK- Mill\\u00ee Strateji Ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma Kurulu\",\"description\":\"D\\u00fcnyaya T\\u00fcrk\\u00e7\\u00fc Bak\\u0131\\u015f\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/yolsuzluk.jpg\",\"width\":601,\"height\":396},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turkiye-ekonomisi-yolsuzluk-yoksulluk-iliskisi\/\",\"name\":\"T\\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi: Yolsuzluk- yoksulluk ili\\u015fkisi - 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R\\u0131dvan Karluk, 1970\\u2019de Ankara \\u00dcniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fak\\u00fcltesi\\u2019ni bitirdi. 1975\\u2019te doktor, 1979\\u2019da do\\u00e7ent oldu. 1975 \\u2013 1976\\u2019da Sussex \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019nde doktora \\u00fcst\\u00fc ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma yapt\\u0131. 1982 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda Devlet Planlama Te\\u015fkilat\\u0131 AET Dairesini (Genel M\\u00fcd\\u00fcrl\\u00fck) kurdu. 1985-1990 y\\u0131llar\\u0131nda Paris\\u2019te, OECD T\\u00fcrkiye B\\u00fcy\\u00fckel\\u00e7ili\\u011fi\\u2019nde Planlama M\\u00fc\\u015faviri olarak \\u00e7al\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131. 1990-1992 y\\u0131llar\\u0131nda Ba\\u015fbakanl\\u0131k Ba\\u015fm\\u00fc\\u015favirli\\u011fi\\u2019ne atand\\u0131. 1991 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda Anadolu \\u00dcniversitesi\\u2019ne ge\\u00e7mi\\u015f, 2014 y\\u0131l\\u0131nda emekli olmu\\u015ftur. Bu s\\u00fcre i\\u00e7inde \\u0130ktisadi Geli\\u015fme ve Uluslararas\\u0131 Geli\\u015fme Anabilim Dal\\u0131 Ba\\u015fkanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131, 2010-2013 d\\u00f6neminde \\u0130ktisat Fak\\u00fcltesi Dekanl\\u0131\\u011f\\u0131 yapm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r. Uluslararas\\u0131 Ekonomi, T\\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi, Avrupa Birli\\u011fi ve Uluslararas\\u0131 Ekonomik \\u0130li\\u015fkiler konular\\u0131nda 24 kitab\\u0131, 12 ortak ve 3 \\u00e7eviri eseri vard\\u0131r. Ortak yazarl\\u0131 bir ders kitab\\u0131 T\\u00dcBA \\u00fcniversite ders kitaplar\\u0131 2012 y\\u0131l\\u0131 telif ve \\u00e7eviri eser \\u00f6d\\u00fcl\\u00fc olmak \\u00fczere 6 bilimsel ara\\u015ft\\u0131rma \\u00f6d\\u00fcl\\u00fcne sahiptir. Eski\\u015fehir Sakarya gazetesi ile Turkish Forum\\u2019da (ABD) haftal\\u0131k g\\u00fcncel yaz\\u0131lar\\u0131 yay\\u0131nlanmaktad\\u0131r. \\u00d6zge\\u00e7mi\\u015fi WHO\\u2019s WHO D\\u00fcnya, Asya ve T\\u00fcrkiye bask\\u0131lar\\u0131nda yer alm\\u0131\\u015ft\\u0131r.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=797"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/797\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=797"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}