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T\u00fcrklerin kadim tarihi ve \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli dillerde yaz\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcrl\u00fc kay\u0131tlara dayal\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131p yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[1]<\/a>. Kadim tarihin yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 <\u00c7ince, Arap\u00e7a, Fars\u00e7a, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Latince ve Grek\u00e7e> eski ve yak\u0131n zamanlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli dillere terc\u00fcme edilip notlanarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu alan uzmanlar\u0131nca ve konuya ilgi duyan okuyucular\u0131n bildi\u011fi bir husustur. T\u00fcrkiye tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kadim T\u00fcrk tarihi yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temellerini Zeki Velidi Togan\u2019\u0131n atm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu burada belirtmek gerekir. Onun ortaya koydu\u011fu T\u00fcrk tarihinin nas\u0131l ele al\u0131n\u0131p incelenmesi icap etti\u011fi teorik \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00f6\u011frencisi Nihal Ats\u0131z ve onlara \u00f6\u011frenci olmu\u015flarca izlenir.<\/p>\n Togan\u2019\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrklerin tarihinin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda kurmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 iki yurt \u00fczerinde ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 tarih\u00ee macera g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ben rahmetli hocam\u0131n belirtmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve rahmetli \u00f6\u011frencisi Nihal Ats\u0131z\u2019\u0131n takip etti\u011fi T\u00fcrk tarihinin \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu iki yurt topraklar\u0131n\u0131, tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyca ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011fi\u015fmeleri de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak Merkezi Avrasya ve \u00d6navrasya diye iki b\u00fcy\u00fck tarih\u00ee co\u011frafya diye tan\u0131ml\u0131yorum. Merkezi Avrasya benim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re Sibirya ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da okyanustan okyanusa kadar kapsar. Bunun kuzeyinde Kuzey Avrasya ile, Dip\/Arka Avrasya yer al\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin buralara da kimi zamanlarda yerle\u015fip ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ya\u015famakta oldu\u011fu bilinen bir husustur.<\/p>\n Bu yaz\u0131da \u00fczerinde durmak istedi\u011fim eser T\u00fcrklerin kadim tarihiyle ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r: \u201cT\u00fcrklerin Tarihinde Asya Hunlar\u0131. Birinci H\u00e2kimiyet D\u00f6nemi\u201d adl\u0131 eserdir[2]<\/strong><\/a>. Konuralp Ercilasun taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada konu, T\u00fcrklerin \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda yer alan bilgilerden yararlan\u0131larak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Konuralp Ercilasun, kadim T\u00fcrk tarihi ile u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131n yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gen\u00e7 bir bilim adam\u0131. \u00c7ince kaynaklardan yararlan\u0131p terc\u00fcme edebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eski \u00c7in filolojisi hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi bir bilim adam\u0131. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7in ve Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanma ve ifade a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir dil sorunu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da, ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve kaynaklardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bundan daha \u00f6nemlisi, K. Ercilasun\u2019un tahlil ve terkip yetene\u011fini ak\u0131c\u0131 bir dil ile birle\u015ftirip okuyucusu \u00f6n\u00fcne konuyu getirmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de budur. Okunmaz ve anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bilgi y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7inde okuyucuyu ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmez h\u00e2le getirmek de ne tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ne de tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n \u2018Hun\u2019 ad\u0131yla bildi\u011fimiz ve \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na Hsiung-nu ve son okuyu\u015fa g\u00f6re Xiong-nu diye kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrkler kendi tarihleriyle ba\u011fl\u0131 ilk bilgileri buradan \u00f6\u011frenir. Bana g\u00f6re bu d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bilinen ilk d\u00f6nemidir. \u00c7in kay\u0131tlar\u0131 M\u00d6 220\u2019den \u2018Xiong-nu\u2019 T\u00fcrkleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi verme\u011fe ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n Hun T\u00fcrklerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda bilinen ki\u015finin ad\u0131 \u2018T\u00fcmen\u2019 veya \u2018Tuman\u2019 diye de\u011ferlendirilir. \u2018T\u00fcmen\u2019, on binlik orduyu y\u00f6neten ki\u015fi veya o say\u0131da asker \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 boy\/boylar birli\u011fi beyi\/han\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Fakat, \u2018tuman\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131n da ki\u015filere verildi\u011fini Ebulgazi Bahadur Han\u2019\u0131n \u2018\u015eecere-i Ter\u00e2kime\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinden bilmekteyiz. Bu ad, ne yaz\u0131k ki, K\u00f6l Tigin Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Biti\u011f yarat\u0131s\u0131 yaz\u0131t\u0131nda <METN\u0130NDE> da ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ama hakk\u0131nda ka\u011fana bilgi veren \u00c7inli dan\u0131\u015fmanlar yanl\u0131\u015f yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011frular\u0131n\u0131n \u2018U\u00e7 Temir\u2019 ve \u2018Tuman\/T\u00fcmen\u2019 olmas\u0131 icap eder. Bu \u2018tuman\u2019 ve \u2018t\u00fcmen\u2019 gibi ad vermelerinin kadim ya\u015fam i\u00e7inde bir gelene\u011fi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tuman Han\u2019\u0131n boy beyi olan o\u011flu\u2019nun unvan\u0131 da T\u00fcrk dilinde s\u00f6zc\u00fck ba\u015f\u0131 b ve m denkli\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131r ise Mode=Bode yani \u2018Boy\u2019beyi\/han\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fa ge\u00e7ti\u011finden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, kuzeyde yay \u00e7eken boylar\u0131 birle\u015ftirip \u00c7in ile ayn\u0131 konuma geldi\u011fini vurgular. Ka\u011fan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve Tanr\u0131\u2019dan kut al\u0131r, boylar birli\u011fini kuran, tek bir millet haline getiren anlam\u0131nda \u2018Tengri Kut\u0131 Mo-tun[3]<\/a>\u2019, b ve m sesleri denkli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ve \u2018ka\u011fan\u2019 \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 tercih ederek, T\u00fcrklerin tarihinde devrim yapan bu insan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131n tam olarak \u2018Tengri Kut\u0131 Bodun Ka\u011fan\u2019 olmas\u0131 icap etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeyim. \u2018Ka\u011fan\u2019 unvan\u0131n\u0131 tercih nedeni s\u00fcreklilikti. \u2018Tanhu\u2019 ve \u2018\u015eany\u00fc\u2019 s\u00f6yleni\u015flerine \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 yer veriyor ama, \u2018kagan\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u2018kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u2019 veya \u2018yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan\u2019 gibi anl\u0131yorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, ona Tengri\u2019nin kut vermesi i\u00e7in yukar\u0131 kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, g\u00f6\u011fe y\u00fckselmi\u015f olmas\u0131 icap eder. Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Bitig\u2019lerde s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kan\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnek ifadeler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Konuralp Ercilasun\u2019un da eserinde belirtti\u011fi gibi tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yaz\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar ve arkeolojik buluntular \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak, her ikisinde de \u2018yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131\u2019lar olabilir. Ki\u015fisel tercihler, duygular, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131klar, \u00f6fke ve sevgi,k\u0131saca bireysel ve y\u00f6netim tercihleri, kay\u0131tlar ve nesneler \u00fczerinde etkili izler b\u0131rakabilir. Topra\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131 saklamas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkler gibi hareketli, g\u00f6\u00e7erevli ve \u015fehirlerini, kasabalar\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6ylerini ve obalar\u0131n\u0131 mevsime g\u00f6re s\u00fcr\u00fclerini otlar\u0131n ve sular\u0131n bol oldu\u011fu ovalara ta\u015f\u0131yarak ya\u015fayan kadim T\u00fcrklerin bu neden ile tahta \u00e7ubuklar ve k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131 saklayamad\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Belki de, \u2018Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Bitig\u2019 <\u00d6l\u00fcms\u00fcz Ta\u015f Kitap>lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir nedenlerinden biri bu olsa gerektir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrklerin tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Asya Hunlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131d\u0131r. Esas itibariyle eser, Mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nceki s\u00fcre\u00e7ten Mil\u00e2ttan sonra 11. y\u0131la kadar ge\u00e7en zaman\u0131 kapsayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Tarih tenkidine k\u0131ymet vererek incelemenin yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, tahlil ve terkibin g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini artt\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir husustur.<\/p>\n Konuralp Ercilasun\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, \u2018S\u00f6zba\u015f\u0131\u2019, \u2018Kaynaklar\u2019 ve \u2018Dizin\u2019 gibi izlencenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na basamak olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, eserin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 on bir ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fczerine oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130lk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n tenkidi ve \u00f6zelikleri \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00e7e\u015fitli adlar ile \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda yer alan en eski atalar \u00fczerinde durulur. Bundan sonra dokuzuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcme kadar \u00c7in kay\u0131tlar\u0131na Xiong-nu veya Hsiunng-nu, Ercilasun\u2019un kayd\u0131 ile \u015eiung-nu tarihi ba\u015flar, bu durum, y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve yeniden dirili\u015fi i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n Asya Hunlar\u0131 adl\u0131 eser, T\u00fcrklerin kadim tarihiyle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na tahlil\u00ee ve terkib\u00ee boyut yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Togan Hocam\u0131z\u2019\u0131n ortaya koymu\u015f oldu\u011fu tarihte tenkid ve usul kaidelerine uymu\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Ejder k\u00fclt\u00fc \u00fczerine a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fma \u00f6nemlidir. T\u00fcrk tarihinin \u00f6nemli bir sorunu ele al\u0131yor. Ercilasun, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma sonunda \u2018Long-\u00e7\u0131n\u2019 \u015fehir ad\u0131n\u0131n \u2018Uzun otlu \u015eehir\u2019 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi yarg\u0131s\u0131na var\u0131r ve \u015fehrin \u00e7ad\u0131rlardan kurulu oldu\u011funu belirtir. Bana s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn T\u00fcrk dilinde \u00e7ay\u0131r veya k\u0131rlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u2018\u00f6leng\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ile yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na gelinceye dek u\u011fra\u015fan Merkez\u00ee Avrasya T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda s\u00f6ylenen t\u00fcrk\u00fcler\/\u00f6leng\u2019ler de acaba k\u0131r t\u00fcrk\u00fcleri yerine mi kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu? K. Ercilasun \u2018\u00e7\u0131n\u2019 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u015fehir diye \u00e7evirip ilk k\u0131sm\u0131na ise \u2018otlak\u2019 anlam\u0131 y\u00fckleyerek \u2018Otlak \u015eehir\u2019 ad\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oluyor. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ile u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131n otlaklar\u0131, \u015fehirleri, kasabalar\u0131 ve obalar\u0131 ile gezip uygun yerlerde dola\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyor. Ercilasun\u2019un bu ke\u015ffinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yine yeni denebilecek a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 eserde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeliyim.<\/p>\n Eser, sadece m\u00fccadeleler tarihi de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrklerin Hunlar d\u00f6nemi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve devlet te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 \u00fczerinde duruluyor. Kimi par\u00e7alanma sorunlar\u0131na de\u011finilip tahlil\u00ee de\u011ferlendirilmesi yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Hunlar\u0131n tarihine, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ve devlet y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131na ilgi duyanlar\u0131n okumas\u0131 icap eden bir eser. Anlat\u0131m ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00fcslup i\u00e7inde insan\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcklemektedir. Dedi\u011fim gibi, tenkid, tahlil ve ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00fcslupla birle\u015fince okuyucuyu s\u00fcr\u00fckleyici bir eser ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutluyorum.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Bu konuda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ralamak olanaks\u0131z. Konunun uzmanlar\u0131 bilir ki, kitap ve makalelerin say\u0131s\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir kitap olu\u015fturacak niteliktedir. \u0130nceleme niteli\u011finde olanlara T\u00fcrk tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00fcrl\u00fc dillerde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u2018kaynak eser\u2019 kapsam\u0131ndaki yay\u0131nlar\u0131 da eklerseniz, say\u0131 daha da artar, belki bir iki kapsaml\u0131 kitap boyutu kazan\u0131r. Konuralp\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131nda yer alan k\u0131sa kaynak\u00e7a yine de bir fikir verebilir.<\/p>\n