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Ermeni sorunu ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda genellikle devletin sad\u0131k tebaas\u0131 olan Ermenilerin yabanc\u0131 devletlerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 isyan ederek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurma hedefine y\u00f6neldikleri vurgulanmakta ancak s\u00f6z konusu devletlerin Ermenileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131n\u0131n arka plan\u0131nda yatan sebepler yeterince ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Ermeni isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olan devletler aras\u0131nda birincil role sahip olan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tarih boyunca Ermenilerle ili\u015fkilerinin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temellerin ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilerden hangi ama\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 Ermeni isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gerek kendi topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Ermenilerle gerekse Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileriyle ili\u015fkilerinin Rus ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131narak de\u011ferlendirilmesinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gelecekte de Ermeni sorununda izleyece\u011fi politikalar\u0131n ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u201cRusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilerle \u0130li\u015fkilerinin Tarihi Seyri, T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7irerek T\u00fcrk Topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Ermenile\u015ftirme Politikas\u0131, 93 Harbinde Ermenileri \u0130syan \u0130\u00e7in K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131, Rusya Ermenileri ve K\u00fcrtler Konusundaki Politikalar\u0131, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki ve Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilalinden Sonraki Ermeni Politikalar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde incelenen konular\u0131n genel bir de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131larak Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gelecekte izleyebilece\u011fi Ermeni politikalar\u0131 konusunda okuyucuya ve d\u0131\u015f politikay\u0131 belirleyecek olan unsurlara \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilerle ili\u015fkileri olduk\u00e7a eskiye dayanmaktad\u0131r. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kiev Rusya\u2019s\u0131na, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Moskova Prensli\u011finin kontrol\u00fcndeki topraklara g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ermeniler, 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 y\u00f6neten Letonya Prensli\u011finden \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar 1667\u2019den itibaren geni\u015fletilmi\u015f, ancak 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Rus\/Slav milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin geli\u015fmesine paralel olarak Rusya, Ermenilere verilen ticari ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc daha sonra ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rusya, \u00f6zellikle n\u00fcfusu Slav olmayan b\u00f6lgelerde yay\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bu hedefi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesinde katk\u0131s\u0131 olabilecek etnik ve din\u00ee gruplar\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015f, Kafkasya ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilmek ve b\u00f6lgeyi elinde tutabilmek i\u00e7in Ermenileri sistemli olarak kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Gregoryen Ermenilere Rus Ortodokslar\u0131n\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 haklar\u0131 vererek onlar\u0131 G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya \u00e7ekmeye ve say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Rusya, b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131 buradan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak yerlerine H\u0131ristiyan milletleri ve Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir<\/a>[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Petro M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmeleri i\u00e7in Hazar denizi \u00e7evresine Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f, ancak Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun izledi\u011fi ak\u0131lc\u0131 d\u0131\u015f politika ve Osmanl\u0131 asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Ruslar\u0131n Hazar b\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalmas\u0131 sonucu, Ermeniler ortada kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[3]<\/sup><\/a>. Bunun \u00fczerine I. Petro 1724\u2019te Ermenileri Rusya Devletinin g\u00fcvencesi alt\u0131na alan bir imtiyaz bildirisi yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[4]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu bildiri \u201cT\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerin kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131\u201d amac\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir<\/a>[5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 gayr-\u0131 M\u00fcslim gruplar\u0131 destekleyen ve Ermenileri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Rusya aras\u0131nda bir bariyer olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Rusya, bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede n\u00fcfus hareketlerini y\u00f6nlendirerek Ermenileri imparatorlu\u011fun do\u011fusunda bir araya getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Ermenilerin kendi topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde belli bir b\u00f6lgede tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, ya da egemenli\u011fi ele ge\u00e7irmemesi i\u00e7in de gereken tedbirleri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rus ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in Ermenileri kullanma politikas\u0131 izleyen liderlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Petro gelmektedir. I. Petro Basra K\u00f6rfezi ve Akdeniz\u2019e inme amac\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in gerek \u0130ran\u2019a gerekse Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fta ve siyasette Anadolu ve \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermenilerden faydalanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc Rus tarih\u00e7i Sergey Mikhaylovich Solovyev \u201cRus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Petro\u2019nun ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklar\u0131 koruman\u0131n en iyi yolu olarak b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu azaltmak ve Hristiyan n\u00fcfusu \u00e7o\u011faltmak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine sahip oldu\u011funu\u201d nakletmektedir<\/a>[7]<\/sup><\/a>. I. Petro bu amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in Ermenileri kullanm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirdi\u011fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yerine Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00c7ar I. Nikola da ayn\u0131 politikay\u0131 devam ettirerek Ermenilerden yararlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1828-1829 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresince Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermeniler Rus ordusuna \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ecmiyadzin (\u00dc\u00e7kilise) Ermeni Katogikosu da yo\u011fun propaganda faaliyetlerinde bulunarak Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin, Paskiyevi\u00e7 kuvvetlerinin yan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131na \u00f6nayak olmu\u015f, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu arkadan vuran Anadolu Ermenileri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n tepkisine neden olurken Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinin takdirini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015ftan sonra Ka\u00e7ar Hanedan\u0131<\/a>[9]<\/a> ile Rusya aras\u0131nda 21 \u015eubat 1828 tarihinde imzalanan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay<\/a>[10]<\/a> Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra \u201cRevan, Nahcivan ve Tal\u0131\u015f\u201d Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Rusya, halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 T\u00fcrk olan Revan ve Nahcivan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131ktan sonra b\u00f6lgenin n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sistemli bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinden getirdi\u011fi 40.000 Ermeni\u2019yi yeni ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir<\/a>[11]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Nikola b\u00f6lgeye Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in n\u00fcfusunun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Nahcivan ve Revan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde 1 Mart 1828\u2019de \u201cErmenistan vilayeti\u201d kurdu\u011funu ilan etmi\u015f, bu karardan sonra b\u00f6lgeye Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc artarak devam etmi\u015ftir<\/a>[12]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Navarin olay\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Akkerman Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 iptal etmesinden sonra ba\u015f g\u00f6steren Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda ise Ruslar bat\u0131da B\u00fckre\u015f ve Varna\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek \u0130stanbul bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar ilerlemi\u015f, do\u011fuda ise Ah\u0131ska, Ardahan, Posof, Revan, Kars ve Erzurum\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bu sava\u015flar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri hem Eflak-Bo\u011fdan cephesinde, hem de do\u011fu cephesinde g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birlikler olu\u015fturarak Rus ordusu saflar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[13]<\/sup><\/a>. Do\u011fu cephesinde Beyaz\u0131t y\u00f6resinin Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgalinden sonra Rus i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinden cesaret alan Beyaz\u0131t Ermenileri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mahallelerine bask\u0131n yaparak 1000\u2019den fazla ki\u015fiyi katletmi\u015ftir<\/a>[14]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1829\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya aras\u0131nda imzalanan Edirne Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan getirdi\u011fi 85.000-90.000 kadar Ermeni\u2019yi Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir<\/a>[15]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu suretle Rusya gerek \u0130ran\u2019la gerekse Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile aras\u0131nda Ermenilerden olu\u015fan birer tampon b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, \u0130ran\u2019dan ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklar\u0131 Rusla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve Ermenile\u015ftirmek konusunda izledi\u011fi siyaseti N. \u0130. \u015eavrov, G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da Ruslar\u0131n Amac\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan Tehdit <\/em>adl\u0131 eserinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u00f6zlerle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r<\/a>[16]<\/sup><\/a> :<\/p>\n \u201cG\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da istilac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetimize buralara Ruslar\u0131 de\u011fil, ba\u015fka dinden olanlar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirerek ba\u015flad\u0131k. 1826-1828 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda devam eden sava\u015f bittikten sonra, 1830 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u0130ran\u2019dan G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya 40.000\u2019den fazla, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ise 84.600 Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirerek onlar\u0131 Elizavetpol<\/a>[17]<\/strong><\/a> ve Erivan<\/a>[18]<\/strong><\/a> Guvernialar\u0131nda (vilayetlerinde) Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7ok az oldu\u011fu en g\u00fczide devlet topraklar\u0131nda mesk\u00fbnla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131k.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n Rusya, bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 Ermenilere \u00e7e\u015fitli te\u015fvikler sunmu\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle S\u00fcrmeli \u00c7ukuru (\u00c7ukur Saad) denilen b\u00f6lgeye Ermeni Vilayeti ad\u0131n\u0131 vermek suretiyle, Ermenilerin kitle halinde buraya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1828\u20131829 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kuzey Azerbaycan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Revan b\u00f6lgesine, \u0130ran\u2019dan 6.946 Ermeni ailesi g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfusunu O. K\u0131z\u0131lkaya 35.560, N. \u0130. \u015eavrov ise 40.000 ki\u015fi olarak belirtmektedir<\/a>[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n B\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni n\u00fcfusunu art\u0131rma politikalar\u0131n\u0131 Edirne antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra da s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Rusya 1829\u20131830 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinden, yakla\u015f\u0131k 14.000 Ermeni ailesini bu b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 85.000-90.000 kadard\u0131r<\/a>[20]<\/sup><\/a>. Buraya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek yerle\u015fen 2.264 ailenin Kars\u2019tan, 4.315 ailenin de (Do\u011fu) Beyaz\u0131t\u2019tan geldikleri tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu gelenlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Rusya taraf\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ylere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve sava\u015ftan sonra topraklar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmesi muhtemel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc kesilmi\u015ftir<\/a>[21]<\/sup><\/a>. K\u00f6yleri ellerinden al\u0131nan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler ise T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 I. Nikola d\u00f6neminde 1830 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgelerinin \u201cErmenile\u015ftirilmesi\u201d siyasetine devam edilmi\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk Revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde suni bir Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesi yarat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Azerbaycan ile Ermenistan aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temeli, halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrk olan b\u00f6lgelere Ermenilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi suretiyle ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Rusya taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Anadolu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Kafkasya T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (\u00f6zellikle Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) aras\u0131na etnik bir duvar \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/a>[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Anadolu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Kafkasya T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131nda olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ve \u201cKafkas Seddi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu duvar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nem Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan 5 \u015eubat 1920\u2019de Kolordu Komutanlar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen bildiride a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u00f6zlerle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[23]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201cKafkas seddinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kati mahv\u0131 projesi say\u0131p, bu seddi \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019ne yapt\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in en son vas\u0131talara m\u00fcracaat etmek ve bu u\u011furda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tehlikeleri g\u00f6ze almak mecburiyetindeyiz.<\/em> <\/a>[24]<\/a><\/sup>\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonucunda Moskova ve Kars Antla\u015fmalar\u0131nda Nahcivan\u2019a Azerbaycan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lge stat\u00fcs\u00fc verilmesinin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Nahcivan\u2019\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde taraf \u00fclke olmas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a>[25]<\/sup><\/a> ve I\u011fd\u0131r vilayetinin Aral\u0131k-Dilucu b\u00f6lgesi ile Nahcivan\u2019\u0131n Sederek il\u00e7esi aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en 11 kilometrelik arazinin Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran\u2019dan alt\u0131n \u00f6denerek sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a>[26]<\/sup><\/a> arka plan\u0131nda yatan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, Kafkas seddinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Anadolu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Orta Asya T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki irtibat\u0131n muhafaza edilmesi amac\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir.<\/p>\n Bir yandan ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklara Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirerek kendi topraklar\u0131ndaki Ermenileri T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren Rusya, di\u011fer yandan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin de deste\u011fini sa\u011flayabilmek ve bunlar\u0131 Ecmiyadzin Katogikosuna ba\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in Ermeni Katogikoslu\u011funa 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[27]<\/sup><\/a>. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu faaliyetleri semeresini vermi\u015f ve K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri, Kars b\u00f6lgesini i\u015fgal eden Ruslar\u0131 desteklemi\u015f ve bu durum b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck tepkiye neden olmu\u015ftur<\/a>[28]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin Rusya Ermenilerinden daha fazla haklara sahip olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini devlete kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Rusya\u2019n\u0131n da te\u015fvikiyle Ermeniler 1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 isyan haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7ine girmi\u015flerdir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta hay\u0131r cemiyetleri olarak kendilerini gizleyen Ermeni cemiyetlerine ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurma hayali i\u00e7inde olan Rusya\u2019daki Kafkas Ermenileri ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan zengin Ermeniler b\u00fcy\u00fck maddi destek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[29]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu kapsamda 1886\u2019da \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de Kafkasya Ermenilerinden olan Rus uyruklu Avedis Nazarbeg ile kar\u0131s\u0131 Maro ve Kafkasyal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciler taraf\u0131ndan H\u0131n\u00e7ak komitesi, 1890 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Tiflis\u2019te Krisdapor Mikaelyan, Stepan Zoryan, Simon Zavaryan adl\u0131 Ermeni k\u00f6kenli Rus ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc ihtilalciler taraf\u0131ndan Ta\u015fnaksutyun komitesi kurulmu\u015ftur<\/a>[30]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu komiteler ilk a\u015famada \u00f6zerk bir Ermeni b\u00f6lgesi, uzun vadede ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan devleti kurma hedefine y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir ve Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin isyan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rusya ise 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar sonunda s\u0131cak denizlere a\u00e7\u0131lmak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme hedefine tam olarak ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Rus etki ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca sa\u011flam bir engel te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bu engeli a\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcnde iki rota bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bunlardan biri bo\u011fazlar, di\u011feri ise Do\u011fu Anadolu istikametiydi. Rusya, bo\u011fazlar istikametinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamay\u0131nca Do\u011fu Anadolu istikametine y\u00fcklenmi\u015f ve bu b\u00f6lgede bulunan Ermenileri hedeflerine ula\u015fman\u0131n arac\u0131 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ilginin merkezinde Ermeniler ve onlar\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rusya, yay\u0131lma hedefinin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en \u00f6nemli engel olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni kontrol alt\u0131nda tutabilmek i\u00e7in 1871\u2019den itibaren Kafkasya Asker\u00ee B\u00f6lge kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi ile ilgili bilgi toplama ve de\u011ferlendirme programlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la 12.800 Ruble kaynak ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[31]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu kapsamda Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda bilgi toplama g\u00f6revi Rus diplomatik temsilciliklerinde g\u00f6revli gizli asker\u00ee ajanlara verilmi\u015f ve \u00f6ncelikle Kars ve Erzurum\u2019daki Rus konsolosluklar\u0131na konsolos kisvesi alt\u0131nda Rus subaylar\u0131 atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gizli asker\u00ee ajan olarak g\u00f6revlendirilen Rus subaylar\u0131 Rus D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadrosuna ge\u00e7irilerek bunlara asker\u00ee unvanlar\u0131na uygun r\u00fctbeler verilmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Erzurum konsolosu olarak atanan Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 D. Malama ile yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Te\u011fmen S. Zavriyev Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde konsolos g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131nda topo\u011frafik ve etno\u011frafik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015fler, Zavriyev daha sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rus asker\u00ee ajan\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda 10 y\u0131ldan fazla g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde Anadolu i\u00e7lerinde de topo\u011frafik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunmu\u015ftur<\/a>[32]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Topo\u011frafik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n asker\u00ee harek\u00e2t \u00fczerine etkilerini dikkate alan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya Asker\u00ee B\u00f6lge Kararg\u00e2h\u0131 Rus topo\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 konsolosluk k\u00e2tibi olarak g\u00f6revlendirmek suretiyle s\u00f6z konusu ihtiyac\u0131 da kar\u015f\u0131lama yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra b\u00f6lgeye atanan ilk gizli asker\u00ee topo\u011fraf Ermeni k\u00f6kenli \u00dcste\u011fmen<\/a>[33]<\/a> N. S. Kusikov olmu\u015ftur. Kusikov Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda konsolos k\u00e2tibi kisvesi alt\u0131nda 8 y\u0131l g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[34]<\/sup><\/a>. Rus asker\u00ee raporlar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 devletine sava\u015f a\u00e7madan ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce b\u00f6lgeye diplomat kisvesi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu gizli asker\u00ee ajanlardan yararlanm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Ermeni k\u00f6kenli Ruslar aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Rus ata\u015felerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermeni k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131 hususu \u0130ngiliz diplomatlar\u0131n\u0131n raporlar\u0131na da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Trabzon Konsolosu Alfred Billiotti 5 Mart 1881\u2019de kendi D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda Van\u2019 a atanan Rus konsolosunun Ermeni k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015ftir<\/a>[35]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Ruslar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aleyhine Ermeni k\u00f6kenlilerden yararlanmas\u0131 sadece konsolosluk ve Asker\u00ee Ata\u015felik g\u00f6revlileriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu i\u015fgal i\u00e7in taarruz eden Rus ordusuna Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 General Loris Melikov komuta etmi\u015f, Melikov\u2019un yan\u0131 s\u0131ra A. A. Ter-Gukasov, \u0130. D. Lazarev ve N. A. \u015eelkovnikov gibi Ermeni generalleri de Kafkas cephesinde g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[36]<\/sup><\/a>. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta T\u00fcrk Kolordu Komutan\u0131 \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, Melikov\u2019u geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda b\u0131rakmas\u0131na ve I\u011fd\u0131r\u2019\u0131 Ruslardan geri ald\u0131ktan sonra Revan<\/a>[37]<\/a> \u00f6nlerine kadar ilerlemesine ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgeyi iyi bilen Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin Ruslara yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yard\u0131mlar ve verdikleri k\u0131lavuzluk deste\u011fi nedeniyle Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Kars\u2019\u0131n Alacada\u011f b\u00f6lgesindeki muharebede Ruslara yenik d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve I\u011fd\u0131r ovas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lerlemeye devam eden Ruslar 6\/7 Kas\u0131m 1877\u2019de Kars kalesini, 18 Ocak 1878\u2019de ise Erzurum tabyalar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine 31 Ocak 1878\u2019de Ayastefanos<\/a>[38]<\/a> Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antla\u015fma sonunda Karada\u011f, S\u0131rbistan ve Romanya Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin elinden \u00e7\u0131karken Batum, Kars, Ardahan, Oltu, Ele\u015fkirt ve Beyaz\u0131t Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Anadolu\u2019da Ermenilerin mesk\u00fbn oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler Rusya\u2019n\u0131n himayesine girmi\u015ftir. Rusya antla\u015fmaya \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti bu b\u00f6lgelerde (Ermenilerin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler) \u0131slahat yapmad\u0131k\u00e7a Rusya bu b\u00f6lgelerden \u00e7ekilmeyecektir\u201d<\/em><\/a>[39]<\/sup><\/a> h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc koydurmak suretiyle ileride bu b\u00f6lgeleri ilhak etmenin de yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[40]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n 1877-1878 harbinde Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin Rus ordusuna kat\u0131larak Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve Ermenilerin verdi\u011fi deste\u011fin Rus ordusunun sava\u015f\u0131 kazanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 M. S. Karapetyan gibi Ermeni yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan da do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r<\/a>[41]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelere Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirmesi ve Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesine Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmesi sonucu b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrkler g\u00f6\u00e7men durumuna d\u00fc\u015ferek ata yurtlar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Halen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kars, I\u011fd\u0131r ve Ka\u011f\u0131zman\u2019dan Ege Denizi\u2019ne kadar uzanan bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede, buradan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler nedeniyle \u201cKaraba\u011f\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir\u00e7ok yerle\u015fim birimi bulunmaktad\u0131r<\/a>[42]<\/sup><\/a>. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Rus ordusuna kat\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da Karaba\u011f T\u00fcrk\u00fc de Rusya taraf\u0131ndan Anadolu\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir tehdit bulunmaktayd\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu tehdit Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerine verilen haklar\u0131n benzerlerini Rusya Ermenilerinin de talep etmesi tehlikesi idi. Rusya bu tehlikeyi \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in kendi vatanda\u015f\u0131 Ermenilere, Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri ile Rusya Ermenilerini tek bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirme vaadinde bulunmak suretiyle Rusya Ermenilerinin de Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini desteklemelerine zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la \u00f6zellikle Ecmiyadzin Katogikoslu\u011fu\u2019nun Ermeniler \u00fczerindeki din\u00ee etkilerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 Amerikal\u0131 yazar Manoog J. Somakyan\u2019\u0131n Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde verdi\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bilgiler, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenileri ve K\u00fcrtleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir<\/a>[43]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201cAsl\u0131nda reform maskesiyle Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fcnyesindeki Ermenilerin saadeti i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc veren Rus politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikli amac\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesindeki Ermenileri devaml\u0131 olarak katliam tehdidi alt\u0131nda tutmakt\u0131. Zira bu durum Rusya i\u00e7in hayati derecede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bu b\u00f6lgeye m\u00fcdahale ba\u011flam\u0131nda kullanabilece\u011fi elveri\u015fli bir diplomatik bahane idi. Ermeniler ve K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131ndaki huzursuzlu\u011fun fark\u0131nda olan Rusya, onlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki bu durumu k\u00f6r\u00fcklemek y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli \u00e7abalar harcayarak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvensizlik ortam\u0131 yaratt\u0131. \u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bu \u00e7abalar\u0131 Ermeni ve K\u00fcrtlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 kaydetmi\u015fti\u201d<\/em><\/a>[44]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n izledi\u011fi bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede semeresini vermi\u015f ve bir yandan Ermeni ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri aras\u0131nda gittik\u00e7e geni\u015fleyen b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar b\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit ederken di\u011fer yandan b\u00f6lgeye yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131ramayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 nezdindeki itibar\u0131 da sars\u0131nt\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki konsoloslar\u0131 da g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin ve K\u00fcrtlerin isyan \u00e7\u0131kartmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc te\u015fvik ve deste\u011fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da \u201cRusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenileri \u0130syan \u0130\u00e7in K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bahsedildi\u011fi \u00fczere b\u00f6lgedeki Rus diplomatlar\u0131 konsolos kisvesi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan Rus gizli asker\u00ee ajanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Rusya 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131 Rus Harbi d\u00f6neminde Erzurum, Trabzon ve Halep konsolosluklar\u0131na ilave olarak Van y\u00f6resindeki Ermeniler aras\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermek \u00fczere Van vilayetinde de konsolos kisvesi alt\u0131nda gizli asker\u00ee ajanl\u0131k kadrosu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Binba\u015f\u0131 Kamsarakan (1879-1895), A. M. Kol\u00fcbakin (1884-1889), F. F. Gryaznov (1889-1895), V.T. Maevskiy (1895-1900), A. G. Tumanskiy (1900-1905) ve R. \u0130. Termen (1905-1907) adl\u0131 subaylar\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir<\/a>[45]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu asker\u00ee ajanlar T\u00fcrk ordusunun tertiplerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00f6lgede K\u00fcrtler, Ermeniler, D\u00fcrziler, Maruniler gibi gruplar aras\u0131nda da faaliyet g\u00f6stererek bunlar\u0131n devlete ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, sorunlar\u0131 ve hassas taraflar\u0131 konusunda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan \u00e7ok iyi Ermenice bilen ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi de \u00f6\u011frenen Kol\u00fcbakin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde elde etti\u011fi bilgileri ve \u00f6zellikle Ermenilere ait siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal ve demografik bilgileri i\u00e7eren ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cAsya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sine Ait Asker\u00ee \u0130statistiki Bilgiler\u201d ad\u0131yla kitapla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Erzurum ve Bitlis konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ermenileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli vaatlerde bulunmalar\u0131 sonucu baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri mezhep ve tabiiyetlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirme talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan Bulan\u0131k<\/a>[47]<\/a> kazas\u0131 Ermenileri Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karak Rusya\u2019ya gitmek i\u00e7in pasaport talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur<\/a>[48]<\/sup><\/a>. Benzer \u015fekilde Van\u2019da g\u00f6rev yapan Rus konsolosu b\u00f6lgedeki Ermenileri, firar ederek Rusya\u2019 ya gitmeleri i\u00e7in te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran\u2019daki Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerine ise Rusya taraf\u0131ndan silah da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hakk\u00e2ri Mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n raporuna istinaden Van valisi Ali R\u0131za Bey taraf\u0131ndan 11 Nisan 1908 tarihinde merkeze bildirilmi\u015ftir<\/a>[49]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Kars \u015eehbenderli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Petersburg Sefir Yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen 22 \u015eubat 1913 tarihli yaz\u0131; Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019ya kom\u015fu Osmanl\u0131 vilayetlerini ele ge\u00e7irmek amac\u0131yla Erzurum, Van, Bitlis ve Bayezid\u2019deki Rus Konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n ve Anadolu\u2019ya fenni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapma bahanesi ile gelen \u00fc\u00e7 Rus profes\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en vilayetlerde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kartmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, Van\u2019daki Ermenilerin Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan ihtilale te\u015fvik edildi\u011fini ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Van, Hoy ve Rumiye konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 civar\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kartmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir<\/a>[50]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Di\u011fer yandan Rus konsolosu kisvesi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapan Rus subaylar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ermeniler aras\u0131nda Rus sempatisini yayma konusunda da faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015fler, bu kapsamda Van ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere do\u011fu vilayetlerinde Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Rus\u00e7a e\u011fitim veren okullar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flar<\/a>[51]<\/sup><\/a> ve bu okullarda okuyan Ermenilere para yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ermeni meselesinin Avrupa g\u00fcndeminde tekrar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cErmeni Islahat Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u201d Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Vilayat-\u0131 Sitte denilen alt\u0131 vilayetin (Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbak\u0131r, Harput ve Sivas\u2019\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131) \u201cErmeni Vilayeti\u201d ismiyle Ermenilere verilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu<\/a>[52]<\/sup><\/a>. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta otonomi olarak sunulan tasar\u0131 uygulamaya konuldu\u011fu takdirde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan Devleti kurulaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/a>[53]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu tehlikeyi g\u00f6ren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasar\u0131y\u0131 Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n dayatmalar\u0131 ve uzun pazarl\u0131klar sonunda 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[54]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Rusya ile sava\u015fa girmesi durumunda nas\u0131l hareket edeceklerine dair planlar yapan Ermeni komiteleri, Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin silahalt\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na uyulmamas\u0131n\u0131, silahalt\u0131nda olanlar\u0131n ise firar ederek Ermeni \u00e7etelerine ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerine kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, Rus ordusu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez Osmanl\u0131 ordusundaki Ermenilerin silahlar\u0131 ile birlikte firar ederek Rus ordusuna kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, \u0130tilaf devletleri lehine casusluk ve rehberlik yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, cephe gerisindeki 2 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar olan t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n katledilmesini<\/a>[55]<\/a>, Ermenilerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katliam\u0131n faturas\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f kamuoyunda yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131<\/a>[56]<\/sup><\/a> ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun gerilerine yap\u0131lacak sald\u0131r\u0131larla Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun iki ate\u015f aras\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131<\/a>[57]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Talat Pa\u015fa, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan yedi ay \u00f6nce 3 Ocak 1914 tarihinde D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda; Rusya\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 Ermeni ihtilalcileri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderece\u011finin ve bu kapsamda daha \u00f6nce Mu\u015f ve Sason b\u00f6lgesinde Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara giren ve halen Sofya\u2019da bulunan Zeytun Ermenisi Antranik adl\u0131 \u00e7ete reisinin Rus ve Bulgar subaylar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 hududundan girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fini belirterek bu konuda dikkatli bulunulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1914 tarihinde ise Antranik\u2019in Rusya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Kafkasya\u2019ya sevk edilmek \u00fczere Rusya\u2019ya davet edildi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Varna \u015eehbenderli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na rapor edilmi\u015ftir<\/a>[58]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Harp ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce Rusya bas\u0131n\u0131 da Ermenilerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Rusya saf\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cTifliski Listof\u201d adl\u0131 gazete 4 Nisan 1914 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131nda; Ruslar\u0131n Ermenilerin hamisi oldu\u011funu, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 muhtemel bir sava\u015fta Ermenilerin eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi Ruslara yard\u0131m edeceklerini ve rehberlik yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Ermenilerin kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[59]<\/sup><\/a>. Burada ge\u00e7en Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu ifadesinin Osmanl\u0131 Devletinden kopar\u0131lacak topraklar \u00fczerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ruslar\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 ile Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleri Osmanl\u0131 Devleti sava\u015fa girmeden \u00f6nce Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Kafkasya\u2019da haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ve T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7eteler ve intikam alaylar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin her vilayetinden, Rusya\u2019dan, Amerika\u2019dan, \u0130ngiltere\u2019den, Fransa\u2019dan, Bulgaristan\u2019dan, Romanya\u2019dan ve hatta Buhara\u2019dan bile Ermeniler Kafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n etmi\u015ftir. Rus H\u00fck\u00fcmeti de Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc alaylar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in baz\u0131 Rus Subaylar\u0131n\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015f<\/a>[60]<\/sup><\/a> ve bu i\u015f i\u00e7in 242.900 Ruble para ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[61]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Bu arada Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerinin te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Tiflis Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 A. Khatisyan ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da bir Ermeni Ulusal B\u00fcrosu kurularak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeni Katogikosu Keork ise Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek i\u00e7in Tiflis\u2019e gelen Rus \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret etmi\u015f ve bu ziyarette a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki s\u00f6zleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[62]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2026\u015eevketlim, cemaatimin \u0131st\u0131raplar\u0131na siz son vereceksiniz. T\u00fcrk Ermenilerinin kurtulu\u015fu, kendilerini T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetinden ay\u0131rarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131ndan ve bunlar\u0131 da B\u00fcy\u00fck Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kudretli himayesine vermekten ba\u015fka bir suretle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye Ermenilerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi o kadar olgun bir haldedir ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn milleti ya\u015fatan, canland\u0131ran bu fikirdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye Ermenilerinin kalbi gerek y\u00fcksek \u015fahs\u0131n\u0131z ve gerek B\u00fcy\u00fck Rusya hakk\u0131nda derin bir minnettarl\u0131kla dolu olacakt\u0131r.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n Ermeni Katogikosu\u2019nun s\u00f6zlerini dinleyen Rus \u00e7ar\u0131; \u201cSayg\u0131de\u011fer Peder, cemaatinize s\u00f6zleyiniz, Ermenileri en parlak bir gelecek bekliyor\u201d <\/em>cevab\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir<\/a>[63]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu cevap \u00fczerine Katogikos Keork b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilere hitaben bir emirname yay\u0131nlayarak T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa haz\u0131r olunmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurmak hayalinde olan Ermeniler bir yandan Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ve Rusya\u2019daki Ecmiyadzin Katogikoslu\u011funun di\u011fer yandan \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ermeni Katogikoslu\u011funun te\u015fvik ve tahriklerinden cesaret alarak Rusya\u2019da ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131nda g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birlikler olu\u015fturmaya ve Erzurumlu Antranik, Mu\u015flu Sampat, Vanl\u0131 Hamazasp ve benzeri \u00e7ete ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda 300-400\u2019er ki\u015filik taburlar halinde Rus subaylar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde Hoy ve Dilman y\u00f6resinde talime ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[64]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nun Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nde g\u00f6revli 3. Ordusu\u2019na mensup birlik komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n Ordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporlarda Sivas\u2019ta 30.000, Van\u2019da 15.000, Erzurum\u2019da 10.000, Mu\u015f\u2019ta 7.000, Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da 5.000, Bitlis\u2019te 5.000 ve Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da 4.000 olmak \u00fczere yakla\u015f\u0131k 76.000 Ermeni\u2019nin Ruslar\u0131n lehine isyan haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir<\/a>[65]<\/sup><\/a>. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f harek\u00e2t\u0131na kat\u0131lan toplam T\u00fcrk askeri say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 118.000<\/a>[66]<\/sup><\/a> oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde sadece Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda toplanan Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerinin mevcudunun ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rakama ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f harek\u00e2t\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan isyan i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bekleyen Ermenileri kontrol alt\u0131nda tutamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f harek\u00e2t\u0131nda 90.000 kadar T\u00fcrk askerinin \u015fehit olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7en Rus kuvvetleri Ermenilere talimat g\u00f6ndererek harekete ge\u00e7melerini istemi\u015f, bunun \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nda silahalt\u0131nda bulunan Ermeniler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fekilde silahlar\u0131 ile birlikte firar ederek Rus ordusuna kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Rus Ordusu\u2019na uzakta olan Ermeniler ise \u00e7eteler kurarak isyan hareketlerine ve erkekleri askere al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sadece kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131rarak katliamlara ve \u00e7apulculu\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r<\/a>[67]<\/sup><\/a>. Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin bu t\u00fcr faaliyetleri Ruslar\u0131n asker\u00ee harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019nu geri b\u00f6lge emniyeti i\u00e7in kuvvet ay\u0131rmak zorunda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve cephedeki birliklerin harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ermeni \u00e7etelerinin masum sivil halka kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi katliam o dereceye varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki i\u015fgalci Rus Ordusu bile cephedeki Ermeni birliklerini cepheden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak geri hatlara sevk etmek zorunlulu\u011funu hissetmi\u015ftir<\/a>[68]<\/sup><\/a>. Bunun bir sebebi de Ermenilerle birlikte hareket eden baz\u0131 Rus birliklerinin Ermenilere uyarak masum T\u00fcrk halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 benzeri katliamlar\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6nc\u00fc birlikleri olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131 Ermenilerin Rus askerleri ile birlikte katliam yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren Rus Komutanlar, bu durumun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre sonra Ermenileri geri b\u00f6lgede kullanmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Rus Ordusu\u2019nun Van \u015fehrine ilerlemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 15 Nisan 1915\u2019te \u015fehirde isyan \u00e7\u0131karan Ermeniler benzer katliamlara ba\u015flay\u0131nca T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 Bitlis istikametinde \u015fehri terk etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 15 May\u0131s\u2019ta Rus Ordusu i\u00e7indeki Ermenilerle birle\u015fen Van Ermenileri 23.000 T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc katletmi\u015ftir<\/a>[69]<\/sup><\/a>. Van \u015fehrinin 17 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te ele ge\u00e7irilmesini m\u00fcteakip Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 18 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Van Ermenilerine Rusya\u2019ya sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 yard\u0131m ve destekten dolay\u0131 te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmi\u015f ve Aram Manukyan adl\u0131 Ermeni\u2019yi Van vilayetine vali olarak atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler ise Rus Ordusu ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 General II. Nikolas\u2019\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7eklerle kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Van vilayeti Rus ve Ermenilerin eline ge\u00e7tikten sonra buradaki T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 mezalim, insan akl\u0131n\u0131n hayal edemeyece\u011fi noktalara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Ruslar ve Ermeniler Van ve civar\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerindeki gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlara tecav\u00fcz etmi\u015fler ve onlarla birlikte ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Van\u2019da Amerikan tesislerinde toplanan 8.000 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan zehirlenerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f<\/a>[70]<\/sup><\/a>, Rus ve Ermeni mezaliminden ka\u00e7an 2.000 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ise Edremit k\u00f6y\u00fc civar\u0131nda kendilerini takip eden Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan mitraly\u00f6z<\/a>[71]<\/a> ate\u015fi ile katledilmi\u015ftir<\/a>[72]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Van’\u0131n t\u00fcm camileri y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mahalleleri yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Van ile \u00e7evresi yang\u0131n yerine \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Van hastanesinde yatan 80 kadar hasta er Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan diri diri yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a>[73]<\/sup><\/a>. Harpten \u00f6nce 3400 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman evinin mevcut oldu\u011fu Van vilayetinde harpten sonra Ermenilerin y\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ate\u015fe vermedi\u011fi ev say\u0131s\u0131 sadece \u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr<\/a>[74]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Benzer olaylar Rusya taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilen di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 vilayetlerinde de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Erzurum, Erzincan, Bitlis, Mu\u015f, Mamurat-\u00fcl Aziz, Trabzon ve Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da da Ruslar ve Ermeniler kad\u0131n ve k\u0131zlara tecav\u00fcz etmi\u015f, Bitlis\u2019te M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ait 6500 evin tamam\u0131 Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131l\u0131p, y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/a>[75]<\/sup><\/a>, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen T\u00fcrklerin cesetleri k\u00f6peklere yedirilmi\u015f<\/a>[76]<\/sup><\/a>, Trabzon ve Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 cami ve evlere doldurulup ate\u015fe verilmi\u015f, ka\u00e7abilenler mitraly\u00f6z ate\u015fi ile \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/a>[77]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan silah ve cephaneleri verilen Ermeniler sadece Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da de\u011fil, Kafkasya\u2019daki Zangezur, Cebrayil ve Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk halk\u0131na da mezalim uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vaaram (Yeni Beyaz\u0131t)\u2019l\u0131 bir Ta\u015fnak subay\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki katliama ili\u015fkin raporu \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u201cBasar-Ge\u00e7ar\u2019daki T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunu hi\u00e7bir \u015feye ald\u0131rmadan yok ettim. Bazen kur\u015funlara yaz\u0131k olmas\u0131n dersin ya. Bu k\u00f6peklere kar\u015f\u0131 en etkili hareket, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan sonra sa\u011f kalanlar\u0131 toplamak, kuyulara doldurmak i\u00e7ine t\u0131kmak ve d\u00fcnyadan yok olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in yukar\u0131dan \u00fczerlerine a\u011f\u0131r kayalar atarak ezmek. Ben de \u00f6yle yapt\u0131m. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131, erkekleri ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 toplay\u0131p kuyulara att\u0131m, kuyular\u0131 ta\u015fla doldurdum ve onlar\u0131 kayalarla ezerek \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcm<\/em><\/a>[78]<\/sup><\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n Rus i\u015fgali ve Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 sonucunda Erzurum vilayetinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n %31\u2019i, Bitlis vilayetinde %42\u2019si, Van vilayetinde ise %62\u2019si hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir<\/a>[79]<\/sup><\/a>. \u0130\u015fgalden ve Ermeni katliamlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7abilmek i\u00e7in topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek g\u00f6\u00e7men durumuna d\u00fc\u015fen b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise 1.604.031 ki\u015fidir<\/a>[80]<\/sup><\/a> ve bunlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 ve Rus istilas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arken hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 9. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Yakup \u015eevket Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Ordular Grup Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na Eyl\u00fcl 1918\u2019de g\u00f6nderilen rapor s\u00f6z konusu mezalimin b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmak ve T\u00fcrklerden bo\u015falan b\u00f6lgede n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa dayanan bir Ermenistan Devleti kurmak amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir<\/a>[81]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Bu kapsamda Ermeniler Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kendi devletlerine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fgalci Rus kuvvetlerini destekleyerek Rusya\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fi ile Osmanl\u0131 devletinden kopart\u0131lacak topraklar \u00fczerinde \u00f6nce \u00f6zerklik kazanmak ve bir s\u00fcre sonra bu \u00f6zerk yap\u0131y\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek Ermenistan Devleti kurmak amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. Ancak Rusya, kendi topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin de benzer isteklerde bulunmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar korkusu ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan kurulmas\u0131na taraftar de\u011fildi. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tek gayesi Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerini isyana te\u015fvik ederek Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerini ve Rus Ordusu\u2019na kat\u0131lan Ermenileri Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 asker\u00ee harek\u00e2tta kullanmak suretiyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgalini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Ermeniler Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kendilerinden sadece istifade etmek niyetinde oldu\u011funu, i\u015fgal ettikleri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermeni devleti kurulmas\u0131na izin vermeyece\u011fini anlamakta ge\u00e7 kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni politikas\u0131nda meydana gelen bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik Ermenilerin tepkilerine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu konuda B. A. Boryan adl\u0131 Rus Ermenisi \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir<\/a>[82]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201cBeynelmilel(milletleraras\u0131) vaziyet ve \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n temay\u00fcl\u00fc(niyeti) hi\u00e7bir zaman Ermenistan muhtariyetini(ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) v\u00fccuda getirmek de\u011fildi. T\u00fcrk Ermenilerinin hal\u00e2s\u0131(kurtulu\u015fu) ve Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n muhtariyeti(\u00f6zerkli\u011fi) i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan partinin hakikat halde(ger\u00e7ekte) yaln\u0131z Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 almas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n \u0130lk Ermenistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Ohannes Ka\u00e7aznuni ise Rusya taraf\u0131ndan aldat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde ifade etmi\u015ftir<\/a>[83]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n \u201c \u2026. 1915 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ve 1916 y\u0131l\u0131 bizim i\u00e7in \u00fcmitsizlik devresi idi\u2026. Ruslar bizi aldatt\u0131lar. Bize h\u0131yanet ettiler\u2026 Yaln\u0131z \u015furas\u0131 malum olmal\u0131d\u0131r ki Ruslar\u0131n maksatlar\u0131 her neye mal olursa olsun T\u00fcrkiye Ermenilerini kurtarmak de\u011fildi ve katiyen b\u00f6yle olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u2026. Biz onlara kendi arzumuzla hizmet ettik, s\u00fcr\u00fcklendik. Hakikatte ise onlar\u0131n maksatlar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olduk.<\/em> \u201c <\/em><\/p>\n 28 \u015eubat 1917\u2019de Rusya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus \u0130htilali\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan sonra Ermeniler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, Kerenski taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmete itaatlerini bildirmi\u015f, ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmet de Ermenileri kazanma yoluna giderek 9 May\u0131s 1917\u2019de \u201cGe\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmetin T\u00fcrk Ermenistan\u0131 Hakk\u0131ndaki D\u00fczenlemesi\u201d ad\u0131yla yeni bir kanun kabul etmi\u015fti. Kanunla Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinde Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun nispeten yo\u011funlukta bulundu\u011fu yerler Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir komiserlik haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek ba\u015f\u0131na General P. Averianov, yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da Ermeni Zavriyev getirilmi\u015fti. 1917 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Kerenski H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin devrilmesinden sonra yerine ge\u00e7en Sovyet y\u00f6netimi Kafkasya\u2019da bir komiserlik kurmu\u015f, Ta\u015fnaksutyun ileri gelenleri ise Osmanl\u0131 Devleti topraklar\u0131nda kendi kaderlerini tayin hakk\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in Rus lideri Lenin\u2019e ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Rus Meclisi\u2019nde konunun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesini m\u00fcteakip Lenin taraf\u0131ndan 13 Ocak 1918\u2019de Ermenistan hakk\u0131nda alt\u0131 maddelik bir kararname yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cErmeni \u0130htilali \u0130\u00e7in Teminat-\u0131 Evveliye\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve \u201c13 No.lu Decret\u201d diye bilinen kararnamede; \u201cRusya ve T\u00fcrkiye Ermenilerine isterlerse tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fma konusunda kendi kaderlerini tayin hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n desteklenmesi, T\u00fcrk Ermenistan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan asker\u00ee birliklerin \u00e7ekilerek yerine Ermeni milislerden olu\u015fan unsurlar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi, Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ve tehcir edilen Ermenilerin yerlerine geri d\u00f6nmesi, ge\u00e7ici bir Ermeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin te\u015fkil edilmesi, tespit edilen hususlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in Kafkas \u0130\u015fleri Komiseri \u015eomiyan taraf\u0131ndan Ermenilere yard\u0131m edilmesi ve Ermeni topraklar\u0131ndaki yabanc\u0131 birliklerin bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir Karma Komisyon kurulmas\u0131\u201d gibi hususlar yer almaktayd\u0131<\/a>[84]<\/sup><\/a>. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenileri aldatmak amac\u0131yla yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tatbiki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan kararname 3 Mart 1918\u2019de Brest-Litovsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla tamamen i\u015flevsiz hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Antla\u015fman\u0131n imzas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Kafkas cephesindeki Rus Ordusu da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Aral\u0131k 1917\u2019de 200.000 Rus askeri cepheden \u00e7ekilmi\u015f, cephede sadece 40.000 asker kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cepheyi terk eden Rus askerlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn silah ve cephaneleri Ermenilere b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/a>[85]<\/sup><\/a>. Ermeniler bu durumu b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk halk\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir f\u0131rsat olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve Ruslar\u0131n da taviz vermesinden yararlanarak b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc katletmi\u015flerdir. Ermenilerin T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015ftikleri katliamlar 26 Nisan 1920\u2019de K\u0131z\u0131l Ordunun Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc i\u015fgal ederek Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinden sonra Kafkasya topraklar\u0131nda da devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle 10 A\u011fustos 1920\u2019de Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonra antla\u015fmada kendilerine b\u0131rak\u0131lan yerleri almak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7en Ermeniler Kars ve civar\u0131ndaki 38 k\u00f6y\u00fc yak\u0131p y\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve 14.620 ki\u015fiyi katletmi\u015ftir. Ermenilerin Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgesinde 11.000 T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc daha katletmesi \u00fczerine harekete ge\u00e7en K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk Ordusu, 29 Ekim\u2019de Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131, 7 Kas\u0131m\u2019da G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc alm\u0131\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kalan Ermenilerle 3 Aral\u0131k 1920\u2019de G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 16 Mart 1921\u2019de Sovyet Rusya ile yap\u0131lan Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve 13 Ekim 1921\u2019de Kafkas Devletleri ile yap\u0131lan Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin hudutlar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu antla\u015fmalar\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben Sovyet liderli\u011fi Ermeni meselesinin SSCB a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sona erdi\u011fini ilan etmi\u015ftir<\/a>[86]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n Ancak Sovyet Rusya Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan 1 y\u0131l sonra 12 Mart 1922\u2019de Kafkasya Sosyalist Federe Cumhuriyetini meydana getirerek G\u00fcrcistan ve Azerbaycan ile birlikte Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 da kendisine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, 7 Temmuz 1923\u2019te ise T\u00fcrk topra\u011f\u0131 olan Karaba\u011f\u2019da otonom bir Ermeni y\u00f6netimi kurmu\u015ftur. Lozan Konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenistan\u2019a olan ilgisinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve isteyen Ermenilerin Rusya\u2019ya ve Ukrayna\u2019ya gelebilecekleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile yetindi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda Ermeni meselesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin istedi\u011fi gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f b\u00f6ylece Ermeni meselesi o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir olay haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Ermenilerle irtibatta bulunan Rusya ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi topraklar\u0131 koruman\u0131n en iyi yolu olarak b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu azaltmak ve Hristiyan n\u00fcfusu \u00e7o\u011faltmak politikas\u0131 izlemi\u015f ve bu ama\u00e7la Ermenileri kullanarak g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirdi\u011fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yerine Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ermenileri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Rusya aras\u0131nda bir bariyer olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Rusya, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay ve Edirne Antla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan sonra ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelere \u0130ran\u2019dan ve Osmanl\u0131 Devletinden getirdi\u011fi Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirmek suretiyle T\u00fcrk Revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde suni bir Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesi yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Azerbaycan ile Ermenistan aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temeli, halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrk olan b\u00f6lgelere Ermenilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi suretiyle ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Rusya taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Anadolu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Kafkasya T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131na \u201cKafkas Seddi\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan etnik bir duvar \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n B\u00f6lgenin n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131na Ermenileri yerle\u015ftiren Rusya bir yandan da \u201cT\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerin kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131\u201d amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bu amac\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Ecmiyadzin Katogikoslu\u011fu ve Rus Ermenileri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri ile irtibat kurarak onlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f ve Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla elde etti\u011fi Hristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hamili\u011fi bahanesiyle Ermeniler lehine \u0131slahat yapmas\u0131 konusunda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne bask\u0131 uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu zay\u0131f d\u00f6nemde Rusya ve di\u011fer devletlerin bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direnemeyen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ermeniler lehine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her bir \u0131slahat\u0131n pe\u015finden yenileri talep edilmi\u015f ve verilen tavizlerle yetinmeyen Ermeniler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurma hedefine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. I. D\u00fcnya Harbi \u00f6ncesinde isyan eden Ermenilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Rus ordusuna kat\u0131lmas\u0131, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn de silahl\u0131 \u00e7eteler kurarak Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131 katletmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti isyanc\u0131 Ermenileri sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karma ve zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 almak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ve di\u011fer devletlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k vaadine kanan Ermenilerin kendi devletine kar\u015f\u0131 isyan ederek te\u015fkil ettikleri \u00e7etelerle T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerinde katliamlar yapmalar\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesine ve b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn de topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek g\u00f6\u00e7men durumuna d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle Rusya\u2019da meydana gelen Bol\u015fevik ihtilalinden sonra Rus ordusunun b\u00f6lgeyi terk etmesi ve T\u00fcrk ordusunun 1914 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra Ermenilerin taraf\u0131ndan giri\u015filen katliamlar sonucunda b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde erimi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n B\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgenin n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirecek boyutlara varmas\u0131 \u00fczerine K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki Kafkas Kolordusu G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc alm\u0131\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f istemek zorunda kalan Ermenilerle 3 Aral\u0131k 1920\u2019de G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra Sovyet Rusya ile yap\u0131lan Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Kafkas Devletleri ile yap\u0131lan Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin hudutlar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n S\u00f6z konusu antla\u015fmalar\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben Sovyet liderli\u011fi Ermeni meselesinin SSCB a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sona erdi\u011fini ilan etmi\u015f olmakla birlikte takip eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te K\u0131z\u0131l Ordunun Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc i\u015fgal etmesi ve Azerbaycan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra T\u00fcrk topra\u011f\u0131 olan Karaba\u011f\u2019da otonom bir Ermeni y\u00f6netimi kurmas\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeyi kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u015fekillendirme hedefinden vaz ge\u00e7medi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131da incelenen hususlar kapsam\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya ile G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilmek ve b\u00f6lgeyi elinde tutabilmek i\u00e7in tarih boyunca Ermenileri sistemli olarak kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temelinin de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu politikalar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu kapsamda Rusya ve Ermenistan\u2019la ili\u015fkilerimizde Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tarihten gelen \u201cT\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile Anadolu T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aras\u0131na Ermenilerden olu\u015fan bir set \u00e7ekme\u201d politikas\u0131 ile Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgede B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan kurma hayallerinin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 bu iki \u00fclkenin gelecekte izleyecekleri politikalar\u0131n \u00f6nceden tespitinde ve bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 izlenecek politikalar\u0131n belirlenmesinde yol g\u00f6sterici olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n 1-Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri <\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi (BOA) Belgeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n BOA, HR. SYS. HU. \u015eifre No: k.110, dos.12-2, No: 56-62<\/p>\n BOA. HR. SYS. HU. \u015eifre No: k.110, dos.12-4, 3-4<\/p>\n BOA, HR. SYS. HU. \u015eifre No: BOA. HR. SYS. HU.k.110, dos.12-2, No: 57-625<\/p>\n BOA., HR. SYS. 2776\/76-2<\/p>\n BOA. HR. SYS.2885\/29-4<\/p>\n Ermeniler Taraf\u0131ndan Yap\u0131lan Katliam Belgeleri (1914-1919), Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131n No: 49, Ankara, 2001<\/p>\n Ermeniler Taraf\u0131ndan Yap\u0131lan Katliam Belgeleri (1919-1921), Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131n No: 50, Ankara, 2001<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Belgelerinde Ermeni-Rus \u0130li\u015fkileri (1907-1921), Cilt III, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yay\u0131n No: 80, Ankara, 2006<\/p>\n Genelkurmay ATASE Ar\u015fivi<\/strong><\/p>\n ATASE No:1\/2, Klas\u00f6r 528, Dosya 2061, Fihrist 21, No:4\/3671<\/p>\n ATASE Klas\u00f6r 2811, Dosya 26, Fihrist 28, No:1\/131<\/p>\n ATASE Klas\u00f6r 2703, Dosya 308, Fihrist 23-1<\/p>\n ATASE Klas\u00f6r 2818, Dosya 59, Fihrist 2-25<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz Ar\u015fivi <\/strong><\/p>\n FO (\u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) Ar\u015fivi (Foreign Office Public Record Office)-424\/122, No:54, eki<\/p>\n Rus Ar\u015fivi<\/strong><\/p>\n RATDA (Rusya Asker\u00ee Tarih Devlet Ar\u015fivi), Fond 401, Liste 3, Dosya 47, Yaprak 23<\/p>\n RATDA, Fond 401, Liste 3, Dosya 47, Yaprak 6b-7b<\/p>\n Kitaplar<\/strong><\/p>\n Armyanskiy Vestnik (Ermeni Belleteni), No: 39, 1916<\/p>\n Bashanov, Mihail (2013), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ermeni Meselesi (Rus Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belgeleri), T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu yay\u0131nlar\u0131 IV\/A-1.Dizi-Say\u0131:5, \u00c7ev. Do\u00e7. Dr. \u0130lyas Kemalo\u011flu, Ankara<\/p>\n Ba\u015fak, Tolga (2008), \u201c\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Ermeni Politikas\u0131 (1830-1923)\u201d, IQ K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbinde T\u00fcrk Harbi Kafkas Cephesi, II. Ordu Harek\u00e2t\u0131, Cilt I (1993), Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Et\u00fctler Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Cebesoy, Ali Fuat (1953), Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele Hat\u0131ralar\u0131, Vatan Gazetecilik ve Matbaac\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Ermeni Komitelerinin Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u0130htilal Hareketleri (2003), Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Et\u00fctler Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n G\u00fcr\u00fcn, Kamuran (1983), \u201cErmeni Dosyas\u0131\u201d, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 VII. Dizi, Say\u0131.79, Ankara<\/p>\n \u0130lter, Erdal (1995), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’de Sosyalist Ermeniler ve Silahlanma Faaliyetleri (1890-1923)\u201d, Turan K\u00fclt\u00fcr Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n \u0130storiya Voyenn\u0131kh Deysttviy v Aziyatskoy Turstii (1843), v 1828 i 1829 Godakh, v Tipografi Glyuksberga, Varshava<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fyar, \u00d6mer G\u00f6ksel (2004), \u201cB\u00f6lgesel ve Global G\u00fcvenlik \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131 Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Sovyet-Rus D\u0131\u015f Politikalar\u0131 ve Karaba\u011f Sorunu\u201d, ALFA Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131m Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Ka\u00e7aznuni, Ovanez (2005), \u201cTa\u015fnak Partisi\u2019nin Yapaca\u011f\u0131 Bir \u015eey Yok\u201d, \u00c7ev. Arif Acalo\u011flu, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Karapetyan, M.S. (1972), \u201cSovyetskaya Armyanskaya \u0130storiografiya Armyanskogo Natsionalno-Osvoboditelnogo Dvizheniya Vtoroy Polovin\u0131 XIX Veka\u201d, Avtoreferat, Yerevan<\/p>\n Lalayan, A.A. (2006), \u201cTa\u015fnak Partisinin Kar\u015f\u0131 Devrimci Rol\u00fc (1914-1923)\u201d, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n McCarthy, Justin (2014), \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcm ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u201d, \u00c7ev. Fatma Sar\u0131kaya, Atat\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dil ve Tarih Y\u00fcksek Kurumu, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, IV\/A-2-2.Dizi-Say\u0131:31, Ankara<\/p>\n Onur, H\u00fcdavendigar (1999), \u201cMillet-i Sad\u0131ka\u2019dan Hayk\u2019\u0131n \u00c7ocuklar\u0131na Ermeniler\u201d, \u0130stanbul Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n \u00d6\u011f\u00fcn, Tuncay (2004), \u201cUnutulmu\u015f Bir G\u00f6\u00e7 Trajedisi Vilayat-\u0131 \u015earkiye M\u00fcltecileri (1915-1923)\u201d, Babil Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara<\/p>\n \u00d6ke, Mim Kemal (2001), \u201cY\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Kan Davas\u0131 Ermeni Sorunu\u201d, 1914-1923\u201d, Aksoy Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n \u00d6zdemir Hikmet; \u00c7i\u00e7ek Kemal; Turan \u00d6mer; \u00c7al\u0131k Ramazan; Hala\u00e7o\u011flu Yusuf (2004), \u201cErmeniler: S\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve G\u00f6\u00e7\u201d, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Sakarya, \u0130hsan ( 1984), \u201cBelgelerle Ermeni Sorunu\u201d, Genelkurmay ATASE Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Sert\u00e7elik, Seyit (2009), \u201cRus ve Ermeni Kaynaklar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermeni Sorununun Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci (1678-1714)\u201d, TBMM K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat ve Yay\u0131n Kurulu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No:131, Ankara<\/p>\n Somakian, Manoog J. (1995), \u201cEmpires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers, 1895-1920\u201d, I.B. Tauris Publishers, London and New York<\/p>\n Sonyel, Salahi Ramsdam (1987), \u201cThe Ottoman Armenians, Victims of Great Power Diplomacy\u201d, Oxford University Press, Lefko\u015fa, London<\/p>\n S\u00fcsl\u00fc, Azmi (1990), Ermeniler ve 1915 Tehcir Olay\u0131, Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Yay\u0131n No:5, Ankara<\/p>\n S\u00fcsl\u00fc, Azmi; K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu Fahrettin; Yinan\u00e7 Refet; Hala\u00e7o\u011flu Yusuf (1995), \u201cT\u00fcrk Tarihinde Ermeniler\u201d, Ankara<\/p>\n Ta\u015fc\u0131o\u011flu \u00d6mer L\u00fctfi (2015), T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Tarihi, Siyasi ve Hukuki Ger\u00e7ekler, Nobel Akademik yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Uras, Esat (1987), \u201cTarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi\u201d, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Makaleler<\/strong><\/p>\n Bozkurt, Fatih (2006),\u201d Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131na Kadar Almanya ve Ermeni Sorunu\u201d, Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Ermeni Sorunu ve Avrupa (Ed. Do\u00e7. Dr. Haluk Selvi), Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Yay\u0131n\u0131, Sakarya<\/p>\n Gasimov, Musa (2001),\u201dAzerbaycan Ar\u015fivlerindeki Rus ve Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131na istinaden Ermeni Silahl\u0131 Gruplar\u0131n\u0131n Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve Ter\u00f6r\u00fc (1914-1917), Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri Sempozyumu-Bildiriler, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n G\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00e7, Nejat (2003), \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Ermeniler\u201d, Bilim ve Akl\u0131n Ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda E\u011fitim, Y\u0131l 4, say\u0131 38<\/p>\n Habibbeyli, \u0130sa (2000), \u201cMustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Nahcivan\u2019\u0131n \u0130stiklali U\u011frunda M\u00fccadelesi\u201d, Nahcivan Dergisi, No:2<\/p>\n K\u0131z\u0131lkaya, Oktay (2007), \u201cRevan(Erivan) ve I\u011fd\u0131r Y\u00f6resinde Demografik Yap\u0131n\u0131n Ermeniler Lehine D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclme S\u00fcreci (1828-1920)\u201d, Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, Say\u0131 22<\/p>\n K\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fco\u011flu, Erol (1997), \u201cRus Emperyalizmi ve Ermeni Ta\u015feronlu\u011fu\u201d, Tarihi Ger\u00e7ekler ve Ermeniler Uluslararas\u0131 Sempozyumu, 24-27 Nisan 1995, Ankara, I\u011fd\u0131r Valili\u011fi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No:1<\/p>\n L\u00fctem, \u00d6mer E. (2001), \u201cOlaylar ve Yorumlar\u201d, Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, Cilt 1, Say\u0131 3, Eyl\u00fcl, Ekim, Kas\u0131m, Ankara<\/p>\n Saray, Mehmet (2001), \u201c\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni Siyaseti\u201d, Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri Sempozyumu-Bildiriler, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n Saray, Mehmet (2003), \u201cErmeni Ter\u00f6r\u00fc (1887-2002)\u201d, Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 1. T\u00fcrkiye Kongresi Bildirileri, Cilt 2, ASAM-EREN Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara<\/p>\n Sar\u0131, Mustafa (2006),\u201d Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan Sonra Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni ve Ermenistan Politikas\u0131\u201d, Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Ermeni Sorunu ve Avrupa (Ed. Do\u00e7. Dr. Haluk Selvi), Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Yay\u0131n\u0131, Sakarya<\/p>\n \u015eahin, Enis (2003), \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kafkasya Politikalar\u0131nda Ermeni Fakt\u00f6r\u00fc (1914-1918)\u201d, Sekizinci Asker\u00ee Tarih Semineri, 24-26 Ekim 2001, \u0130stanbul, Ankara<\/p>\n \u015e\u0131hal\u0131yev, Emin (2013), \u201cKars Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Nahcivan\u2019la Ba\u011fl\u0131 Siyasi Meseleler \u00dczerine Yeni Bir De\u011ferlendirme ve Ermeni \u0130ddialar\u0131\u201d, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\u0131 Avrasya Strateji Dergisi 2(1), \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131<\/p>\n Uca, Alaattin (2006), \u201cKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 Y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Kendi \u0130mzas\u0131n\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131yan Belgeler I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Ermeni Sorununa Bak\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d, Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi Say\u0131: 30, Erzurum<\/p>\n Tezler<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130zzatov, Elshan, Tarihten G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Azeri-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Karaba\u011f Sorunu, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Konya, 2006 (Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi)<\/p>\n Gazeteler ve \u0130nternet Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n New York Times, 24 Aral\u0131k 1945<\/p>\n Tasvir-i Efk\u0203r, 11 May\u0131s 1919<\/p>\n <\/a>[1]<\/a> \u00d6mer G\u00f6ksel \u0130\u015fyar, B\u00f6lgesel ve Global G\u00fcvenlik \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131 Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Sovyet-Rus D\u0131\u015f Politikalar\u0131 ve Karaba\u011f Sorunu<\/em>, ALFA Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131m Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m, \u0130stanbul, 2004, s.193-194<\/p>\n <\/a>[2]<\/a> Justin McCarthy; \u00d6l\u00fcm ve S\u00fcrg\u00fcn<\/em>, \u00c7ev. Fatma Sar\u0131kaya, Atat\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dil ve Tarih Y\u00fcksek Kurumu, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, IV\/A-2-2.Dizi-Say\u0131:31, Ankara, 2014, s.16<\/p>\n <\/a>[3]<\/a> Seyit Sert\u00e7elik, Rus ve Ermeni Kaynaklar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermeni Sorununun Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci (1678-1714)<\/em>, TBMM K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat ve Yay\u0131n Kurulu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No:131, Ankara, 2009, s. 33<\/p>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7irmesi ve T\u00fcrk Topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Ermenile\u015ftirme Politikas\u0131<\/h2>\n
Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermenileri \u0130syan \u0130\u00e7in K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131 ve 93 Harbi<\/h2>\n
Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Rusya Ermenileri ve K\u00fcrtler Konusundaki Politikalar\u0131<\/h2>\n
Rus Konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n Ermeniler \u00dczerindeki Faaliyetleri<\/h2>\n
Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni Islahat Tasar\u0131s\u0131 ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki Ermeni Politikalar\u0131<\/h2>\n
Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali ve Sonras\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni Politikalar\u0131<\/h2>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n