{"id":9158,"date":"2020-01-10T19:50:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-10T16:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=9158&preview=true&preview_id=9158"},"modified":"2020-01-10T19:59:57","modified_gmt":"2020-01-10T16:59:57","slug":"topraktan-kente-tarimsal-burjuvazi-surec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/topraktan-kente-tarimsal-burjuvazi-surec\/","title":{"rendered":"Topraktan kente tar\u0131msal burjuvazi: S\u00fcre\u00e7"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"

herkesin bir \u201c\u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d kadar i\u015f \u00fcretiyor ve bunu zorunlu olarak yap\u0131yordu; haliyle ticareti \u00f6\u011frenmeyi b\u0131rak\u0131n ticaretin ne demek oldu\u011funu bile bilmiyor.<\/p><\/div>\n

Yazar\u0131n daha \u00f6nce d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sundu\u011fumuz<\/em>
\n“Topraktan Kente Tar\u0131msal Burjuvazi\u201d <\/em>
\nyaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sunuyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bizde durum nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019yle ba\u015flayan reayan\u0131n ve toprak m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131smen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcreci, topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyenleri de\u011fil, daha \u00f6nce topra\u011f\u0131 sultan ad\u0131na i\u015fleyen t\u0131mar sahiplerinin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi bir a\u011fa\/bey\/b\u00fcy\u00fck memur s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesi; bu g\u00fcruhun t\u00fcm avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sermayelerini devlet b\u00fcrokrasisine girmek \u00fczere kullanmas\u0131; az say\u0131daki yar\u0131 aristokrat kitlenin, alelacele, k\u0131rsaldan kopup devlete yak\u0131n mecra ve kentlerde konu\u015flanmas\u0131; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak toprak m\u00fclks\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi bir yana topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyenlerin k\u00f6ylerinden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n bile izne tabi olmas\u0131; Prof. Dr. Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k<\/em>\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Tahrir defterlerinden kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u201chane ba \u00e7ift\u201d)<\/em> herkesin bir \u201c\u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>kadar (\u00e7ift-hane birimi= hane halk\u0131 ve bir \u00e7ift \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn i\u015fleyebildi\u011fi toprak birimi; ekonomik birim)<\/em> i\u015f \u00fcretmesi ve bunun zorunluluk arz etmesi; b\u0131rak\u0131n ticareti \u00f6\u011frenmeyi ticaretin ne demek oldu\u011funu bile kavramsal olarak bilmemesi, Cumhuriyetin miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir insan-toprak-ekonomi birikimi idi.<\/p>\n

I.Me\u015frutiyet ile \u015feklen, II. Me\u015frutiyet k\u0131smen olu\u015fan m\u00fclk ve zanaat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc serbest\u00eesi ile Cumhuriyet ile tan\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn ve k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusun (ki: ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta % 80\u2019lerde) Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan s\u00fcre\u00e7ten salt say\u0131sal tarih olarak 150 y\u0131l geride olmas\u0131 ac\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ek olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor. Salt say\u0131sal diyorum; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel birikimi (r\u00f6nesans\u0131) 150 y\u0131lla ge\u00e7mek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

1950\u2019ye gelindi\u011finde dahi k\u00f6y n\u00fcfusunun 1927 say\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re %1 civar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermesi ve altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda Prof. Dr. \u0130brahim Yasa<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n \u201cefendilik kompleksi\u201d<\/em> (Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn memur-\u00e7ift\u00e7i-asker olmay\u0131 \u201cefendilik\u201d<\/em> yani haysiyetli-onurlu-\u00fcst d\u00fczey i\u015f; toplumsal olarak \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck arzusu; gayri M\u00fcslimlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri yapman\u0131n \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir i\u015f\u201d<\/em> olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131) diye tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgunun, h\u00e2len toplumsal ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir ger\u00e7eklik olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; bu y\u00fczden zan\u00e2\u00e2t i\u015flerinin ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck el i\u015fleri \u00fcretimlerinin, demircilik gibi k\u00f6y d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelenlerce yap\u0131lacak i\u015fler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kabul g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu i\u015flerin ise zanaat \u00f6\u011fretisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak usta-\u00e7\u0131rak, aile-akraba ili\u015fkileri ile \u00f6\u011frenilmesi, 20. yy\u2019\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda bile tar\u0131msal ve s\u0131nai anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ne durumda oldu\u011funu bize anlatmaya yetiyor.<\/p>\n

Yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Prof. Dr. Cahit Tanyol<\/em>\u2019 un k\u00f6yleri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve en fazla i\u015flevsel olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iki k\u00f6y tipinden biri olan, \u201ca\u011fa ve efendi k\u00f6yleri\u201d <\/em>nin h\u00e2kim k\u00f6yler oldu\u011fu bilgisini de burada belirtmek laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck topraklar\u0131n i\u015flendi\u011fi bu k\u00f6ylerde, 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardaki k\u0131rsal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmenin tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcnen yan\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu kadar, nas\u0131l bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez ve olumsuz yan\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu da vurgulamak istiyorum. \u015eehirlilerce ve \u015fehirdekilerce sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ve i\u015fgal edilen \u201cefendi k\u00f6ylerinin\u201d<\/em> asl\u0131nda, k\u00f6yde kalanlar\u0131n, reaya-maraba-kirac\u0131-yar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa devam etmesini ve bu sermayesiz amele sisteminin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeliyim.<\/p>\n

Yine, Prof. Dr. Hilmi Ziya \u00dclken<\/em>\u00a0ile \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve \u00f6\u011frencisi Nedim G\u00f6knil<\/em>\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan, Bilecik ve Edremit k\u00f6ylerinde 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, bu b\u00f6lgelerin zanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ticareti yeterince bilmedi\u011fi ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"tar\u0131mda

\u201cSiz tar\u0131m \u00fclkesisiniz, sanayile\u015fme sevdas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7in\u201d<\/p><\/div>\n

1950\u2019li y\u0131llara gelmi\u015fken, me\u015fhur Amerikan raporlar\u0131ndan bahsetmemek olmaz. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nder Atat\u00fcrk\u2019<\/em>\u00fcn bir kenara att\u0131\u011f\u0131 1.800 sayfal\u0131k Door Raporu<\/em>\u2019ndan sonra, 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda pe\u015f pe\u015fe gelen Barker Raporu<\/em> ve \u00f6zellikle Thornburg Raporu\u2019<\/em>nu saymadan ge\u00e7emeyiz. \u00d6zellikle Thornburg diyorum \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, Amerikan Standart Oil \u015firketinin dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olan Max Weston Thornburg\u2019<\/em> un \u00f6nce ayak\u00fcst\u00fc u\u011fray\u0131p \u0130srail\u2019deki i\u015flerini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra ge\u00e7ti\u011fi petrol b\u00f6lgesinden tekrar geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da gelmesi ile haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Raporun ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na girmeyece\u011fim. Zaten mesaj netti: \u201cSiz tar\u0131m \u00fclkesisiniz, sanayile\u015fme sevdas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7in\u201d; tar\u0131m yap\u0131n ve \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Amerika\u201d<\/em> olun, b\u00f6ylelikle \u201cher mahallede bir milyoner yarat\u0131n\u201d<\/em>. Sloganlar\u0131 elbette Thornburg bu \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylememi\u015fti ama siz o s\u00f6zleri hat\u0131rlad\u0131n\u0131z. O halde kimlerin bu s\u00f6zleri, ne zaman ne i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylediklerini biraz ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte burada beni huzursuz eden bir \u015fey var!<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Asl\u0131nda bizim daha d\u00fcne kadar alay-\u0131 vala ile \u00f6v\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz 1950-1960 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki tar\u0131msal mekanizasyon destekleri ve geli\u015fmeler bize uzat\u0131lan havu\u00e7 muydu?<\/p>\n

Borca bo\u011fmu\u015flar, k\u00f6yleri bo\u015faltm\u0131\u015flar, sanayiyi tasfiye etmi\u015fler, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131 tasfiye etmi\u015fler, paray\u0131 karayollar\u0131na yat\u0131rtarak, bol miktarda petrol (Standart Oil\u2019i hat\u0131rlay\u0131n) ve otomobil satm\u0131\u015flar, \u015fehirleri ya\u015fanmaz hale getirmi\u015fler, k\u0131rsal sefaleti kent sefaletine \u00e7evirmi\u015fler, kay\u0131ts\u0131z bedava i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc bulmu\u015flar, yetmi\u015fli y\u0131llardaki anar\u015fi ortam\u0131n\u0131n alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015flar…<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle uzay\u0131p gider bu \u00e7etele.<\/p>\n

Peki, ya\u015fanan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, bu \u00e7etelenin havucu muydu yoksa?<\/p>\n

Hani bir de, bu adamlar\u0131n en yak\u0131n planlar\u0131n\u0131n 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k oldu\u011funu falan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp paranoyaya ba\u011flarsam sizce yanl\u0131\u015f m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olurum?<\/p>\n

Yani t\u00fcm bunlar bir ta\u015f ile birka\u00e7 ku\u015f vurma plan\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131 acaba?<\/p>\n

K\u0131rsal\u0131 bo\u015faltarak \u00fclkenin demografik yap\u0131s\u0131yla beraber uyumla\u015fma s\u00fcrecini k\u0131rmak da m\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/p>\n

Durun hele kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131n \u015fimdi Suriyeli i\u015fini falan\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde reayan\u0131n ve toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin k\u0131smen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcreci Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi\u2019yle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Peki 1950’li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonras\u0131nda s\u00fcre\u00e7 nas\u0131l geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015fti? O y\u0131llarda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen politikalar asl\u0131nda bir havu\u00e7 muydu?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":121,"featured_media":9178,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63,66],"tags":[1146,1173,1171,1163],"coauthors":[1122],"class_list":["post-9158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi","category-siyaset-tarih","tag-ciftci","tag-osmanlida-toprak-mulkiyeti","tag-tarim-ekonomisi","tag-tarimsal-burjuvazi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/121"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9158"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9204,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9158\/revisions\/9204"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9178"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9158"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}