{"id":9341,"date":"2020-01-24T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=9341&preview=true&preview_id=9341"},"modified":"2020-01-24T19:37:13","modified_gmt":"2020-01-24T16:37:13","slug":"bilge-tunyukuk-hakkinda-degerlendirme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/bilge-tunyukuk-hakkinda-degerlendirme\/","title":{"rendered":"Bilge Tunyukuk hakk\u0131nda bir de\u011ferlendirme"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Yazar\u0131m\u0131z Ahmet B. Ercilasun\u2019un T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Beng\u00fc Ta\u015flar\u0131<\/em> kitab\u0131nda yer alan de\u011ferlendirmeyi sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n

725 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda, \u00c7in imparatoru H\u00fcan-zong do\u011fudaki Feng-\u015fan t\u00f6renine ve do\u011fuyu tefti\u015fe gitmeye haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelerde, vezirlerden biri K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk ileri gelenleri hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini belirtirken Tunyukuk hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini de s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda Tunyukuk<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201cT\u00fcrkler \u015fimdi bar\u0131\u015f isteseler de, onlar hayvan y\u00fcrekli olduklar\u0131ndan niyetlerini anlamak zordur. Ayr\u0131ca Ki\u00e7ik \u015ead (Bilge Ka\u011fan \u2013 ABE) sevecen ve insanc\u0131l oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, halk kendini ona kulland\u0131r\u0131yor [y\u00e2ni ona seve seve hizmet ediyor]. K\u00fcl Tegin ise alp oldu\u011fu ve iyi sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in onun \u00f6n\u00fcne kimse \u00e7\u0131kamaz. Tonyukuk\u2019 a gelince, her \u015feyi enine boyuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen bir stratejisttir; ya\u015fl\u0131 ama yine de [etrafa] zek\u00e2 k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlar\u0131 sa\u00e7\u0131yor [y\u00e2ni o tam anlam\u0131yla ihtiyar bir kurt olup], Li-ching, Hs\u00fc Chi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fahsiyetlere benzer. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00f6n\u00fcl birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 ve her zaman harekete ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce [her \u015feyi birlikte] pl\u00e2nlad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, e\u011fer devletimizin do\u011fuyu tefti\u015f i\u015fine kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olur da s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131za h\u00fccum ederlerse kendimizi nas\u0131l savunabiliriz?\u201d (Eski Tang Tarihi, \u0130senbike Togan 2006: 302-303).<\/p>\n

M\u00fczakerelerden sonra K\u00f6kt\u00fcrklere bir el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderiliyor. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n ota\u011f\u0131nda el\u00e7i i\u00e7in bir ziyafet d\u00fczenleniyor. Bilge Ka\u011fan, katunu Po-fu, K\u00f6l Tigin, Tunyukuk ve devletin ileri gelenleri halka h\u00e2linde oturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki kay\u0131tlar, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en Bilge Tunyukuk ile ilgili son kay\u0131tlard\u0131r. 725 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7in el\u00e7isinin kabul\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda ota\u011fda, Bilge Ka\u011fan, katun ve K\u00f6l Tigin ile birlikte Tunyukuk\u2019 un da oturdu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Di\u011fer devlet adamlar\u0131 \u201cdevletin ileri gelenleri\u201d ibaresi i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131r ve adlar\u0131 an\u0131lmazken Tunyukuk\u2019 un ad\u0131 \u00f6zellikle belirtilmi\u015ftir. Esasen \u00c7in el\u00e7isi T\u00fcrk ba\u015fkentine gelmeden \u00f6nce Feng-\u015fan t\u00f6reni s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakerelerde \u00c7inli vezirin sadece \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 da Tunyukuk\u2019un ne kadar \u00f6nem verilen bir \u015fahsiyet oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye yeter. Bilge Ka\u011fan \u201cinsanc\u0131l ve sevecen\u201d, K\u00f6l Tigin \u201calp ve iyi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u201d. \u201cTunyukuk\u2019 a gelince her \u015feyi enine boyuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen bir stratejisttir; ya\u015fl\u0131 ama yine de [etrafa] zek\u00e2 k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlar\u0131 sa\u00e7\u0131yor [y\u00e2ni o tam anlam\u0131yla ihtiyar bir kurt olup], Li-ching, Hs\u00fc Chi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fahsiyetlere benzer.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00c7inli vezirin de\u011ferlendirmesi, Tunyukuk hakk\u0131ndaki \u00c7in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. 725 Nisan\u0131\u2019ndaki bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, Tunyukuk\u2019un \u00c7inliler nazar\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l T\u00fcrk ba\u015fkentine giden \u00c7in el\u00e7ilik heyetinin a\u011f\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Tunyukuk\u2019un ota\u011fda, ka\u011fan ve katun yan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 da onun T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nezdindeki itibar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Tunyukuk ne zaman \u00f6ld\u00fc?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 bundan sonra Tunyukuk\u2019tan bahsetmiyor. Bu sebeple ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, bu tarihten sonra uzun ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131, 725 veya 726 tarihinde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kanaatindedir. Tunyukuk an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n, K\u00f6l Tigin an\u0131t\u0131na cevap te\u015fkil etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren Prof. Dr. Osman Fikri Sertkaya ise Tunyukuk\u2019un 732-734 aras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul eder (Sertkaya 1995: 113-128). Bence Tunyukuk, Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019a cevap vermiyor; Kapgan Ka\u011fan\u2019a sitem ediyor. An\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00fcslubunu incelerken bu konuya temas edece\u011fim. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ben de di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lara kat\u0131l\u0131yor ve Tunyukuk\u2019un 726 civar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ediyorum.<\/p>\n

Tunyukuk\u2019un \u00f6zellikleri ve \u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bilge Tunyukuk, K\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin ve genel olarak T\u00fcrk tarihinin en \u00f6nemli simalar\u0131ndan biridir. K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkleri \u00c7in tutsakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtaran T\u00fcrk istiklal sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, \u0130lteri\u015f ile birlikte, iki \u00f6nderinden biridir. Asl\u0131nda \u0130lteri\u015f\u2019 in ka\u011fan yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda birebir rol oynamakla, istiklal m\u00fccadelesinin bir ka\u011fan etraf\u0131nda birlik i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayan ana fig\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019de yeti\u015fmi\u015f ve hatta orada idarecilik yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131[1]<\/a> Tunyukuk\u2019a \u00f6nemli bir tecr\u00fcbe kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; tecr\u00fcbesiyle zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek \u0130lteri\u015f Ka\u011fan zaman\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lara imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi, Dokuz O\u011fuzlar\u0131 yenerek K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkleri \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019 e tekrar yerle\u015ftirmesidir. \u0130lteri\u015f zaman\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ordular\u0131n\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus\u2019 a kadar ula\u015ft\u0131ran da odur. Kapgan zaman\u0131nda da Tunyukuk\u2019 un ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 devam etmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrk ordular\u0131n\u0131 K\u00f6l Tigin ile birlikte Demir Kap\u0131\u2019 ya[2]<\/a> kadar ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrgi\u015f ve Demir Kap\u0131 seferinden sonra Kapgan ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131za\u011fa \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Bunun sebebi, Kapgan\u2019 a ra\u011fmen orduya T\u00fcrgi\u015f ve Demir Kap\u0131 seferini yapt\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ka\u011fana ra\u011fmen s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc dinletip ordular\u0131 bu uzak sefere sevk edebilmesi onun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. Tabii ki otoritenin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini ve iki ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kapgan Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 beklenemezdi; gere\u011fini yapt\u0131 ve Tunyukuk\u2019 u g\u00f6revlerinden ald\u0131. Ancak ka\u011fan ile Tunyukuk aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6ncelere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011f t\u00f6renine giden Kapgan\u2019 \u0131n, di\u011fer komutanlara g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Tunyukuk aleyhindeki haber bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. Muhtemelen anla\u015fmazl\u0131k, otoritenin payla\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stiklal hareketindeki rol\u00fcne, tecr\u00fcbe ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00fcvenen Tunyukuk, Kapgan zaman\u0131nda da devletin idaresinde ba\u015frol oynamaya kalk\u0131nca, yeni ka\u011fan buna tahamm\u00fcl edememi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mamafih Kapgan\u2019 \u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, her tarafta ayaklanmalar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karma\u015fa i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fmesi, Tunyukuk\u2019 un tecr\u00fcbe ve zek\u00e2s\u0131ndan mahrum kalman\u0131n bir sonucu olarak yorumlanabilir. Tunyukuk\u2019 tan yararlanmamak Kapgan\u2019 a pahal\u0131ya mal olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bilge Ka\u011fan zaman\u0131nda Tunyukuk tekrar itibar\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015f ve devlet i\u00e7inde gerekli olan makama getirilmi\u015ftir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bunda, Kapgan zaman\u0131ndaki Tunyukuksuz bir devlet y\u00f6netiminin nelere mal oldu\u011funun g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Kapgan\u2019\u0131n son zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 yer ile g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcn bulanmas\u0131 olarak tasvir eden Bilge, Tunyukuk\u2019un de\u011ferini hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00e7ok iyi kavram\u0131\u015f ve onu de\u011ferlendirmi\u015fti. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n, sadece kay\u0131npederi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Tunyukuk\u2019 a makam verdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek bence sathi bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Nitekim \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131, Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n ve di\u011fer devlet erk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n Tunyukuk\u2019 tan devaml\u0131 olarak tavsiyeler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlara uyduklar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmektedir. \u00dcstelik Tunyukuk, Bilge zaman\u0131nda da sadece bir dan\u0131\u015fman de\u011fildir; sava\u015flara bizzat kat\u0131lmakta, komutanl\u0131k yapmakta, sava\u015f\u0131 sevk ve idare etmektedir. 719 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Basm\u0131l seferinde sava\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l y\u00f6netti\u011fi ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bilge Tunyukuk\u2019un \u201cenine boyuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen\u201d, \u201czek\u00e2 k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlar\u0131 sa\u00e7an\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fck bir stratejist oldu\u011funu \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 kaydediyor. Fakat o ayn\u0131 zamanda da \u201clider\u201d yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir komutand\u0131r. Ordular\u0131 sevk ve idare ederken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 taktikler ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmalar bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. T\u00fcrgi\u015fler ile yap\u0131lan Bul\u00e7u sava\u015f\u0131nda, kendilerinden birka\u00e7 kat fazla d\u00fc\u015fman kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda askerlerini cesaretlendirmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zler onun iyi bir hatip ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir komutan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye yeter.<\/p>\n

Bilge Tunyukuk\u2019un ayn\u0131 zamanda kuvvetli bir istihbarat a\u011f\u0131na sahip bulundu\u011funu ve bir bak\u0131ma devletin istihbarat te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu da kaydetmeliyiz. Casuslar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00c7in saray\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme ve kararlar\u0131 haber al\u0131yor ve devletin ona g\u00f6re tav\u0131r almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. \u0130stihbarat te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 kendi devleti i\u00e7inde de kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Kapgan Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n emirlerine ra\u011fmen orduyu T\u00fcrgi\u015f seferine \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan kendi sat\u0131rlar\u0131ndan fark ediyoruz. Tunyukuk kendi an\u0131t\u0131nda Kapgan\u2019\u0131n, kendisi aleyhine di\u011fer komutanlara g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi haberleri kaydeder. Bu ancak, Kapgan veya di\u011fer komutanlar\u0131n adamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Tunyukuk\u2019un istihbarat elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n

Elbette Tunyukuk, yeniden v\u00fccut bulan devletin fikr\u00ee temellerinin de mimar\u0131d\u0131r. Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n \u015fehir kurma ve Budist mabetleri yapt\u0131rma teklifine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6yledikleri, O\u2019 nun, devleti T\u00fcrk mill\u00ee de\u011ferleri \u00fczerine kurmak istedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. K\u00f6l Tigin beng\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131ndaki kadar olmasa da onun da kendi an\u0131t\u0131nda T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe vurgu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan d\u00f6k\u00fclen T\u00fcrkl\u00fck vurgulu, ate\u015fli s\u00f6zlerin arkas\u0131nda da Tunyukuk fikriyat\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirmeleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Thomsen, Tunyukuk beng\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken Tunyukuk hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini de dile getirir:<\/p>\n

\u201cNe olursa olsun, Tonyukuk\u2019un, Bilge Ka\u011fan tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, ya\u015f\u0131 70\u2019in \u00fczerinde iken kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6ylesine ilgi \u00e7ekici ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn yaz\u0131t\u0131, \u00e2deta onun bir t\u00fcr hat\u0131ralar\u0131 gibidir. Ama uzun ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri de\u015fmekten uzak olan bu ya\u015fl\u0131 king-maker [kral yap\u0131c\u0131] ve \u00fc\u00e7 ka\u011fan\u0131n bakan\u0131, Elteri\u015f Ka\u011fan d\u00f6nemindeki T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011funun onar\u0131m\u0131yla ba\u015flay\u0131p en ileri ya\u015f\u0131na kadar m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran \u00fcstlenmi\u015f oldu\u011fu az say\u0131da, ama ola\u011fan \u00fcst\u00fc nitelikteki olaylara de\u011finmekte; diplomatik dehas\u0131, taktikleri ve \u00e7elik gibi iradesiyle iz b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eylemlerini, hakl\u0131 bir gururla gelecekte de izlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stermektedir.\u201d (Thomsen 2002: 415-416).<\/p>\n

Grousset, \u201cbu merak uyand\u0131ran \u015fahsiyet\u201d dedi\u011fi Tunyukuk hakk\u0131nda \u015fu de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunur:<\/p>\n

\u201cKutlu\u011f Ka\u011fan bu eseri yarat\u0131rken yan\u0131nda kendisine b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mlar\u0131 dokunan ve ailesi bir zamanlar \u00c7in\u2019de, \u015ean-si\u2019nin kuzeyinde Yun-\u00e7ong vil\u00e2yetinde idar\u00ee g\u00f6revler yapm\u0131\u015f mahir bir siyaset\u00e7i olan Tonyukuk bulunuyordu. 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda yukar\u0131 Tula Vadisinde, Bay\u0131n-Sokta\u2019da Nale\u015fa ile \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan Tonyukuk\u2019un mezar ta\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131t\u0131 sayesinde, \u2018T\u2019ang \u015fu\u2019nun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u00e2ve bilgilerle bu merak uyand\u0131ran \u015fahsiyetin ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. Tai-tsong\u2019un d\u00f6neminde pek \u00e7ok soylu T\u00fcrk gibi Tonyukuk da \u00c7in e\u011fitiminden ge\u00e7mi\u015fti; fakat Kutluk Ka\u011fan T\u00fcrk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kurtarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onunla birle\u015fmi\u015f, onun m\u00fc\u015faviri ve en iyi komutanlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftu; pek tabii \u00c7in \u00e2detleri, zihniyeti ve siyaseti ile saray entrikalar\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0130mparator Kao-tsong\u2019un zay\u0131f noktalar\u0131n\u0131, yeni ka\u011fan\u0131n\u0131n hizmetine sunmu\u015ftu.\u201d (Grousset 1980: 115).<\/p>\n

Ligeti\u2019nin Tunyukuk de\u011ferlendirmesi de dikkate de\u011fer:<\/p>\n

\u201c(Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n) yan\u0131nda g\u00fcng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, ak\u0131ll\u0131 T\u00fcrk devlet adam\u0131, yetmi\u015flik Tonyukuk vard\u0131 ki, onun hayran\u0131 olan Alman ilim adamlar\u0131 takdirlerini anlatmak i\u00e7in kendisine K\u00f6k T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011funun Bismarck\u2019\u0131 demi\u015flerdir.\u201d (Ligeti 1986: 206).<\/p>\n

Tunyukuk an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel bir ne\u015frini yapm\u0131\u015f bulunan Giraud\u2019nun de\u011ferlendirmesi daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130nsan\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak kadar \u00e7ok uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131, Tonyukuk\u2019a, \u00fc\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 tan\u0131ma f\u0131rsat\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Tonyukuk onlara hizmet ederken, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kendi \u015fahs\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc onlara empoze edecek, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ki\u015filik sahibidir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 705\u2019ten 716\u2019ya kadar uzanan zorunlu i\u015fsiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, O hep i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r, meclistedir, devletin en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetidir; s\u0131ras\u0131nca olmasa bile, ger\u00e7ekten de b\u00f6yledir. Hatta O ilk T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r; bu ise, O\u2019nun di\u011ferlerinden daha az de\u011ferli meziyeti de\u011fildir. Zaman\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 kafas\u0131nda geli\u015ftirip olgunla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; siyas\u00ee bir kafaya sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, sertli\u011fi ile, dik kafal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile, \u015fakalar\u0131 ile hatta \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eden yi\u011fitli\u011fi ile ilgin\u00e7 bir ki\u015fidir O. Biraz \u00e7ocuksu olan onuru, bu efsane adam\u0131n\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya insan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.\u201d (Giraud 1999: 93-94).<\/p>\n

\u0130brahim Kafeso\u011flu, Tunyukuk\u2019u \u015fu sat\u0131rlarla de\u011ferlendirir:<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk devlet adam\u0131 Tonyukuk ile ilgili son bilgi 725\u2019teki bu haberdir. O, herh\u00e2lde bu tarihten az sonra \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6k-T\u00fcrk istikl\u00e2l sava\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130lteri\u015f, Kapgan, Bilge zamanlar\u0131nda devlete 46 y\u0131l hizmet eden, sava\u015flar\u0131nda hi\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framayan, \u2018Boyla Baga \u0130nan\u00e7u Yargan Apa Tarkan\u2019 \u00fcnvanlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u2018bilge\u2019 ve stratejist Tonyukuk hakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ordusunu, adliyesini tanzimde ba\u015fta geliyordu. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda bile bu meziyetleri belirtilmekte ve \u2018Ayguc\u0131\u2019 olarak devletteki b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fcn\u00fc, o \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n din\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel cereyanlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l yak\u0131ndan t\u00e2kip edip, T\u00fcrk milleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fini g\u00f6steren deliller verilmektedir.\u201d (Kafeso\u011flu 2002: 125).<\/p>\n

Roux, Tunyukuk\u2019un milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini vurgular:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7inli olan her \u015feyden nefret etmesine kar\u015f\u0131n kendisi fazlas\u0131yla \u00c7inlile\u015fmi\u015f olan barbar Tonyukuk garip bir \u015fekilde bu halk ittifak\u0131n\u0131 bir devrim gibi destekler. \u00d6nceden kestirilmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan bu yeniden do\u011fu\u015fun, koyu bir milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin sonucu oldu\u011fu kesindir. Her \u015fey bunu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r: \u00d6zellikle de imparatorlu\u011fun ilk on y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00f6zde olan ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 e\u011filimli olduklar\u0131, yabanc\u0131 bir din olan Budizm\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fan ani ku\u015fku ile geleneksel dinin yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bunu kan\u0131tlar.\u201d (Roux 2007: 103).<\/p>\n

Bazin de ayn\u0131 fikirdedir:<\/p>\n

\u201cTonyukuk kendi mezar ta\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131t\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bir T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmakta; \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131 da O\u2019 nun, az s\u00fcre \u00f6nce tahta ge\u00e7en Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131, \u00c7inliler gibi y\u00fcksek duvarlarla \u00e7evrili bir kent in\u015fa etmek ve orada Budist ve Taoist tap\u0131naklar\u0131 yapmak fikrinden cayd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r.\u201d (Bazin 2011: 168).<\/p>\n

Kazak tarih\u00e7isi Koy\u015f\u0131\u011fara Sal\u011faraul\u0131, Tunyukuk\u2019u Korkut Ata ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, ikisinin de ayn\u0131 zamanda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir\u00e7ok benzer taraflar\u0131 bulundu\u011funu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ikisinin ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131s olabilece\u011fini, ancak konunun daha ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir (Sal\u011faraul\u0131 2008: 296-308).<\/p>\n

Saadettin G\u00f6me\u00e7 de \u201cT\u00fcrk milletinin yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en zeki devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. \u0130leri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve deh\u00e2s\u0131 sayesinde, zaman\u0131nda T\u00fcrk milleti en g\u00f6rkemli g\u00fcnlerini ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.\u201d c\u00fcmleleriyle Tunyukuk\u2019u de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f; O\u2019 nun s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelene\u011fe, destanlara mutlaka yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve \u0130mami\u2019nin Hann\u00e2mesi\u2019nde ge\u00e7en, O\u011fuz Han ve ard\u0131ndan gelen hanlara vezirlik yapan, Ulu\u011f Arslan\u2019a benzedi\u011fini; \u00a0destanlardaki Irk\u0131l Ata ve Korkut Ata\u2019n\u0131n, \u201cTunyukuk\u2019un bir iz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d olabilece\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir (G\u00f6me\u00e7 2012: 94).<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Bazin, Louis (2011), Eski T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Kronoloji Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/em> (\u00e7eviren: Vedat K\u00f6ken), Ankara, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Giraud, Ren\u00e9 (1999), G\u00f6k T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/em> (\u00e7eviren \u0130smail Mangaltepe), \u0130stanbul, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6me\u00e7, Saadettin (2012), Di\u015fi Kurdun \u00c7ocuklar\u0131,<\/em> Ankara, Berikan Yay\u0131nevi.<\/p>\n

Grouset, Ren\u00e9 (1980), Bozk\u0131r \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/em> (\u00e7eviren: M. Re\u015fat Uzmen), \u0130stanbul, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat.<\/p>\n

Kafeso\u011flu, \u0130brahim (2002), T\u00fcrk Mill\u00ee K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc,<\/em> \u0130stanbul, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat.<\/p>\n

Ligeti, L. (1986), Bilinmeyen \u0130\u00e7 Asya<\/em> (Macarcadan \u00e7eviren: Sadrettin Karatay), Ankara, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Liu Mau-Tsai (2006), \u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri<\/em> (\u00c7eviri: Ersel Kayao\u011flu \u2013 Deniz Bano\u011flu), \u0130stanbul, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Roux, Jean-Paul (2007), T\u00fcrklerin Tarihi<\/em> (\u00e7evirenler: Aykut Kazanc\u0131gil \u2013 Lale Arslan-\u00d6zcan), \u0130stanbul, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi.<\/p>\n

Sal\u011faraul\u0131, Koy\u015f\u0131\u011fara (2008), Ul\u0131 Ka\u011fanat,<\/em> Astana.<\/p>\n

Sertkaya, Osman F. (1995), G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Tarihinin Meseleleri,<\/em> Ankara, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Sertkaya, Osman F. (2012), \u201cG\u00f6kt\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \u011e (ny) Runas\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d Teke dergisi, say\u0131: 1\/4 (elektronik ortamda).<\/p>\n

Thomsen, Vilhelm (2002), Orhon Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/em> (\u00c7eviren ve Yay\u0131ma Haz\u0131rlayan: Vedat K\u00f6ken), Ankara, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Togan, \u0130senbike \u2013 Kara, G\u00fclnar \u2013 Baysal, Cahide (2006), \u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131nda<\/em> T\u00fcrkler \u2013 Eski T\u2019ang Tarihi,<\/em> Ankara, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 (\u00c7ince metnin \u00e7evirisi \u0130. Togan\u2019a aittir.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00c7in\u2019de idarecilik yapan ve \u0130lteri\u015f\u2019in istiklal hareketine kat\u0131lan \u015fah\u0131s \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda A-\u015fi-de Y\u00fcan-cen olarak ge\u00e7er. Tunyukuk ad\u0131 ise ilk defa, Bilge\u2019nin tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda kaydedilmi\u015ftir: Tun-y\u00fc-ku. Liu, eski ve yeni Tang-\u015fu\u2019daki Y\u00fcan-cen\u2019in T\u00fcrgi\u015f seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc haberine dayanarak Tunyukuk ile Y\u00fcan-cen\u2019in farkl\u0131 ki\u015filer oldu\u011funu savunur (2006: 217-218); Bazin de ona kat\u0131l\u0131r (2011: 168). Ancak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f fazla taraftar bulmam\u0131\u015f ve 1893\u2019te Hirth\u2019in ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iki \u015fahs\u0131n ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc genel olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Klya\u015ftorn\u0131y 1966\u2019da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makalede Tunyukuk ile Y\u00fcan-cen kelimelerinin anlamca da e\u015fle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Sertkaya 2012: 8-9).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Demirkap\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00d6zbekistan ile Afganistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar\u0131m\u0131z Ahmet B. Ercilasun\u2019un T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Beng\u00fc Ta\u015flar\u0131 kitab\u0131nda yer alan de\u011ferlendirmeyi sunuyoruz.
\nK\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet adam\u0131 Bilge Tunyukuk hakk\u0131nda Ercilasun ve di\u011fer bilim adamlar\u0131 neler diyor? Hepsi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":9343,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[70,66,68],"tags":[1040,859,1189],"coauthors":[11],"class_list":["post-9341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rusya","category-siyaset-tarih","category-turkluk-turkculuk","tag-bilge-kagan","tag-gokturk","tag-tonyukuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9341","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9341"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9341\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9349,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9341\/revisions\/9349"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9341"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9341"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9341"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9341"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}