![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/safevi-1024x683.png\")
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“Bu yaz\u0131 MDM\/M\u0130SAK yazarlar\u0131ndan S\u00fcleyman Karahan’\u0131n ‘\u0130ran’da T\u00fcrk Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hunlar’dan \u0130ran \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti’ne Turan’dan \u0130ran’a’ ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131 olup \u0130ran’daki T\u00fcrk Hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemini kapsamaktad\u0131r.”\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em>\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck devletler\u00a0 kuran ecdad\u0131m\u0131z, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u015f\u00fcmull\u00fc medeniyetlere de sahip olmu\u015ftur. Bunu aramak, tetkik etmek, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe\u00a0 ve cihana bildirmek bizler i\u00e7in bir bor\u00e7tur. T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocu\u011fu, ecdad\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131k\u00e7a daha b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fler yapmak i\u00e7in\u00a0 kendinde kuvvet bulacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/em><\/p>\n T\u00fcrkler, \u0130ran\u2019a ilk defa Hunlar d\u00f6neminde MS. 310 ile 374 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda gelmi\u015fler Akhunlar d\u00f6neminde ise ilk T\u00fcrk yerle\u015fimleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler ise Orta Asya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden O\u011fuzlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk ad\u0131 ilk olarak Pers kaynaklar\u0131nda 420-515 tarihlerinde Altayl\u0131 konarg\u00f6\u00e7er kavimleri i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran milli destan\u0131 \u015eehnamede ise H\u00fck\u00fcmdar Feridun geni\u015f \u00fclkesini Salm, \u0130rac, Turac isimli \u00fc\u00e7 o\u011flu aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ve \u00c7in diyarlar\u0131 Turac\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fer. Taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ile \u0130rac, karde\u015fleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu M\u00fcnucihr babas\u0131n\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk \u00fclkesinin \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcr. Afrasiyab (Alp Er Tunga) ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren \u00e7etin sava\u015flardan sonra s\u0131n\u0131rlar ok atarak belirlenir. Bir \u0130ranl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lan ok Belh nehri (Ceyhun, Amuderya) \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fer ve buras\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r kabul edilir. Bundan sonra T\u00fcrk \u00fclkesine Turan, Fars \u00fclkesine de \u0130ran denilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n 1040 y\u0131l\u0131nda o d\u00f6nemde \u0130ran topraklar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Gazneliler ile Sel\u00e7uklular aras\u0131nda cereyan eden Dandanakan Sava\u015f\u0131nda Gaznelilerin yenilmesinden sonra \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 tamamen T\u00fcrklere a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu tarihten ba\u015flamak \u00fczere de yakla\u015f\u0131k 900 y\u0131l boyunca, T\u00fcrkler \u0130ran\u2019da egemen g\u00fc\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde, T\u00fcrkler, \u0130ran\u2019da 819\u2019le 1925 aras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 hanedan ve devlet ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. [1]<\/sup><\/p>\n Bu s\u0131radan devlet ve imparatorluklar\u0131n d\u00f6nemlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, \u00fclke ve devlet ad\u0131 olarak ne T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ne de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n Sonralar\u0131, Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerinden \u201cTuran<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lsa da \u201c\u0130lhanl\u0131 Ulusu<\/em>\u201dnun \u00fczerindeki \u201c\u0130ran<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131, Safeviler d\u00f6neminde edebiyat sahas\u0131nda geni\u015f bi\u00e7imde yeniden ele al\u0131nd\u0131 ve zamanla daha \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131r oldu. 1935 tarihinden itibaren ise Pehleviler taraf\u0131ndan resmi bi\u00e7imde \u00fclke, devlet ad\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 Panfarsist e\u011filimli bir cereyan\u0131 temsilen kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Tabi bu sadece bir ad olmam\u0131\u015f, ad\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u00fclkenin sosyal-psikolojik ve etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn aleyhine de\u011fi\u015ftirecek genel bir s\u00fcrecin tezah\u00fcr bi\u00e7imi olmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, tamamen \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u0130ran-T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011fini olumsuz etkileyen esas fakt\u00f6rlerden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Tarihi kaynaklardan belli oldu\u011fu gibi \u201c\u0130ran\u201d ad\u0131, ilk kez Firdevsi\u2019nin 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u201c\u015eahname\u201d efsanesinde \u201cTuran<\/em>\u201da kar\u015f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgenin ad\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7er. T\u00fcrk, Arap ve \u0130slamiyet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir efsane oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Farisiye tarikat\u0131na mensup Yahudilerin ve Katolik kilisesinin deste\u011fi ile Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Sava\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda en \u00e7ok propagandas\u0131 yap\u0131lan ve en \u00e7ok nazirelerin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 eser olmu\u015ftur. [<\/sup>9<\/sup><\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n \u0130ran\u2019da T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenine ili\u015fkin iki farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden birincisine g\u00f6re; T\u00fcrkler \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelmi\u015f yabanc\u0131lard\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise T\u00fcrklerin \u0130ran\u2019a gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar\u0131n etkisiyle T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f \u0130ranl\u0131lar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir. \u0130ran onuncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetinde, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir merkezi olmu\u015f, hemen hemen toplumun her kesiminde devletin her kademesinde T\u00fcrk medeniyeti h\u00e2kim olmu\u015f, Pehlevi hanedan\u0131n\u0131n yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda iktidara gelmesiyle bu d\u00f6nem kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6netimi Ka\u00e7ar T\u00fcrklerinden devralan Pehlevi ailesi, 1979\u2019daki \u0130ran \u0130slam Devrimi\u2019yle yerini bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00f6netime b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Alper Tunga<\/p><\/div>\n T\u00fcrkler \u0130ranl\u0131larla kom\u015fu olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130ran\u2019a geli\u015fi M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na dek s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130slam\u2019dan \u00f6nce T\u00fcrklerin \u0130ran\u2019a giri\u015fleri Hazar Denizi\u2019nin do\u011fusundan g\u00fcneye do\u011fru olmu\u015ftur. \u0130slamiyet\u2019in kabul\u00fcnden sonra ise T\u00fcrklerin giri\u015fi do\u011fu-bat\u0131 istikametinde Hazar Denizi\u2019nin g\u00fcneyinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131nda ise T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye-Irak\u2019tan \u0130ran\u2019a do\u011fru olmu\u015ftur.[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n Firdevsi\u2019nin \u015eahnamesinde Turanl\u0131lara lay\u0131k g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi \u0130ran taht\u0131n\u0131 Turan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Afrasiyab\u2019\u0131n (Alp Er Tunga) torunlar\u0131 olan Saciler, Gazneliler ve Sel\u00e7uklular ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, \u0130ran co\u011frafyas\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u200b Bu co\u011frafyada Safeviler kurulan be\u015finci T\u00fcrk hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi Safevi Devleti de T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi resmi dil ilan eden ilk devlet olmu\u015ftur. [<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>3<\/sup><\/a>]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n 9. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u0130ran\u2019da T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hissedilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, Orta Asya\u2019dan gelen veya getirilen T\u00fcrklerin, askeri yeteneklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u0130ran\u2019da kurulan irili ufakl\u0131 devletlerde etkin rol almalar\u0131 ve kademeli olarak y\u00f6netici konuma gelmeleri \u015feklinde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, 1501\u2019de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n birli\u011finin Safevi hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131ncaya kadar ge\u00e7en d\u00f6nemde Gazneliler (999-1040), Sel\u00e7uklular (1040-1157), Mo\u011follar (1219-1258), \u0130lhanl\u0131lar (1258-1336), Timur hanedan\u0131 (1393-1410), Karakoyunlular (1450\u2019ler), Akkoyunlular (1450\u2019ler) \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n muhtelif b\u00f6lgelerini y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Safeviler D\u00f6nemi \u0130ran Haritas\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n Eski\u00e7a\u011f\u2019lar boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklar\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 durumunda olan ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00e2nedanlar\u0131n elinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir halde bulunan \u0130ran co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n 1501 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eah \u0130sm\u00e2il taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olan Safev\u00eeler ile birlikte \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde ilk defa m\u00fcstakil bir siyas\u00ee kimli\u011fe kavu\u015ftu\u011fu, bu kimli\u011fin Ka\u00e7arlar d\u00f6nemiyle peki\u015fti\u011fi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130ran \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n da bu zaman dilimlerinde te\u015fekk\u00fcl etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. [5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n 1501\u2019de T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 \u015eah \u0130smail taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Safevi Hanedan\u0131 1736\u2019ya kadar s\u00fcren yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 y\u0131ll\u0131k egemenli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, \u0130ran\u2019 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanatta alt\u0131n d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Safev\u00eeler do\u011fuda \u00d6zbekler, bat\u0131da Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019la m\u00fccadele etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Safev\u00eeler\u2019in gul\u00e2t-\u0131 \u015e\u00eea\u2019y\u0131 ideoloji olarak benimsemesi ve bu t\u00fcr inan\u00e7lara sahip olan Anadolu\u2019daki geni\u015f T\u00fcrkmen kitlelerinin Safev\u00ee davas\u0131na sar\u0131lmas\u0131 onlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019la kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019da \u015eah \u0130sm\u00e2il\u2019i a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiye u\u011fratmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u015eah \u0130sm\u00e2il\u2019in yenilmezli\u011fine olan inan\u00e7 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, m\u00fcntesipleri i\u00e7in hem sultan hem de m\u00fcr\u015fid-i k\u00e2mil olan \u015eah \u0130smal\u2019e olan inan\u00e7 k\u00f6k\u00fcnden sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Safev\u00ee h\u00e2nedan\u0131na destek veren T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetleri kendi aralar\u0131nda bir g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesine girdikleri gibi b\u00fcrokrasiyi ellerinde bulunduran F\u00e2ris\u00eeler\u2019le de \u00e7eki\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n \u015eah I. Abbas d\u00f6neminin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla (1587) Safev\u00ee Devleti yeniden toparland\u0131 ve en parlak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130lk d\u00f6nem Safev\u00ee Devleti\u2019nin vas\u0131flar\u0131 terkedilerek b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yeni ba\u015ftan yap\u0131lanmaya gidildi. \u015eah Abbas\u2019\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yeniliklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, ihtida etmi\u015f G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u2019den olu\u015fan gul\u00e2mlar birli\u011finin te\u015fkili gelmektedir. Tahmasb zaman\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu d\u00fczenleme, T\u00fcrkmen unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n devlet i\u00e7indeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve etkisini ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedeflemekte olup I. Abbas d\u00f6neminde h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fta eyalet valilikleri olmak \u00fczere y\u00fcksek mevkilere gul\u00e2mlar tayin edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.. Abbas\u2019\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan on y\u0131l sonra Safev\u00ee ordular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 Allahverdi Han ge\u00e7irildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde Kafkaslar\u2019dan \u00e7ok say\u0131da gul\u00e2m\u0131n getirilmesi \u00fczerine etnik ve sosyal yap\u0131da \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fme meydana geldi. \u0130ran daha da kozmopolit bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr yap\u0131s\u0131na b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n 1598\u2019de ba\u015fkent Kazvin\u2019den \u0130sfahan\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131narak buras\u0131 imar edildi. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ekonomik canlanma Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle diplomatik ba\u011flar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n \u015eah I.Abbas<\/p><\/div>\n 1.Abbas d\u00f6neminde uygulanmaya ba\u015flanan toprak sisteminin k\u00f6k\u00fcnden de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi i\u015flemi yeni kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7arak Safev\u00eeler\u2019i derinden sarst\u0131. \u00d6te yandan \u015ei\u00ee f\u0131kh\u0131 ve politik teorisindeki de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmeler, din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019da giderek b\u00fcy\u00fck siyas\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu fakt\u00f6rlerle gerileme s\u00fcrecine giren Safev\u00eeler sonunda do\u011fudan gelen bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 dayanamad\u0131lar. Daha \u00f6nce Safev\u00eeler\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 olan G\u0131lzay\u00ee Afganl\u0131lar\u0131 lideri M\u00eer Veys isyan ederek Kandehar\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bunu Abd\u00e2l\u00ee Afganl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n isyan\u0131 takip etti.<\/p>\n Safev\u00ee h\u00e2nedan\u0131n\u0131 yeniden ihya etmek \u00fczere II. Tahmasb\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131p kendini \u201cTahmasb Kul\u0131\u201d olarak il\u00e2n eden Af\u015far a\u015firetinden N\u00e2dir Han, Afganl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131 ma\u011fl\u00fbp ettikten sonra 1730 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130sfahan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi ve II. Tahmasb\u2019\u0131 tahta oturttu. Bu tarihten itibaren be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca giri\u015fti\u011fi sava\u015flarla N\u00e2dir Han, Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019a kaybettikleri b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131 geri ald\u0131. 1733\u2019te muhasara etti\u011fi Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 zaptedemediyse de Gence, Tiflis ve Erivan\u2019\u0131 yeniden topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Ruslar\u2019la da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde m\u00fccadele ederek 1735 tarihli Gence Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Derbend ve Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc geri ald\u0131. [5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Af\u015far Hanedan\u0131 D\u00f6nemi \u0130ran Haritas\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n 1722-1725 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Mir Mahmud y\u00f6netimindeki Afgan ordusu \u0130ran\u2019a sald\u0131rarak ba\u015fkent \u0130sfahan\u2019\u0131 zaptetmi\u015f ve Safavi hanedan\u0131n\u0131 tasfiye etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n par\u00e7alanmaya y\u00fcz tuttu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde yine Nadir \u015eah tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Afganlar\u0131 yenerek 1736-1749 aras\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netecek Af\u015far hanedan\u0131n\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n N\u00e2dir \u015eah, 1732 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Tahmasb\u2019\u0131 azlederek yerine onun o\u011flu III. Abbas\u2019\u0131 tahta \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 1736\u2019da Abbas\u2019\u0131 da tahttan indiren N\u00e2dir kendisini Af\u015far H\u00e2nedan\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u015fah\u0131 olarak il\u00e2n etti. Fiilen 1722\u2019de \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f olan Safev\u00ee Devleti b\u00f6ylece son bulmu\u015f oldu. N\u00e2dir Hindistan seferindeyken \u0130sfahan\u2019daki Safev\u00ee H\u00e2nedan\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle de Safev\u00ee d\u00f6nemi kapand\u0131.<\/p>\n Av\u015farlar, 1736-1804 tarihleri aras\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir T\u00fcrk hanedan\u0131 olup h\u00e2nedan\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 N\u00e2dir \u015eah, O\u011fuz (T\u00fcrkmen) elinin Av\u015far (Af\u015far) boyuna mensup oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu h\u00e2nedana \u0130ran kaynaklar\u0131nda Af\u015fariyye (Af\u015farl\u0131lar) denilir. T\u00fcrk ilim \u00e2leminde ise ayn\u0131 h\u00e2nedan daha ziyade Af\u015farlar olarak tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Af\u015farlar, Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n 1736\u2019da \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Afganlar\u2019\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fckten sonra \u0130ran\u2019da kurdu\u011fu devletin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Afganlar\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmekle kalmayan Nadir \u015eah, Delhi\u2019ye kadar da ilerlemi\u015ftir. Tarihi kaynaklara g\u00f6re Delhiden elde etti\u011fi servet sayesinde 3 y\u0131l boyunca vergi alma gere\u011fi duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Safevi Devleti’nin \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle darmada\u011f\u0131n olan \u0130ran’\u0131n yaralar\u0131n\u0131 saran Nadir \u015eah, bu nedenle \u0130ran’\u0131n onar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak bilinir. 1747’de Nadir \u015eah’\u0131n \u00f6lmesiyle da\u011f\u0131lan devlet, 1796’da tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Nadir \u015eah(ortada)<\/p><\/div>\n N\u00e2dir \u015eah, kom\u015fular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lardan sonra \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 idar\u00ee bak\u0131mdan yeni ba\u015ftan d\u00fczenleyip sa\u011flam temellere oturtmak yerine taklit etti\u011fi Timur\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Hindistan\u2019\u0131 istil\u00e2ya giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Hindistan\u2019dan bu defa T\u00fcrkistan, Semerkant ve H\u00e2rizm\u2019e y\u00f6nelen N\u00e2dir \u015eah ba\u015f\u015fehrini de \u0130sfahan\u2019dan Me\u015fhed\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N\u00e2dir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n, uygulamalar\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z olanlar taraf\u0131ndan suikasta u\u011frayarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Af\u015farlar Devleti \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [<\/sup>5<\/sup><\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n Bat\u0131l\u0131 bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00e7inin “deha<\/em>“, “b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet adam\u0131<\/em>“, “Do\u011fu’nun Son Kahraman\u0131<\/em>” gibi unvanlar vererek tan\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 Nadir \u015eah, onlar\u0131n kalemlerinde bir Fars h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 gibi verilir. H\u00e2lbuki Nadir \u015fah T\u00fcrk’t\u00fc ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ den ba\u015fka bir dil de bilmez ve konu\u015fmazd\u0131. Kurdu\u011fu devletinin ad\u0131 da “B\u00fcy\u00fck Av\u015far Devleti<\/em>” idi. Av\u015farlar, bir O\u011fuz boyu olduklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu devlet O\u011fuz’un Av\u015far boyu taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f bir devlet oldu\u011funu ad\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterse dahi, onu Fars devleti saymaya cehdedenler olmas\u0131 sizce \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil mi?<\/p>\n Nadir \u015eah, bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131, bir kahraman oldu\u011fu kadar, bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan anlam\u0131yla, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir toplum m\u00fchendisiydi. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ” Mugan Kurultay\u0131<\/em>” birlik ve beraberlik, bir anlam\u0131 ile TURAN devleti i\u00e7in yol g\u00f6sterici kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kurultay oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve incelenmesi, milletimizin gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. [<\/sup>8<\/sup><\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n Ka\u00e7ar Hanedan\u0131 D\u00f6nemi \u0130ran Haritas\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n 1747\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra ba\u015flayan taht karga\u015fas\u0131 Kerim Han\u2019\u0131n 1749\u2019da Zend Hanedan\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131yla sona ermi\u015ftir. 1794\u2019e kadar s\u00fcren Zend hanedan\u0131ndan sonra Aga Muhammed Han Ka\u00e7ar hanedan\u0131n\u0131 (1794-1925) kurmu\u015ftur. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Ka\u00e7arlar, Safevi Devleti’nin kurulmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015f bir T\u00fcrkmen boyu olup Af\u015far Hanedan\u0131’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra\u00a0\u0130ran’da ba\u015flayan siyasi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir\u00e7ok devletten birini te\u015fkil etmi\u015flerdir. A\u011fa Muhammed Han, Ka\u00e7arlar’\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra \u00a0\u0130ran’daki di\u011fer devletlerle m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. 1796’da \u0130ran siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flayan A\u011fa Muhammed Han, ba\u015fkenti Tahran olan Ka\u00e7ar Hanedan\u0131’n\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur. [7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Tahran\u2019\u0131 ba\u015f\u015fehir yapan Muhammed \u015eah, d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayarak \u0130ran\u2019da ilk defa g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir idar\u00ee mekanizma olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Muhammed \u015eah\u2019\u0131n 1797\u2019de bir suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan yerine ge\u00e7en ye\u011feni Feth Ali \u015eah ile birlikte \u0130ran da yeni bir d\u00f6neme girmi\u015ftir. Basra K\u00f6rfezine inmeyi hedeflemi\u015f olan Rusya, Kafkaslar\u2019da giderek etkili bir siyaset izlemi\u015f ve modern sil\u00e2hlar ve ordudan yoksun olan \u0130ran daha fazla direnemeyerek 1800\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya kapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyadaki siyas\u00ee geli\u015fmelerden ve \u00f6zellikle Hindistan konusunda \u0130ngiltere ile Fransa aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden habersiz olan Feth Ali \u015eah, Napolyon\u2019la 1807 y\u0131l\u0131nda Finkenstein Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Fransa, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 geri almas\u0131 hususunda \u0130ran\u2019a yard\u0131m edecek, \u0130ran da buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye sava\u015f a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fmadan k\u0131sa bir m\u00fcddet sonra Frans\u0131zlar\u2019la Ruslar Tilsit Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile aralar\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa son vermi\u015f ve\u00a0 Rusya ise 1813 tarihli G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile . Bunun Gence, Karaba\u011f ve Kafkaslar\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Rusya Hazar denizinde donanmas\u0131 olan tek devlet haline gelmi\u015ftir. 1826\u2019da meydana gelen bir s\u0131n\u0131r meselesinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Rusya ile yeniden sava\u015fa giren \u0130ran, 1828 tarihli T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Erivan ve Nahc\u0131van\u2019\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya vermi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece Aras nehri iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r haline gelmi\u015f bu durum ise Rusya ile \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda yeni bir rekabete sebep olmu\u015ftur. 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda Feth Ali \u015eah\u2019\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en torunu Muhammed \u015eah do\u011fuda Afganl\u0131lar\u2019a kapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan topraklar\u0131 geri almaya niyetlenmi\u015f fakat \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin buna kar\u015f\u0131 gelerek Afganl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131 desteklemesi \u00fczerine Muhammed \u015eah Herat\u2019\u0131 muhasara etmekten vazge\u00e7erek Afgan Sava\u015f\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Hindistan\u2019\u0131 muhafaza etme yolunda \u00e7aba sarfeden \u0130ngiltere, Afganistan\u2019\u0131 tampon b\u00f6lge olarak g\u00f6rmekteydi ve buraya asker yerle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. \u0130ran Herat\u2019\u0131 tekrar tekrar ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da sonunda 1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mak zorunda kald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Herat tamam\u0131yla elden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n Muhammed \u015eah zaman\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019da meydana gelen en \u00f6nemli olaylardan biri B\u00e2b\u00eelik ve Bah\u00e2\u00eelik hareketlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Esas itibariyle din\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee huzursuzlu\u011fun bir tezah\u00fcr\u00fc olarak patlak veren bir isyan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Mirza Ali Muhammed, 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendisini kay\u0131p on ikinci imam Mehd\u00ee\u2019nin \u201cb\u00e2b\u201d\u0131 (temsilci) olarak il\u00e2n etti. \u00c7\u0131kan isyan\u0131 sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131ran h\u00fck\u00fcmet 1850\u2019de Mirza Ali\u2019yi Tebriz\u2019de idam etti. B\u00e2b\u00eeler\u2019in, tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l sonra 1852 y\u0131l\u0131nda N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddin \u015eah\u2019a suikast d\u00fczenlemesiyle \u00fczerlerindeki bask\u0131 daha da yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonra bu hareket Bah\u00e2\u00eeler ve Ezel\u00eeler olarak ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bah\u00e2\u00eeler\u2019in lideri \u0130ran\u2019dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi.<\/p>\n N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddin \u015eah, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olarak kalabilmesinin yap\u0131lacak k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu idrak ettiyse de Ruslar \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 1865\u2019te Ta\u015fkent\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irerek 1876\u2019da Hokand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na son veren Ruslar 1868\u2019de Buhara\u2019y\u0131 ald\u0131lar. 1873\u2019te H\u00eeve Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 vasal haline getirip 1883\u2019te de Merv\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdiler. B\u00f6ylece Etrak nehri boyu Rus-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 haline geldi.<\/p>\n Feth Ali \u015eah d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan imtiyazlar N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddin \u015eah devrinde iyice h\u0131z kazand\u0131. \u00dclkede ekonomik refah\u0131 y\u00fckseltece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddin \u015eah, Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 imtiyazlar\u0131 giderek devlet politikas\u0131 olarak benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir \u0130ngiliz vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan Baron Julius de Reuter, 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda belirli bir hissenin \u015faha verilmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yirmi d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imtiyaz elde etti. \u201cReuter imtiyaz\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan bu imtiyaz, alt\u0131n ve k\u0131ymetli ta\u015flar hari\u00e7 \u0130ran\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn yer alt\u0131 madenlerinin i\u015fletilmesi hakk\u0131na il\u00e2veten fabrikalar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fenmesi, kanal ve sulama i\u015fleri, orman \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u015fletmesi, bir bankayla baz\u0131 kamu hizmetleri idarelerinin kurulmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcmr\u00fcklerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc kapsamaktad\u0131r. N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddin \u015eah, Ruslar\u2019\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 ve halk\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 gelmesiyle bu imtiyazlar\u0131 iptal etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u0130ngiltere, \u0130ran\u2019da Imperial Bank of Persia\u2019y\u0131 kurma imtiyaz\u0131n\u0131 elde etti; bu arada Ruslar da ayr\u0131 bir banka kurdular. \u00d6te yandan 1890\u2019da bir \u0130ngiliz firmas\u0131na verilen t\u00f6mbeki imtiyaz\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcn aleyhine verilen bir fetva ile \u00e7\u0131kmaza girdi. \u015e\u00eeraz, \u0130sfahan ve Tebriz\u2019de din \u00e2limlerinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck protestolar meydana gelince 1891 y\u0131l\u0131nda imtiyaz iptal edildi. 1896\u2019da N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddin \u015eah \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u0130ran\u2019a ekonomik olarak n\u00fcfuz etmesi ve Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli fikirlerin girmesi toplumun geleneksel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkilemi\u015ftir. Faaliyetlerini gizli y\u00fcr\u00fcten birtak\u0131m derneklerde yeni meselelerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u00e7tima\u00ee ve hukuk\u00ee reformlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra anayasan\u0131n ve meclisin te\u015fkilini savunan hareketleri do\u011furmu\u015ftur. 7 Ekim 1906\u2019da meclis toplanm\u0131i 30 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta da anayasa Muzaffer\u00fcddin \u015eah taraf\u0131ndan imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1907\u2019de tahta \u00e7\u0131kan Muhammed Ali \u015eah, anayasay\u0131 ihl\u00e2l etmek ve meclisin faaliyetlerini aksatmak i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nceleri anayasay\u0131 hararetle desteklemi\u015f olan ulem\u00e2, Bat\u0131 k\u00f6kenli reform taleplerinin giderek yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7teki bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler de \u0130ran aleyhindeki faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, Almanya\u2019daki geli\u015fmelerden endi\u015felenen \u0130ngilizler ve Ruslar 31 A\u011fustos 1907 tarihinde \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re arada tampon bir b\u00f6lge bulunmak \u00fczere \u00fclkenin kuzeyi Ruslar\u2019\u0131n, g\u00fcneyi ise \u0130ngilizler\u2019in etki alan\u0131nda kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ahmed \u015eah Ka\u00e7ar<\/p><\/div>\n Haziran 1908\u2019de \u015fah s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim il\u00e2n ederek meclisi kapatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasa taraftarlar\u0131, Tebriz\u2019i i\u015fgal etmi\u015f olan Ruslar\u2019a ra\u011fmen \u015fah\u0131n bu hareketine kar\u015f\u0131 direnmi\u015fler ve Temmuz 1909\u2019da Muhammed Ali \u015eah\u2019\u0131 tahttan indirerek; yerine yedi ya\u015f\u0131ndaki o\u011flu Ahmed ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra Muhammed Ali\u2019nin yeniden taht\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc Ruslar\u2019\u0131n do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahalesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nihayet 24 Aral\u0131k 1911 tarihinde meclis tekrar kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130ran, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda tarafs\u0131z kalmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrk, Rus ve \u0130ngilizler\u2019in \u00e7eki\u015fme alan\u0131 olmu\u015f, 1917\u2019de Bol\u015fevik \u0130htil\u00e2li sebebiyle Ruslar\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekilmesi \u00fczerine 1919 tarihli antla\u015fmayla tamamen \u0130ngilizler\u2019in kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile yap\u0131lan 1921 tarihli antla\u015fmayla \u0130ngilizler\u2019in bask\u0131s\u0131ndan anca kurtulabilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l darbe ile y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7iren R\u0131z\u00e2 Han cumhuriyeti il\u00e2n etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f fakat ulem\u00e2n\u0131n muhalefeti sebebiyle bu fikrinden vazge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ahmed \u015eah\u2019\u0131 tahttan indiren R\u0131z\u00e2 \u015eah Pehlev\u00ee Aral\u0131k 1925\u2019te kendini \u015fah il\u00e2n etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece \u0130ran\u2019da Ka\u00e7arlar d\u00f6nemi kapanm\u0131\u015f, Pehlev\u00ee d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n R\u0131za \u015eah Pehlevi<\/p><\/div>\n [1] Metin Erondor, \u0130ran\u2019da T\u00fcrk Kimli\u011fi, Kamer Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2018.<\/p>\n [2] Reha Y\u0131lmaz, \u201cK\u00fcreselle\u015fen \u0130ran\u2019da \u00d6tekile\u015fen T\u00fcrkler\u201d, 2015, https:\/\/www.turkyurdu.com.tr\/yazar-yazi.php?id=1016<\/p>\n [3] Cafer Mustafal\u0131, \u201c<\/strong>Safevi T\u00fcrk Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015eah \u0130smail Hatayi\u201d, https:\/\/kafkassam.com\/safevi-turk-hanedanligi-ve-sah-ismail-hatayi.html<\/p>\n [4] T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u00a0Tahran B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u201c\u0130ran Tarihi\u201d, http:\/\/tahran.be.mfa.gov.tr\/Mission\/ShowInfoNote\/200929<\/p>\n [5] \u0130smail Safa \u00dcst\u00fcn, \u201c\u0130ran”, https:\/\/islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/iran#4-safevilerden-gunumuze-kadar<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130ran yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131ld\u0131r T\u00fcrklerin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir co\u011frafya olup bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk Hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran tarihine bir bak\u0131\u015f imkan\u0131 sunan yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, \u0130ran’\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r y\u00f6neten T\u00fcrk Hanedanlar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":9383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[66,68,69],"tags":[],"coauthors":[23],"class_list":["post-9367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-siyaset-tarih","category-turkluk-turkculuk","category-yakin-cografya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9367"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9367\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9386,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9367\/revisions\/9386"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9367"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9367"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/dandanakan-Sava\u015f\u0131.jpg\")
\u0130ran’da T\u00fcrk Devletleri d\u00f6nemi (963-1925) <\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/alp-er-tunga-253x300.jpg\")
\u0130ran-T\u00fcrk hanedanlar\u0131 (900-1450)<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Safeviler (1501-1736)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/safevi-haritas\u0131.png\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/\u015fah-abbas-202x300.jpg\")
Af\u015far Hanedan\u0131 (1736-1749)\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/af\u015farlar.png\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/nadir-\u015fah.jpg\")
Ka\u00e7ar Hanedan\u0131 (1794-1925)<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/ka\u00e7ar-hanedan\u0131-1.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/muhammed-\u015fah-ka\u00e7ar-210x300.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/r\u0131za-pehlevi-223x300.jpg\")
Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/h2>\n