{"id":9388,"date":"2020-01-31T19:30:31","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T16:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=9388"},"modified":"2020-01-30T22:27:49","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T19:27:49","slug":"turklerde-yasam-duzenleri-devlet-yerlesim-duzeni-ve-surekliligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/turklerde-yasam-duzenleri-devlet-yerlesim-duzeni-ve-surekliligi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrklerde ya\u015fam d\u00fczenleri, devlet yerle\u015fim d\u00fczeni ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"T\u00fcrklerde

T\u00fcrklerde Ya\u015fam D\u00fczeni<\/p><\/div>\n

I. T\u00fcrklerde ya\u015fam f\u00fczenleri ve s\u00fcre\u00e7leri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrklerin g\u00f6k ile yer aras\u0131nda yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131, tarih sahnesinde yer al\u0131\u015flar\u0131, dil birli\u011finin kurulmas\u0131 ve birlikte ya\u015fama s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, toplumla\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n temel veri kaynaklar\u0131 geni\u015f anlamda arkeolojik buluntular ve bulgular, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar[1]<\/a> ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc <manzum, mensur vesaire> anlat\u0131larda yer alan bilgilerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r, denebilir[2]<\/a>. Aralar\u0131nda dil birli\u011fi kurulmu\u015f, birlikte ya\u015fama kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve kurumla\u015fmalar da kaml\u0131k ve t\u00f6recilik s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumun b\u00f6yle geli\u015fip ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2018Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Bitig\u2019 i\u00e7inde yer alan \u2018yaz\u0131t\u2019lardaki \u015fu s\u00f6zlerin de a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m: \u201d\u00dcze k\u00f6k tengger asra yag\u0131z yir k\u0131l\u0131ntukda ikin ara ki\u015fi ogl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Ki\u015fi ogl\u0131nta \u00fcze e\u00e7\u00fcm apam Bumin Kagan \u0130stemi Kagan olurmu\u015f\u201d[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131na girmi\u015f yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ile ba\u011fl\u0131 efsanelerden birinde ise, bir araya gelen bu \u2018ki\u015fi ogullar\u0131\u2019, kendilerini y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere aralar\u0131ndan birini \u2018han\u2019 veya \u2018bey\u2019 yahut kagan se\u00e7mek \u00fczere toplanm\u0131\u015flar ve se\u00e7tikleri o ki\u015fiyi g\u00f6\u011fe do\u011fru kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar. Bu ilk ka\u011fana \u2018t\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019 unvan\u0131 vermi\u015fler[4]<\/a>. Bu unvan, ilk ka\u011fan\u0131n unvan\u0131 olmak nedeniyle ayn\u0131 zamanda onun y\u00f6netiminde bulunanlara da bu unvan o toplumun kimlik ad\u0131 olmu\u015f ve bu toplum, tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek bu kimlik ile an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda bu unvan\u0131n Bilge Ka\u011fan taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u2018bengg\u00fc ta\u015f bitig\u2019 \u00fczerine dokuttu\u011fu yaz\u0131tlarda kendini dinleyenlere ve gelecekteki okuyuculara takdim ederken, kendinden \u2018T\u00f6r\u00fck Bilge Kagan\u2019 diye s\u00f6z etmesinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u2018T\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019 unvan\u0131n\u0131n kadimden, ilk kald\u0131r\u0131lan ka\u011fandan bu yana unvan olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ve \u2018T\u00f6r\u00fck Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da y\u00f6neticileri de\u011fi\u015fse bile s\u00fcreklili\u011fini korudu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da T\u00fcrklerin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ya\u015fam d\u00fczenleri <yerle\u015fiklik, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r\/hareketli ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni, yar\u0131 yerle\u015fiklik-yar\u0131 hareketli ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni ve yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni gibi> \u00fczerinde durulmayacakt\u0131r. Ancak, bu terimleri neye g\u00f6re belirledi\u011fim \u00fczerine birka\u00e7 s\u00f6z etmek, onlara belki daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131r, kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkler, t\u00fcm toplumlar gibi, geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ilkinde bulunduklar\u0131 co\u011frafyan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu do\u011fa, iklim, bitki, hayvan, su ve ormanlar\u0131; beslenme, giyinme, bar\u0131nma, korunma gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lama\u011fa ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirip ilerlemeye ve b\u00f6ylece ya\u015fam\u0131na s\u00fcreklilik kazand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcrecin kadim toplumlar\u0131n tarihinde ne zaman ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin olarak s\u00f6ylenemese de, do\u011fa \u00f6zelliklerinin ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerini etkiledi\u011fi, o toplumlar\u0131n da bu \u00f6zelliklerden yararlanarak toplumsal ve bireysel yetenek ve kapasitelerinin yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile gereksinimlerine bi\u00e7im ve i\u00e7erik kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Toplumlar b\u00f6ylece ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirir, tarih\u00ee y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler. T\u00fcrkler, tarih boyunca bu \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini bug\u00fcne eri\u015ftirerek gelecek y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine bi\u00e7im ve i\u00e7erik katmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Topra\u011fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 toplumlar gibi T\u00fcrkler de kadim zamanlardan bu yana uzun bir s\u00fcre kendilerine s\u00fcrekli ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131 \u2018korugan\u2019lar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[5]<\/a>. Merkez\u00ee Avrasya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa kadim zamanlardan itibaren kendine yurt tutan T\u00fcrkler, yerle\u015fiklik ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde bu co\u011frafyay\u0131, g\u00f6k ile yerin geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fckler \u00fczerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal mimariye bakarak kendi bar\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131 da ona benzeterek, topak ev gibi tasarlay\u0131p \u00f6yle bir mimari yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcp i\u00e7ine yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Arkeolojik bulgular da T\u00fcrklerin Avrasya bozk\u0131r\u0131 \u00fczerinde ve onlar\u0131n yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fka yerlerde bu t\u00fcr mimari ya\u015fam alan\u0131 izleri b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Topak ev t\u00fcr\u00fc dairesel mimari yap\u0131lar, toplant\u0131 yerleri d\u00fczenlemi\u015f olduklar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 Merkez\u00ee Avrasya ve kenarlar\u0131na yaym\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 bu ya\u015fam d\u00fczenine T\u00fcrklerin \u2018korugan ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni\u2019 diyorum.<\/p>\n

Belki \u015fiddetli iklim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, kurakl\u0131klar ve k\u0131tl\u0131klar, belki \u2018yir bulgak\u0131 \u2019(deprem) s\u0131kl\u0131kla oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, belki evcil hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve onlara daha geni\u015f ve sulak otlaklar bulunmas\u0131 nedeni ile yay\u0131lma ve co\u011frafya \u00fczerine \u00e7evreye da\u011f\u0131lma gereksinimi belirmi\u015ftir. At ve benzerlerinin evcille\u015ftirilmesi, eyer, ip ve demir gemlerin ve \u00fczengilerin kullan\u0131ma girmesi Merkez\u00ee Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, zaman zaman bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015farak yeni yerler aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7ine girildi\u011fi de s\u00f6ylenebilir[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gerek arkeolojik kaz\u0131lardan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan buluntular\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinden ve gerekse, farkl\u0131 dillerde kadim zamanlarda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131tlardan <metinlerden> edindi\u011fimiz bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fu de\u011ferlendirmeyi yapaca\u011f\u0131m:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerde, \u2018at\u2019, ilk yerle\u015fiklik ya\u015fam d\u00fczenini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, korunma, bar\u0131nma ve beslenme gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layacak yeni bir d\u00fczene ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Sabit yerle\u015fim birimleri ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 t\u00fcm mimari yap\u0131, ev e\u015fyalar\u0131, kap kapacak, giyim-ku\u015fam, yemek, i\u00e7mek, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k t\u00fcrleri bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, dedi\u011fim gibi, \u2018at\u2019 ile sona ermi\u015ftir, kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. T\u00fcm tasar\u0131mlar, \u00fcretimler, yarat\u0131lar, \u2018at\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeni ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine uyumlu duruma getirilme yoluna girmi\u015ftir. At, bir yandan mesafeleri k\u0131salt\u0131rken bir yandan da daha geni\u015f alanlar \u00fczerine yay\u0131lmay\u0131 ve uzaklar\u0131 yak\u0131n eden bir ula\u015f\u0131m, bir sava\u015f arac\u0131, bir ileti\u015fim i\u015flevi y\u00fcklenmi\u015f bir binek hayvan\u0131, binicisini tehlikelerde uyaran kendisinden vazge\u00e7ilmez bir can yolda\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda etinden, s\u00fct\u00fcnden ve derisinden yararlan\u0131lan bir hayvand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn kanatlar\u0131 at\u2019t\u0131r. O, zaman\u0131n\u0131n u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, tank\u0131 gibi en etkili sava\u015f silah\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fam mimarisinde ve ya\u015fam d\u00fczeninde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeninin ikinci d\u00f6nemi \u2018at\u2019 ile ba\u015flar. \u2019At\u2019, bana g\u00f6re T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fam\u0131nda her \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftiren ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir devrimi anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sabit yerle\u015fim birimleri T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda genel ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frar. Ortaya yeni bir yerle\u015fim ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeni gelir. \u015eehirler, kasabalar ve k\u00f6yler, \u2018ta\u015f\u0131nabilir\u2019 mimari \u00f6geler ile kurulur; bu \u00f6geler gerekti\u011finde s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp bozulur, yeniden kurulur ve her \u015fey bu yeni s\u00fcre\u00e7te ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici teknolojilere dayal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u00fcretilir. Yeni ya\u015fam, kendi mimarisini ve ya\u015fama d\u00fczenini yarat\u0131r. Arabalar, arabal\u0131 ve arabas\u0131z topak evler, ev e\u015fyalar\u0131 \u00fcretimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 <at, kat\u0131r, e\u015fek, deve, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r gibi> artar.<\/p>\n

\u0130nan\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri <Kaml\u0131k, Mazdeizm, Maniheizm, Budizm, Musevilik, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve \u0130slamiyet>,T\u00fcrk toplum ya\u015fam\u0131na yerle\u015fikli\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc, kal\u0131c\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131namaz \u2018yap\u0131\u2019lar kurma ve i\u00e7inde ya\u015fama gereksinimini de beraberinde getirir. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee inan\u00e7 ile birlikte, yerle\u015fiklik e\u011filimleri, inan\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131na yak\u0131n ya\u015fama iste\u011fi kazanmas\u0131 ile yeniden ta\u015f\u0131namaz \u015fehirler, kasabalar ve k\u00f6yler T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131na geri d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

Tarihin de\u011fi\u015fimine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frar. Merkez\u00ee Avrasya co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nem ba\u015flar. Yerle\u015fikli\u011fin kendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u015fehirler, kasabalar ve k\u00f6yler ve bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nabilir \u015fehirler, kasabalar, k\u00f6yler gibi birimlerde ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yan yana s\u00fcrd\u00fcren T\u00fcrkler, zaman zaman birbirleriyle \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feceklerdir. Ancak, y\u00f6netimler bu t\u00fcr uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da geni\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fclerin ekili \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenemez. Yar\u0131 hareketli-yar\u0131 yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni, yerle\u015fiklik artt\u0131k\u00e7a kendini daha g\u00fcvende hissetti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu ikili ya\u015fam d\u00fczenini dengeleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan do\u011fan bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor olsa gerek.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fam d\u00fczeninde ikili yap\u0131n\u0131n toplum \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun \u00f6nlenemeyi\u015fi ile t\u00fcrl\u00fc ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 y\u00f6netimleri usand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerle\u015fikli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f bu y\u00fczden y\u00f6netimlerce te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. Kimi zaman da kimi a\u015firetlerin yerle\u015fikli\u011fe, isk\u00e2na mecbur edildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Bu t\u00fcrden tedbirler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yerle\u015fikli\u011fi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece yeni bir ya\u015fam d\u00fczenine toplum ya\u015fam\u0131 evrilmi\u015ftir, denebilir.<\/p>\n

Yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam d\u00fczenine T\u00fcrkler, \u00d6navrasya co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde her ne kadar XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flat\u0131labilirse de, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde girme\u011fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde s\u00fcre\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayd\u0131nl\u0131 a\u015fireti gibi \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrk toplumu i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zboncu\u011fu de\u011ferinde tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin tarih boyunca ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f d\u00fczenlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcp belirtmek istedi\u011fimiz durumlar bunlard\u0131r. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar geli\u015fi g\u00fczel, kim ne isterse \u00f6yle olsun ba\u011flam\u0131nda kurulu ya\u015fam d\u00fczenleri de\u011fildir. Her d\u00f6nemin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc y\u00f6netim ve yerle\u015fme t\u00f6resi vard\u0131r ve herkes bu t\u00f6reye uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bunlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 yasalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131 uygulay\u0131c\u0131 devletin de \u2018yurt\u2019 co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde bir yerle\u015fim ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fczeni vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk tarihinde bu d\u00fczen bug\u00fcn de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde koruyor, diyebilirim.<\/p>\n

II. T\u00fcrklerde devlet d\u00fczeninin yurt \u00fczerinde konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve s\u00fcreklili\u011fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ural-Altay eklemeli dil ailesi toplumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan T\u00fcrkler, kadim zamanlardan beri do\u011fuda Ordos\u2019tan bat\u0131da Kara Ormanlar\u2019a kadar uzanan Merkez\u00ee Avrasya topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yurt tutup ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kadim zamanlarda bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131p yay\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r. Ancak bundan daha \u00f6nemlisi, Merkez\u00ee Avrasya \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, T\u00fcrklerin, \u00d6navrasya \u00fczerinde de, ikinci bir yurt kurup yeni bir T\u00fcrk devleti ve imparatorlu\u011fu kurmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yurt, Sel\u00e7uklu h\u00e2nedan\u0131, \u0130lhanl\u0131lar, Beylikler, Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131 ve nihayet Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiyesi ile varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni de en y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyine eri\u015ferek yoluna devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkleri \u2018boy\u2019 devletleri olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p onlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirip tek \u2018bodun\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren Hun[=Xiong-nu] beyi Mode[Mode> Mod=Bod=Boy] Han, kuzeyde yay \u00e7eken b\u00fct\u00fcn boylar\u0131 birle\u015ftirdikten sonra unvan\u0131 \u2018Tengri Qut\u0131 Mo-tun\u2019 olmu\u015ftur. \u2018Mo-tun=Bo-tun\u201d anlam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ad\u0131, m- = b- ses denkli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nca \u2019Bo-tun\u2019 bildi\u011fimiz \u2018bodun\u2019 [Boylar birli\u011fi] anlam\u0131nda bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u2018boylar birli\u011fi\u2019 anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u2018Bod\u2019=mot s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc teklik halinde \u2019 boy\u2019 anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r ve +n \u00e7okluk eki ile boylar birli\u011fi anlam\u0131nda, \u2018botun=bodun\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc verir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk devletinin d\u00fczenlenmesi, yurt \u00fczerinde yerle\u015ftirilmesi de herhalde bodun, boy, oba, avul ve ocak d\u00fczenlerinde n\u00fcvesi bulunan yap\u0131n\u0131n bir \u2018devlet d\u00fczeni\u2019 bi\u00e7imine geli\u015ftirilip d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de yay \u00e7eken boylar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilip bir d\u00fczene konmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flar. Devletin, bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve kurumla\u015fma yap\u0131s\u0131 ile yurt \u00fczerinde yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 uzun y\u00fczy\u0131llar korunmu\u015ftur. Bu modelin topak ev i\u00e7inde yer alan ot(ate\u015f)-ocak ve yerle\u015fim ve oturu\u015f <t\u00f6r, sa\u011f-sol, e\u015fik, kapl\u0131k-ka\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, y\u00fckl\u00fck, yiyecek-i\u00e7ecek yeri, ocak ve sacayak > d\u00fczeninden geli\u015ftirilip ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin bu devlet yerle\u015fim ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme modeli, y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sacayak \u00fcst\u00fcne oturur. T\u00fcrklerin bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme modelinde \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sacayak \u015f\u00f6yledir: sa\u011f kanat (bat\u0131), ortu <orda> (merkez) ve sol kanat (do\u011fu) vard\u0131r. Ka\u011fan aday\u0131 tigin\/\u015fad ise, do\u011fuda, yani solda kendi ordusu ile bir \u2018has\u2019 y\u00f6neticisi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00f6nleri, nereye do\u011fru bak\u0131p oturma bi\u00e7imi belirler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fmez olan do\u011fu, orda (ortu) ve bat\u0131 y\u00f6nleridir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmez konuma g\u00f6re, y\u00f6netici kadrolar\u0131 devlet ya\u015fam\u0131nda yerlerini al\u0131r ve i\u015flevlerini y\u00fcklenir, yerine getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Ortu veya orda\u2019da ka\u011fana yard\u0131mc\u0131 olanlar ve ka\u011fan\u0131n devlet ve h\u00fck\u00fbmet i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ki\u015filer ve hizmetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctecek g\u00f6revliler oturur.<\/p>\n

Her \u00fc\u00e7 kanad\u0131n yayla\u011f\u0131, k\u0131\u015fla\u011f\u0131 bellidir. Kimse \u00f6tekinin yayla\u011f\u0131na veya k\u0131\u015fla\u011f\u0131na giremez. \u00c7in tarih\u00e7ileri \u2018Tengri Qut\u0131 Bodun Kagan\u2019 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131n\u0131n yurt topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kendi zaman\u0131nda nas\u0131l d\u00fczenledi\u011fini kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2019Han Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarihi\u2019 i\u00e7inde yer alan \u2018Hsiung-nu(Hun) Monografisi\u2019 adl\u0131 eserde \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ve hangi devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin bu d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n nerelerde bulundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131 deyi\u015fimizi bu kay\u0131tlar iyice peki\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

\u2019Tanyu\u2019 ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131nda toplam 24 boy beyi bulunurdu ve bunlar\u0131n on binlik t\u00fcmenleri vard\u0131. Kaynak, bunlar\u0131n altlar\u0131nda da daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birim beyleri bulundu\u011funu belirtir. Bunlar, devlet divan\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle oturur ve \u015fu toprak d\u00fczeninde ya\u015farlard\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201d<\/strong>Sol taraftaki bey ve komutanlar do\u011fuda otururlard\u0131. Topraklar\u0131 Shang-ku\u2019nun do\u011fusundan Hui-mo ve Ch\u2019ao-hsien\u2019e kadar uzan\u0131rd\u0131. Sa\u011f taraf\u0131n bey ve komutanlar\u0131 bat\u0131da otururlard\u0131. Topraklar\u0131 Shang-ch\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131ndan Ti ve Ch\u2019iang\u2019lara kadar uzan\u0131rd\u0131. Ch\u2019an-y\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn m\u00fclk\u00fc ise Tai-ch\u00fcn ve Y\u00fcn-chung s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar gelirdi. Her birinin kendine ait bir topra\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Su ve otlar\u0131 takip edip yer de\u011fi\u015ftirerek g\u00f6\u00e7 ederlerdi.<\/em>\u201d[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki al\u0131nt\u0131da yer alan s\u00f6zler bize T\u00fcrk devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve yurt topra\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde konu\u015flanma modelini anlat\u0131r. Bunun da, sa\u011f kanat-ortu- ve sol kanattan olu\u015fan bir \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u015ead unvanl\u0131 m\u00fcstakbel ka\u011fan aday\u0131 Tigin i\u00e7in ise, ayr\u0131ca bir \u2018has\u2019 tahsis edilir ve orada gelece\u011fe haz\u0131rlan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6navrasya T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde de bu model yap\u0131 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrmekte oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u015ead\u2019\u0131n e\u011fitimi gibi, m\u00fcstakbel padi\u015fah namzedi \u2018\u015fehzade\u2019lerin e\u011fitimleri de, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131n\u0131n solunda, yani do\u011fu kanad\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan ve \u2018has\u2019 olarak bu i\u015fe tahsis edilmi\u015f olan Manisa, Amasya ve Trabzon gibi vil\u00e2yetlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirdi. Bu e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinde \u015fehz\u00e2delere bir padi\u015fah\u2019\u0131n devleti y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere bilmesi icap eden bilgiler kazand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu e\u011fitim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde onlar\u0131n ayr\u0131ca g\u00fczel sanatlar ile ilgili yetenekleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. E\u011fitimlerine tahsis edilen hocalar, kendilerine devleti ve ordular\u0131 sevk ve idare etmeyi, sava\u015f stratejilerini, sil\u00e2hlar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini ve onlar\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, diplomasi sanat\u0131n\u0131n inceliklerini \u00f6\u011fretirlerdi.<\/p>\n

Bu modelin \u00d6navrasya T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fu[8]<\/a> i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fmi\u015f en m\u00fckemmel \u00f6rne\u011fi hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yeteneklerini tarihe kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f olan Fatih Sultan Mehmed\u2019dir. Devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme modelini ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine ve zaman\u0131n gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131ran ki\u015fidir. Bir bak\u0131ma Tengri Kut\u0131 Bodun Ka\u011fan, M.\u00d6. 200\u2019lerde devlet u\u011fruna neler yapm\u0131\u015f, nas\u0131l bir d\u00fczen ve y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 kurmu\u015f ve zaman\u0131n gereksinimlerine cevap vermi\u015f ise, Fatih de kendi zaman\u0131nda ana yap\u0131y\u0131 koruyarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layacak yeni bir yap\u0131 ve kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin kadim devlet modelinde de \u2018\u015fad\u2019 konumunda bulunan \u2018tigin\u2019lerin bildi\u011fimiz en iyi \u00f6rne\u011fi \u2018Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r. Onun iyi bir devlet adam\u0131, bilgelik vasf\u0131, edeb\u00ee yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi ve \u015fairli\u011fi b\u00f6yle bir e\u011fitim s\u00fcreci ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ile de ilgili olsa gerektir, diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

III. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrklerin devlet d\u00fczeni ve bunun yurt \u00fczerine konu\u015flanma modeli \u00d6navrasya T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fu s\u00fcrecinde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. Do\u011fuda bulunana Anadolu Beylerbeyli\u011fi, bat\u0131da bulunana ise, Rumeli Beylerbeyli\u011fi denirdi. Devletin sa\u011f ve sol kanad\u0131 beylerbeyi tayin edilenler eliyle y\u00f6netilirdi. Padi\u015fah\u0131n oturdu\u011fu ba\u015f\u015fehir <orda, ortu, asitane> \u0130stanbul idi. \u0130stanbul ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmet merkezi idi. H\u00fck\u00fbmet etme ve \u00f6nemli i\u015fler divanda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp karara ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Divan\u2019a padi\u015fah ad\u0131na \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u2018Sadrazam\u2019 riyasette bulunurdu. Bu durum da kadim devlet modeline uygundur. Kadim zamanlar\u0131n modelinde \u2018sadrazam\u2019 i\u00e7in en g\u00fczel \u00f6rnek, \u2018Serdarl\u0131k\u2019 ve \u2018Sadrazaml\u0131k\u2019 g\u00f6revlerini birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fcten Bilge Tonyukuk\u2019tur. O da, sava\u015f ve diplomasi i\u015flerini ka\u011fan ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcten ki\u015fidir. \u2018Kenge\u015f\u2019, \u2018ayuk\u2019 veya \u2018toy\u2019 toplant\u0131lar\u0131nda ka\u011fan\u0131n aygu\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, orduyu sefere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00f6neticisi, serdar ve ba\u015fvezir konumunda bulunan ki\u015fi olurdu.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkler imparatorluk topraklar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yitirdi. Ancak, bug\u00fcn devletin, cumhuriyetin yine Rumeli ve Anadolu topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yerle\u015fik devlet d\u00fczenini, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc modeli yurt \u00fczerine yayarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131makta oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u2018Tengri Qut\u0131 Kagan[11]<\/a>\u2019\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve yurt \u00fczerine konu\u015fland\u0131rma modelinin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bile i\u015flevini ba\u015far\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bu modelin i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131na yeni gereksinimlere g\u00f6re yeni birimlerin kat\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011fald\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet y\u00f6netim modelinin tarih\u00ee s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme ve var olma azmi, T\u00fcrkleri gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131yacak yetenek ve kapasiteleri b\u00fcnyesinde korudu\u011fu anlam\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r, kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m[12]<\/a>. Cumhuriyetin yerle\u015fim ve idari yap\u0131 modeli, ayakta durmak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015f en \u00f6zg\u00fcn modeldir ve bug\u00fcn ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralara kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerine <daha tahribe u\u011frat\u0131lmaz ise> direnebilecek yeg\u00e2ne yap\u0131d\u0131r. Elimizde iki eyaletten Rumeli eyaletinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7a, Trakya ve Anadolu eyaletinden sadece Anadolu topraklar\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarih, deneyimler, T\u00fcrkleri, ortu\u2019yu \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Ankara\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131mak mecburiyetinde b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dursun YILDIRIM Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi E. \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi, email:dursun2@gmail.com<\/p>\n

[1] Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Bitig yarat\u0131lar\u0131nda yer alan T\u00fcrk dilinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131tlar bir yana konacak olur ise, T\u00fcrk tarihinin en kadim d\u00f6nemleri ile ba\u011fl\u0131 bilgilere ancak \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131ndan eri\u015fmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Kaynak\u00e7ada konuyla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz yay\u0131nlara s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da da olsa yer vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Bu konularda kapsaml\u0131 bilgi d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Zeki Velidi Togan\u2019\u0131n \u2018Tarihte Usul\u2019 adl\u0131 eserine bak\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiye olunur.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> K\u00f6l Tigin Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Bitigi, D1\u2019de yer alan bu c\u00fcmlede ko\u015futluk nedeniyle \u2018tengri\u2019 diye okunan \u00e7ift addan olu\u015fan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ben burada, \u2018tengger\u2019 <g\u00f6k \u00e7ad\u0131r> bi\u00e7iminde okuyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u2019\u00fcze k\u00f6k tengger\u2019in ko\u015futu \u2018asra yag\u0131z yir\u2019 s\u00f6yleyi\u015fi b\u00f6yle okunmas\u0131n\u0131 icap ettirir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyim. Bu nedenle \u2018 k\u00f6k tengger\u2019 ko\u015futu \u2018yag\u0131z yir\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde okunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, adlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f kaydedildi\u011fi inanc\u0131 ile genel okuyu\u015flarda \u2018Bumin\u2019 ve \u2018\u0130stemi\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde kaydedilen adlar\u0131n ilkini \u2018Tuman\u2019 veya \u2018T\u00fcmen\u2019 \u015feklinde; ikincisini de \u2018 U\u00e7 Temir\u2019 veya \u00dc\u00e7 Temir\u2019 diye okuman\u0131n daha do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f kaydedilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bu adlar\u0131n b\u00f6ylece d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Her ikisinin de birer asker\u00ee unvan g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, bu unvanlar\u0131n as\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde olmas\u0131 icap eder. \u2018\u0130stemi\u2019 bat\u0131da, yani u\u00e7ta bulunur. Devletin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u2018T\u00fcmen\u2019 veya \u2018Tuman\u2019 unvan\u0131 ile an\u0131lmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6nceki unvan kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Kutluk Ka\u011fan\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u0130lteri\u015f Kutluk Ka\u011fan\u201d olmas\u0131 \u00f6ncesi gibi. Ben, \u201dU\u00e7 Temir\u201d ve \u201cT\u00fcmen\u201di tercih ediyorum.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> T\u00fcrklerin me\u015fruiyet ve do\u011fu\u015f efsanelerinden birinde \u2018t\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019 unvan\u0131 ile ilgili bilgi \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan Liu Mau-Tsai\u2019nin \u201c \u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkleri\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde yer al\u0131r: \u201dT\u2019u-k\u00fce\u2019lerin atalar\u0131, Hiung-nu\u2019lar\u0131n kuzeyinde bulunan So Devleti\u2019nden gelmektedir. Kabilenin \u015fefi, onyedi erkek karde\u015fi olan A-pang-pu\u2019ydu; bir di\u015fi kurt taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyaya gelen erkek karde\u015flerden birinin ad\u0131 \u0130-\u00e7i-ni-\u015fi-tu\u2019dur. Karde\u015flerin hepsi, <a-pang-pu ve karde\u015fleri> uzuvlar\u0131 eksik d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015flerdi. Bu y\u00fczden sonunda <onlar\u0131n> devletleri <ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan> sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayarak y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, yok edildi. Fakat, bir peri, \u0130-\u00e7i-ni-\u015fi-tu\u2019ya dokunarak onu \u00f6yle bir yetenekle donatt\u0131 ki, ya\u011fmurlar ya\u011fd\u0131rabiliyor, r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131 estirebiliyordu. \u0130ki kad\u0131nla evlendi. Rivayete g\u00f6re kad\u0131nlardan biri, yaz tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011feri ise, k\u0131\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130\u00e7lerinden biri d\u00f6rt o\u011flan \u00e7ocuk d\u00fcnyaya getirdi. O\u011flanlardan biri beyaz bir ku\u011fuya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc <u\u00e7tu, gitti>. Di\u011feri A-fu ile Kien Nehri aras\u0131nda kalan topraklarda bir devlet kurdu. Devlete K\u2019i-ku denildi. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu \u00c7\u2019u-\u00c7e nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekteydi; d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcyse Tsien-Sse-\u00e7\u2019u-\u00e7e-\u015fi Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yamac\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu o\u011flan d\u00f6rt \u00e7ocuktan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bu da\u011f\u0131n tepesinde A- pang-pu kabilesinin ba\u015fka kollar\u0131 da ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Oralarda hava \u00e7ok so\u011fuk oldu\u011fundan, o\u011flanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kabile insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmalar\u0131 ve hayatta kalabilmeleri i\u00e7in ate\u015f yak\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flan\u0131 reis tayin ederek, ona T\u2019u-k\u00fce ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler.\u201d (bk. 15-16). Liu Mai-Tsai, bu efsanede \u2018T\u2019u-k\u00fce\u2019nin bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar unvan\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirttikten sonra da, a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda T\u2019u-k\u00fce s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k unvan\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131na ayn\u0131 yerde ve dipnotunda i\u015faret eder. Ben bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc H.N. Orkun gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. \u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019 s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn yaratmak anlam\u0131ndaki t\u00f6r\u00fc- fiilinden t\u00fcretildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131yorum. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck ve unvan filolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u015f\u00f6yle bir geli\u015fme izlemi\u015ftir: t\u00f6r\u00fc+k>t\u00f6r\u00fck ve buradan da gerileyici benze\u015fme olay\u0131 ile t\u00f6r\u00fck>t\u00fcr\u00fck ve ikinci \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile \u2018t\u00fcrk\u2019 olmu\u015ftur. Bengg\u00fc Ta\u015f Bitig yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda Bilge Ka\u011fan\u2019\u0131n bir unvan olarak \u2018t\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019 unvan\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. \u0130sl\u00e2mile\u015fmi\u015f t\u00fcreyi\u015f efsanelerinde T\u00fcrkler, Yafes o\u011flanlar\u0131ndan \u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019ten t\u00fcremi\u015f g\u00f6sterilir. K\u0131saca, ka\u011fanl\u0131k unvan\u0131 olan \u2018t\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019 ilk kald\u0131r\u0131lan ka\u011fan\u0131n unvan\u0131 olan bu ad, bod ve bodun i\u00e7in bir ka\u011fana mensubiyet nedeniyle topluma kimlik ad\u0131 gibi \u0131tlak edilmi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece \u201c t\u00f6r\u00fck bodun\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 ilk ka\u011fan\u0131 g\u00f6\u011fe kald\u0131r\u0131p bu unvan ile yaratanlar, kendilerini de topluluk olarak bu ad ile yeniden yaratm\u0131\u015flar, \u2018t\u00f6r\u00fck bodun\u2019 kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flar; \u201ct\u00f6r\u00fck bodun\u201d kavram\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, birle\u015ftirilip yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fczene konmu\u015f toplumu, boylar birli\u011fini anl\u0131yorum. \u015eunu da unutmamak gerekir. \u2018Bodun\u2019 en az be\u015f boyun birle\u015fip bir ka\u011fan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> T\u00fcrklerin Avrasya \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018korugan\/kurgan\u2019 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir benzerlik g\u00f6sterir. \u2018Kurgan culture\u2019 diye bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bu mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131n adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yerle\u015fiklik kazanmas\u0131 bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n mahcup bir onaylamas\u0131 sonucudur, kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Bununla birlikte, \u00fcst\u00fc bilimsellik ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc \u2018Aryanist\u2019 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 hemen her \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada k\u0131zarm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczler i\u00e7inde kendini g\u00f6stermekten geri durmaz.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Orta Avrupa, Balkanlar, Anadolu ve M\u0131s\u0131r, \u0130ran ve Hindistan ve \u00c7in T\u00fcrklerin kadim ve yeni zamanlarda bu geni\u015f co\u011frafya \u00fczerinde izler b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni zamanlarda bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir ise yanl\u0131\u015f ifade edilmemi\u015f olur. Eski d\u00fcnya tarihi, toplumlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihleri T\u00fcrkler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131rsa eksik olur. Ancak, burada T\u00fcrkler yerine sadece boylar\u0131n veya iktidarlar\u0131n adlar\u0131 belirtilmek suretiyle aradaki ba\u011flar buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkler eski d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde anla\u015f\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011fa terk edilir. Say\u0131lar\u0131 az da olsa, bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bilimin d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde davrananlar da vard\u0131r ve her biri ger\u00e7ek bilim adam\u0131 h\u00fcviyetini korur ve g\u00fcvenilirlikleri ile gelece\u011fe y\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Onlara, eserlerine hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz d\u00fcnya tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi ve T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi m\u00fcte\u015fekkirdir.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Ay\u015fe Onat, Sema Orsoy ve Konuralp Ercilasun taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlan\u0131p TTK taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan \u201cHan Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarihi Hsiung-nu(Hun) Monografisi\u201d adl\u0131 eserden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bk. sahife: 8.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u00d6navrasya deyimi ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00d6navrasya T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fu kavram\u0131 bana aittir. Zira, T\u00fcrk devlet ve imparatorlu\u011fu temelleri 1041\u2019de Tu\u011frul ve \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Beyler taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu devlet, \u00e7e\u015fitli iktidarlar ve hanedanlar eliyle Cumhuriyet \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Sel\u00e7uklu, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu, Beylikler, \u0130lhanl\u0131lar ve Timurlular, Beylikler ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri ve nihayet Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiyesi \u00d6navrasya T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fclen de\u011fi\u015fimleri, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve birle\u015fme tarihlerinin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7leri yans\u0131t\u0131r. Par\u00e7alanmalar, kendi aralar\u0131nda sava\u015fanlar\u0131n iktidar kavgas\u0131 sonucu olmakla beraber, T\u00fcrklerin yurt tuttu\u011fu co\u011frafya T\u00fcrk diliyle konu\u015fmayanlar\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde asla kalmaz. Bu nedenle, Rumeli ve Anadolu Beylerbeylikleri \u00f6ncesi \u00d6nasya T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, bu h\u00fcviyetini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclse de \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yerle\u015fim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korumaya muvaffak olur.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Fatih Sultan Mehmed, e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinde hem T\u00fcrk ve hem de Roma e\u011fiticilerince yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f, e\u011fitilmi\u015ftir. Kadim zamanlarda da T\u00fcrk ve \u00c7inli e\u011fitimcilerin m\u00fcstakbel ka\u011fan adaylar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte e\u011fittikleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Zeki Velidi Togan, H\u00fcseyin N.Orkun, Nihal Ats\u0131z, M. Fuad K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Re\u015fid R.Arat, Ziyaeddin F. F\u0131nd\u0131ko\u011flu, Abd\u00fclkadir \u0130nan, \u00d6mer L. Barkan, P. Naili Boratav, \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc El\u00e7in, M. Kaplan, Faruk S\u00fcmer, Bahaeddin \u00d6gel, \u015einasi Tekin, Muharrem Ergin, Zeynep Korkmaz, Semih Tezcan, \u0130senbike Togan, Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, \u0130lber Ortayl\u0131, Ahmet Ta\u015fa\u011f\u0131l, Ahmet Bican Ercilasun, Konuralp Ercilasun, Tuncer Baykara, Ferruh A\u011fca, Erhan Ayd\u0131n, Hatice \u015eirin ve Talat Tekin yazd\u0131klar\u0131 eserler ile T\u00fcrk tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6nemli mesafeler kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu isimlere elbette eklenebilecek \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilim adam\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ben burada ilk akl\u0131ma gelenleri zikretmekle yetindim. Her biri bir d\u00f6neme \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk bilim adamlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze do\u011fru T\u00fcrk tarihinin \u00e7e\u015fitli kesitlerine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutarlar.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Her ne kadar \u2018Tanyu, Tanhu, \u015eanyu\u2019 vesair s\u00f6yleni\u015fleri var ise de, ben T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f olan \u2018Kagan\u2019 unvan\u0131n\u0131 bu yaz\u0131da tercih etmi\u015f oldu\u011fumu belirtmeliyim.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Bu yaz\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kaynak\u00e7a tertip etmeyece\u011fim. Ancak, bir\u00e7ok yerli ve yabanc\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n eserlerinin okundu\u011fu ve bunlar\u0131n tahlillerinden terkip edilmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrklerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarihi ile ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fahs\u00ee \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131m\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum bu yaz\u0131 ele\u015ftiriye a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve bundan memnuniyet duyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 ifade etmek isterim.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarih \u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flardan bug\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fama d\u00fczenleri bu yaz\u0131da: Yerle\u015fik, hareketli ve tekrar yerle\u015fik d\u00fczen. Milletin ya\u015fama ve yerle\u015fme bi\u00e7iminin, devlet d\u00fczeninin de esas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ve bunun bir s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini \u00f6\u011freniyoruz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":9389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,66,68],"tags":[],"coauthors":[192],"class_list":["post-9388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-siyaset-tarih","category-turkluk-turkculuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9388","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9388"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9403,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9388\/revisions\/9403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9389"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9388"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}