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Rusya Sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Artmas\u0131<\/p>\n
19. yy\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na do\u011fru Rusya, kudretinin doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131. Art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, Avrupa ve d\u00fcnya i\u015flerine aktif olarak m\u00fcdahale etmekteydi. Rus \u0130mparatoru I. Aleksandr, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iki-\u00fc\u00e7 kudretli h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131yla birlikte, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar durumun ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015f olan Viyana Kongresi\u2019nin (1814-15) kararlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde aktif rol ald\u0131. Tam da onun \u00f6nerisiyle Kutsal \u0130ttifak kuruldu.<\/p>\n
Bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Rus ekonomisi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi olarak kabul edilmekteydi. 1830\u2019da Rusya\u2019da Gayri Safi Yurti\u00e7i H\u00e2s\u0131la 10,5 milyar ABD dolar\u0131yd\u0131 (1960 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n piyasa fiyatlar\u0131yla). Buna g\u00f6re, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Fransa\u2019da bu rakam 8,5 milyar dolara, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 8,2, Almanya\u2019da 7,2, Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda 7,2, \u0130talya\u2019da 5,5\u2019e tekab\u00fcl etmekteydi. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na Gayri Safi Yurti\u00e7i H\u00e2s\u0131la hacmine g\u00f6re Rusya b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda son s\u0131rada yer almaktayd\u0131; Rusya\u2019da bu rakam 170 dolar iken, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 346, \u0130talya\u2019da 265, Fransa\u2019da 264, Habsburg \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda 250, Almanya\u2019da 245 dolard\u0131.1<\/sup> Rus ordusu donan\u0131m ve askeri teknoloji avantaj\u0131na sahip olmasa da say\u0131 olarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerinin ordular\u0131ndan farkl\u0131yd\u0131: 800 bin ki\u015filik Rus ordusu, Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 bile deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekteydi. 1816\u2019da \u0130ngiltere ordusunda 255 bin, Habsburglar\u2019\u0131n emrinde 220 bin, Fransa ordusunda 132 bin, Prusya\/Almanya ordusunda 130 bin asker ve subay bulunuyordu.2<\/sup><\/p>\n 19. yy\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, h\u00e2kim millet Ruslarda, mill\u00ee konsolidasyon s\u00fcreci art\u0131k belli bir seviyeye ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu as\u0131r, Ruslar\u0131n da millet olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi.<\/p>\n Trediakovskiy, Kantemir ve Lomonosov\u2019la ba\u015flayan Rus edebiyat\u0131, 19. yy\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir geli\u015fim d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fad\u0131. Edebiyat\u0131n bundan \u00f6nceki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 konu alan\u0131 (esasen Petro\u2019nun ve onun reformlar\u0131na \u00f6vg\u00fc, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 methetme vs.) \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fledi ve yeni edebi simalar, mill\u00ee konularla edebiyat\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirdi.3<\/sup> 1812 Rus-Frans\u0131z sava\u015f\u0131, Rus toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n her alan\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi gibi, edebiyat ve sosyal bilimler alan\u0131na da tesir etti. Aleksandr Pu\u015fkin, Mikhail Lermontov gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fairler, Rus mill\u00ee de\u011ferlerini y\u00fccelterek eserleriyle Rus mill\u00ee bilincinin geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ivme kazand\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n 16. yy\u2019\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131 aleyhine devaml\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, Rusya\u2019da devlet kurumunun daimi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci karakteri, burada milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir iz b\u0131rakt\u0131. Yeni topraklar\u0131n i\u015fgali ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi merkezile\u015fme s\u00fcrecini nispeten yava\u015flatt\u0131. Ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren milliyet\u00e7ilik, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir bi\u00e7im kazanarak \u015fovenizm karakterine b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n Rusya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131 aleyhine geni\u015fledik\u00e7e, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Roma Doktrini de pop\u00fcler hale geldi. S\u00f6z konusu doktrine g\u00f6re, I. ve II. Roma\u2019n\u0131n (Bizans\u2019\u0131n) d\u00fcnya tarihinde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fc, bundan sonra Moskova \u00fcstlenecekti. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n lideri olacak olan Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun g\u00f6revi d\u00fcnyaya egemen olmakt\u0131. Bu doktrinin inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, din adamlar\u0131 ve tarih\u00e7iler eski kaynaklar\u0131 bile \u00e7arp\u0131tmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan yerli T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan zul\u00fcm siyasetini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, Tatar-Mo\u011fol boyunduru\u011fu (Tataromonqol\u2019skoe iqo) diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan tarih\u00ee bir kavram yarat\u0131ld\u0131.4<\/sup> Vasili Tati\u015fev, Nikolay Karamzin, Sergey Solovyov gibi tarih\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, Rusya tarihinin Mo\u011follar ve T\u00fcrklerle ilgili d\u00f6nemleri ve olaylar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Kalka Nehri Muharebesi\u2019ndeki (1223) ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n Rus prenslerini \u201csatmas\u0131\u201d ile izah edildi. Oysa tarih\u00ee ger\u00e7ek tam tersiydi: birbiriyle anla\u015famayan Rus prensleri, Mo\u011follar\u0131n \u00fczerine giderken korkup sava\u015f alan\u0131n\u0131 terk etmi\u015flerdi. Onlar\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki olan K\u0131p\u00e7aklar, Mo\u011follar\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na ezmi\u015fti. Rus tarih\u00e7ilerin iddialar\u0131n\u0131n aksine, Mo\u011follar Rusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00f6netimine m\u00fcdahale etmedi, dini i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131, ancak y\u0131lda bir kez Moskova prensinin do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla y\u0131ll\u0131k vergileri toplad\u0131. Rus prensleri, Alt\u0131n Ordu ile yak\u0131n temas kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, yak\u0131n akrabal\u0131k da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere bu ili\u015fkilerden gurur duymu\u015ftu. B\u00fcy\u00fck Han\u2019\u0131n onlara duydu\u011fu sempatisini rakip prensleri zay\u0131flatmak ya da yok etmek i\u00e7in kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Tarihin \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na dayanan bu kavram\u0131n, \u201cTatar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yerli T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 nefret duygusu a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131n ezilmesini ve asimilasyonunu hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 bekleniyordu.5<\/sup><\/p>\n En insanc\u0131l ve evrensel de\u011ferlerin m\u00fcjdecisi olan Rus \u015fair ve yazarlar (Pu\u015fkin, Lermontov, Dostoyevski, Belinski vb.) bile Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya mahk\u00fbm edilen halklara hakaret etmekte teredd\u00fct etmiyor ve olumsuz etnik steryotipler onlar\u0131n eserlerinde yer al\u0131yordu.6<\/sup> S\u00f6z konusu \u015fair ve yazarlar, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etnik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k siyasetini hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor, zoraki asimilasyon \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 destekliyordu. Rus \u015fovenist propagandas\u0131n\u0131n ve siyasetinin hedefinde daha \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar vard\u0131 (sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde bu konuya geri d\u00f6n\u00fclecektir).<\/p>\n Rusya, Volga boyu topraklar\u0131n\u0131, u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z Sibirya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal ettikten sonra okyanusu ge\u00e7erek Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 (Alaska) da kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f, Kuzey Denizi \u00fczerinden Avrupa\u2019ya pencere a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, Fin k\u00f6rfezi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda kendine yeni bir ba\u015fkent in\u015fa etmi\u015fti. Bununla da yetinmeyerek Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f, Karadeniz \u00e7evresinde g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f, nihayet Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan Rusya, 19. yy\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na do\u011fru art\u0131k s\u0131cak denizlere inmeyi planl\u0131yor, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Hindistan\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 ya da ona ortak olmay\u0131 arzuluyordu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin i\u015fgal y\u00f6ntemlerinden ilkesel olarak farkl\u0131 olmasa da Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler ele ge\u00e7irme hedefi nispeten farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da, ayn\u0131 zamanda Asya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge siyaseti \u00f6ncelikle ekonomik gelirler elde etmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Hudson K\u00f6rfezi \u015eirketi, Do\u011fu Hindistan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngiliz Komisyonu (East India \u015eirketi) gibi dev ticaret \u015firketleri girdikleri \u00fclkeleri s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. East India \u015eirketi 1858 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Hindistan\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netti, ancak bundan sonra iktidar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetine devretti. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge siyaseti ise daha \u00e7ok ve bir kural olarak devletin jeopolitik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusundayd\u0131.7<\/sup><\/p>\n Ocak 1801\u2019de, Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 Pavel, Don Ataman\u0131 Orlov\u2019a t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle Hindistan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini emretti. Bir aydan fazla s\u00fcren bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131ndan sonra Kazaklar, 22.507 asker ve 24 topla hareket etti. Kazaklar Volga nehrini ge\u00e7ti\u011finde \u00c7ar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm haberi geldi ve harek\u00e2t durduruldu.8<\/sup> Bu hareketten \u00f6nce<\/p>\n Rusya, Hindistan yolu \u00fczerindeki Kafkaslar ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da art\u0131k iyice yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 buralara kadar geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in militarize ve modernle\u015fmekte olan, otoriter Rus h\u00e2kimiyeti defalarca giri\u015fimlerde bulunmu\u015f, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve bazen de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z sava\u015flarla bu mevkilere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 1716-17 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kazaklar ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni kabul etmi\u015f olan Kabardeyler, Hive Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Kabardeyler\u2019e Prens Bekovi\u00e7-\u00c7erkasski \u00f6nderlik ediyordu. Kazaklar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 800 ki\u015fiydi. Bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f onlar i\u00e7in tam bir felaketle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Kabardeyler\u2019in \u00f6nderinin derisi diri diri y\u00fcz\u00fclerek i\u00e7ine saman doldurulmu\u015f ve Hive\u2019nin ana giri\u015finde as\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.9<\/sup><\/p>\n Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z harek\u00e2ttan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, I. Petro\u2019nun da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1722\u2019deki Hazar harek\u0103t d\u00fczenlendi. Rus birlikleri Terek\u2019ten Derbent\u2019e yol al\u0131r almaz Kartli h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Vakhtang (resm\u00ee stat\u00fcs\u00fc \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131\u2019n\u0131n valisi) ona kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Gence\u2019ye hareket etti. \u00d6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Rus ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc birliklerinin \u015eirvan\u2019da birle\u015fmesi gerekiyordu. Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Ermeni meliklerinin gruplar\u0131 da burada onlara kat\u0131lacakt\u0131. Vakhtang Petro\u2019yu, Gence\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 ay bekledi. Sonunda, Petersburg\u2019dan, Rus \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n harek\u00e2t\u0131 gelecek bahara kadar erteledi\u011fi haberi geldi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Petro\u2019yla anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda, Kartli ve Kaheti, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun etki alan\u0131nda kalan topraklar olarak kabul edildi. Vali Vakhtang ailesi ve \u00e7evresiyle Rusya\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kald\u0131 ve Moskova\u2019da G\u00fcrc\u00fc kolonisi (toplulu\u011fu) kuruldu. Vakhtang\u2019\u0131n bu macerac\u0131 tutumu kendisi ve ailesi i\u00e7in felaketle, \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plarla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n yerel h\u00e2kimlerinin, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Rusya\u2019ya e\u011filim siyaseti10<\/sup> bundan sonra da devam etti. Rusya da G\u00fcney Kafkasya siyasetinde H\u0131ristiyan dinda\u015flar\u0131 olan G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermeni unsurlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n Kartli\u2019ye tayin etti\u011fi Teimuraz, 1760\u2019da Petersburg\u2019a giderek, \u00c7ari\u00e7e Yelizaveta\u2019ya \u00f6nerilerini sundu. Onun plan\u0131na g\u00f6re, Rusya, Kartli ve Kaheti h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na para ve askeri birlik sa\u011flamal\u0131, onlar da \u00f6ncelikle kuzeyden gelen Lezgi sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeli, sonra da bu askeri birliklerle beraber \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek, burada Rusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fine gelecek ki\u015fiyi iktidara getirmeliydi. Teimuraz\u2019\u0131n bu \u00f6nerisi Petersburg\u2019da ciddiye al\u0131nmad\u0131 ve Teimuraz iki y\u0131l sonra Rusya\u2019da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.11<\/sup><\/p>\n 1768-74 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Rus birlikleri G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a girdi. Ancak General Totleben, yerel G\u00fcrc\u00fc valilerini g\u00f6rmezden gelerek onlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 umursamad\u0131. Onun yerine gelen di\u011fer Rus generaller de ayn\u0131 siyaseti y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. 1772\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 terk eden Rus birlikleri, G\u00fcrc\u00fc h\u00e2kimlerini tekrar Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve \u0130ran\u2019la kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirdi. 1772 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, Kartli ve Kaheti h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u0130rakli, Rus \u00c7ari\u00e7esi II. Katerina\u2019ya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunarak, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n himayesi alt\u0131na almas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Haziran 1783\u2019de, KartliKaheti ve Rusya aras\u0131nda Geogiyevski\u2019de (Kuzey Kafkasya) antla\u015fma imzaland\u0131. Antla\u015fma uyar\u0131nca, Kartli-Kaheti h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, \u0130ran ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin \u00fclkesi \u00fczerindeki otoritesini reddediyor, Rus \u0130mparatoru\u2019nun himayesi alt\u0131na girdi\u011fini ilan ediyordu. Kartli-Kaheti h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir d\u0131\u015f politika y\u00fcr\u00fctemezlerdi. Atacaklar\u0131 t\u00fcm ad\u0131mlar\u0131n Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmet temsilcileri taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Ayr\u0131ca gerekti\u011finde Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131. Rus taraf\u0131 da Kartli-Kaheti\u2019nin i\u00e7i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale etmeyecek, \u0130rakli ve ondan sonra gelecek olanlar\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131yacak ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak kabul edecekti. KartliKaheti\u2019nin savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019n\u0131n burada iki piyade taburu bulundurmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, Rus birlikleri Tiflis\u2019e girdi, Ocak 1784\u2019te de II. \u0130rakli, Rus \u0130mparatoru\u2019na sadakat yemini etti. Ruslar II. \u0130rakli\u2019yi, kendi otoritesini Azerbaycan y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yaymak i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6rmekteydi. Rus temsilcinin talimat\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130rakli, Azerbaycan hanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda entrika \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, baz\u0131 hanlara Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 ad\u0131na hediyeler g\u00f6nderiyor, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n himayesine girmeleri i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 te\u015fvik ediyordu. \u0130rakli, zaman zaman tehdit edici mektuplar g\u00f6ndermekten de \u00e7ekinmiyordu. \u0130\u00e7 y\u00f6netim haklar\u0131n\u0131 elinde bulunduran \u0130rakli, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Ruslar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla geni\u015fletmeyi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Gah-\u0130lisu, \u015eeki-\u015eirvan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Gence ve \u0130revan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da kendi topraklar\u0131na katmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.12<\/sup> Bu iste\u011fi do\u011frultusunda, \u0130rakli, (Osmanl\u0131 belgelerinde \u201cTiflis Han\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131) birka\u00e7 kez \u0130revan ve Gence\u2019ye h\u00fccum ederek, buralar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak i\u015fgal edebilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, olaylar\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Georgiyevsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na ciddi yakla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Rusya her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, Kartli-Kaheti\u2019yi d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahalelerden korumak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 acele etmedi. Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 eskisi gibi devam etti. 1785\u2019de Khunzakh h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u00d6mer Han Kaheti\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irerek, \u0130rakli\u2019yi y\u0131ll\u0131k hara\u00e7 vermek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131. 1795\u2019de, \u0130ran h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131mayan \u201chain valiyi\u201d cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah Kacar, Kartli-Kaheti\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irdi. Tiflis\u2019i tarumar etti. Ancak o zaman Ruslar harekete ge\u00e7ti. 1796 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n bahar\u0131nda, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 koruma ve A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah\u2019tan intikam alma bahanesiyle, Derbent, Guba, Bak\u00fc, Salyan, \u015eamah\u0131 i\u015fgal edildi; ancak Petersburg\u2019da iktidar de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve Pavel\u2019in tahta ge\u00e7mesinden sonra Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin planlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti. Pavel, Rus birliklerini G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan \u00e7ekti. 1798\u2019de \u0130rakli\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra o\u011flu Georgi\u2019nin iktidar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mayan Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, do\u011frudan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netmeye karar verdi. \u0130rakli\u2019nin y\u0131llarca hayal etti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Rus ordusu g\u00f6nderildi. Ancak bu orduyla birlikte, Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 do\u011frudan y\u00f6netecek olan Kovalenski de Tiflis\u2019e girdi. Aral\u0131k 1800\u2019de, Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Kartli-Kaheti yerel \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin karar\u0131 kabul etti. G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131 Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi haline geldi. Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, i\u015fgalci faaliyetlerini geni\u015fletmek amac\u0131yla uygun bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcba\u015f\u0131 elde etmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n Bu olaylar, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 hanl\u0131klara par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, art\u0131k zay\u0131f merkezli \u0130ran h\u00e2kimiyetinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kom\u015fu Azerbaycan\u2019da da izlenmekteydi. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n siyasi eliti, \u00fclkesine y\u00f6nelik tehdit kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ne t\u00fcr bir yol izleyecekti? Bu konuya ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, bu b\u00f6lgedeki siyasi geli\u015fmelerin di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc \u2013 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin tutumuna da k\u0131saca de\u011finmekte yarar var.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131da da kaydedildi\u011fi gibi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndan sonra, Anadolu ve Azerbaycan’daki devletler aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, hatta bazen ayn\u0131 T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 bir taraftan di\u011fer tarafa g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130stanbul’un fethinden sonra, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131 ve do\u011fuya do\u011fru geni\u015fletmek iste\u011fi, Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan endi\u015fe ile izlenmi\u015ftir. Uzun Hasan\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 planlar\u0131nda bat\u0131ya do\u011fru ilerlemek, \u0130stanbul’u Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndan almak istedi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Orta \u00e7a\u011flarda hanedanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu kanl\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n meydana gelmesi ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra iki hanedan aras\u0131nda akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 s\u0131radan bir olayd\u0131r. 16. yy\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda durum de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck iddialarla tarih sahnesinde yer alan Safevi Devleti, geni\u015fleyen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 direnme arac\u0131 olarak mezhep fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; b\u00f6ylece Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da aktif bir \u015fekilde \u015eii propagandas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f, hatta yerel halk\u0131 isyana te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ikili ili\u015fkilerde \u00e7ok gergin bir durum meydana gelmi\u015ftir.13<\/sup> Sultan II. Bayezid, Anadolu i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131, geni\u015fleme siyasetinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011fuya \u00e7evirmesi ve de S\u00fcnni halka yumu\u015fak davranmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015eah \u0130smail’e tavsiyelerde bulunmu\u015ftur; ancak bu tavsiyelerin etkisiz kalmas\u0131 ve daha sonra \u00c7ald\u0131ran sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n meydana gelmesi ile iki devlet aras\u0131nda iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcreyle sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, defalarca (1534, 1548, 1549, 1551, 1555, 1578, 1585, 1605, 1610, 1617, 1639, 1722, 1724, 1732 y\u0131llar\u0131nda) Azerbaycan’\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerini istila etmi\u015ftir.14<\/sup> Sovyet tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin iddia etti\u011fi gibi, Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ayn\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenden gelen Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 yaln\u0131z ya\u011fmalamakla me\u015fgul olmad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Azerbaycan\u2019da hayata ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015fleri dikkat \u00e7eker. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u015eamah\u0131`da ve di\u011fer yerle\u015fim yerlerinde in\u015fa edilen camiler veya 1586 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6zdemiro\u011flu Osman Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Bak\u00fc’de yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kale duvarlar\u0131 gibi in\u015faat i\u015fleri Osmanl\u0131 faaliyetlerinin canl\u0131 \u015fahitleridir.<\/p>\n 18. yy\u2019\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ncesine oranla hayli zay\u0131flayan Azerbaycan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile rekabet edecek durumda de\u011fildi. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n da d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu \u0130ran, \u015eah Abbas ile (\u00f6lm. 1629) daha fazla Fars devleti karakteri ta\u015f\u0131maya ba\u015flad\u0131. Azerbaycan siyasi merkez olma niteli\u011fini h\u0131zla kaybediyordu. Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019daki baz\u0131 hanl\u0131klar Fars idari-k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezli \u0130ran’dan kopma e\u011filimindeydiler. Mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda ilerleme, \u00f6rne\u011fin kudretli \u015fairler Vagif ve Vidadi sanat\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bunun bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bir ba\u015fka sebep de Kuzey Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n S\u00fcnni olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu nedenlerden dolay\u0131 Kuzey’deki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n merkezka\u00e7 e\u011filimleri yaln\u0131z hanlar\u0131n feodal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemelidir.<\/p>\n Kuzey Azerbaycan, g\u00fcneyine k\u0131yasla Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ekiciydi. Fakat Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Nadir \u015eah\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u0130ran’da meydana gelen siyasi krizden faydalanma konusunda acele etmedi. Afganistan’da yeni devlet kuran Ahmet \u015eah D\u00fcrrani, \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektubunda K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flardan kurtulmak i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat do\u011fdu\u011funu bildirerek, Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131na, \u015eii devletini yok etmek i\u00e7in ortak hareket etmeyi \u00f6neriyordu. Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 III. Mustafa, cevap mektubunda \u201conurlu bir T\u00fcrkmen lideri olan Nadir \u015eah\u201d ile imzalanan antla\u015fmalar\u0131n halen ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f, \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile devletialiyyemizin hazinesi ve askeri \u00e7ok ve kuvvetli oldu\u011fundan bizler i\u00e7in \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 zapt etmek gayet kolay ise de b\u00f6yle zay\u0131f durumda olan bir milletin \u00fczerine asker g\u00f6ndermek, onlar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 harap etmek devleti-aliyyemizin \u015fan\u0131na yak\u0131\u015fmaz\u201d ifadeleri ile onun teklifini reddetmi\u015ftir.15<\/sup><\/p>\n Bab\u0131-Ali, \u0130ran i\u015flerine di\u011fer m\u00fcdahile \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na da cevap vermedi. Nadir \u015eah’\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Tebriz Valisi R\u0131za Han, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ba\u015fvurarak, Azerbaycan’da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sultanl\u0131k kurmak i\u00e7in buraya bir \u015fehzade g\u00f6nderilmesini istemi\u015f, ancak \u0130stanbul bu ba\u015fvuruya olumlu cevap vermemi\u015ftir.16<\/sup><\/p>\n Nadir \u015eah’\u0131n resm\u00ee el\u00e7isi olarak \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi \u015eaml\u0131 Mustafa Han, \u015eah’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yolda iken, Ba\u011fdat Valisi ile ona yard\u0131m sa\u011flanmas\u0131 halinde \u0130sfahan, Kazvin, Hemedan ve Kirman\u015fah\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne katmak teklifinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak onun teklifi de Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan reddedilmi\u015fdi.17<\/sup> Hindistan’daki Haydarabad Devleti\u2019nin sultan\u0131 Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk’\u00fcn \u0130ran’\u0131 istila etmek ve \u201c\u015eiili\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, S\u00fcnnili\u011fin h\u00e2kim duruma getirilmesi, b\u00f6ylece halk\u0131n rahatlat\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d teklifi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 tutumu sergilemi\u015ftir. \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki valilere, \u0130ran topraklar\u0131n\u0131n taciz edilmemesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde talimat verildi.18<\/sup><\/p>\n Bab\u0131-Ali’nin \u0130ran ile ilgili zay\u0131f tepkisi, \u00fclkenin genel durumu ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde yorgun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, idari, askeri, adli ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sadrazam Koca Rag\u0131p Pa\u015fa Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni \u201ct\u0131rnaklar\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f aslana\u201d benzetmi\u015f, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca devleti yeni sava\u015flara girmekten al\u0131 koymu\u015ftu.19<\/sup><\/p>\n Kuzey Azerbaycan hanlar\u0131ndan birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devletine m\u00fcracaat\u0131 da \u00e7ekingen do\u011fu siyasetinin talep etti\u011fi \u015fartlarda cevapland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eeki Han\u0131 Hac\u0131 \u00c7elebi 1747 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Gence Han\u0131 \u015eahverdi 1751 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u015eirvan Han\u0131 Muhammed ise 1760 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne tabi olmak istediklerini resmen bildirmi\u015flerdir.20<\/sup> Sonraki y\u0131llarda da bu istek tekrarlanm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n himayesini isteyen hanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1787 y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda \u0130revan Han\u0131 Muhammed, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fars\u00e7a mektubunda Tiflis Han\u0131 \u0130rakli\u2019nin \u0130revan kalesini istila edip, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fczerine h\u00fccum etmek niyetinde oldu\u011funu kaydederek Osmanl\u0131’dan yard\u0131m talep etmi\u015f ve \u0130revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 himayesinde oldu\u011funu birka\u00e7 kez \u00f6zel notlarla bildirmi\u015ftir. Mektubun Fars\u00e7adan Osmanl\u0131caya terc\u00fcmesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, bu hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131n\u0131n bir memleketi gibi korundu\u011fu belirtiliyor: \u201c… \u00c7uhur-\u0131 Sa’d-\u0131 \u0130revan’\u0131 memalik-i fesuhat\u00fc’l-mesalik-i sultani kurb \u00fc civar\u0131nda vaki\u2019 etmekle…\u201d21<\/sup> A\u011fa Muhammed Han’\u0131n Karaba\u011f\u2019a h\u00fccumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Karaba\u011f Han\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 sadrazam\u0131na yard\u0131m iste\u011fi i\u00e7eren mektubunda kendisi hakk\u0131nda \u015fu ifadeleri kaydeder: \u201cH\u00fclasat\u00fc’l-kelam Devlet-i Aliye-i Aliye’nin hizmet-g\u00fczar \u00a0bendeleriy\u00fcz.\u201d22<\/sup> Bab\u0131-ali \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Beylerbeyine, Kars Beylerbeyine ve Van Ba\u015fkomutan\u0131na Kafkaslar ve Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilgilenme emri vermi\u015f, burada olup bitenlerden an\u0131nda haberdar olma\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hanlara arada bir de\u011ferli hediyeler de g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, buradan gelen el\u00e7ilerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.23<\/sup><\/p>\n Ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti manevi destekten, yard\u0131m vaatlerinden, hanlar\u0131 birli\u011fe davet etmenin \u00f6tesine gidememi\u015ftir, onlar\u0131 tehdit eden tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, ne A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah Kacar\u2019\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan, ne de Rusya’n\u0131n artan bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumam\u0131\u015f, bu y\u00f6nde ciddi bir \u00e7aba sarf etmemi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda Karaba\u011f\u2019l\u0131 \u0130brahim Han’\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Sadrazam\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektup sadece bir \u00f6rnektir. O mektubunda \u015fu ifadeleri kaydetmi\u015ftir; \u201cYirmi y\u0131l, belki de daha uzun zamand\u0131r, Rum diyar\u0131n\u0131n ahali siyah\u0131s\u0131na [listesine] d\u00fc\u015fmekle \u015fereflendirilmi\u015fim.\u201d O, A\u011fa Muhammed Han’\u0131n Karaba\u011f\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u201cbizleri koruyup, bize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olup ve inayetinizi esirgemeyin\u201d talebi ile Osmanl\u0131’dan yard\u0131m ister. Sadrazam\u0131n cevab\u0131 ise nettir: \u201c\u0130ran’la Devleti-aliye aras\u0131nda sulh oldu\u011fundan, A\u011fa Muhammed Han’\u0131n sulhu bozar bir hareketi g\u00f6r\u00fclmedik\u00e7e Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran havalisine askeri m\u00fcdahale edilmeyecek.\u201d24<\/sup><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde pasifli\u011fin bir di\u011fer nedeni, 1798-1805 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ittifak i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Napolyon\u2019un Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 istilas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 istila etmesi Bab\u0131-aliyi m\u00fcttefik aramaya, \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya’n\u0131n da d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu ittifakta olmaya mecbur etmi\u015ftir.25<\/sup><\/p>\n Bu arada Rusya, Kuzey Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birbiri ard\u0131na i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131, Kacarlar\u2019\u0131n ve yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n zay\u0131f ve gecikmi\u015f tepkileri sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n Kacar Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temelini atm\u0131\u015f olan A\u011fa Muhammed Han Kacar\u2019\u0131n kendi h\u00e2kimiyetini, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n eski s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rma siyaseti, Kuzey\u2019e mukayeseyle G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcney\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda tutan Sad\u0131k Han \u015eikak\u2019i, onun saltanat\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm \u0130ran\u2019a yayma iste\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki ba\u015fl\u0131ca engellerden biriydi. 1790 y\u0131l\u0131nda, A\u011fa Muhammed Han Azerbaycan\u2019a ordu g\u00f6nderdi. Sad\u0131k Han\u2019\u0131n kalesi olan Serab al\u0131nd\u0131 ve yok edildi. Sad\u0131k Han, kom\u015fu Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda saklanmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bir sonraki hedef Urmiye Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 idi. Bu Hanl\u0131k da ele ge\u00e7irildi. Karaba\u011f ve Hoy hanlar\u0131 teslim olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Bir zamanlar\u0131n kudretli h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olan Ali Han Af\u015far\u2019\u0131n etkisiz hale getirilmesi, daha sonra g\u00f6zlerinin k\u00f6r edilmesiyle, G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131 A\u011fa Muhammed Han\u2019\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 dize getirmek hi\u00e7 de kolay olmad\u0131. Yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, A\u011fa Muhammed Han\u2019\u0131n 1795\u2019de Karaba\u011f\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi olan \u015eu\u015fa, ku\u015fatmaya 33 g\u00fcn dayanabildi. Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u015eirvan ve Tal\u0131\u015f hanlar\u0131 da Kacar\u2019\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul etmek istemedi. Onlardan farkl\u0131 olarak, di\u011fer bir grup \u2013 Gence, \u015eeki, Guba \u2013 Kacarlar\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeyi planl\u0131yordu. Bak\u00fc han\u0131 tarafs\u0131z kalarak teredd\u00fct ediyordu.<\/p>\n A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah Kacar\u2019\u0131n Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 terk etmesinin ard\u0131ndan burada ve t\u00fcm G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da siyasi durum h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fti. Rus \u00c7ari\u00e7esi, Kartli-Kaheti ve Tiflis\u2019in al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra burada kaybetti\u011fi itibar\u0131n\u0131 geri kazanmak i\u00e7in G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a ordu g\u00f6nderdi. Tiflis\u2019te konu\u015flanan Rus g\u00fc\u00e7leri, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Gence \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Genceli Cevad Han bu kez hara\u00e7 vermekle kenti i\u015fgalden kurtarabildi. Ancak Rus birlikleri Derbent, Guba ve Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, \u015eamah\u0131 ve Salyan\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00f6neldi. Ekim 1796\u2019da, Gence yeniden hedef se\u00e7ildi ve i\u015fgal edildi. Rus birliklerinin Kuzey Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 birbiri ard\u0131nca kolayl\u0131kla, neredeyse direni\u015f olmadan i\u015fgal etti\u011fi, konumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fi bir zamanda durum, tekrar radikal bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti. II. Katerina \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, yerine ge\u00e7en Pavel, Rus birliklerinin G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesini emretmi\u015fti.26<\/sup> Ruslar\u0131n, hanl\u0131klar\u0131n topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah\u2019a harekete ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n Kacar, ikinci sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 Tal\u0131\u015f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00fczenledi. Lenkeran ve \u00e7evresi ele ge\u00e7irildi. A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah\u2019\u0131n kendisi \u015eu\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istiyor, Karaba\u011f han\u0131ndan ve halk\u0131ndan intikam almak istiyordu. Han \u015eu\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 terk etmi\u015f, Car\u2019a geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. \u015eu\u015fa\u2019da bulundu\u011fu bir hafta i\u00e7inde Kacar, karakterine uygun bir \u015fekilde \u00f6l\u00fcm fermanlar\u0131 veriyor, di\u011fer hanlara tehdit mektuplar\u0131 g\u00f6nderiyordu. Bu arada siyasi durum yeniden k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti. En inan\u0131lmaz ac\u0131mas\u0131z cinayetleriyle isim yapm\u0131\u015f, bununla iktidar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan A\u011fa Muhammed \u015eah Kacar\u2019\u0131n kendisi bir suikasta kurban gitti. Ba\u015f\u0131 kesilerek cesedi tahkir edildi.<\/p>\n Olu\u015fan bu yeni durum \u2013 Rus ve \u0130ran birliklerinin Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 terk etmesi \u2013 buradaki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korumas\u0131 i\u00e7in nispeten elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar yaratt\u0131. Ancak, Azerbaycan hanlar\u0131 bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi de\u011ferlendiremedi. 1797-1803 y\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki zaman dilimi, genellikle hanl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde ve hanlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, birbirleriyle hesapla\u015fmaya, i\u00e7 sava\u015flara harcand\u0131. Tarih alan\u0131 yaz\u0131n\u0131nda geni\u015f yank\u0131 bulan bu dramatik olaylar, \u00f6zellikle Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki, \u015eirvan, Bak\u00fc, Guba, Derbent, Tebriz-Hoy hanl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok manidard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu arada, Pavel\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan iktidara gelen Aleksandr (1801-25) G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da etkin bir siyaset y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1801\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali son \u015feklini ald\u0131, Bagrationlar\u2019\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve G\u00fcrcistan, do\u011frudan Petersburg\u2019dan y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Rusya, asla G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la yetinmek niyetinde de\u011fildi, G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeyi planl\u0131yordu. Bu i\u015fgal plan\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak i\u00e7in G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131 General Pavel Sisyanov (Paata Sisishvili) Kafkasya\u2019daki Rus birliklerinin Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgal modeli temel al\u0131narak, Azerbaycan ve Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019\u0131n yerel y\u00f6neticileri de Georgiyevski\u2019ye g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere davet edildi. Bu m\u00fczakereler Aral\u0131k 1802\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bak\u00fc han\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Guba ve Tal\u0131\u015f hanlar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda Tarku \u015famhal\u0131, Karkaytak usmisi ve Tabasaran h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere kat\u0131larak Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi Georgiyevski Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu belgeye g\u00f6re, yerel y\u00f6neticiler birbiriyle sava\u015fmayacak, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yollarla \u00e7\u00f6zecek ve en \u00f6nemlisi \u2013 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n olas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte hareket edeceklerdi.27<\/sup> Bak\u00fc Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n stratejik \u00f6nemi (Daryal ge\u00e7idinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131) dikkate al\u0131narak, bu antla\u015fmaya kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterildi ve 1803 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 i\u00e7erikli antla\u015fma Bak\u00fc han\u0131yla da imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu kadar kolay ilerleyen Rusya, kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal plan\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Balaken-Car b\u00f6lgesi ilk hedef ve en zay\u0131f halka olarak belirlenmi\u015fti. General Sisyanov, Rus h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131mayan G\u00fcrc\u00fc prensi Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n kendilerine teslim edilmesini istedi. Car halk\u0131, misafirin teslim edilmesinin yerel geleneklere ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildirerek bu iste\u011fi yerine getirmeyi reddetti. Mart 1803\u2019de, Rus-G\u00fcrc\u00fc birlikleri Car topraklar\u0131na girdi, Balaken yerle bir edildi, daha sonra Zakatala i\u015fgal edildi. Yerel halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Car-Balaken\u2019den sonraki hedef, stratejik \u2013co\u011frafi konumu nedeniyle Gence Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 idi. Sisyanov, Genceli Cevad Han\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kibir ve tehdit dolu mektuplar\u0131yla, han\u0131n direncini k\u0131rarak Rus h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul etmek i\u00e7in zorlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cevad Han, ultimatom nitelikli mektuplara verdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc yan\u0131tlar\u0131yla, Gence\u2019yi savunma kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda da \u0130ran\u2019dan askeri yard\u0131m\u0131n gelmesini beklemekteydi. Gence\u2019nin i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan direni\u015f, 1804 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerine kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcle bildi. Cevad Han, o\u011fluyla birlikle sava\u015fta \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Gence\u2019de sivil halka kar\u015f\u0131 katliamlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.28<\/sup><\/p>\n Gence i\u015fgal edilip, Yelizavetpol ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131ktan hemen sonra General Sisyanov, Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki ve \u015eirvan hanlar\u0131ndan, Rus himayesine ge\u00e7melerini istedi. Ancak dikkatini yerli Ermenilerin iste\u011fi \u00fczerine \u0130revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na y\u00f6neltti. Uygun bir bahane de olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. \u0130revan Han\u0131 Muhammed Han Kacar, Ermeni kilisesinin ba\u015f\u0131na adaylardan David\u2019in Katolikos se\u00e7ilmesini istiyor, Ruslar da Danil isimli bir ba\u015fka aday\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesini destekliyordu. \u0130revan \u00fczerine sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gerekli haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan Sisyanov, bu durumu kullanarak Muhammed Han\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektubunda, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in \u00f6n \u015fart olarak Danil\u2019in patrik ilan edilmesini, di\u011fer aday\u0131n da Tiflis\u2019e g\u00f6nderilmesini istedi. Bu iste\u011fin yerine getirilmesi durumunda, \u0130revan han\u0131n\u0131n, Rus birliklerinin kaleye konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesi, hara\u00e7 vermesi, Rus \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019na sadakat yemini etmesi gerekiyordu.29<\/sup> Bu \u015fartlar\u0131n kabul edilmesi, Muhammed Han Kacar\u2019\u0131n sava\u015fs\u0131z teslim olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Han, teslim olmay\u0131 reddetti ve sava\u015f i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. \u0130revan\u2019l\u0131 Muhammed Han Kacar ile Feth Ali Han Kacar aras\u0131ndaki ihtilafa ra\u011fmen, \u0130ran, Ruslar\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerlemesine daha fazla seyirci kalamad\u0131. \u0130revan\u2019\u0131n ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, Kacar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Rus birliklerinin G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Feth Ali Han, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130mereti (Ba\u015fa\u00e7\u0131k) \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019na, \u015eem\u015fedil Sultan\u0131\u2019na ve Azerbaycan hanlar\u0131na fermanlar g\u00f6ndererek, onlar\u0131 Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Rusya, G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 kendi topraklar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n buradan \u00e7\u0131kma iste\u011fini reddetti. Haziran 1804\u2019de iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kesildi ve sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n Ku\u015fatma alt\u0131ndaki \u0130revan\u2019\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in, Kacar birlikleri \u0130revan\u2019a g\u00f6nderildi. Bu kez \u0130ran ordusu, Rus birliklerini ablukaya ald\u0131. Sisyanov, de\u011fil \u0130revan\u2019\u0131 almak, kendi askerlerini bile koruyamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131 ve kay\u0131plar vererek Tiflis\u2019e geri \u00e7ekildi. Ancak, ona verilmi\u015f g\u00f6revden \u2013 G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n tamamen i\u015fgal edilmesi plan\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7medi. Sisyanov, Karaba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki elveri\u015fli durumdan yararlanmak i\u00e7in aceleci davrand\u0131. \u015eah saray\u0131 ile ili\u015fkileri bozulan ve \u0130ran birliklerinin olas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan, CarBalaken ve Gence\u2019nin yenilgisinden g\u00f6z\u00fc korkmu\u015f, ancak Kartli-Kaheti \u00e7ar ailesinin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerden ders alamam\u0131\u015f Karaba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130brahim Han, yerel makamlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn aksine, Rus s\u00fcng\u00fcleriyle Karaba\u011f\u2019da kendi h\u00e2kimiyetini k\u0131smen de olsa korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la, May\u0131s 1804\u2019de Gence\u2019nin do\u011fusunda, K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay sahilinde General Sisyanov\u2019la, tarihe K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (asl\u0131nda \u201cYeminli taahh\u00fct\u201d) ad\u0131yla ge\u00e7en belgeyi ve a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131 kabul etti. Bu belgeye g\u00f6re, Karaba\u011f Han\u0131 \u201cailesi, s\u00fclalesi ve \u00fclkesi ile\u201d Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun egemenli\u011fine giriyor; \u201c\u0130ran veya herhangi bir devletin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc egemenli\u011fini veya her ne ad alt\u0131nda olursa olsun, her t\u00fcr ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonsuza dek reddediyor\u201d; b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flunu Tiflis\u2019e rehine olarak veriyor; G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015f Y\u00f6neticisi (Sisyanov) ile \u201c\u00f6nceden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 onay olmadan kom\u015fu y\u00f6neticilerle irtibat kurmayaca\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6z veriyordu\u201d. Ayr\u0131ca, \u015eu\u015fa kalesine 500 ki\u015filik Rus ordusunun yerle\u015fece\u011fine; Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hazinesine y\u0131ll\u0131k 8000 \u00e7ervon \u00f6denmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u201c\u0130brahim Han zat-\u0131 \u00e2lilerine ve aile efrad\u0131ndan olan varis ve veliahtlar\u0131n\u0131n Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyetinin kal\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131\u201d; \u201ci\u00e7 y\u00f6netim ile ilgili h\u00e2kimiyet i\u015fleri, mahkeme ve divanhane i\u015fleri, bununla birlikte \u00fclkeden toplanan gelir, zat-\u0131 \u00e2lilerin (han\u0131n) yetkisinde kalaca\u011f\u0131\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc verilmekteydi.30<\/sup> Bu belgenin imzalanmas\u0131ndan memnun olan Sisyanov, \u00c7ar Aleksandr\u2019a \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cRus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun yeniden geni\u015flemesinden dolay\u0131 sizi kutluyorum. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bir eyaleti haline gelmi\u015f olan bu b\u00f6lge, ne bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, ne de askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.\u201d31<\/sup> \u0130ran birliklerinin ba\u015fkomutan\u0131, K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay rezaleti arifesinde \u0130brahim Han\u2019a \u015funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u2026 b\u00f6yle bir davran\u0131\u015ftan dolay\u0131 t\u00fcm nesilleriniz utanacak ve b\u00f6lgenizin tamam\u0131 parampar\u00e7a edilecektir.\u201d32<\/sup><\/p>\n Hemen hemen ayn\u0131 zamanlarda ayn\u0131 i\u00e7erikteki bir belge \u015eeki han\u0131yla da imzaland\u0131. \u015eeki Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 temsil eden Selim Han, Karaba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130brahim Han\u2019\u0131n damad\u0131yd\u0131 ve karde\u015fi Muhammed Hasan Han\u2019\u0131 me\u015fru y\u00f6netimden ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 etmek i\u00e7in k\u00e2h \u015eirvan han\u0131na, k\u00e2h da Sisyanov\u2019a \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunarak onlardan askeri yard\u0131m alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Karaba\u011f ve \u015eeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019yla birle\u015ftirilmesi ve Rus birliklerinin Aras nehrine yakla\u015fmas\u0131, Tahran\u2019da endi\u015fe yaratt\u0131. Ba\u015fkumandan Veliaht Abbas Mirza, Karaba\u011f\u2019a do\u011fru hareket etme emrini verdi. Hudaferin k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki sava\u015fta, Binba\u015f\u0131 Lisanevi\u00e7 komutas\u0131ndaki Rus askeri birli\u011fi ve Karaba\u011f s\u00fcvari birlikleri yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f birli\u011finin ilerlemesi, Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n moralini y\u00fckseltti. Baz\u0131 yerlerde Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 toplu itaatsizlik ve ayaklanmalar ya\u015fand\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki Rus y\u00f6netiminin temsilcilerinin yeni M\u00fcsl\u00fcman m\u00fcttefiklerine y\u00f6nelik \u015f\u00fcpheleri artt\u0131 ve Ermeni az\u0131nl\u0131k her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yola ba\u015fvurarak bu \u015f\u00fcpheleri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1805 askeri operasyonunda baz\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edilmesine ra\u011fmen, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f ordusu Ruslar\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karamad\u0131. Aksine, General Sisyanov, daha da ileri gitmek, yerli y\u00f6neticileri dize getirmek i\u00e7in bir gerek\u00e7e daha elde etmi\u015f oldu. 1805 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, Rus generalin tehditlerine dayanamayan \u015eirvan Han\u0131 Mustafa, Rus egemenli\u011fini kabul etti. B\u00f6ylece b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri ve stratejik \u00f6nemi olan Bak\u00fc\u2019ye giden yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Karadan ve denizden ku\u015fat\u0131lan Bak\u00fc d\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczereyken, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir olay ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti: Rus birliklerinin Kafkasya\u2019daki ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 General Sisyanov, Bak\u00fc Han\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n bir akrabas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Bak\u00fc kalesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu olay, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019daki n\u00fcfuzuna y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe oldu ve i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle i\u015fgale maruz kalanlar aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumu derinle\u015ftirdi. Ancak Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal planlar\u0131 iptal edilmedi.<\/p>\n Karaba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130brahim Han\u2019\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 artan \u015f\u00fcphe nedeniyle ve Sisyanov\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan suikasta bir cevap olarak, \u015eubat 1806\u2019da \u0130brahim Han ve ailesi katledildi.33<\/sup> Bu, yerli y\u00f6neticilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n, Rus silah\u0131yla iktidar ve servetini k\u0131smen de olsa koruma umutlar\u0131na son verdi ve onlar\u0131n Rusya\u2019dan tamamen kopmas\u0131na neden oldu.34<\/sup> 1801 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra, kendisini Rusya\u2019n\u0131n vassal\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren ve t\u00fcmgeneral r\u00fctbesi ta\u015f\u0131yan Mir Mustafa Han bile Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Zaten Rus h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul etmekte zorlanan CarBalaken, Bor\u00e7al\u0131 halk\u0131, Pembekliler ve \u015eem\u015fedillerin isyanlar\u0131 daha a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde kendini g\u00f6sterdi.35<\/sup> Rus tarih\u00e7ilerden birine g\u00f6re, \u015eekili Selim Han, Rus generaline yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubunda \u015funlar\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir: \u201c\u0130brahim Han ve benim \u015ferefsizlik ederek kendi dinimizden olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdara s\u0131rt \u00e7evirerek Rusya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girdi\u011fimiz malumunuzdur. Bunu, ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z oldu\u011funda bize yard\u0131m edebilmeniz ve rahat ya\u015fayabilmemiz i\u00e7in yapt\u0131k. Birincisi, b\u00f6yle bir yard\u0131m yap\u0131lmad\u0131, ikincisi, \u0130brahim Han\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmek yerine, onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcn\u00fcz\u2026 k\u0131z karde\u015fimi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcn\u00fcz. Bundan sonra size nas\u0131l g\u00fcvenebilir ve askerinizi nas\u0131l koruyabilirim. Bu olaydan dolay\u0131 sars\u0131lan insanlar\u0131m, Rus birliklerini mahvetmek istiyordu, ancak buna izin vermedim.\u201d36<\/sup> \u0130brahim Han\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Mehdi Kulu Han, \u015eirvan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mustafa Han, \u015eeki\u2019ye yeni han olarak tayin edilen Hoylu Caferkulu Han, \u0130lisu Sultan\u0131 gibi birka\u00e7 yerel y\u00f6neticiler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, siyasi elit tamamen Ruslarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmay\u0131 (daha do\u011frusu onlara k\u00f6le olmay\u0131) reddetti. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde dalga dalga isyanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00dcst\u00fcn Rus askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcstesinden gelemeyen halk \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Rus i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fin takdire \u015fayan kahramanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, \u0130revanl\u0131 Muhammed Han ve Gubal\u0131 \u015eeyhali Han \u00f6zellikle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.37<\/sup><\/p>\n Veliaht Abbas Mirza\u2019n\u0131n komutas\u0131ndaki K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f birli\u011fi de say\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a artm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00fczenli Rus ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 direnemedi. 1813 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Rus ordusu, \u0130revan ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f, Tahran saray\u0131n\u0131 peri\u015fan etmi\u015fti. Sava\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcketti\u011fi Kacar h\u00e2kimiyeti daha fazla direnemedi, hatta daha fazla toprak kayb\u0131ndan endi\u015felenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Eyl\u00fcl 1813\u2019te, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n G\u00fclistan k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ba\u015flayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, 12 Ekim\u2019de antla\u015fmayla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u0130ran taraf\u0131n\u0131 Mirza Abul Hasan \u015eirazi ve Rus taraf\u0131n\u0131 Ba\u015fkomutan Nikolay Rti\u015f\u015fev temsil ediyordu.38<\/sup> S\u00f6z konusu antla\u015fma stat\u00fcko olarak (status quo ad prezenten ilkesi) kontrol alt\u0131ndaki topraklar\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ge\u00e7i\u015fini onaylar ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisini belirler (ikinci madde); \u201cKaraba\u011f ve bug\u00fcn Yelizavetpol ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda eyalete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen Gence hanl\u0131klar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015eeki, \u015eirvan, Derbent, Guba, Bak\u00fc ve Tal\u0131\u015f (bu hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Rus imparatorlu\u011fu alt\u0131nda olan topraklar\u0131) hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Da\u011f\u0131stan, Megrelya ve Abhazya\u2019n\u0131n\u2026 Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun m\u00fclkiyeti oldu\u011funu kabul eder\u201d (\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc madde); Rus \u0130mparatoru \u201c\u0130ran \u015eah\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran devletinin varisi olarak belirlenecek veliahta, ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda yard\u0131m etmeyi vaat eder\u201d (d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc madde); Hazar Denizi\u2019nin iki \u00fclke gemileri i\u00e7in serbest olmas\u0131n\u0131, ancak burada sadece Rus askeri gemilerine ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131n\u0131 beyan eder (be\u015finci madde); esirlerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc (alt\u0131nc\u0131 madde) vs. belirler. 39<\/sup><\/p>\n Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal eden Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, zaman kaybetmeden bu topraklarda siyasi kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Rus i\u015fgaline direnen Gence, Guba ve Bak\u00fc hanl\u0131klar\u0131 daha \u00f6nce ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu hanl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi askerlere ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. S\u0131rada, K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi belgelerle eski i\u00e7 y\u00f6netim gelene\u011fini koruyan, ancak ger\u00e7ekte Rus askerlerinin kontrol\u00fcnde bulunan bir dizi hanl\u0131k ve sultanl\u0131k vard\u0131. Prens Aleksey Yermolov\u2019un 1816\u2019da Kafkasya\u2019daki Rus birliklerinin ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 g\u00f6revine atanmas\u0131yla, siyasi stat\u00fcs\u00fc belirsiz kalan idari birimler konusunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131. Bu komutan Sisyanov hayran\u0131yd\u0131 ve bu b\u00f6lgede sert siyasetten yana oldu\u011funu da gizlemiyordu.40<\/sup><\/p>\n \u015eekili \u0130smail Han\u2019\u0131n zehirlenerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na el konulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1819\u2019da \u015eeki Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmen la\u011fvedildi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Kazah ve \u015eem\u015fedil Sultanl\u0131klar\u0131, bir sonraki y\u0131l \u015eirvan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 la\u011fvedildi. Y\u0131llarca Ruslara hizmet etmi\u015f olan Karaba\u011fl\u0131 Mehdi Kulu Han, General Madatov\u2019un (Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131r) entrikalar\u0131na dayanamayarak \u0130ran\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131. Hanl\u0131k iddias\u0131nda bulunan ve Ruslar\u0131n bir oyuncak gibi kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Caferkulu Han da Rusya\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi. Karaba\u011f hanlar\u0131n\u0131n malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na el konuldu, hanl\u0131k resmen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. En son olarak Tal\u0131\u015f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 la\u011fvedildi (1826).<\/p>\n Ruslar\u0131n yeni talanc\u0131, ac\u0131mas\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sistemi, Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019da yerli halk\u0131n, ayn\u0131 zamanda var\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funu ve h\u00e2kimiyetini kaybetmi\u015f olan eski y\u00f6netici kesimin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funa yol a\u00e7t\u0131. G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131ktan sonra, Kuzey\u2019in neredeyse t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerinde art arda isyanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1813\u2019te Derbent halk\u0131 keyfi y\u00f6netimi protesto etti. \u0130syanc\u0131lar\u0131n lideri ve onlarca insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra isyan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bir sonraki y\u0131l \u015eeki halk\u0131 keyfi y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131. Kazah, \u015eem\u015fedil ve Bor\u00e7al\u0131\u2019da toplu itaatsizlik kal\u0131c\u0131 hale gelmi\u015fti. Derbent-Guba b\u00f6lgesinde, \u015eeyhali Han\u2019\u0131n Rus h\u00e2kimiyetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi kesintisiz 20 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc (1822\u2019deki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar). \u00c7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerdeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, yerli halk\u0131n yeni Rus h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul etmedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermekteydi. Az \u00e7ok bilinen yerel y\u00f6neticilerin neredeyse hi\u00e7biri art\u0131k Ruslarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapm\u0131yor, \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130ran\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak, \u015fahtan servetini ve h\u00e2kimiyetini geri kazanmak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m istiyordu. Bununla birlikte, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde Rus y\u00f6neticilerin yerli T\u00fcrklerden paral\u0131 s\u00fcvari gruplar\u0131 toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir. Burada Ermeniler, Rus h\u00e2kimiyetinin g\u00fcvendi\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca unsurdu. Onlar, \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.41<\/sup><\/p>\n Kacar h\u00e2kimiyeti, yerel g\u00fc\u00e7leri destekliyor ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce onlara manevi destek vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Kuzey\u2019den \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 eden hanlar ve di\u011fer asilzadeler de \u015eah saray\u0131n\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmekteydi. Veliaht Abbas Mirza, ilk sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan askeri ve y\u00f6netim sisteminde baz\u0131 reformlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f, yeni sava\u015fla kaybedilmi\u015f topraklar\u0131 ve konumlar\u0131 geri kazanmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na defalarca el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 teklif edilmi\u015fti. 1826\u2019da, Mirza A\u011fa Bey ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki heyet \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Beylerbeyi Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019ya giderek temsil etti\u011fi devletin isteklerini bir daha dile getirmi\u015fti.42<\/sup> \u00d6nceki sava\u015fta \u0130revan ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal edemedi\u011finden memnun olmayan Rusya, yeni sava\u015fla bu \u201ceksi\u011fi\u201d d\u00fczeltmek istiyordu.<\/p>\n Yeni, ikinci Rus-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131 1826\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu sava\u015f, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda ayr\u0131nt\u0131larla ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan43<\/sup> burada sadece birka\u00e7 noktay\u0131 vurgulamak uygun olacakt\u0131r. Sava\u015f, \u0130ran ordusu i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ran ordusu, Aras nehrini ge\u00e7tikten sonra birka\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada Rus birliklerini ezdi. Ancak \u015eu\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ku\u015fatmas\u0131na tak\u0131l\u0131p kalan Abbas Mirza, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k Rus g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin birle\u015fmesine olanak sa\u011flad\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 saran yerel ayaklanmalar da iyi koordine edilemedi. Toparlanan Rus g\u00fc\u00e7leri, yeni tayin edilen General Paskevi\u00e7 komutas\u0131nda \u015eemkir ve Gence\u2019deki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda \u0130ran ordusunu ezdi. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra tamamen da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ran birlikleri alelacele Aras\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131. Rus birlikleri, taktiksel avantajdan yararlanarak Nah\u00e7\u0131van ve \u0130revan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. \u0130revan \u00e7evresinde stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli konumlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, Rus birlikleri \u0130revan kalesini ku\u015fatt\u0131. Kanl\u0131 sava\u015flardan sonra, Ekim 1827\u2019de \u0130revan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. G\u00fcneye giden yol a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. H\u0131zl\u0131 operasyonlarla Eher, Merend, daha sonra 13 Ekim\u2019de Tebriz i\u015fgal edildi. Ruslar askeri operasyonlar\u0131 geni\u015fletmekteydi. Urmiye\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Erdebil de i\u015fgal edildi. Burada bulunan \u015eeyh Safi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ya\u011fmaland\u0131. \u0130ran taraf\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f istedi ve m\u00fczakereler, 10 \u015eubat 1828\u2019de Tebriz yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay k\u00f6y\u00fcnde imzalanan anla\u015fmayla tamamland\u0131. T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131, \u0130revan ve Nah\u00e7\u0131van hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cRus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d (3.madde); ilk sava\u015fla Ruslar\u0131n i\u015fgal etti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan yeni s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirliyor (4.madde); \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n sava\u015f tazminat\u0131n\u0131 (6.madde) ve Abbas Mirza\u2019n\u0131n veliahtl\u0131k meselesini (7.madde) onayl\u0131yordu. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ticari ili\u015fkilere (8.madde) ve diplomatik-protokol kurallar\u0131na (9, 10, 11. maddeler), sava\u015f esirlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi (13.madde) konusuna a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiriyordu. Antla\u015fmada Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n gelece\u011fini, \u0130ran-Rus ili\u015fkilerini etkileyebilecek iki madde dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7memi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ermeniler\u2019i kasteden 14. maddede \u015funlar yaz\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: \u201cHer iki devletin ahalisine gelince, taraflar, bir devletten di\u011ferine ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve bundan sonra ge\u00e7ecek olan her iki taraf\u0131n tebaas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetin izin verdi\u011fi her yere yerle\u015febilece\u011fine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u201d 15. madde yine Ermeniler\u2019i kastederek \u015funa i\u015faret ediyordu: \u201c\u2026Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, memur ve ahaliye bug\u00fcnden itibaren aileleriyle birlikte \u0130revan vilayetinden Rusya\u2019ya serbest g\u00f6\u00e7 edebilme, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve yerel yetkililerin herhangi bir engeli olmaks\u0131z\u0131n sat\u0131l\u0131k mal ve m\u00fclk\u00fcne, e\u015fyalar\u0131na herhangi bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve vergi uygulanmadan ta\u015f\u0131nabilir mallar\u0131n\u0131 yanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6t\u00fcrme ve satma amac\u0131yla bir y\u0131l s\u00fcre tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d44<\/sup><\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece, 19. yy\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n kaderinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli, hayati bir olay ya\u015fand\u0131. Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonraki d\u00f6nemde merkez\u00ee h\u00e2kimiyet krizinden faydalanan, \u0130ran\u2019dan kopmu\u015f olan Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019daki hanl\u0131klar kendilerini kan\u0131tlamaya, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse yerel y\u00f6netim alan\u0131nda \u00f6zerkli\u011fi korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Hanl\u0131klar\u0131n feodal karakteri birle\u015fik bir \u201cmill\u00ee platform\u201d yaratmaya izin vermedi. Hanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, b\u00f6lgede nispeten yeni bir akt\u00f6r olan Rusya\u2019ya e\u011filimli olmak gibi s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir ad\u0131m att\u0131. Ancak Rusya \u00f6nce G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da, sonra da Azerbaycan\u2019da do\u011frudan s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7ti, bu hanlar\u0131n ve yerli soylular\u0131n siyasi, ekonomik h\u00e2kimiyetine son verdi, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da fiziksel olarak yok etti. Sovyet d\u00f6neminde, \u201cg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birle\u015fme\u201d diye ger\u00e7ek tarihle alay eden tezin aksine, Rusya burada yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrge elde etmek i\u00e7in sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131, binlerce zayiata ra\u011fmen, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 imparatorluk topraklar\u0131na katt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u0130ran siyasi h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul etmeyen, ancak yeni akt\u00f6r ile de uzla\u015famayan (uzla\u015fmas\u0131 da imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131), 1813\u2019den sonra onunla a\u00e7\u0131k sava\u015f durumunda olan Azerbaycan siyasi se\u00e7kinlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir siyasi \u00e7izgi izleyemedi. Tekrar Kacar \u0130ran\u2019\u0131na olan e\u011filimine ra\u011fmen, modern, askeri y\u00f6nden g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f olan Rusya\u2019ya yenildi. \u0130ki \u0130ran-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 (1804-13, 1826-28) sonucunda Azerbaycan ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc: kuzeyi Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00fccra bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi haline geldi, g\u00fcneyi ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclerek Kacar \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kald\u0131. Bundan sonra Aras\u2019\u0131n kuzeyi ve g\u00fcneyi farkl\u0131 milletle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ya\u015fayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and the Fall of the Great Powers, p. 171.<\/p>\n [2] A.g.e, s. 154.<\/p>\n [3] \u041d.\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d (\u0440\u0435\u0434.), \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0420,1958, \u0441. 231-296.<\/p>\n [4] \u041d. \u0420\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d, \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041e\u0413\u0418\u0417, 1941.<\/p>\n [5] \u201cTatar-Mo\u011fol boyunduru\u011fu\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 ve as\u0131ls\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bkz:: Edward Keenan, \u2018On Certain Mythical Beliefs and Russian Behaviors\u2019, in S. Frederick Starr (ed.), The Legasy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, New York etc: M. E. Sharpe, 1994, p.25-26; \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u0434\u0436\u0438, \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043d\u044c \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0410\u0421\u0422, 2008, \u0441. 230-276; \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0411\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u041b\u043e\u0436\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u042f\u0443\u0437\u0430\/\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043c\u043e, 2005.<\/p>\n [6] Fyodor Dostoyevski\u2019nin \u015fovenist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle ilgili bkz: Akdes Nimet, \u2018Dostoyevskiy ve \u015eark meselesi\u2019, Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, NN 21-22, 1933, s. 361-367, 397-402.<\/p>\n [7] \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b \u0425\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u2018\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u2019, \u0414. \u0424\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d (\u0440e\u0434.), \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f: \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c-\u0422\u0430\u043b\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0438, 1999, \u0441.21.<\/p>\n 8 John Baddeley, Rusyan\u0131n Kafkasyay\u0131 \u0130stilas\u0131 ve \u015eeyh \u015eamil, \u0130stanbul: Kay\u0131han, 1989, s. 51.<\/p>\n [9] A.g.e., s. 42.<\/p>\n [10] \u0421. \u0414\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0430 (\u0440\u0435\u0434.), \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c I, \u0422\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438: \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420, 1946, \u0441. 342-343, 355,368-369, 372-373, 395-398.<\/p>\n [11] \u0421. \u0414\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0430 (\u0440\u0435\u0434.), \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430s. 409.<\/p>\n [12] A.g.e, s.435-437.<\/p>\n [13] \u0130kili ili\u015fkilerdeki bu gerilimin az sonra sava\u015f haddine \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer nedeni de Safeviler\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da 16. yy\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren mezhep ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n siyas\u0131 hayata yans\u0131mas\u0131 oldu. Bu kitab\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne bkz.<\/p>\n [14] Zeki Velidi Togan, \u2018Azerbaycan\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 2. Cilt, \u0130stanbul, s. 113-114.<\/p>\n [15] Mehmet Saray, T\u00fcrk-\u0130ran M\u00fcnasibetlerinde \u015eiili\u011fin Rol\u00fc, Ankara: T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, s. 59-60.<\/p>\n [16] Zeki Velidi Togan, \u2018Azerbaycan\u2019, s. 115.<\/p>\n [17] Abdurrahman Ate\u015f, \u2018Nadir \u015eah Af\u015far\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden Sonra \u0130randa H\u0103kimiyyet M\u00fccadeleleri ve Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin \u0130ran Politikas\u0131\u2019, Sosial Bilimler Dergisi, y\u0131l 8, say\u0131 2, s. 59.<\/p>\n [18] A.g.e, s. 60-61.<\/p>\n [19] A.g.e, s. 62.<\/p>\n [20] \u0130brahim Y\u00fcksel, \u2018\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 \u0130stilas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Tutumu\u2019, Azerbaycan, y\u0131l 37, say\u0131 265, 1988, s. 58.<\/p>\n [21] Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndak\u0131 M\u00fcnasebetlere Dair Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri, I cilt (1578-1914), Ankara: Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1992, s.37.<\/p>\n [22] \u201cLaf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131, Devlet-i Aliye\u2019nin hizmet\u00e7i kuluyuz.\u201d Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndak\u0131 M\u00fcnasebetlere Dair Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri, II cilt (1575-1918), s. 98.<\/p>\n [23]Bkz: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndak\u0131 M\u00fcnasebetlere Dair Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri, I cilt (1578-1914), s.34.<\/p>\n [24] S. \u018fliyarl\u0131 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi, Bak\u0131: Az\u0259rbaycan n\u0259\u015friyyat\u0131, 1996, s. 545.<\/p>\n [25] Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Akdes Nimet Kurat, T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusya, Ankara: K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s. 40- 52.<\/p>\n [26] Bkz: S. \u018fliyarl\u0131 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi, s. 550-554.<\/p>\n [27] S. \u018fliyarl\u0131 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi, s. 576.<\/p>\n [28] Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), Bak\u0131: Elm, 2004, s. 38-42.<\/p>\n [29] A.g.e, s. 47.<\/p>\n [30] \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y Cavan\u015fir, Qaraba\u011f xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1747-1805-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 siyasi v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin\u0259 dair \u2013 Qaraba\u011fnam\u0259l\u0259r, s. 183; \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 14 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1805 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (ayr\u0131ca n\u0259\u015fr), Bak\u0131: \u015e\u0259rq-Q\u0259rb, 1992.<\/p>\n [31] Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), s. 57.<\/p>\n [32] A.g.e, s. 56.<\/p>\n [33] Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Mirz\u0259 Camal Cavan\u015fir Qaraba\u011fi, Qaraba\u011f tarixi \u2013 Qaraba\u011fnam\u0259l\u0259r, Bak\u0131: Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131, 1989, s. 138; Muriel Atkin, \u2018The Strange Death of Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Qarabagh\u2019, Iranian Studies, volume XII, nos 1-2, Winter-Spring 1979, pp. 79-107.<\/p>\n [34] Daha 1731 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131, Rus \u00e7arlar\u0131n\u0131n ahde vefas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cMoskov \u00e7ar\u0131 \u00f6teden beri ahdine sabit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alemin malumudur.\u201d Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk Hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndak\u0131 M\u00fcnasebetlere Dair Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri, I cilt (1578-1914), s. 57.<\/p>\n [35] Bkz: Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), s. 65-66.<\/p>\n [36] \u041d.\u0424.\u0414\u0443\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u043c V, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, 1888, \u0441. 59. \u0130qtibas: Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), s. 73.<\/p>\n [37] Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), s. 60-104.<\/p>\n [38] Milli \u015fair merhum Bahtiyar Vahapzade, yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 y\u0131l sonra \u00fcnl\u00fc G\u00fclistan \u015fiirinde yaz\u0131yordu: \u00d6z sivri ucuyla bu t\u00fcy kalem, Deldi sinesini Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n… Taraflar kim idi, ikisi de yabanc\u0131! Yabanc\u0131 m\u0131 edecek bu halka imdat?!\u201d<\/p>\n [39] Antla\u015fman\u0131n tam metni i\u00e7in bkz: S. \u018fliyarl\u0131 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi, s.602-607.<\/p>\n [40] Yermolov bu g\u00f6reve atand\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra resm\u00ee g\u00f6revle gitti\u011fi Tahran\u2019da, soyunun \u201cCengiz neslinden\u201d geldi\u011fini iddia etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra, bu neslin k\u00f6keninde, 1506\u2019da Alt\u0131n Ordu\u2019dan gelen Arslan Murza Yermola\u2019n\u0131n oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir (\u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0410\u0434\u0436\u0438, \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0441. 269). Rus bilim adam\u0131 Nikolay Baskakov, Yermolov\u2019lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu bildiriyor (\u041d.\u0411\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0411ak\u0443: \u042f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u044b, 1992, \u0441. 174.).<\/p>\n [41] Geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), s.106-139.<\/p>\n [42] Cemal G\u00f6k\u00e7e, Kafkasya ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperatorlu\u011funun Kafkasya Siyaseti, \u0130stanbul: HasKutulmu\u015f Matbaas\u0131, 1979, s. 221.<\/p>\n [43] Sava\u015f\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz: \u0425\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0435\u0439\u043b\u0438, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u0418\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438), \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430:\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1969, \u0441.154- 252; S. \u018fliyarl\u0131 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi, s.611-618; Vidadi Umudlu, \u015eimali Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n \u00e7ar Rusiyas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7ilik \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 (1801-1828), s.140-170;<\/p>\n [44] Antla\u015fman\u0131n tam metni i\u00e7in bkz: S. \u018fliyarl\u0131 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi, s. 618-624; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0414\u0435\u043b, 1946, ss.29-38.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" ”Egemenli\u011fin kraldan millete ge\u00e7i\u015fi, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temel simgesi olmu\u015ftur.” <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"featured_media":9754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[58,2,70,66,69],"tags":[54,78,1248,982,1247,339,1164],"coauthors":[1246],"class_list":["post-9750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ab","category-genel","category-rusya","category-siyaset-tarih","category-yakin-cografya","tag-azerbaycan","tag-devlet","tag-fransiz-devrimi","tag-millet","tag-millet-devlet","tag-osmanli","tag-sanayilesme"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9750","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9750"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9750\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9854,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9750\/revisions\/9854"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9750"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9750"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9750"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9750"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin tepkisizli\u011fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Kacarlar\u0131n ve yerli hanlar\u0131n Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n