{"id":9883,"date":"2020-05-05T13:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=9883&preview=true&preview_id=9883"},"modified":"2020-05-05T12:36:56","modified_gmt":"2020-05-05T09:36:56","slug":"21-azer-millet-olma-azmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/21-azer-millet-olma-azmi\/","title":{"rendered":"21 Azer: Millet olma azmi"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
\"Sovyet

Sovyet tanklar\u0131 Tebriz’de (1941)<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinin Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, g\u00fcneyinin de \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesi \u00fclkedeki siyasi durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Sovyetler i\u015fgal eylemini R\u0131za Pehlevi\u2019nin Fa\u015fist Almanyas\u0131 ile s\u0131k\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayand\u0131rarak, 1921 Sovyet-\u0130ran Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 6. maddesi uyar\u0131nca verilen birka\u00e7 notadan sonra 1941 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Sovyet ordu birliklerini bu \u00fclkede konu\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131. Gerekli direnci g\u00f6steremeyen \u0130ran ordusu da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu, R\u0131za \u015eah diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne neden oldu. Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda R\u0131za \u015eah, o\u011flu Muhammed R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n lehine iktidardan vazge\u00e7mek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, \u0130ran\u2019da g\u00f6receli liberal bir siyasi ortam olu\u015ftu. Siyasi tutuklular hapishanelerden serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dclkede antifa\u015fist bir hareket ba\u015flad\u0131. Ortaya yeni siyasi partiler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da da sosyo-politik ya\u015fam canland\u0131. 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k anti-T\u00fcrk, anti-Azerbaycan rejiminin burada bulunan Fars memurlar\u0131, halk\u0131n intikam\u0131ndan korkarak Tahran\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmaya ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne uygulanan yasaklar kalkt\u0131. Mill\u00ee ruha sahip ayd\u0131nlar yeni olu\u015fan f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 bir millet kavram\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ekim 1941\u2019de Tebriz\u2019de Azerbaycan Cemiyeti ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir kurum olu\u015fturuldu. Mirza Ali \u015eeb\u00fcsteri, \u0130smail \u015eems, Ali Ma\u015f\u0131n\u00e7\u0131, Cafer Ekberi, M.M. \u00c7avu\u015fi, Hilal Nasiri ve di\u011ferleri Cemiyet\u2019in kurucular\u0131yd\u0131. Cemiyet, 1 Kas\u0131m\u2019dan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere Fars\u00e7a ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Azerbaycan gazetesini yay\u0131nlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Gazetede, yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Cemiyet\u2019in amac\u0131na ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131lar yay\u0131mlanmaktayd\u0131. Bu gazetenin materyalleri Azerbaycan Cemiyeti\u2019nin taleplerine ili\u015fkin bir fikir olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Mill\u00ee ve sosyal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden bu cemiyet, siyasi alanda demokratik Anayasa ve me\u015fruti y\u00f6netimin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131, eyalet ve vilayet enc\u00fcmenlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131, temsilcilerin Mill\u00ee Meclise halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesini, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f ve kesimlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunan yasalar\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n yasal haklar\u0131n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131n\u0131, devletin Azerbaycan\u2019da sanayi tesislerini in\u015fa etmesini, i\u015fsizli\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, dil \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131, anadilde t\u00fcm seviyelerde e\u011fitim ve kitap yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemekteydi. [1]<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan gazetesinin resm\u00ee \u0130ran milleti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir millet kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymas\u0131 da ilgin\u00e7tir. Gazetenin sayfalar\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla Azerbaycan milleti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Gazeteye g\u00f6re, bu millet \u2018\u2026 duygu, dil, gelenek ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip halkt\u0131r\u2019.[2] Milleti olu\u015fturan unsurlar aras\u0131nda dile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veriliyor, dil milletin temel alameti say\u0131l\u0131yordu.[3] Azerbaycan Cemiyeti ve bas\u0131n organ\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u0130ran\u2019da tek bir dil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u0130ran milleti de yoktur, \u00e7ok milletli \u0130ran toplumunu (\u0130ran milliyetini) birle\u015ftiren as\u0131l \u015fart \u2018ama\u00e7 ve ideal birli\u011fi\u2019 olabilir.[4] Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin (Azerbaycanl\u0131lar, Azerbaycan halk\u0131) ayr\u0131 bir millet oldu\u011funu ispatlamak i\u00e7in gazetede mill\u00ee dilin \u00f6nemine vurgu yap\u0131l\u0131yor, onun (T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin) di\u011fer dillerle (ilk ba\u015fta Fars\u00e7a ile) e\u015fitli\u011fi konusunda \u0131srar ediliyordu.<\/p>\n

Dil sorunu, Azerbaycan Cemiyeti i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez bir \u2018k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgi\u2019 olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Gazete, 15 Aral\u0131k 1941 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda kararl\u0131l\u0131kla \u015funu yazmaktayd\u0131: \u201cHer kim dilimize, geleneklerimize, kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131za kastetmek isterse, biz onu d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z olarak g\u00f6recek ve son nefesimize kadar onlar\u0131 yok etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.\u201d Azerbaycan gazetesi, Fars\u00e7an\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019da yay\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u2018Azerbaycan dili\u2019nin T\u00fcrk dilleri sisteminde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Azerbaycan n\u00fcfusunun dili ile \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer eyaletlerinin dili aras\u0131nda daha 7. yy\u2019dan itibaren hi\u00e7bir benzerli\u011fin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019da Mo\u011fol h\u00e2kimiyeti ile Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek, Azerbaycan\u2019da mevcut dilin kullan\u0131m d\u00f6nemine ili\u015fkin bilimsel bilgilere yer vermekteydi.[5] B\u00f6ylece, \u0130ran milleti ile ilgili resm\u00ee ideolojinin Azerbaycan\u2019la ilgili ana fikirleri yalanlan\u0131yor, mill\u00ee varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in teorik ger\u00e7ekler ortaya konuluyordu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 “milli zul\u00fcm siyaseti”<\/b><\/h2>\n

Azerbaycan, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015eah\u0131n (Tebriz\u2019de Fars\u00e7a yay\u0131nlan\u0131yordu) gazetelerinin en \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnde durdu\u011fu konulardan biri de, R\u0131za \u015eah diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6neminde Azerbaycan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan mill\u00ee zul\u00fcm siyaseti<\/em> idi. S\u00f6z konusu gazetelerde yay\u0131nlanan makalelerde sosyal hayat\u0131n farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle dil konular\u0131nda, mill\u00ee ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k siyaseti k\u0131nan\u0131yor, bu siyasetin ezilen Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan Cemiyeti, yeni ko\u015fullarda Tahran y\u00f6netiminin Azerbaycan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik siyasetinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi gereklili\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Azerbaycan gazetesi 2 \u015eubat 1942 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda bu cemiyetin amac\u0131na dair \u015funu yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cBizim gazete Tahran\u2019da yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, sanki biz Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyoruz. Temel amac\u0131m\u0131z, halk\u0131n anadilini kullanmaya y\u00f6nelik demokratik haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmakt\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Azerbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n [halen] Fars\u00e7a konu\u015fan halk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir zaman da olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k anlamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bizim resm\u00ee ve anadilimiz [konu\u015fma dilimiz] Azerbaycan dilidir. Biz, anadilimizin okullarda ve devlet dairelerinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in elimizden geleni yapaca\u011f\u0131z. Dilimizi yozla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar bu i\u015ften vazge\u00e7melidir.\u201d Azerbaycan Valisi Halil Fehmi de, \u015eah\u0131n gazetesine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektubunda, yerli halk\u0131n kendi dilini sahiplenmesine Pan-\u0130ranistlerin d\u00fc\u015fmanca tav\u0131rlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. O, Azerbaycan n\u00fcfusunun kendi dilinde konu\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, kesinlikle onun merkez\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmete ve \u00fclkenin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini kayd ediyordu.[6]<\/p>\n

Bu arada, kendisini \u2018T\u00fcrkiye, Irak ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde bulunan 37 bin \u0130ran T\u00fcrk\u00fc m\u00fclteci ve g\u00f6\u00e7menin temsilcisi\u2019 olarak tan\u0131tan Sanan Azer (Mehmet Sad\u0131k Aran) adl\u0131 yazar, \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u0130ran T\u00fcrkleri adl\u0131 son derece ilgin\u00e7 bir kitap\u00e7\u0131k yay\u0131mlad\u0131.[7] S\u00f6z konusu kitap\u00e7\u0131kta, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130ran tarihindeki rol\u00fc \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f, onlar\u0131n mevcut durumu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ilk c\u00fcmlesinde konu \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor: \u201cTalihsiz bir insan z\u00fcmresi olarak \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaya mahk\u00fbm bulunan biz \u0130ran T\u00fcrkleri as\u0131rlardan beri \u0130ran varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruduk. Kan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u0130ran istikl\u00e2li i\u00e7in ak\u0131tt\u0131k. Hatta kendi \u0131rkda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z olan Anadolu T\u00fcrkleriyle \u0130ran u\u011frunda sava\u015ft\u0131k. Mal\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u0130ran davas\u0131 i\u00e7in sarfettik.\u201d \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde bu tezi kan\u0131tlamak amac\u0131yla yazar, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklar kullanarak tarih\u00ee ge\u00e7mi\u015fi analiz etmi\u015ftir. Yazar, \u2018Arap istilas\u0131ndan \u0130ran istikl\u00e2lini kurtaran, Do\u011fu, Bat\u0131 ve Kuzeyden \u0130ran\u2019a sald\u0131ran g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn\u00fc gererek k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 koruyan\u2026 Fars dili ve edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 bir devlet dili ve Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc haline getiren ve Hindistan\u2019a kadar bu dili yayan ve koruyan yine T\u00fcrk sultanlar\u0131 ve hakanlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u2019 kayd ediyor. Klasik Fars edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz eserlerinin \u00f6zelikle T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayan yazar, onlar\u0131n Fars eyaletlerine dokunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Daha sonra Sanan Azer, Pan-\u0130ranistlerin \u2018T\u00fcrkler Farslar\u0131 asimile etti\u2019 tezini \u2018as\u0131ls\u0131z, insafs\u0131z, ilme, tarihe ve hakikate uygun olmayan iddialar\u2019 olarak kabul etmektedir. Bu iddialar\u0131n \u2018s\u0131rf \u0130ran\u2019daki milyonlarca T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yok saymak ve onlar\u0131 bo\u011fmak, mahvetmek maksad\u0131yla uyduruldu\u011funa\u2019 i\u015faret etmektedir.[8]<\/p>\n

Yazar, \u0130ran\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerin demografik ve etnografik durumunu da a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019da n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 buradaki T\u00fcrklerin kesin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeyi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazar\u0131n tahminine g\u00f6re, s\u00f6z konusu y\u0131llarda \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fayan 10 milyon n\u00fcfusun 5 milyonunun T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 gerekir. Onlardan 3 milyonu eski Azerbaycan eyaletinde, di\u011ferleri ise \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/p>\n

Sanan Azer\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u0130ran kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u2018g\u00f6revleri olan, ancak haklar\u0131 ve alacaklar\u0131\u2019 olmayan T\u00fcrklere \u0130ran devleti \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle zul\u00fcm etmektedir. Bu y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda \u2018\u0130ran\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yalanlanmas\u0131 ve tarihinin \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019 (1); \u2018T\u00fcrk\u00e7e co\u011frafi adlar\u0131n, da\u011flar\u0131n, vadilerin, nehirlerin, tepelerin, k\u00f6y adlar\u0131n\u0131n, kent adlar\u0131n\u0131n, hayvan adlar\u0131n\u0131n, soyadlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk adlar\u0131n\u0131n, tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrk adlar\u0131n\u0131n, T\u00fcrklerden kalma tarih\u00ee eser ve an\u0131tlar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131n hep resm\u00ee ve sistematik bir \u015fekilde Farsla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019 (2); \u2018\u00e7ocuklara T\u00fcrk ismi vermek ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e soyad\u0131 alman\u0131n \u015fiddetle yasaklanmas\u0131\u2019 (3); okullarda derslerin yaln\u0131zca Fars\u00e7a olmas\u0131 (4); yeni nesle kendi milletinden nefret etme propagandas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 (5); \u2018ben \u0130ranl\u0131y\u0131m, fakat T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcm\u2019 diyenlerin fiziksel olarak yok edilmesi (6); Azerbaycan\u2019daki sanayi tesislerinin Fars b\u00f6lgelerine ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 (7); yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan vatan\u0131na geri d\u00f6nen insanlar\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019da ya\u015famas\u0131na izin verilmemesi (8); T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okul a\u00e7mak,\u00a0 kitap ve gazete yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 (9); eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitaplar\u0131n, Tebriz \u015fairlerinin ta\u015f bask\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n toplat\u0131larak yok edilmesi (10); T\u00fcrk soylu ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fanlar\u0131n R\u0131za \u015eah\u0131n emri do\u011frultusunda devlet dairelerinde y\u00f6netici kadrolar\u0131na atanmamas\u0131, mevcut olanlar\u0131n da \u00e7e\u015fitli bahanelerle buradan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (11); R\u0131za \u015eah\u0131n T\u00fcrk elitini fiziksel olarak yok etmesi\u00a0 (12) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada tarih\u00ee olgular ve arg\u00fcmanlarla a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r.[10]<\/p>\n

Adalet istemenin zaman\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Yazar, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleden (\u00f6zellikle de Sovyetlerin i\u015fgalinden) koruyamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130ran devletini lanetlemektedir. Yazara g\u00f6re, Farslar sava\u015fmaya hi\u00e7bir zaman haz\u0131r olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r: \u201cFars y\u00f6nteminde \u2018m\u00fcdafaa\u2019 maddesi bulunmuyor. Kap\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Gelenler gelsin ve keyfi hareketlerini icra etsinler. Sade[ce]: \u0130ran ya\u015fas\u0131n (!).\u201d[11] Yazar bu dayan\u0131lmaz durumun d\u00fczelmesi i\u00e7in soyda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor, \u2018adalet istemenin zaman\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fini\u2019 vurguluyor.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcttefiklerin \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgalinden ve R\u0131za Pehlevi\u2019nin istifas\u0131ndan sonra \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k ya\u015fayan rejim, bir s\u00fcre sonra demokratik hareketleri \u00f6nlemek, kendisinin siyasi ve ideolojik konumunu korumak i\u00e7in toparlanarak harekete ge\u00e7ebildi. Salamulla Cavit an\u0131lar\u0131nda, mill\u00ee meseleye ve bu ba\u011flamda Azerbaycan meselesine kar\u015f\u0131 tutumun sertle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hatta durumun R\u0131za Pehlevi\u2019nin iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminden daha k\u00f6t\u00fc hale geldi\u011fini yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cD\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k emekten sonra Fars\u00e7a haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m N\u00fcmunehaye Folklore Azerbaycan [Azerbaycan Folklor \u00d6rnekleri] kitab\u0131n\u0131n 2. cildine, \u00fczerinde Azerbaycan s\u00f6z\u00fc oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 matbaada el konuldu. Genceli Sebahi\u2019nin Kartal kitab\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 engellendi. Hasan Mecidzade\u2019nin Apard\u0131 Seller Saran\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n Fars\u00e7aya \u00e7evrilmesine ra\u011fmen, bas\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmedi.\u201d[12]<\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Azerbaycan\u2019da yay\u0131lan yeni fikirlerin ve derinle\u015fmekte olan hareketin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in iktidardaki rejim ideolojik faaliyetlerini geni\u015fletti. H\u00fcseynkulu K\u00e2tebi\u2019nin Azerbaycan ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Mill\u00ee Birli\u011fi adl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n [13] alelacele yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131 bunun bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. S\u00f6z konusu kitap\u00e7\u0131k Seyid Ahmet Kesrevi\u2019nin malum kitab\u0131ndan (Azeri, ya Zebane Bastane Azerbaygan) sonra Pan-\u0130ranizmin \u0130ran\u2019da Azerbaycan\/T\u00fcrk meselesini konu edinmi\u015f en \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kabul edilmelidir. Yazar kitab\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebepleri aras\u0131nda, \u2018\u015eahriver olaylar\u0131ndan sonra\u2019 (1941 A\u011fustos olaylar\u0131) Azerbaycan\u2019da ya\u015fanan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin \u2018Azerbaycan ruhu\u2019 ile uyu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. K\u00e2tebi, Azerbaycan Cemiyeti\u2019nin faaliyetinden, \u2018Azerbaycan milleti, dili ve ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u2019 rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu ifade etmektedir.[14] Kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n ad\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n mill\u00ee birli\u011fini, bu \u2018birlik\u2019te Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel konumunu tespit etmektir. Yazar \u0130ran milleti\u2019ni olu\u015fturan dokuz bile\u015feni i\u015faret etmektedir: Toprak, tarih, \u0131rk, dil, mezhep, yasalar, gelenekler, edebiyat ve kamuoyu, duygular ve mill\u00ee irade. Bu bile\u015fenleri\/alametleri Azerbaycan konusuna uygularken yazar \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 davranmakta ve bunu da gizlememektedir. Bu konuda \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r: \u201c\u0130ran\u2019da bir\u00e7ok leh\u00e7e ve dilin olmas\u0131n\u0131n, birka\u00e7 kabilenin [tireye a\u011fvam] ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n, ka\u00e7 t\u00fcr meslek ve mezhebin mevcut olmas\u0131n\u0131n ne \u00f6nemi var ki? Onlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri \u00f6nemli de\u011fil, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran, millet ve vatan kavramlar\u0131 bunlar\u0131n hepsinden \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr, onlar\u0131n [\u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n] mill\u00ee ve toplumsal gayeleri ayn\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Daha sonra K\u00e2tebi daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde \u015fu h\u00fckm\u00fc vermektedir: \u201cAzerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri ile gaye birli\u011finin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir birli\u011fi olmasa bile, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya tekrar tekrar bildirebiliriz: ge\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u00f6yle olmu\u015f, \u015fimdi de b\u00f6yledir ve gelecekte de \u015fayet bir \u015fey olmazsa, yine b\u00f6yle olacakt\u0131r. Dilinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ruhen \u0130ranl\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen o pak ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Azerbaycan ahalisi hakl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d[15]<\/p>\n

H\u00fcseynkulu K\u00e2tebi\u2019nin kitab\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fi ile ilgili rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirmesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda burada bulunan Sovyet ordusunun himayesinde Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 temsilcilerinin geni\u015f propagandas\u0131yla ili\u015fkiliydi. 1941 y\u0131l\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131n\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren, Tebriz\u2019de ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer kentlerinde Azerbaycan Kom\u00fcnist (Bol\u015fevik) Partisi Merkez Komitesinin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekreteri Aziz Aliyev ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kalabal\u0131k bir grup faaliyete ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2-3 ay i\u00e7inde \u2018Aziz Aliyev Misyonu\u2019ndaki ki\u015filerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 2-3 bine ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Moskova\u2019dan onay al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[16] Bu grup Sovyetlerin lehine geni\u015f siyasi propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor, ayn\u0131 zamanda Azerbaycan\u2019da yerel halk\u0131n mill\u00ee bilincinin geli\u015fmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli etkinlikler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyordu. Bu ama\u00e7la,\u00a0 Tebriz\u2019de iki g\u00fcnde bir 4000 tirajl\u0131 Vatan Yolunda, Urmiye\u2019de ise K\u0131z\u0131l Asker gazeteleri yay\u0131nlan\u0131yor, Bak\u00fc\u2019den g\u00f6nderilen opera grubu burada T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oyunlar sergiliyor, \u00e7e\u015fitli m\u00fczik topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcney Azerbaycan kentlerinde konserleri d\u00fczenleniyor, yerel ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n eserlerini ana dilde yazmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik ediliyordu. \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 temsilcilerinin faaliyetinden duydu\u011fu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sovyet taraf\u0131na bildiriyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Tahran, Azerbaycan\u2019da s\u00fcreci kontrol alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in yerel y\u00f6netimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmekteydi.<\/p>\n

1942\u2019nin yaz\u0131nda Tahran bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n Azerbaycan Cemiyeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 propagandas\u0131ndan ve kamuoyu olu\u015fturmas\u0131ndan sonra h\u00fck\u00fcmet, s\u00f6z konusu cemiyetin faaliyetinin yasaklanmas\u0131, bas\u0131n organ\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 durdurmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin karar ald\u0131. Moskova, Almanlarla ya\u015fanan sava\u015ftaki durumun karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, kendisine yeni sorunlar yaratmamak i\u00e7in 1942\u2019nin Mart ay\u0131nda Aziz Aliyev Misyonu\u2019nun geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda bu gruptan toplam 84 ki\u015fi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[17] Ayn\u0131 tip grubun yeniden \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u00e7in 1944 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar beklemek gerekecekti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran’\u0131n enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ula\u015fma siyaseti<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011finin sava\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde durumu k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fti ve Alman birlikleri Sovyet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildi. Sovyet y\u00f6netimi art\u0131k aktif bir \u015fekilde \u2018\u0130ran meselesi\u2019 ile ilgilenebilirdi. Moskova, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ula\u015fmay\u0131 \u0130ran siyasetinin merkezi haline getirdi. Bu arada Sovyet istihbarat\u0131, ABD petrol \u015firketlerinin \u0130ran\u2019dan petrol imtiyazlar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in aktif bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen uzmanlar \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde, yani G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da zengin enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu tespit etti. Mart ay\u0131nda Sovyet y\u00f6netimi G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da faaliyetin geni\u015fletilmesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda burada anadilde ortaokulun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, Bak\u00fc\u2019den k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n turnelerinin d\u00fczenlenmesi, Vatan Yolunda gazetesinin tekrar yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131, matbaan\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na karar verdi. G\u00fcney\u2019de bu i\u015flerin organizasyonu ve Sovyetler lehine propaganda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla 1944 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilkbahar ve yaz\u0131nda 620 ki\u015fiden fazla \u00e7e\u015fitli meslek sahibi Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131ndan buraya g\u00f6revli olarak g\u00f6nderildi.[18]<\/p>\n

Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda Tahran\u2019a g\u00f6nderilen Sovyet heyeti \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden petrol imtiyazlar\u0131 alma hedefine ula\u015famay\u0131nca, Moskova iste\u011finden vazge\u00e7meyerek di\u011fer bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerine ba\u015fvurdu. \u00d6te yandan, Fa\u015fist Almanyas\u0131n\u0131n teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti M\u00fcttefik Devletlere silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerini \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in devaml\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulundu. ABD ve \u0130ngiltere h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri Tahran\u2019\u0131n bu diplomatik ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanan M\u00fcttefik Devletler aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda, 6 Haziran 1945 tarihinde Sovyet y\u00f6netimi G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fini do\u011frudan etkileyecek \u00f6nemli bir karar ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist (Bol\u015fevikler) Partisi Merkez Komitesinin Siyasi B\u00fcrosu, \u2018G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer illerinde ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketi organize etme \u00f6nlemlerine ili\u015fkin\u2019 tamamen gizli bir belge kabul etti. Bu belgede \u0130ran i\u00e7inde Azerbaycan eyaletlerinin geni\u015f mill\u00ee \u00f6zerklik kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131n temel y\u00f6nleri belirlendi.[19]<\/p>\n

\"21

“21 Azer Hareketi ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00fc olu\u015fmu\u015f bir millet olma azmini ortaya koydu.”<\/p><\/div>\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin s\u00f6z konusu belgesi G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019daki siyasi geli\u015fmelerin arka plan\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etti. Daha sonra ya\u015fanan olaylar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 bu belgede \u00e7izilmi\u015f olan hatlar do\u011frultusunda geli\u015fti. 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1945 tarihinde Tudeh Partisi\u2019nin Azerbaycan eyalet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n temelinde Azerbaycan Demokrat Partisi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131na dair halka m\u00fcracaat edildi; 2 Ekim\u2019de s\u00f6z konusu Parti\u2019nin ilk kurultay\u0131 program ve t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etti, merkez\u00ee organlar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ti; 20 Kas\u0131m\u2019da b\u00f6lgelerden se\u00e7ilen 700\u2019den fazla delegenin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile Tebriz\u2019de Azerbaycan Halk Kongresi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flad\u0131 ve kendini Kurucular Meclisi ilan etti; Halk Kongresi \u2018\u0130ran d\u00e2hilinde ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar vermeden Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmet\u2019in olu\u015fturmas\u0131na\u2019\u00a0 karar verdi; Azerbaycan eyaletinde se\u00e7imler yap\u0131larak 12 Aral\u0131k 1945\u2019de (G\u00fcne\u015f takvimine g\u00f6re 21 Azer 1324<\/em>\u2019de) Mill\u00ee Meclis\u2019in ilk a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f toplant\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131; burada Mill\u00ee Meclis\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Meclis\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131yan Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmet\u2019in \u00fcyeleri (Ba\u015fbakan Seyid Cafer Pi\u015feveri) ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma program\u0131 onayland\u0131; Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmet bir y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda \u00f6zerk Azerbaycan\u2019da ana h\u00e2kimiyet organ\u0131 oldu. Bu olaylar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan onlarca eser bulunmaktad\u0131r.[20] Bu nedenle, konumuz i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011fundan G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da 21 Azer Hareketi olarak bilinen bu tarih\u00ee olay\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Mill\u00ee hareketin doruk noktas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130ran resm\u00ee tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi ve bir k\u0131s\u0131m Bat\u0131l\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar 21 Azer Hareketini \u2018b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc\u2019 bir hareket olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, bu hareketin amac\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmak oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015fler. Stalin d\u00f6neminde, Sovyet siyaseti de 21 Azer Hareketini b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc bir hareket olarak nitelemi\u015ftir. Ancak 1945-46 y\u0131llar\u0131nda G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019daki siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7te kabul edilen belgeler, hareketin as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zerklik kazanmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Mill\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmette D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri ve Savunma Bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n resm\u00ee para biriminin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n devlet sembollerine sayg\u0131 vs. bu amac\u0131n ayr\u0131lmak de\u011fil, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir. Yukar\u0131da belirtilen Azerbaycan Halk Kongresi\u2019nin (20 Kas\u0131m 1945) karar\u0131nda \u015funlar kayd edilmektedir: \u201cAzerbaycan halk\u0131 i\u00e7i\u015flerini y\u00f6netmek ve mill\u00ee \u00f6zerkli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in eyalet enc\u00fcmeni olu\u015fumunu geni\u015fleterek ona Mill\u00ee Meclis (MM) \u015fekli vermektedir. \u0130ran d\u00e2hilinde ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde zarar vermeden kendi Mill\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmetini olu\u015fturuyor.\u201d[21]<\/p>\n

28 Ocak 1946\u2019da Azerbaycan Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin BM Genel Kurulu\u2019na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fvuruda, son on y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Azerbaycan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 mill\u00ee zul\u00fcm siyaseti izledi\u011fi ifade edilerek, bu hareketin Settar Han, Ba\u011f\u0131r Han ve \u015eeyh Muhammed Hiyaban\u00ee\u2019nin \u00f6nderli\u011findeki mill\u00ee hareketlerin devam\u0131 oldu\u011fu ifade edildi.[22]<\/p>\n

13 Haziran 1946\u2019da Tebriz temsilcileri ile Tahran yetkilileri aras\u0131nda imzalanan anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, mevcut \u0130ran Anayasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, Azerbaycan Mill\u00ee Meclisi Azerbaycan Eyalet Enc\u00fcmeni, Azerbaycan Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ise Azerbaycan ostandarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na [valili\u011fine] d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

21 Azer Hareketinin lideri Seyid Cafer Pi\u015feveri Azerbaycan Demokrat F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (ADF) kurulmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra hareketin ana amac\u0131 \u2013 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u015funu yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cBiz \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmakla birlikte Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi kaderini kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcyle tayin etmesini istiyoruz.\u201d [23] Pi\u015feveri, bir di\u011fer makalesinde, ADF\u2019nin temel belgelerinden bahsederken \u00f6zerklik konusuna a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmektedir: \u201cBa\u015fvurumuzda oldu\u011fu gibi, program\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n temelini me\u015frute [anayasa] ve Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7i\u015flerinde \u00f6zerk olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede eyalet ve vilayet enc\u00fcmenlerinin se\u00e7ilmesi ile birlikte anadilde yaz\u0131p okuyarak devlet dairelerinden faydalanma konusu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.\u201d [24]Hareketin liderleri 21 Azer\u2019in di\u011fer bir amac\u0131n\u0131n ise Azerbaycan\u2019daki \u00f6zerkli\u011fin \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 demokratikle\u015ftirmesi oldu\u011funu defalarca vurgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Pi\u015feveri bu ba\u011flamda \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cAzerbaycan halk\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmakla t\u00fcm \u0130ran halklar\u0131n\u0131 da esaretten kurtaracak\u2026 Biz Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n mutlulu\u011funu ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n fakirlik ve felaketten kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyoruz\u2026 E\u011fer bizim yerel \u00f6zerklik slogan\u0131m\u0131z \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n her eyalet ve vilayetinde uygulan\u0131rsa, milyonlarca \u015ferefli insan devletin savunucusu olma yolunu tutar, bu vesileyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak memleketin [\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n] sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmekte ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olur. Ger\u00e7ek merkeziyet ise [\u0130ran\u2019da] bu yolla olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar.\u201d[25] Hareket liderlerinin Azerbaycan\u2019a \u00f6zerklik, \u0130ran\u2019a demokrasi! \u00e7izgisi, onlar\u0131 himaye eden Sovyetler aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa neden olmaktayd\u0131. Bir dizi kayna\u011f\u0131n do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Mir Cafer Pi\u015feveri\u2019nin Mart 1947\u2019de Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131nda katledilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.[26]<\/p>\n

21 Azer\u2019in ikinci \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, hareketin demokratik bir hareket oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Azerbaycan Demokrat F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6neticileri ezilen halklara \u00f6zerklik verilmesini \u00fclkenin demokratikle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Azerbaycan Halk Kongresi, Mill\u00ee Meclis \u00f6zg\u00fcr se\u00e7imlerin sonucunda kurulmu\u015ftu. \u0130ran tarihinde ilk kez kad\u0131nlar da bu se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131ld\u0131. Baz\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n iddialar\u0131n\u0131n aksine, 21 Azer\u2019i kom\u00fcnist bir hareket olarak de\u011ferlendirmek yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Partinin belgelerinde halk s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lm\u0131yor, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 tan\u0131n\u0131yordu. ADF\u2019nin lideri hareket d\u00f6neminde bu konuda \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cF\u0131rkam\u0131z mill\u00ee bir f\u0131rka oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f ve tabaka ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmadan b\u00fct\u00fcn toplulu\u011fu kendi bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor\u2026 F\u0131rka siyasi ve sosyal bir te\u015fkilatt\u0131r ve halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r ve organize edebilir. Ancak ona emir veremez. Halka h\u00fck\u00fcmet edebilecek te\u015fkilat eyalet enc\u00fcmenidir. Bu enc\u00fcmen demokratik yollarla halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmelidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn devlet daireleri ve onlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda duranlar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bu y\u00fcksek kuruma tabidir ve onun talimatlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcrler\u2026 F\u0131rkam\u0131z halk f\u0131rkas\u0131 olarak milletin tamam\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan halk\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ciddi \u015fekilde \u00f6nem vermelidir. Bunu devaml\u0131 akl\u0131m\u0131zda tutmal\u0131y\u0131z.\u201d[27]<\/p>\n

En \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinde bir di\u011feri de 21 Azer\u2019in, G\u00fcney Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin mill\u00ee hareketinin bir a\u015fama olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hareket liderleri t\u00fcm konu\u015fma ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, Me\u015frutiyet hareketi ve 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 mill\u00ee-demokratik hareketinden esinlendiklerini, bu hareketlerin \u00f6nderlerinin (Settar Han, Ba\u011f\u0131r Han, Hiyaban\u00ee) onlar i\u00e7in birer \u00f6rnek oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Pi\u015feveri ayn\u0131 zamanda, mill\u00ee hareketin \u00f6nceki evrelerinde yap\u0131lan hatalar\u0131n tekrarlanmayaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmekteydi. Pi\u015feveri bu ba\u011flamda \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cE\u011fer Ba\u015fkomutan Tahran\u2019a inanmasayd\u0131, e\u011fer \u015eeyh Muhammet Hiyaban\u00eehain, yalanc\u0131 ve bin y\u00fczl\u00fc kurmaylar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerine \u00f6nem vermeseydi, e\u011fer Lahuti\u2019ye ihanet eden yalanc\u0131 pehlivanlar idam edilseydi, \u015fimdi sadece Azerbaycan de\u011fil, belki de t\u00fcm \u0130ran, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ilerici, en demokratik \u00fclkelerinden biri olacakt\u0131. Bu hatalar\u0131 devaml\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak karars\u0131z ve teredd\u00fctl\u00fc insanlar\u0131n haince telkinlerine kulak vermeden kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcze inanmal\u0131y\u0131z.\u201d[28]<\/p>\n

Mill\u00ee demokratik \u00f6zerklik ilkesi ile yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan hareket liderleri \u0130ran milleti kavram\u0131na, yani tek dilli (Fars dilli), tek k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc (Fars k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc) egemen millet kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek zorundayd\u0131lar. Azerbaycan Halk Kongre\u2019sinde \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131na, Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131na ve Ba\u015fbakana g\u00f6nderilen mektupta Azerbaycan halk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n milliyet, dil, gelenek ve kendine has \u00f6zellikleri ayr\u0131 bir millet oldu\u011fu, d\u00fcnyadaki her millet gibi, Azerbaycan milleti\u2019nin de mill\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurma hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu, bu milletin kendisini Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 demokratik ilkelerle y\u00f6netmek yetene\u011fine sahip oldu\u011fu vurgulan\u0131yordu.[29] Hareketin ilk d\u00f6neminde kabul edilen di\u011fer resm\u00ee belgelerde ve ayn\u0131 zamanda hareket liderlerinin s\u00f6ylemlerinde Azerbaycan halk\u0131, Azerbaycan milleti kavramlar\u0131 h\u00e2kim olmu\u015ftur. Bu kavram, R\u0131za \u015eah d\u00f6neminden kalma resm\u00ee \u0130ran milleti kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131t olarak olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan \u0130ran milleti terimi \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm n\u00fcfusu, halk\u0131 anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok milletli yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi her zaman vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dikkati \u00e7eken unsurlardan bir di\u011feri ise, bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00fcnl\u00fck konu\u015fmada kullan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrk dili kavramlar\u0131 yerine, belgelerde ve yaz\u0131larda genelde Azerbaycan halk\u0131, Azerbaycan milleti, Azerbaycan dili terimlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131nda yeni kabul edilen Azerbaycanl\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n hareket liderleri taraf\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019da kopyalanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bir giri\u015fimdi. Mill\u00ee tarihle ilgili yaz\u0131lar Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131nda yeni bas\u0131lan Azerbaycan Tarihi kitab\u0131n\u0131n [30] ana tezlerini tekrarlamaktayd\u0131. Bu kavramlar, \u00f6zellikle Firudin \u0130brahimi\u2019nin \u00f6nce Azerbaycan gazetesinde dizi makaleler \u015feklinde, daha sonra da ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Kadim Tarihinden adl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131na [31] aitti. Burada Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin tarih\u00ee Med devleti ile ili\u015fkilendiriliyor ve g\u00fcncelleniyordu. Yazar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir iftiharla Med devleti tarihini vurgulayarak mill\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi Fars-T\u00fcrk ili\u015fkilerinin bug\u00fcn\u00fcne \u00e7ekmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, Med devletinin ac\u0131 kaderini ya\u015famamak (Ahamenilerin bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi olmak) i\u00e7in okurlar\u0131n\u0131 uyan\u0131k olmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Resm\u00ee tarih\u00e7ili\u011fin aksine, yazar, Med devletinin Farslar\u0131n tarihi ile bir ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u015fimdiki Azerbaycanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu bir devlet oldu\u011funu iddia etmektedir.<\/p>\n

21 Azer Hareketi d\u00f6neminde \u00fczerinde durulan en \u00f6nemli konulardan birinin mill\u00ee dil olmas\u0131 da do\u011fald\u0131. Mill\u00ee hareketlerin mill\u00ee dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr konular\u0131na \u00f6ncelik vermesi genel bir durumdur. Bu, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n mill\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u00f6zellikle hassasiyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir konuydu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc R\u0131za Pehlevi rejiminin T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasetin en hassas alan\u0131 mill\u00ee dil ve mill\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr alanlar\u0131ndaki yasaklard\u0131. Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 anadilde olu\u015fturdu; e\u011fitim sistemini anadilde yapt\u0131, okuma yazma bilmeyenler i\u00e7in onlarca kurs a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131; onlarca yeni okul kuruldu, Tebriz\u2019de \u00fcniversite, dram tiyatrosu ve filarmoni orkestras\u0131 kuruldu. \u015eair ve yazarlar enc\u00fcmeni [birli\u011fi], besteci ve mimarlar derne\u011fi kuruldu; anadilde ders kitaplar\u0131 ve di\u011fer kitaplar yay\u0131nland\u0131. Mir Cafer Pi\u015feveri bu konuda \u015funlar\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir: \u201cBizim dilimiz d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n iddialar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00e7ok geni\u015f ve farkl\u0131 bir dildir. K\u00f6kleri halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kan\u0131nda ve kalbindedir. Biz onu ana s\u00fct\u00fc gibi emerek vatan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ruhunu ok\u015fayan havas\u0131 ile solumu\u015fuz. Ona hakaret edenler, onu muti ve suni g\u00f6stermek isteyenler bizim ger\u00e7ek d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r\u2026\u00a0 Biz, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n her y\u00f6nden i\u00e7i\u015flerini y\u00f6netmeyi hak etti\u011fini biliyoruz. Halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n konu\u015ftu\u011fu dil de Farsi de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle de kendi dilimiz ile halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n medeni halklar\u0131n\u0131n seviyesine ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz.\u201d[32] Tahran\u2019la yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde Azerbaycan temsilcileri dil konusundan vazge\u00e7meyeceklerini vurgulam\u0131\u015f, neticede anla\u015fman\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 u\u011fruna Azerbaycan\u2019daki orta ve y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda e\u011fitimin \u2018Fars\u00e7a ve Azerbaycan dilinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131na\u2019 ili\u015fkin bendin ilave edilmesini kabul ettiler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, anla\u015fman\u0131n 5. maddesine yap\u0131lan 3. ilavede \u015funlar yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u0130ran me\u015frutiyetine Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn hizmetlerini, h\u00fcrriyet ve demokrasinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmek amac\u0131yla, devlet Azerbaycan\u2019daki g\u00fcmr\u00fck gelirinin y\u00fczde 5\u2019nin Azerbaycan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na onay verir.\u201d[33]<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019da mill\u00ee-demokratik h\u00e2kimiyet sadece bir y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tahran, 1946 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131na do\u011fru toparlanarak Azerbaycan\u2019daki y\u00f6netimin \u00fcst\u00fcne gitti. Tahran\u2019\u0131n arkas\u0131nda, \u0130ran\u2019da Sovyetlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinden endi\u015fe eden ABD ve \u0130ngiltere duruyordu. Azerbaycan\u2019daki hareketi yok etmek i\u00e7in Tahran\u2019a askeri, mali ve diplomatik yard\u0131mlar sa\u011fland\u0131. Tahran, uygun \u015fartlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131ktan sonra 12 Haziran tarihli anla\u015fmay\u0131 ihl\u00e2l ederek, silah g\u00fcc\u00fcyle Azerbaycan\u2019daki \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimi ortadan kald\u0131rmaya karar verdi. Sovyetlerin deste\u011finden mahrum olmu\u015f, hatta onun bask\u0131lar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015f olan Azerbaycan Mill\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmet lideri Pi\u015feveri\u2019nin deyimi ile bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u2018\u00d6lmek var, d\u00f6nmek yok!\u2019 slogan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olsa da fiilen teslim oldu. On binlerce hareket \u00fcyesi Tahran\u2019\u0131n silahland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 irticac\u0131 gruplar ve \u0130ran ordu birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, ADF y\u00f6netimi ve aktivistleri ise Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne ka\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n demokratikle\u015fme \u015fans\u0131n\u0131n felaketli sonucu konusunda onlarca ara\u015ft\u0131rma mevcuttur. [34] Burada konumuz i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan birka\u00e7 hususu belirtmekle yetinelim.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle, 21 Azer Hareketi ile Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00fc (veya Azerbaycan halk\u0131) olu\u015fmu\u015f bir millet olma azmini ortaya koydu. Yerel \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimlerini yaratmas\u0131 ve icraatlar\u0131 ile bu halk kendini y\u00f6netmeye lay\u0131k ve haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. 21 Azer Hareketi \u0130ran T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerdeki (Me\u015frutiyet, 1920) mill\u00ee hareketlerin devam\u0131 oldu, ancak mill\u00ee meselenin daha net bir \u015fekilde ortaya konulmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mill\u00ee hareketin bir \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerini a\u015farak mill\u00ee hareketin doruk noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

21 Azer Hareketi tecr\u00fcbesi, yerel \u00f6zerkliklerin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda gayri Farslar\u0131n mill\u00ee hareketleri, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n (en ba\u015fta Tahran merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin) demokratikle\u015fmesi ile s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. Hareket liderlerinin konu\u015fma ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bu zarureti vurgulamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu alanda belirli giri\u015fimlerde bulunsalar da (\u00f6rne\u011fin, K\u00fcrt \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkilerin kurulmas\u0131) pratikte bu iki g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131nda ittifak kurulmas\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

21 Azer\u2019in kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yok olu\u015funun, Azerbaycan ve T\u00fcrk milletinin yeniden facia ya\u015famas\u0131na ilk sebep olanlar, \u0130ran\u2019da mill\u00ee meselenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc istemeyen, \u00fclkenin demokratikle\u015fmesinden \u00fcrken \u0130ran irticas\u0131ysa, ikinci sebep olanlar 21 Azer liderlerinin, hareketi Sovyet siyasetine ba\u011flamas\u0131 idi. Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin \u0130ran\u2019dan petrol imtiyaz\u0131 alma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda G\u00fcney Azerbaycan y\u00f6netimini desteksiz b\u0131rakmas\u0131, hatta Tahran\u2019\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na direni\u015f g\u00f6stermemesi i\u00e7in ona yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar, sonralar\u0131 \u2018ihanet\u2019 olarak kabul edilecekti. [35]<\/p>\n

21 Azer Hareketi \u0130ran\u2019da Azerbaycan\/T\u00fcrk meselesini uluslararas\u0131 siyasi platforma \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in ilk ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesele Azerbaycan meselesi oldu.<\/p>\n

21 Azer Hareketinin \u0130ran\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler\u2019in milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi olumlu ve\/veya olumsuz etkiler sonraki y\u0131llarda da kendisini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1 Vidadi Mustafayev, C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan. Milli \u015f\u00fcur (XX \u0259srin I yar\u0131s\u0131),Bak\u0131: \u018fbilov, Zeynalov v\u0259 o\u011fullar\u0131, 1998, s.110-111.<\/p>\n

2 Az\u0259rbaycan (T\u0259briz), 18.12.1941.<\/p>\n

3 A.g.e., 12.11. 1941.<\/p>\n

4 A.g.e., 05.01.1942.<\/p>\n

5 Vidadi Mustafayev, C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan. Milli \u015f\u00fcur (XX \u0259srin I yar\u0131s\u0131), s. 113.<\/p>\n

6 A.g.e., s. 112.<\/p>\n

7 Sanan Azer, \u0130ran T\u00fcrkleri, \u0130stanbul: Cumhuriyet matbaas\u0131, 1942, 22 s.<\/p>\n

8 Sanan Azer, \u0130ran T\u00fcrkleri, s. 10.<\/p>\n

9 A.g.e.,s. 12-13.<\/p>\n

10 Sanan Azer, \u0130ran T\u00fcrkleri, s.17-18.<\/p>\n

11 A.g.e., s.14.<\/p>\n

12 Salamulla Cavid, O g\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u0259sr\u0259ti il\u0259.Xatir\u0259l\u0259r, Bak\u0131:Yurd, 2003, s. 57.<\/p>\n

13 Hoseynqoli Katebi, Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259leyi melliye \u0130ran, T\u0259briz, 1942. Bu \u015fahs\u0131n sonralar milli grublar\u0131n faaliyetine kat\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Tebrizli Ali ile s\u0131k\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011finde olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 hal say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bkz: T\u0259brizli \u018fli, \u018fd\u0259biyyat v\u0259 milliyy\u0259t,Tehran: Atropat,[1978], s.115.<\/p>\n

14 Hoseynqoli Katebi, Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259leyi melliye \u0130ran, s.4.<\/p>\n

15 A.g.e., s. 16.<\/p>\n

16 C\u0259mil H\u0259s\u0259nli, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycanda Sovet-Amerika-\u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131 (1941-1946), Bak\u0131: Az\u0259rbaycan n\u0259\u015friyyat\u0131, 2001, s. 13-14.<\/p>\n

17 C\u0259mil H\u0259s\u0259nli, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycanda Sovet-Amerika-\u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131 (1941-1946), s. 36.<\/p>\n

18 A.g.e., s. 40-64.<\/p>\n

19 A.g.e., s. 96-98.<\/p>\n

20 \u00d6rne\u011fin, bkz: \u018f. Quliyev, C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan milli-azadl\u0131q v\u0259 demokratik h\u0259r\u0259kat tarixind\u0259n (1941-1945), Tarix v\u0259 F\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 \u0130nstitutunun \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, I burax\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Bak\u0131, 1951; M. \u00c7e\u015fmaz\u0259r, Az\u0259rbaycan Demokrat partiyas\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131 v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti, Bak\u0131, 1986; \u015e\u00f6vk\u0259t Ta\u011f\u0131yeva, \u018fkr\u0259m R\u0259himli (Bije), S\u0259m\u0259d Bayramzad\u0259, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycan. M\u0259lumat kitab\u0131, Bak\u0131, 2000; \u018fkr\u0259m R\u0259himli (Bije), G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycanda milli-demokratik h\u0259r\u0259kat (1941-1946), Bak\u0131: Meqa, 2003; \u041c. \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u041e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 1945-1946 \u0433\u0433., \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443, 1948; \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443, 1949; \u041a. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u041e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0410\u044d\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 1945-1946 \u0433\u0433., \u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f,N1, 1959; N\u0259c\u0259fqoli Pesyan, M\u0259rg bud baz g\u0259\u015ft, h\u0259m bud. Tarix\u00e7eye Ferqeye Demokrate Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 Hezbe Komeleye Kordestan \u0259z soqute padeqanhaye Az\u0259rbaycan to esteqrare niru, \u0130sfahan, 1948; \u018fhm\u0259d Rezvani, Mac\u0259raye Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259s \u015f\u0259hriv\u0259re 1320 ta az\u0259re 1325, \u018frak, [ilsiz]; George Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, 1918-1948. A Study in Big-Power Rivalry, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1949; Robert Rossow, The Battle of Azerbaijan, 1946, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 10, No 1, Winter 1956, pp. 17-32; Ervand Abrahamian, \u2018Communism and Communalism in Iran: The Tudah and the Firqah-i Dimukrat\u2019, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol 1, no 4, July 1970, pp. 291-316; David B. Nissman, The Soviet Union and Iranian Azerbaijan. The Use of Nationalism for Political Penetration, Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1987; Louise L\u2019Estrange Fawcett, Iran and the Cold War. The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan. Ethnicity and Autonomy in Twentieth-century Iran, London and New York: British Academic Press, 1993; Jamil Hasanli, At the Dawn of the Cold War. The Soviet-American Crisis over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941-1946, London etc: Rowman, 2006.<\/p>\n

21 \u015e\u00f6vk\u0259t Ta\u011f\u0131yeva, \u018fkr\u0259m R\u0259himli (Bije), S\u0259m\u0259d Bayramzad\u0259, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycan. M\u0259lumat kitab\u0131,s. 219.<\/p>\n

22 A.g.e., s. 236.<\/p>\n

23 Az\u0259rbaycan (T\u0259briz), 05.09.1945; Mir C\u0259f\u0259r Pi\u015f\u0259v\u0259ri, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, Bak\u0131: Az\u0259rbaycan D\u00f6vl\u0259t N\u0259\u015friyyat\u0131, 1984, s. 274-275.<\/p>\n

24 Az\u0259rbaycan (T\u0259briz),\u00a0 25.09.1945. Mir C\u0259f\u0259r Pi\u015f\u0259v\u0259ri, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, s. 297.<\/p>\n

25\u00a0 Mir C\u0259f\u0259r Pi\u015f\u0259v\u0259ri, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, s.276, 298, 321.<\/p>\n

26 Toplant\u0131lar\u0131n birinde Azerbaycan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Birinci Sekreteri Mir Cafer Ba\u011f\u0131rov\u2019un 21 Azer hareketinin yenilgisinin ana nedeninin ve ADF\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck hatalar\u0131ndan birinin Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ile yeterince s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin kurulmamas\u0131, \u2018ona dayanmamas\u0131\u2019 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne cevap olarak Pi\u015feveri \u015funlar\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir: \u201cYolda\u015f Ba\u011f\u0131rov\u2019un fikrinin aksine, bizim en b\u00fcy\u00fck hatam\u0131z\u0131n ve hareketimizin yenilgiye u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131n nedeninin, gereken seviyede \u0130ran Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ile \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki sars\u0131lmaz birli\u011fe ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorum.\u201d \u015e\u00f6vk\u0259t Ta\u011f\u0131yeva, \u018fkr\u0259m R\u0259himli (Bije), S\u0259m\u0259d Bayramzad\u0259, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycan, s.267.<\/p>\n

27 Mir C\u0259f\u0259r Pi\u015f\u0259v\u0259ri, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, s.275, 281, 297.<\/p>\n

28 Az\u0259rbaycan (T\u0259briz), 12. 09. 1945.<\/p>\n

29 A.g.e., 23.11.1945.<\/p>\n

30 Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi. Q\u0131sa o\u00e7erk. Q\u0259dim zamanlardan XX \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r, Bak\u0131, 1943.<\/p>\n

31 Firudin \u0130brahimi, Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n q\u0259dim tarixind\u0259n, T\u0259briz, 1946.<\/p>\n

32 Mir C\u0259f\u0259r Pi\u015f\u0259v\u0259ri, Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, s. 277-278, 329.<\/p>\n

33 Anla\u015fman\u0131n tam metni i\u00e7in bkz: \u018fkr\u0259m R\u0259himli (Bije), G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycanda milli-demokratik h\u0259r\u0259kat (1941-1946), s. 180-183.<\/p>\n

34 Yukar\u0131daki kaynak listesine bkz.<\/p>\n

35 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz:\u00a0 Salamulla Cavid, O g\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u0259sr\u0259ti il\u0259. Xatir\u0259l\u0259r, s. 75-86; C\u0259mil H\u0259s\u0259nli, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycanda Sovet-Amerika-\u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131durmas\u0131 (1941-1946),\u00f6zellikle kitab\u0131n 16. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, s. 501-542.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mill\u00ee Hareketin doruk noktas\u0131 olan 21 Azer Hareketi; Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin millet olma azmini ortaya koydu. \u0130ran\u2019da Azerbaycan\/T\u00fcrk meselesini uluslararas\u0131 platforma ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. BM’nin ilk ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesele Azerbaycan meselesi oldu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"featured_media":9886,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,68,69],"tags":[],"coauthors":[1246],"class_list":["post-9883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-turkluk-turkculuk","category-yakin-cografya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9883","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9883"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12312,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9883\/revisions\/12312"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9883"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}