{"id":9914,"date":"2020-05-14T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-14T16:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=9914&preview=true&preview_id=9914"},"modified":"2020-05-15T12:20:41","modified_gmt":"2020-05-15T09:20:41","slug":"pehlevi-rejiminin-asimilasyon-siyaseti-artan-zulum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/pehlevi-rejiminin-asimilasyon-siyaseti-artan-zulum\/","title":{"rendered":"Pehlevi rejiminin asimilasyon siyaseti: Artan zul\u00fcm"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pehlevi<\/p>\n

\u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 1946 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019a sava\u015fla ma\u011flup etti\u011fi bir \u00fclke gibi yakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, SSCB ile yap\u0131lan petrol anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131ktan sonra Ba\u015fbakan Kevam\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi \u2018Azerbaycan\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan demokratik harekete kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in halka ve demokrasi savunucular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir bask\u0131 uygulanmayacakt\u0131r.\u2019 Y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki a\u00e7\u0131klama hemen unutuldu. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l bask\u0131 makinas\u0131 durmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli rakamlar mevcuttur. Azerbaycan\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer eyaletlerine s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenlerin say\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki rakamlar birbirlerinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Azerbaycan mill\u00ee-demokrasi hareketine yak\u0131n durumda olan yay\u0131nlarda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 25 bin ki\u015finin idam edildi\u011fi, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlar\u0131n 20 bin ki\u015fiden fazla, s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise 100 bin ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. [1]<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n durumu o d\u00f6nemki esir Fransa\u2019dan da k\u00f6t\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1947 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ocak ay\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc halde XV. Meclis i\u00e7in se\u00e7imler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu meclisin temel faaliyetlerinden biri Sovyetler ile imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan petrol anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 iptal etmek ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylamak oldu. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n \u015eubat-Mart aylar\u0131nda merkezi Tahran\u2019daki ordu karargah\u0131 da olmak ko\u015fuluyla \u2018G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin \u015fehirlerde yerel komisyonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Bu komisyonlar, \u2018itibars\u0131z unsurlar\u0131n\u2019 belirlenmesi ve bu ki\u015filerin s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmesi ile me\u015fgul oluyorlard\u0131. Yay\u0131nlar \u00fczerine de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sans\u00fcr uyguland\u0131. Azerbaycan\u2019daki bu durum hakk\u0131nda Tahran gazetesi \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cE\u011fer Azerbaycan’\u0131n \u015fu anki durumunu tasavvur etmek istiyorsan\u0131z, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nce M\u00fcttefikler\u2019in gazete ve dergilerinde veya seyyar sinema-tiyatrolar\u0131nda gestapocular\u0131n yenilmi\u015f Fransa ve Polonya\u2019n\u0131n soylu ve asil insanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tutumu hakk\u0131nda okuduklar\u0131n\u0131z ve g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinizi zihninizde bir daha canland\u0131r\u0131n. \u0130\u015fte o zaman anlayacaks\u0131n\u0131z ki, \u015fu anki Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n durumu o d\u00f6nem esir konumunda kalan Fransa\u2019dan da k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d [2] Azerbaycan\u2019daki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc hal uygulamas\u0131 1948\u2019de kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l mill\u00eedemokrasi hareketinin sa\u011f kalan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na da \u015eah\u2019\u0131n ferman\u0131yla af getirildi.<\/p>\n

Muhammed R\u0131za Pehlevi rejiminin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6nem boyunca (1979 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar) \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n siyasi hayat\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli s\u00fcre\u00e7ler (\u00f6rne\u011fin 1949-1953 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki demokratik hareket, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015flayan \u2018Ak Devrim\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan reformlar) olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Tahran\u2019\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019a eski tutumu de\u011fi\u015fmedi. Buna ra\u011fmen Azerbaycan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik bu siyaset burada da \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler de Azerbaycan\u2019da milletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine etkisiz kalmad\u0131. Hatta bu s\u00fcrece bir hayli derecede y\u00f6n verdi. K\u0131saca bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere bakal\u0131m. Bu derin s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin konsentrik ifadesi, \u00f6ncelikle Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n demografik durumunda kendisini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkler<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1956 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda \u00fclke tarihindeki ilk genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131nda ve Zencan \u015fehristan\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla 2142,3 bin, 721,1 bin ve 386,2 bin ki\u015fi, yani toplamda 3.2 milyon n\u00fcfus ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfusunun (18.9 milyon) %17\u2019sine tekab\u00fcl etmekteydi.<\/p>\n

1966 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019da toplam 4.170 bin ki\u015finin (s\u0131ras\u0131yla 2.598 bin, 1.087,7 bin ve 461,3 bin) ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlendi. 1976 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki say\u0131mda ise G\u00fcney Azerbaycan n\u00fcfusunun tamam\u0131n\u0131n 5.178,6 bin ki\u015fiden ibaret oldu\u011fu belirlendi, bu da \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun %15.4\u2019\u00fcne tekab\u00fcl ediyordu.[3]<\/p>\n

Say\u0131m materyallerinde hem b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke, hem de \u00fclkenin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri ve n\u00fcfusun etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir bilgi yoktur. Birinci genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u2018yerel\u2019 dillerde konu\u015fan n\u00fcfusun hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Amar Der \u0130ran (\u0130ran\u2019da \u0130statistik) adl\u0131 topluda yay\u0131mland\u0131.[4] Bu kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re, \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n devlet dilinden, Fars\u00e7adan farkl\u0131 80\u2019e yak\u0131n dilde konu\u015fmakta oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda dil gruplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tahmini bilgiler yay\u0131mland\u0131.[5] Bunlara g\u00f6re, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi 3,9 milyon, 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 5,0 milyon ki\u015fi konu\u015fuyordu. Bu da haliyle \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun %20,6 (18,9 milyon i\u00e7inde) ve %15,5\u2019ine (32,2 milyon) denk geliyordu. Tamamen ve esas itibariyle T\u00fcrklerin yerle\u015fti\u011fi \u015fehirlerin say\u0131s\u0131 46 olarak g\u00f6steriliyor, fakat bu \u015fehirlerin adlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131yordu. Bu rakamlar ilk olarak \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor: G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en esas idari-arazi birimleri Do\u011fu Azerbaycan, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131 ve Zencan \u015fehristan\u0131 (s\u0131ras\u0131yla 8, 5 ve 1 \u015fehristandan) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde de T\u00fcrkler ya\u015famaktalard\u0131. \u0130kincisi ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi, bu rakamlar hem onlardan \u00f6nce hem de sonraki di\u011fer rakamlarla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1956 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Kas\u0131m ay\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lan en itibarl\u0131 say\u0131m olarak kabul edilen \u0130ran Ordusu Ba\u015fkarargah\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1948- 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardaki say\u0131m materyalleri [6] bu resm\u00ee rakamlar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011funu \u015f\u00fcphe alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1948-1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinin say\u0131m materyalleri 10 ciltten ibarettir. S\u00f6z konusu materyallerde b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgeler hakk\u0131nda birtak\u0131m bilgiler, o toplulu\u011fun yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesindeki n\u00fcfusu ve dilleri hakk\u0131nda bilgiler yer al\u0131yordu. \u0130lk ciltlerde \u015fu ifade kaydedildi; Ostanlar \u00fczerine b\u00fct\u00fcn ciltlerin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan sonra genel bir cilt yay\u0131nlanacak, burada her bir ostan\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgiler de yer alacakt\u0131. Ancak bu genelleyici cilt hi\u00e7bir zaman yay\u0131mlanmad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 bu \u00fclkede \u2018\u0130ran milletinden\u2019 (Fars milletinden) ba\u015fka milletin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden resm\u00ee doktrini alt-\u00fcst etmi\u015f olacakt\u0131. Bu say\u0131m materyallerinin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli eksiklerinden bir di\u011feri de \u015fuydu: Etnik a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k n\u00fcfusa sahip yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinde halk\u0131n etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 netle\u015ftirilmiyor, hatta baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde genellikle halk\u0131n mill\u00ee mensubiyeti hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmiyordu. Bu ve di\u011fer\u00a0 eksikliklerine ra\u011fmen, yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinin say\u0131m materyalleri esas\u0131nda dil mensubiyetine uygun olarak n\u00fcfusun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Mahmud Penahiyan-Tebrizi\u2019nin 1948-1950\u2019li y\u0131llardaki say\u0131m materyallerine dayanarak y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesaplamalara g\u00f6re, \u00fclkenin 16,5 milyonluk n\u00fcfusunun 5,3 milyonu (%32,1\u2019i) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.[7] Ayn\u0131 yazara g\u00f6re Merkezi ostanda (Tahran \u015fehri hari\u00e7) 503 bin, Gilan\u2019da 731 bin, Mazenderan\u2019da 101 bin, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan\u2019da 1.845 min, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019da 703 bin, Kirman\u015fah ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da 525 bin, Huzistan\u2019da 2,6 bin, Fars\u2019ta 349 bin, Kirman\u2019da 580 bin, Horasan\u2019da 355 bin, \u0130sfahan\u2019da ise 167 bin T\u00fcrk ya\u015f\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan n\u00fcfusun genel say\u0131s\u0131na (5,3 milyon ki\u015fi) T\u00fcrkmenler (G. Petrov\u2019un hesaplamalar\u0131na g\u00f6re 119,3 bin)[8] ve Fars ostan\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Ka\u015fkaylar (1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda 300 bin ki\u015fi) [9] de dahildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerin say\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda resm\u00ee bilgilerin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan sonra bir tak\u0131m resm\u00ee olmayan bilgiler de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu resm\u00ee olmayan bilgiler, ilk bilgilerin do\u011frulu\u011funa \u015f\u00fcphe d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130slam Devrimi ve devam\u0131nda da bu konu dikkatleri \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015f, Pehlevi d\u00f6neminin rakamlar\u0131 yalanlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[10] \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1979 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda\u00a0 Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmetin Ba\u015fbakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, o d\u00f6nemde \u0130ran\u2019da 13 milyon T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[11] (Bu konuya ileride de\u011finilecektir).<\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019da T\u00fcrklerin say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda onlarca bilgi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Azerbaycan\u2019da n\u00fcfusun yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi neredeyse hi\u00e7 yoktur. 1948-1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan say\u0131m, \u00fcst\u00fcnden onlarca y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede en itibarl\u0131 kaynak olarak mevcudiyetini koruyor. \u00dc\u00e7 idariarazi b\u00f6lgesi \u2013 Do\u011fu Azerbaycan, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ve Zencan \u015fehristan\u0131 n\u00fcfusunun ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en kaynak temelindeki hesaplamalar\u0131m\u0131z \u015funlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir: 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019daki toplam n\u00fcfusun\u00a0 (3.101 bin ki\u015fi) %88\u2019i (veya 2.753\u00a0 bin ki\u015fi) T\u00fcrk idi.\u00a0 K\u00fcrtler\u2019in say\u0131s\u0131 ise 290 bin ki\u015fi idi, bu da genel n\u00fcfusun %9\u2019una denk geliyordu. Onlar Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r \u015feridinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Di\u011ferleri (yakla\u015f\u0131k %3\u2019\u00fc) Farslar (baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdi), Asurlar (Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda), Ermeniler (\u015fehirlerde), Tatlar (Erdebil ve Zencan b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u00f6y halk\u0131) vb. idiler.[12]<\/p>\n

\u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki, Azerbaycan\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u00fclkenin T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun (5,3 milyon ki\u015fi) %52,8\u2019ini olu\u015fturuyordu. 1976 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m\u0131na dayanarak \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkler\u2019in i\u00e7erisinde Azerbaycan\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler\u2019in oran\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u015eart olarak 30 y\u0131l boyunca (1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonu ile 1976 y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131) Azerbaycan n\u00fcfusunun yap\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul edecek olursak, Azerbaycan\u2019daki T\u00fcrklerin n\u00fcfusu (5,1 milyon) b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ran\u2019daki T\u00fcrkler\u2019in tamam\u0131n\u0131n (\u0130ran n\u00fcfusunun 33.591,9 binin %32\u2019i hesab\u0131yla) %40\u2019\u0131na denk gelmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n genel n\u00fcfusunun \u00fclke \u00fczerindeki yerinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. [13] Bize g\u00f6re bu, halk\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019dan yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n

1956 y\u0131l\u0131 genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6stermekteydi ki, \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun 2,1 milyonu (tamam\u0131n\u0131n %10,9\u2019u) dahili g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131ndan ve Zencan \u015fehristan\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7en n\u00fcfusun say\u0131s\u0131 329,3 bindi. S\u0131ras\u0131yla Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131ndan genel n\u00fcfusun %15,4\u2019\u00fc, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131ndan %5,4\u2019\u00fc ve Zencan \u015fehristan\u0131ndan n\u00fcfusun %10,6\u2019s\u0131 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fti. Bu da \u00fclkedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin %19,7\u2019sine denk geliyordu. Azerbaycan\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerdeydi. En yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeleri Erdebil (70 bin ki\u015fi, genelin %26,8\u2019i), Tebriz, Mara\u011fa, He\u015ftrud (200 bin ki\u015fi, bu 3 \u015fehrin genelinin %21,6\u2019s\u0131), Sarab (17,3 bin ki\u015fi, genelin %13,1\u2019i), Halhal (12,5 bin, %10,6\u2019s\u0131) ve Zencan (41 bin ki\u015fi, genelin %10,6\u2019s\u0131) idi. G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn en az ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgeler Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda K\u00fcrtler\u2019in de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Say\u0131ngala (\u015eahindej, 495 ki\u015fi, genelin %9,8\u2019i,) Me\u015fkin\u015fehr (1970 ki\u015fi, %1,2) ve Mahabad (Soyugbulag, 3885 ki\u015fi, %1,7) gibi \u015fehristanlar olmu\u015ftur. [14]<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerden ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan Azerbaycan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7e gelince, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m rakamlar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde takdim edilmektedir: Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131na 41,8 bin, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131na 88,6 bin, Zencan \u015fehrine 3,1 bin ki\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. [15]<\/em> En b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 \u00e7eken b\u00f6lge Mahabad (53 bin ki\u015fi, bunlardan 50 bini Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131ndan) ve Urmiye \u015fehristanlar\u0131 (25 bin ki\u015fi, bunlardan 12 bini Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131ndan, 9 bini ise Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer \u015fehristanlar\u0131ndan) idi.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki rakamlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015fu sonucu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir: \u0130lk genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn y\u00f6n\u00fc Azerbaycan\u2019dan di\u011fer eyaletlere do\u011fru idi. Azerbaycan\u2019dan ayr\u0131lanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Tahran\u2019a gitmi\u015ftir. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6rne\u011fin; Erdebil \u015fehristan\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7enlerin %75\u2019i (53 bin ki\u015fi), Tebriz \u015fehristan\u0131ndan %69,5\u2019i (93 bin ki\u015fi), Zencan \u015fehristan\u0131ndan %72,9\u2019u (30 bin ki\u015fi) ve Urmiye \u015fehristan\u0131ndan %47,8\u2019i (7,3 bin ki\u015fi)\u00a0 ba\u015fkente yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Ters g\u00f6\u00e7 i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu olan rakamlar ise \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanmaktayd\u0131: 279, 1371, 302 ve 827 ki\u015fi.[16]<\/em><\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki daha sonraki genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m materyallerinde bu \u015fekilde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Fakat dolayl\u0131 kaynaklar \u015funlar\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir: Azerbaycan\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 1956 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra da \u0130ran\u2019daki g\u00f6\u00e7men kitlesinin esas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne denk gelmektedir.\u00a0 Ettelaat gazetesi 15 Kas\u0131m 1962 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlemektedir: \u201cSon y\u0131llarda Azerbaycan\u2019dan yaln\u0131zca Tahran\u2019a 500 bin ki\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlardan 250 bini eski Tebrizliler idi ve say\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tahminen Tebriz halk\u0131 kadarlard\u0131.\u201d Bu durumun sebeplerinin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ise dikkat \u00e7ekicidir: \u201c\u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki Huzistan, \u0130sfahan, Horasan ve Gilan\u2019dan Tahran\u2019a bu kadar ki\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Cevap olumsuzdur… H\u00fck\u00fcmet Azerbaycan\u2019a dikkat etmiyor, dikkat etse bile di\u011fer vilayetlere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok azd\u0131r.\u201d 1964\/65 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca \u00fclke \u00fczere i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 4,2 milyona ula\u015ft\u0131.[17]<\/em><\/p>\n

1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren ge\u00e7en 10 y\u0131l boyunca \u015fehirlere k\u0131rsal kesimden 5 milyon insan daha g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.[18]<\/em> Resm\u00ee bilgilere g\u00f6re, 1971-1976 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131ndan Tahran\u2019a 601,2 bin ki\u015fi (5 ya\u015f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck), Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131ndan ise 113,6 bin ki\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fti. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu rakamlar\u0131n Kirman\u015fah, Belucistan ve K\u00fcrdistan i\u00e7in s\u0131ras\u0131yla 14,8 bin, 3,2 bin ve 66,6 bine denk geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[19]<\/em><\/p>\n

1940-1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n demografik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de \u015fuydu: 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Tahran, g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Azerbaycan sakinlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7i\u015f g\u00fczergah\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, onlar i\u015f i\u00e7in Huzistan\u2019a ve Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nin petrol \u00fclkelerine gidiyorlard\u0131. Baz\u0131 bilgilere g\u00f6re, 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca Kuveyt\u2019te 80 bin Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00fc vard\u0131.[20]<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, 1940-1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n demografik durumundaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler konusunu \u00f6zetlerken, \u015fu hususlara a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmek gerekir: Nispeten y\u00fcksek do\u011fal n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6y ve \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nemli derecede artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1956-1976\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda art\u0131\u015f %159) g\u00f6zlemleniyor.[21]<\/em> Buna ra\u011fmen, \u0130ran n\u00fcfusunda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015f, Azerbaycan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke aras\u0131nda \u015fehirle\u015fme (urbanizasyon) fark\u0131 daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu durum Azerbaycan\u2019dan n\u00fcfusun g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ile ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

1956 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan\u2019da g\u00f6\u00e7 sirk\u00fclasyonu (eyaletten gidenlerle eyalete g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler aras\u0131ndaki fark) 220.688 ki\u015fiye tekab\u00fcl etmekteydi.[22]<\/em> Azerbaycan i\u00e7in belirgin olan bu durum 1960-1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda yeni bir \u015fekil ve konum ald\u0131. \u015eah rejimi Azerbaycan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik bu stratejisinde her yolla bu b\u00f6lgeyi \u00fclkenin merkezi il\u00e7eleri ile ba\u011flama siyasetine uygun olarak demografik kanallardan da aktif \u015fekilde yararland\u0131. Azerbaycan sakinleri (T\u00fcrkler) kitleler halinde \u00fclkenin merkezine ve g\u00fcneydeki eyaletlerine g\u00f6\u00e7 ediyor, Tebriz\u2019deki baz\u0131 yeni sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve Mugan Ovas\u0131\u2019ndaki yeni b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere merkezi Fars b\u00f6lgelerinden buraya i\u015f\u00e7iler getirilip yerle\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019dan di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketinin bir di\u011fer sonucu olarak toplumun sosyal s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana geldi. Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlilerini g\u00f6sterelim: \u015eehirlerdeki k\u00f6y n\u00fcfusunun \u015fehre ak\u0131n\u0131 sonucu 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n bir dizi \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgesinde i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yetersizli\u011fi hissedilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Keyhan\u00a0 gazetesi 5Aral\u0131k 1977 tarihinde \u2018son iki y\u0131lda 300 binden fazla k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn Hoy, \u015eahpur, Maku, Merend ve Giruda\u011f \u00e7evresinden g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fini\u2019 kaydederek \u2018i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bariz yetersizli\u011finden dolay\u0131 binlerce ton mahs\u00fbl\u00fcn g\u00f6\u00e7 veren k\u00f6ylerden t\u00fcketiciye ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u2019 g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

Tahran ekonomisi ve T\u00fcrk burjuvazi\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

21 Azer\u2019den sonra yerel i\u015f adamlar\u0131n\u0131n Azerbaycan\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi de sosyalsiyasi alanlarda az\u0131msanmayacak derecede b\u00fcy\u00fck sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu. \u0130lk olarak bu durum, Azerbaycan\u2019da iktisadi hayat\u0131n dura\u011fanla\u015fmas\u0131ne sebep oldu. \u0130ranl\u0131 yazar Sarvan Kaviyanpur\u2019un kaydetti\u011fi gibi, \u2018Tahran, Huzistan ve \u00fclkenin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde Azerbaycan sermayesinin imar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda… Azerbaycan\u2019da korkulu durgunluk h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.\u2019 [23]<\/em> 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019da yerli burjuvazi faaliyetini esas itibariyle hizmet ve hafif end\u00fcstri alanlar\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yerli burjuvazi \u0130ran\u2019daki T\u00fcrk (Azerbaycanl\u0131) burjuvazinin nispeten zay\u0131f par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve aktif b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Tahran\u2019da ve \u00fclkenin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131 ve \u00fclke ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli bir konuma sahipti. T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin \u0130ran ekonomisindeki rol\u00fc hakk\u0131nda Keyhan \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cK\u00f6kl\u00fc Tahranl\u0131lar ger\u00e7ekten de Azerbaycanl\u0131lara g\u00f6re az\u0131nl\u0131ktad\u0131rlar, Azerbaycanl\u0131lar kendi sermayelerini Tahran\u2019dan \u00e7ekseler, geriye bir \u015fey kalmaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Tahran ekonomisine hayat veren onlar\u0131n sermayesidir.\u2019[24]<\/em><\/p>\n

Y\u00f6netici \u00e7evreler, Ak Devrim \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sanayile\u015fme program\u0131n\u0131n ilan edilmesinden sonra Azerbaycan k\u00f6kenli burjuvazinin kendi faaliyetlerini Azerbaycan\u2019a getirmesini istedi. \u015eah 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019a seyahati s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cBeni rahats\u0131z eden konu, Tebriz\u2019in ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerin t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi memleketlerini b\u0131rak\u0131p, merkeze g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesidir. Buna son verilmelidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yak\u0131n zamanda Azerbaycan\u2019da ekonomik faaliyetler geni\u015fletilecektir. G\u00f6\u00e7 edenler d\u00f6n\u00fcp burada ticaretlerini devam ettirsinler.\u201d [25]<\/em> Bize g\u00f6re, y\u00f6netici \u00e7evrelerin amac\u0131 yerli sermayeyi, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ekonomik geli\u015fimini sa\u011flamaktan \u00e7ok, \u2018Fars b\u00f6lgelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc olan\u2019 [26]<\/em> T\u00fcrklerin konumunu sarsmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Y\u00f6neticilerin \u0131srarlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi sermayesini Azerbaycan\u2019a getirme konusunda istekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Tahran ticaret b\u00f6lgesinin eski ba\u015fkan\u0131 Senator A. Vekili ve \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f adam\u0131 M. Tevekk\u00fcli bas\u0131n temsilcileri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde Azerbaycan\u2019da yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun ortam\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmetin iddialar\u0131na \u015f\u00fcpheyle yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaydediyorlard\u0131. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamadan Azerbaycan\u2019a d\u00f6nme niyetinde olmad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.[27]<\/em> \u0130ran bas\u0131n yay\u0131n organlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin Azerbaycan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye devam etti\u011fini, buraya sadece \u00f6zel sermayenin gelmedi\u011fini, aksine 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna dek Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u00fclkenin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine sermaye ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fine yer vermi\u015ftir.[28]<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk (Azerbaycanl\u0131) burjuvazinin faaliyetini Azerbaycan\u2019dan di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k siyaseti ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu siyaset Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ekonomi alan\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 karakteri ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Haziran 1965\u2019de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 H\u00fcveyda, 45 uzmandan olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomi komisyonun ba\u015f\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019a seyahat etti. Bu seyahatin amac\u0131n\u0131 komisyon ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu: \u201cBen Azerbaycan\u2019a y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyli uzmanlar\u0131 getirmi\u015fim ve Azerbaycan\u2019da ekonomik durum d\u00fczelmedik\u00e7e bu eyaleti terk etmeyece\u011fim.\u201d[29]<\/em> Tebriz\u2019deyken Ba\u015fbakan, \u2018Azerbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetin faaliyetlerinden memnun olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\u2019 itiraf etmeye mecbur kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fcveyda, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin dikkatini Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n sanayi sahas\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmesinde ya\u015fanan problemlere y\u00f6neltmeye, yerli-\u00f6zel sermayenin faaliyetlerini geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131na ve Azerbaycan\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet i\u015fletmelerinin a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair vaatlerde bulundu.[30]<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar, ilan edilen yeni ekonomik siyasetle ve \u00fclkenin sanayile\u015fmesi alan\u0131nda ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck planlar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi ile kronolojik olarak pe\u015f pe\u015fe geliyordu. Bir dizi alanda, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f i\u015fletmelerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na \u0130ran ekonomisinin teknik geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u015fart olarak bak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Tetkik edilen d\u00f6nemde bu y\u00f6nde dikkat \u00e7eken ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edildi. Sanayile\u015fme alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmelerin \u00f6zeti \u015fu \u015fekildeydi: 1959\/60 ile 1972\/1973 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde yurti\u00e7i toplam \u00fcr\u00fcnde (sabit fiyatlarla) sanayinin pay\u0131 (petrol sanayii de dahil)\u00a0 %27,2\u2019den %44\u2019e kadar artm\u0131\u015f; 1960\/1961 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1975\/76\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar olan 15 y\u0131lda (cari fiyatlarla) sanayide toplam katma de\u011ferin (\u2018arze\u015f-\u0131 afzude\u2019) y\u0131ll\u0131k art\u0131\u015f oran\u0131 %17,4 olmu\u015f; 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n birinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ekonominin I. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn (\u2018a\u011f\u0131r sanayii\u2019) temellerinin ve II. b\u00f6l\u00fcme ait \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f sekt\u00f6rlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n sonucunda \u0130ran ekonomisinin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131.[31]<\/em><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan’da sanayinin durumu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Gayri Fars b\u00f6lgelerinde, \u00f6zellikle Azerbaycan\u2019da sanayinin durumunun irdelenmesi, bu geli\u015fmelerin esasen \u00fclkenin merkezi b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7in karakteristik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Ba\u015fbakan\u2019\u0131n yukar\u0131da verilen a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na ise ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f vaatler g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakmak gerekir.<\/p>\n

1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda sanayi istatistikleri, Azerbaycan\u2019daki sanayinin \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hal\u0131 dokumac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. 1963 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan \u015fehirlerinde (Zencan \u015fehri hari\u00e7) 524 \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 (10 ve daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7isi olan) \u00fcretim sanayii i\u015fletmelerinin 306\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 (%58,4\u2019\u00fc) hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k fabrikalar\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu.[32]<\/em> Bunlardan yaln\u0131zca 11\u2019inde 100\u2019den fazla i\u015f\u00e7i vard\u0131. \u00dclkede \u00fcretilen hal\u0131lar\u0131n %30\u2019dan fazlas\u0131 Azerbaycan hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k sanayiinin pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmekteydi.[33]<\/em> \u00d6nemli hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgesi ise Tebriz ve \u00e7evresi ile Eher ve Merend idi.[34]<\/em><\/p>\n

Yine 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda 49 b\u00fcy\u00fck dokuma sanayii (hal\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) fabrikalar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bunlar \u00fclkede\u00a0 bu tip fabrikalar\u0131n %11,5\u2019ine (tamam\u0131 7127) tekab\u00fcl ediyordu.[35]<\/em> Bu fabrikalar asl\u0131nda az makinele\u015fmi\u015f i\u015fletmelerdi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir deri fabrikas\u0131 Mara\u011fa\u2019da, geri kalanlar ise Tebriz\u2019de bulunuyordu. Azerbaycan\u2019daki sanayi \u00f6nc\u00fcleri ise \u2018Hosrovi\u2019 ve \u2018M\u00fcmtaz\u2019 (Tebriz\u2019deki) deri fabrikalar\u0131 idi.[36]<\/em><\/p>\n

1965\/66 y\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131m\u0131, bu y\u0131llarda Azerbaycan\u2019da dokuma sanayiinin (deri ve konfeksiyon da dahil) \u00fcst\u00fcn konuma sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Dokuma fabrikalar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn fabrikalar\u0131n %45,6\u2019\u0131na denk geliyordu, b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerin %53,3\u2019\u00fc burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve \u015fehir sanayiinde \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin toplam de\u011ferinin %49\u2019unu veriyordu.[37]<\/em> Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131l boyunca dokuma fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 bir hayli azald\u0131. Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131nda \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 dokuma fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 355 birimden 1974 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 21 Mart\u2019\u0131nda Azerbaycan i\u00e7in toplam 70\u2019e indi.[38]<\/em> Ne yaz\u0131k ki, \u015fehir \u00fcretim sanayilerinin dokuma fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve bu alanda \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hacmi hakk\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 istatistikler mevcut de\u011fildir. Ancak \u00f6nceki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar Azerbaycan \u00fcretim sanayiinin as\u0131l alanlar\u0131n\u0131n buhranl\u0131 durumu hakk\u0131nda yeteri kadar a\u00e7\u0131k bir tablo sergilemektedir.[39]<\/em><\/p>\n

1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda Tebriz ve baz\u0131 \u015fehirlerde devlet taraf\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 makina fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla sanayiinin bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ileriye do\u011fru \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015f oldu. Tebriz\u2019de trakt\u00f6r (1970), birka\u00e7 makina fabrikas\u0131 (1971-1975), Sofyan\u2019da \u00e7imento fabrikas\u0131 (1971) faaliyete ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu fabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 sonucunda 1973\/74\u2019te makina fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleri Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131n\u0131n \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 sanayi fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n toplan katma de\u011ferinin %47,9\u2019unu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu.[40]<\/em> Ancak resm\u00ee verilere ra\u011fmen, \u00fclkenin makina sanayiinde Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek azd\u0131. Nitekim 1972\/73\u2019te Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131na, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 makina fabrikalar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn %2,78\u2019i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu.[41]<\/em><\/p>\n

Yeni sanayi fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n sanayi geli\u015fiminde ilerici bir role sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekle birlikte, \u015fu noktay\u0131 da kaydetmeliyiz ki; bu makina fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretime ge\u00e7mesi Azerbaycan\u2019da yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sa\u011flamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu fabrikalar (makina fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki) montaj fabrikalar\u0131yd\u0131, haz\u0131r par\u00e7alar b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak veya genellikle yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ithal ediliyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, dizel motoru fabrikalar\u0131ndan biri, – \u0130ngiliz \u015firketinin (Leyland\u2019\u0131n) yard\u0131m\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir fabrika –\u00a0 haz\u0131r par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019den getiriyordu. \u0130kincisinin (MercedesBenz\u2019in kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) Bat\u0131 Almanya\u2019dan, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn (Wetinhouse Elektric \u015firketinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) ABD\u2019den geliyordu. Plana g\u00f6re montaj fabrikalar\u0131 kendi donan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yava\u015f yava\u015f detaylar haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flamal\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak plan\u0131n aksine, Tebriz\u2019deki ortak giri\u015fimlerin hi\u00e7biri tamamen \u00fcretime ge\u00e7emedi. Romanya ile anla\u015fman\u0131n bozulmas\u0131ndan ve \u015eah\u2019\u0131n do\u011frudan talimat\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz firmas\u0131 Massey Fergussen ile anla\u015fma imzaland\u0131ktan sonra trakt\u00f6r montaj fabrikas\u0131 haz\u0131r par\u00e7alar almaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu firman\u0131n markas\u0131 alt\u0131nda trakt\u00f6r montajlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu konuda Azerbaycan dergisinin yazd\u0131klar\u0131na kat\u0131lmamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir: \u201c\u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Messey Fergussen firmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi par\u00e7alar\u0131 montajlamakla me\u015fgul olan Tebriz trakt\u00f6r fabrikas\u0131 ve \u0130ran pazar\u0131ndaki \u0130ngiliz trakt\u00f6rler kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla mill\u00ee sanayi de\u011fildir.\u201d[42]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kapitalist geli\u015fimi, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n insan, maliye ve di\u011fer resurslar\u0131ndan yararlanmay\u0131 israrla talep ediyordu. Ancak \u015eah rejimi bu meseleyi kendi siyasetine uygun olarak, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n Merkez\u00ee \u0130ran\u2019la zorunlu sosyalekonomik entegrasyonu yolu ile halletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Makina fabrikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan hammadde \u0130sfahan\u2019dan, Ahvaz\u2019dan, Merkez\u00ee ve G\u00fcney \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinden getiriliyordu. Haz\u0131r \u00fcr\u00fcnler de ilk etapta yerli pazar\u0131n de\u011fil, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n genel talebini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. As\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnler (dizel motorlar\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r makinalar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrleri vs.) \u00fclkenin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde olan i\u015fletmelere ve d\u0131\u015f pazarlara g\u00f6nderiliyordu. Bu t\u00fcr bir anklav geli\u015fme i\u015fletmelerin sekt\u00f6rleraras\u0131 \u00fcretim m\u00fcnasebetlerini, en ba\u015fta da bu i\u015fletmelerin rotasyonunu azalt\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee bilgilere g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, yerli \u00f6zel sermayeyi ilave ve ara mal \u00fcretiminin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na te\u015fvik etmeliydi. Fakat bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. Yerli sermaye yerel pazar\u0131n de\u011fil, genel \u0130ran pazar\u0131n\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlere sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ilgi g\u00f6stermedi. \u00d6zel giri\u015fimciler i\u00e7in Tahran\u2019da ve merkez\u00ee eyaletlerde bulunan \u00fcretim talebinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretim yapan fabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 daha itibarl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, onlara daimi sat\u0131\u015f pazar\u0131na sahip olma g\u00fcvencesi veriyordu. Azerbaycan i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck derecede yerli pazara y\u00f6nelen di\u011fer bir \u2018yap\u0131sal\u2019 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131, yerli giri\u015fimcili\u011fin canlanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Sosyal ve \u00fcretimsel yap\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Azerbaycan\u2019da kurulan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f fabrikalar\u0131n normal faaliyetlerine engel oluyordu. \u0130\u00e7 pazar\u0131n darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f pazara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n zorlu\u011fu bu fabrikalarda \u00fcretimin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131, hatta durdurulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren sebeplerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyordu.[43]<\/em><\/p>\n

Devletin in\u015fa etti\u011fi di\u011fer fabrikalar aras\u0131nda 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda (\u0130talya sermayesinin i\u015ftirak\u0131 ile) a\u00e7\u0131lan Tebriz\u2019de ve Urmiye\u2019de iki petrol rafinerini de kaydetmek gerekir. Bu rafinerileri ham petrolle temin etmek i\u00e7in Ahvaz\u2019dan (Tahran\u2019dan ge\u00e7erek) Tebriz\u2019e kadar uzunlu\u011fu 1348 km olan bir petrol boru hatt\u0131 \u00e7ekildi. \u0130lk rafinerinin \u00fcretim g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fcnde 80 bin varil idi.[44]<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, Azerbaycan\u2019da \u00fcretim sanayiinin ozamanki durumunu ortaya koyan karakteristik geli\u015fme, b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve yeni modern sekt\u00f6rlerin \u2013 makina ve petrol sanayiinin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. Ancak Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ekonomik hayat\u0131nda bu olumlu geli\u015fmenin \u00f6nemini abartmak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Modern sanayinin Tebriz \u2018vaha\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Azerbaycan \u00fcretim sanayiinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck geleneksel i\u015fletmeler olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmeler, geleneksel fabrikalar\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131ca \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu i\u015fletmeler toplam katma de\u011ferin hacminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa da sahiplerdi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fabrikalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u015fehirlerde de, k\u00f6ylerde de hal\u0131 i\u015fletmeleriydi.[45]<\/em><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019daki \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 devlet fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n, di\u011fer eyaletlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131na, hem de \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hacmine g\u00f6re nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fabrikalar oldu\u011funu da belirtmek gerekir. Do\u011fu Azerbaycan\u2019daki sanayi fabrikalar\u0131nda ortalama 27 ki\u015fi, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019da 55 ki\u015fi (Merkezi ostanda \u2013 77, Mazandaran\u2019da \u2013 86, \u0130sfahan ve Yezd\u2019de \u2013 110 ki\u015fi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. \u00dcretim hacmi (bir fabrikaya d\u00fc\u015fen toplam katma de\u011fer) 1974\/75\u2019de Azerbaycan\u2019da \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oranlard\u0131. Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda 19 milyon riyal, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda 14,6 milyon riyal (Merkezi ostanda \u2013 109,9 Mazandaran\u2019da \u2013 83,3, Huzistan\u2019da \u2013 175,7 milyon riyal vs.) [46]<\/em><\/p>\n

Fabrikalar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 emek verimlili\u011fi oran\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. 1965\/66 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan \u015fehirlerindeki \u00fcretim sanayiinde her bir i\u015f\u00e7inin pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hacim oran\u0131 orta \u0130ran seviyesinden hayli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc, Tahran, \u0130sfahan ve Yezd b\u00f6lgelerinden ise \u00e7ok daha geride kal\u0131yordu. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fcr\u00fcn, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan\u2019da 43,9 bin riyal, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019da 52,4 bin riyalse, \u0130sfahan ve Yezd\u2019de bu rakam 101,2\u2019ye denk geliyordu.[47]<\/em> 1973\/74 y\u0131l\u0131 istatistikleri, bu fark\u0131n daha da artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Nitekim \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 365 milyon riyallik toplam katma de\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorsa, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan\u2019da bu, 225 milyon riyale, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019da 183, Zencan\u2019da ise 186 milyon riyale tekab\u00fcl ediyordu.[48]<\/em><\/p>\n

Maden sanayisi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00dclke sanayiinin bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli sahas\u0131 olan maden sanayii (petrol ve do\u011falgaz d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) geli\u015fiminin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan di\u011fer bir realiteydi. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda metal\u00fcrji sanayiinin olu\u015fmas\u0131, sanayi ve m\u00fclki in\u015faat\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, b\u00f6ylelikle d\u00f6viz ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde devletin ilgisinin artmas\u0131 bile maden sanayiinin geli\u015fimini te\u015fvik edici bi\u00e7imde etkileyemedi. Halbuki \u00fclkenin bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesi gibi Azerbaycan da \u00f6nemli do\u011fal kaynaklara sahiptir. Bu b\u00f6lgede jeolojik ke\u015fif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Azerbaycan\u2019da bir\u00e7ok maden \u00e7e\u015fitinin zengin kaynaklar\u0131 mevcuttur. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bol petrol ve do\u011falgaz yataklar\u0131 mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

7 Haziran 1965 tarihli Ettelaat gazetesi, Tebriz\u2019in merkezinde su kuyusu kaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada petrol f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber veriyordu. Azerbaycan\u2019da petrol ve gaz rezervleriyle ilgili bir \u00e7ok bilgi mevcuttur. Petrol ve do\u011fal gaz yataklar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (Pakistan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u015ftiraki ile) bu bilgileri teyit etmi\u015ftir. Mu\u011fan Ovas\u0131 ve \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00f6nemli miktarda petrol ve do\u011fal gaz yataklar\u0131 tespit edildi. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n verimli bir \u015fekilde tamamlanmas\u0131ndan sonra Mu\u011fan Ovas\u0131\u2019ndaki petrol ve gaz yataklar\u0131ndan geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde istifade edilmesi tasarland\u0131.<\/p>\n

16 Mart 1967 tarihli Keyhan gazetesi, ihra\u00e7 amac\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Akdeniz\u2019e kadar uzanacak bir petrol boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesinin planland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Petrol\u00fc oradan da Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131ma amac\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ancak daha sonralar kuyular kapat\u0131ld\u0131, Mu\u011fan petrol\u00fc ve gaz\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda m\u00fczakereler s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sovyet taraf\u0131 (her iki taraf i\u00e7in ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar temelinde) G\u00fcney Azerbaycan yataklar\u0131ndaki petrol ve gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak ve Sovyet ittifak\u0131na ihra\u00e7 amac\u0131yla i\u015fe ba\u015flama teklifi verdi. Ancak \u0130ran taraf\u0131, ayn\u0131 yataklar\u0131n dokunulmaz ihtiyat say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sebep g\u00f6stererek bu teklifi kabul etmedi. Huzistan\u2019dan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne gaz boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi konusunda da \u0130ran taraf\u0131 ayn\u0131 tutumu sergiledi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, gaz boru hatt\u0131 en k\u0131sa g\u00fczergahla Azerbaycan\u2019dan de\u011fil, Tahran ve Gilan\u2019dan ge\u00e7erek Astara\u2019ya \u00e7ekildi.[49]<\/em><\/p>\n

Zengin ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc havzalar\u0131 (Halhal, Astara, Mara\u011fa, Zencan\u2019da vb.) ve demir yataklar\u0131 (Zencan, Eher ve Karada\u011f\u2019da) bulunmu\u015ftur. [50]<\/em> Eher, Zencan ve Karada\u011f b\u00f6lgelerinde bulunan bak\u0131r yataklar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgede al\u00fcminyum, krom, kobalt, nikel, k\u0131ymetli metaller, fosfat vs. mevcuttur. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda uranyum cevheri bulundu (yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerle birlikte), Azerbaycan\u2019da uranyumun b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervleri oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.[51]<\/em><\/p>\n

Maden sular\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Urmu G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sular\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda iyot i\u00e7ermesi, ekonomik ve t\u0131bbi a\u00e7\u0131lardan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahiptir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Azerbaycan, maden sanayiinin \u00fcretim hacmini art\u0131rmak ve saha yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi i\u00e7in temel olabilecek faydal\u0131 minerallerle olduk\u00e7a zengindir. Bu alanlardan bir \u00e7o\u011fu ihracata y\u00f6nelebiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Maden sanayiine ba\u011fl\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler temelde in\u015faat alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Nitekim Azerbaycan maden sanayiine ait 19 fabrikadan (\u00fclkenin 306 \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n %6,2\u2019si) 1963\u2019de yaln\u0131z Mara\u011fa yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeni, Eher ve Zencan yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bak\u0131r yata\u011f\u0131 sanayide kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. [52]<\/em><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131ndaki madenlerin genel say\u0131s\u0131 68 idi (\u00fclkedeki 1024 madenin %8,6\u2019s\u0131).[53]<\/em> Resm\u00ee verilere g\u00f6re, 1976\/77\u2019de Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda art\u0131k 70 maden sanayii i\u015fletmesi vard\u0131. Bunlardan %58\u2019i \u2018yer\u00fcst\u00fc\u2019 maden idi. Bu madenlerin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu in\u015faat i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1975\/76\u2019da Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda ise bu rakamlar %24 ve %16 idi. Zencan ostan\u0131nda ise yaln\u0131zca bir maden faaliyetteydi.[54]<\/em> Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in belirtelim: 1970\/71\u2019de \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131nda 1102 maden i\u015fletmesi vard\u0131, 76 madende ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131yor, 18\u2019inde demir, 101\u2019inde kur\u015fun, 41\u2019inde kur\u015fun ve \u00e7inko, 8 madende ise bak\u0131r elde ediliyordu.[55]<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, 1940-1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretim ve maden sanayiinde Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131 \u00f6nemsiz denecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, \u0130ran n\u00fcfusunun genel say\u0131s\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131 ile uyu\u015fmuyordu. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel konumunun zaman ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e azalmaya e\u011filimli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu. 1964\/65\u2019te Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n (Zencan hari\u00e7) sanayii \u00fcretimi \u0130ran sanayiinin toplam katma de\u011ferinin %5,6 oran\u0131nda iken, 1968\/69 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bu rakam %5\u2019e indi.[56]<\/em> Bu e\u011filim, daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde modern \u00fcretime ili\u015fkin tabloda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee rakamlara g\u00f6re, 1972\/73\u2019te \u0130ran sanayiinin (petrol d\u0131\u015f\u0131) temel sekt\u00f6rlerin \u00fcretiminde Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131 yaln\u0131zca %1,02 idi.[57]<\/em> Zencan ostan\u0131na gelince, burada modern sanayi genellikle mevcut de\u011fildi. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n uygun rakamlar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, istatistiksel kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Fakat bu meseleyi ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan uzmanlar\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel sonuca g\u00f6re, \u201c\u0130ran sanayii \u00fcretimi 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda b\u00f6lgesel problemlerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc istikametinde de\u011fil, sorunun derinle\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelikti.\u201d[58]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n sanayi \u00fcretiminde Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel konumunun azalma sebepleri, bize g\u00f6re a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n

1961\/62 sanayi istatistiklerine g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan sanayiinde devletin pay\u0131 geleneksel alanlardaki (yiyecek ve \u00e7imento) 6 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fabrika ile temsil ediliyordu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm \u0130ran\u2019da ise 1959\/60\u2019ta sanayide devletin pay\u0131 %76 idi.[59]<\/i><\/span>Keyhan gazetesinin 24 Ocak 1973 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, 1962-1972 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019da devlet yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 11,5 milyar riyaldi. Bu sermaye genellikle Tebriz\u2019de makine (4 milyar riyal) ve trakt\u00f6r (5 milyar riyal) fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na aitti. Bu fabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda devlet kendi konumunu bir hayli g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Ancak genel olarak Azerbaycan sahas\u0131nda devlet pay\u0131 az miktarda kald\u0131. Bu, devletin Azerbaycan sanayisi ile ilgili siyasetinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oranda olmas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkiliydi. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fu rakamlar hakl\u0131 k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: 3. ve 4. geli\u015fme planlar\u0131n\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi d\u00f6neminde (19631973) devletin sanayi sahas\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 121,2 milyar riyal idi. 5. Plan d\u00f6neminde ise (1973-1977) yaln\u0131zca sanayi \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in devlet yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 177,1 milyar riyal hacminde planla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[60]<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dclke sanayiinde sermaye aktar\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc rol \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re aitti. 1962-1967 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 246,1 milyar riyaldi. Devlet t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00f6zel sermayenin giri\u015fimcilik faaliyetlerinin artmas\u0131n\u0131 destekliyordu. Nitekim \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in devlet, 5. Plan d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re 100 milyar riyal hacminde kredi ay\u0131rmay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0 Bu, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte birine denk geliyordu.[61] <\/i><\/span>Ancak Azerbaycan sanayiine yat\u0131r\u0131m, \u00fclkenin bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir hayli azd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1962-1972 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomisine toplam 6 milyar riyal yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[62]<\/i><\/span>Azerbaycan\u2019da \u00f6zel sermaye 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda da pasif kald\u0131. 16 Ocak 1974 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda Keyhan gazetesi bu ba\u011flamda \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cKamuoyundan edinilen izlenime g\u00f6re, pek az ki\u015finin Tebriz\u2019i \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat ediyor. Tahran\u2019da, \u0130sfahan\u2019da, Ahvaz\u2019da, Me\u015fhed\u2019de ve \u015eiraz\u2019daki sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 Tebriz\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan’da giri\u015fimcilik faaliyetleri t\u00fcrl\u00fc engellerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor<\/strong><\/h2>\n

G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n yerel burjuvazisi bu pasifli\u011fi, devletin Azerbaycan\u2019daki ekonomik siyasetiyle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Azerbaycan burjuvazisine g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan\u2019da \u2018herhangi bir giri\u015fimcilik faaliyeti, bin bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. [63]<\/i><\/span>Yerel burjuvazi, Azerbaycan\u2019da giri\u015fimcilik faaliyetinin geni\u015flemesi yolundaki engelleri (iktisadi sorunlar\u0131n halledilmesinde yerel devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n yetkisinin olmamas\u0131, kredi, lisans ve vergi siyasetinde ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k) kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik geli\u015fiminin yerel sermayeye b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemekteydi.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019daki giri\u015fimciler kredi konusunda problemlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kredinin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131nda ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7iydiler. Ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 veriler, Tahran bankalar\u0131 ve kurumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan giri\u015fimcilere verilen kredilerin toplam\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel konumunun az oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1959\u2019da \u0130ran Merkez Bankas\u0131 toplam 5,4 milyar riyal miktar\u0131nda 288 kredi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n (Zencan hari\u00e7) pay\u0131na 79,3 milyon riyal (yakla\u015f\u0131k %1,5) oran\u0131nda kredi d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Azerbaycan bu rakamlara g\u00f6re Tahran, \u0130sfahan, Horasan, Mazenderan ve Huzistan ostanlar\u0131ndan sonra 6. s\u0131rada yeralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[64] <\/i><\/span>1959 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1964 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Sanayi ve Madenler Bankas\u0131 1041,9 milyon riyal miktar\u0131nda kredi kulland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun %69,5\u2019i \u0130sfahan\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019a ise hi\u00e7 kredi verilmemi\u015fti.[65]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130ran bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n haberlerine g\u00f6re, fabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in lisans al\u0131m\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Tebriz\u2019de 20 milyon riyallik sermaye ile \u00e7imento fabrikas\u0131 in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in hissedar \u015firket olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Ancak Ekonomi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu fabrikan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na lisans vermeyi reddetti.[66]<\/em><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Tebriz\u2019de 10 b\u00fcy\u00fck giri\u015fimci, dokuma makinalar\u0131n\u0131n ithal edilmesi ve yeni fabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in lisans ve kredi verilmesi konusunda resm\u00ee kurumlara ba\u015f vurmu\u015flard\u0131. Ancak onlar\u0131n bu taleplerine uzun bir m\u00fcddet cevap verilmedi. Aradan 6 ay ge\u00e7ip, Ticaret ve Ekonomi bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u00fclkenin ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na defalarca ba\u015fvuru yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, giri\u015fimcilerden biri talebinin uygun kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00f6z alabilmi\u015fti.[67]<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Tebriz\u2019in Ticaret-Sanayi Odas\u0131 y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyesi, Ekonomi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tebriz\u2019de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fabrika kurmak i\u00e7in lisans verilmesi konusundaki iste\u011fine verilen cevab\u0131n 6 aydan \u00e7ok s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Keyhan gazetesi (14 May\u0131s 1972) a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Bunca u\u011fra\u015ftan sonra giri\u015fimci \u201cfabrika kurma iste\u011finden vazge\u00e7ti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, vergi ve di\u011fer sorunlar\u0131n halledilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak daha ne kadar s\u00fcre istenece\u011fi bilinmiyordu.\u201d Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostandar\u0131 ise \u015funlar\u0131 itiraf etmi\u015fti: \u201cYerel giri\u015fimciler buraya sermaye aktarsalar da, sermaye aktar\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili problemleri Tahran\u2019da halletmenin gerekece\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Bu durumda yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 bizzat Tahran\u2019da yapmak daha iyi olmaz m\u0131?\u201d[68]<\/em><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6nlemlere ra\u011fmen (\u00f6rne\u011fin, idari devrim konusunda \u0131slahatlar program\u0131na 17. maddenin dahil edilmesi), Azerbaycan sanayiinde \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilik faaliyetinin geni\u015flemesinde dikkat \u00e7eken bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi. ABD\u2019li Ekonomist Robert Looney, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u2018merkezsile\u015ftirme siyasetinin \u00fcmit verici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u2019 kaydediyordu. Onun hesaplamalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1965-1969 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Merkezi ostanda yeni fabrikalar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen lisanslar\u0131n miktar\u0131 %13,6\u2019dan %43,3\u2019e y\u00fckseldi. Di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde ise bu oran %86,4\u2019den %56,7\u2019ye, yani %29,7 inmi\u015fti.[69]<\/i><\/span>Sonuncular\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise Fars n\u00fcfusunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerin giri\u015fimcileriydi.<\/p>\n

Sanayiye hizmet eden altyap\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn 1960-1970\u2019li y\u0131llardaki belirli geli\u015fimine ra\u011fmen, yerli sermayenin giri\u015fimci faaliyetini frenlemekteydi.[70]<\/i><\/span>Baz\u0131 rakamlar\u0131 vermekle yetinelim.<\/p>\n

1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131nda toplam 16 elektrik \u00fcretim merkezi (\u00fclkede 107) vard\u0131. Bu merkezler dizel yak\u0131tla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u0131s\u0131-elektrik santralleriydi. Zencan\u2019daki elektrik santraliyle birlikte toplam\u0131 19,3 bin kilovat elektrik enerjisi elde ediliyordu. Bu, \u00fclkede \u00fcretilen elektrik enerjisinin %3,3\u2019\u00fcne denk geliyordu.[71<\/em>]\u00a0 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019da ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na saatte 55 kilovat elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiliyorken, Azerbaycan\u2019da bu rakam 19 idi.[72]<\/i><\/span>Yeni enerji santrallerinin kurulmas\u0131 sonucunda 1975\/76 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostanlar\u0131nda elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretimi 282,1 milyon kilovat\/saate ula\u015ft\u0131.[73]<\/em>Ancak 1974\/75\u2019de t\u00fcm \u00fclkede 14 milyar kilovat\/saat elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiliyor olmas\u0131n\u0131 dikkate al\u0131rsak,[74]<\/i><\/span>\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiminde Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Azerbaycan ekonomisinin durumunu \u00f6zetlerken, \u015funlar\u0131 kaydetmek gerekir. Ekonominin temel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6nceki gibi tar\u0131m idi. Baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde ekstensiv geli\u015fme olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Azerbaycan ekonomisi genelde durgunluk ya\u015f\u0131yordu. \u0130malat sanayiinde k\u0131smen olumlu geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fand\u0131. Somut olarak yeni sekt\u00f6rler \u2014 makine ve petrol \u00fcretimi sanayii olu\u015ftu. Ancak i\u015fletmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu kapsayan geleneksel sekt\u00f6rler, \u00f6zellikle g\u0131da ve hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6kme\u011fe yak\u0131n durumdayd\u0131. Hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta baz\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00fcretim kesin olarak d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Maden sanayisinde fabrikalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kalite de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi. Altyap\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde geli\u015fimin hem tar\u0131m, hem de sanayinin talebinden geri kalmas\u0131, Azerbaycan\u2019da \u00fcretimi negatif etkiledi. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n ekonomik gerili\u011fini d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesi de g\u00f6steriyordu. Nitekim 1976\/77\u2019de Azerbaycan\u2019a Tebriz g\u00fcmr\u00fck idaresinden ithal edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tam olmayan listesi \u00fczere 1.396,4 milyon riyal de\u011ferinde ev e\u015fyalar\u0131, k\u0131rtasiye malzemeleri, plastik e\u015fyalar getirilmi\u015fti. \u0130hracat i\u00e7in ise (badem, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm, hal\u0131, kay\u0131s\u0131 vs.) 930,4 milyon riyal de\u011ferinde \u00fcr\u00fcn g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti.[75] <\/i><\/span>\u00dclkenin merkezi b\u00f6lgeleri ile Azerbaycan aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik geli\u015fme fark\u0131 1970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda daha da artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Pehlevi rejiminin T\u00fcrkleri asimilasyon hedefleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pehlevi rejiminin Azerbaycan’a y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131mc\u0131 politikas\u0131, ekonomi d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sahalarda \u00f6zellikle k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve resm\u00ee ideoloji alan\u0131nda daha net g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu politika a\u00e7\u0131k \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir karaktere sahipti ve \u0130ran’daki T\u00fcrkleri asimile etme\u011fi hedefliyordu. Bu hedefe ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel rol mevcut e\u011fitim sistemine veriliyordu. 1949\u2019un yaz\u0131nda, \u0130ran E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 Dr. Zengene, Azerbaycan’da e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda Fars\u00e7a’n\u0131n konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda talimatlar verdi. Bu talimatlar aras\u0131nda Azerbaycan’\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehirlerinde anaokullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, bu okullar i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, Fars\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmek i\u00e7in 250 e\u011fitimcinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve Azerbaycan’da yerle\u015ftirilmesi, y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 yer ald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in Azerbaycan E\u011fitim Kurumu\u2019na ilave 20 milyon riyal ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[76]<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

1949\u2019un Sonbahar\u0131nda Tebriz \u00dcniversitesi yeniden a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00f6rene kat\u0131lan Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131, bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u015eah\u2019\u0131n Azerbaycan’a \u2018\u00f6zel ilgisinden\u2019 bahisle\u00a0 \u2018Azerbaycan’da Fars dilinin e\u011fitimdeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131\u2019, Fars\u00e7an\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011flanan yeni olanaklar ve halen devam eden sorunlara dikkat \u00e7ekti.[77] <\/i><\/span>Y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda\u00a0 Ettelaat\u00a0 gazetesi muhabiri Azerbaycan’daki e\u011fitimin durumunu incelemi\u015f ve bu alanda b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar oldu\u011funu kaydetmi\u015fti. Muhabir \u00f6zellikle \u2018T\u00fcrk dilinin imha edilmesi ve Fars dilinin Azerbaycan’da yay\u0131lmas\u0131 alan\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fini\u2019 vurgulam\u0131\u015f, \u2018bug\u00fcn de okullarda derslerin T\u00fcrk dilinde yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan\u2019 rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015fti. Tebriz’e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyarette \u015eah rejiminin i\u00e7 politikas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmede rol oynayan Prens E\u015fref Pehlevi, yerel yetkililere \u2018T\u00fcrk dilinin Azerbaycan’daki k\u00f6klerinin nas\u0131l kaz\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6relim\u2019 talimat\u0131 veriyordu.[78]<\/em><\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee veriler, n\u00fcfusun okur-yazar d\u00fczeyinin, Azerbaycan’daki e\u011fitim sisteminin durumunu g\u00f6steren \u0130ran ortalamas\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Nitekim 1956 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda n\u00fcfusun sadece %10,1’i, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda %10.6\u2019s\u0131 okur-yazard\u0131. \u0130ran ortalamas\u0131 ise\u00a0 %12,7 idi.[79] <\/i><\/span>\u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki, \u0130ran’daki devlete ait anaokullar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 %70’i bu iki ostandayd\u0131. 1962\/1963\u2019te Azerbaycan\u2019da devlete ait 61 anaokulu vard\u0131. Bunlar, \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u2018Azerbaycan’da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Fars\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenmeye zorlamak emriyle\u2019 kurulan e\u011fitim ocaklar\u0131yd\u0131.[80]<\/em><\/p>\n

Ak Devrim reformlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u2018maarif ordusu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kanun da referandumda (26.01.1962) kabul edildi. Bu projeyle yak\u0131n gelecekte \u00fclkedeki kitlesel okur-yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ger\u00e7ekten, 1960-70\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u2018maarif ordusu\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fclkenin e\u011fitim sisteminde reformlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi, okul a\u011f\u0131 geni\u015fledi, teknik-meslek okullar\u0131, yeni y\u00fcksek okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Resm\u00ee verilere g\u00f6re, 1976\/77\u2019de Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda 6 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki n\u00fcfusun 36,2, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ostan\u0131nda 25,4, Zencan ostan\u0131nda ise %30,3\u2019\u00fc okur-yazard\u0131. Bu oran \u0130ran’da 47,1 idi.[81]<\/em><\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn di\u011fer alanlar\u0131nda da durum e\u011fitimden farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. \u015eah rejimi mill\u00ee bilincin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan alanlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine izin verecek bir konumda de\u011fildi. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 devlet politikas\u0131 bu alanlarda, R\u0131za \u015eah’\u0131n zul\u00fcm politikas\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. A\u015f\u0131k heykelinin kaderi bu a\u00e7\u0131dan karakteristiktir. A\u015f\u0131k heykeli gerekli izin al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Tebriz’in kalabal\u0131k meydanlar\u0131ndan birine konmu\u015f, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusu ona b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. An\u0131t\u0131n sanatsal nitelikleri bas\u0131nda tekrar tekrar yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Uzmanlara g\u00f6re, A\u015f\u0131k an\u0131t\u0131 \u0130ran heykelt\u0131ra\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131.[82]<\/i><\/span>Bu heykel T\u00fcrkl\u00fck sembol\u00fc oldu\u011fundan k\u0131sa zamanda yerel yetkililer an\u0131t\u0131n \u2018g\u00fcvenli\u011fini temin etmek\u2019 iddias\u0131yla an\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fczeye nakletti, 1976\u2019da ise yoketti.[83]<\/em><\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee bas\u0131nda \u015eah rejiminin Azerbaycan’daki k\u00fclt\u00fcre kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z tutumunu g\u00f6steren d\u00fczinelerce olgu var. Bas\u0131nda bu ba\u011flamda 60’l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ulusal komitenin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00fclkede 350 tarih\u00ee-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel an\u0131t\u0131n restorasyonu i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer al\u0131yordu. Azerbaycan’da 270 tarih\u00ee an\u0131t bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Bas\u0131n devletin bu i\u015fe yeterince ilgi g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini kaydediyordu.[84] <\/i><\/span>Ettelaat gazetesi Erdebil halk\u0131n\u0131n memnuniyetsizli\u011fini ifade ederek yaz\u0131yordu ki; \u201cPek \u00e7ok \u015fehirde, \u00f6zellikle \u0130sfahan’da tarih\u00ee yap\u0131lar\u0131n restorasyonu yap\u0131l\u0131rken resm\u00ee g\u00f6revliler Erdebil’de de tarih\u00ee yap\u0131lar\u0131n restorasyonu ve korunmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.\u201d[85]<\/i><\/span>Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ostan\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat kurumu ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerine g\u00f6re, 1976’da an\u0131tlar\u0131n restorasyon ve korunmas\u0131nda sadece iki m\u00fchendis, bir mimar ve bir teknik i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6rev ald\u0131. Kurumda yeterli kaynak yoktu. Bu durum, \u2018Azerbaycan tarih\u00ee eserlerinin korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde gayretin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.\u2019[86]<\/i><\/span>Azerbaycan’da 1960-1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda yabanc\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla bir dizi arkeolojik kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[87] <\/i><\/span>Bu kaz\u0131larda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar ve di\u011fer antik eserler Tahran\u2019daki m\u00fczelere ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor, bu durum da yerel halk aras\u0131nda ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fa neden oluyordu.[88]<\/em><\/p>\n

Asimilasyon politikas\u0131nda propaganda faaliyetleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130ran’da, \u00f6zellikle Azerbaycan’da, T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u00f6klerini kaz\u0131mak i\u00e7in pratik i\u015flerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra teorik-propaganda faaliyetleri de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 21 Azer Hareketinden \u00fcrkm\u00fc\u015f olan rejim, bu alana daha fazla ilgi g\u00f6sterdi. Eski Kesrevicilik ve Kesrevi\u2019nin Azerbaycan\u2019la ilgili tezleri daha da geli\u015ftirildi. \u00dclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelerinden tarih\u00e7iler, dilbilimciler, sosyologlar ve bilim adamlar\u0131 bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki 1906 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda yeralan \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019 kavram\u0131 (\u0130ran’daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc) yeni teorilerle zenginle\u015ftirildi. Bu teoriler yeni iddialara dayanmakla birlikte, teorik temelleri zay\u0131ft\u0131. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, bu teorilerin \u00e7o\u011funda deklaratiflik ve ink\u00e2rc\u0131l\u0131k kendisini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f edebiyat ve siyaset adam\u0131 Ali Asker Hikmet’in iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201c\u0130ran n\u00fcfusunun %95\u2019i bir dilde – Fars dilinde konu\u015fuyor ve bir alfabe – \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Fars alfabesi ile yaz\u0131yor.\u201d Sadece \u201cAzerbaycan’\u0131n, Huzistan\u2019\u0131n belirli b\u00f6lgelerinde ve di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebe n\u00fcfus Fars dilinin T\u00fcrk veya Arap s\u00f6zleri ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k leh\u00e7esinde konu\u015fuyor.\u201d[89]<\/i><\/span>\u0130ran tarih\u00e7isi ve edebiyat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Cemalettin Fegih’in iddias\u0131 di\u011fer bir \u00f6rnek olabilir: \u201cAzerbaycan n\u00fcfusunun \u0130ran’\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinin n\u00fcfusu ile \u0131rk ve din meselelerinde birli\u011fi o kadar sarihtir ki, k\u0131sa bir a\u00e7\u0131klama bile gerektirmez.\u201d[90]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130ranl\u0131 sosyologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019 teriminin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc anlamak zordur. Bu terimin politik ve bilimsel ortamda \u00e7ok \u00f6rnekleri savunuluyorken, yaln\u0131z bir ka\u00e7 eserde \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019 kavram\u0131 ispatlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, H. Vehidi \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor: \u201cMillet bir ruha sahip, ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc insan gruplar\u0131n\u0131n toplulu\u011fudur.\u201d[91] <\/i><\/span>Doktor H. Behzadi-Mededi etnik toplulu\u011fun belirtileri s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakileri g\u00f6steriyor: Dil, \u0131rk, manevi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik, devlet, ortak vatanda\u015fl\u0131k, din.[92]<\/i><\/span>Ancak O, \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak sadece M.A. Foru\u011fi\u2019nin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi manevi alem birli\u011fi, davran\u0131\u015f, gelenek ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131ndaki birlikle [93]<\/i><\/span>yetiniyor. M. M\u00fceyyidi\u2019ye g\u00f6re, \u201c\u0130ran milleti sa\u011flam aile dayanaklar\u0131, \u015fah\u0131n\u015fah sistemi, Fars\u00e7a ve \u0130ran tarihi, \u0130ran k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde mevcuttur.\u201d[94]<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu arada \u015funu da ilave edelim ki, \u0130ran’da T\u00fcrk mill\u00ee birli\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ink\u00e2r edilmesi e\u011filimi \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131n\u0131n Benim Vatana Hizmetim, Ak Devrim, B\u00fcy\u00fck Uygarl\u0131\u011fa Do\u011fru ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 [95] <\/i><\/span>i\u00e7in karakteristik idi. Bu kitaplarda \u0130ran ideolojisinin temel h\u00fck\u00fcmleri form\u00fcle edilmi\u015ftir. \u015eah rejiminin Roman Ghirshman, Vladimir Minorski, R. Sangvi, H. Nehavendi gibi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yanda\u015flar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 konumda duruyorlard\u0131. Son olarak, iktidar partileri (\u0130raneNovin, Restahiz) gibi, \u2018loyal muhalefetin\u2019 (Merdom) programlar\u0131nda \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019 kavram\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klama getirilmiyordu. Bu, \u00fclkede \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir di\u011fer milletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ink\u00e2r edilmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

\u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019nin tarih\u00ee k\u00f6klerini kan\u0131tlama amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan resm\u00ee \u0130ran tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015fini \u0130ran halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihiyle e\u015fitle\u015ftirmek, T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bir tarih bilincinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra da \u00e7ok aktif olmu\u015ftur. Bu ama\u00e7la, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin tarihinin farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri ve konular\u0131 Pan-\u0130ranizm \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran platosunda tarihin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerinde yerle\u015fen halklar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre ayn\u0131 devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131na dahil olduklar\u0131 olgusunu g\u00f6stermekle birlikte, \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde de belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u0130ran tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin \u0130ran’daki halklar\u0131n \u2018tarih\u00ee kader birli\u011finin\u2019 mutlakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bilimsel dayana\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130ran’daki T\u00fcrklerin tarihinin, \u0130ran halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fine de tan\u0131kl\u0131k edilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle \u0130ran’daki \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrklerin tarihinin eski d\u00f6nemi (eski\u00a0 T\u00fcrk tarihi) ile \u0130ran halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi aras\u0131nda birlik i\u015fareti kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak tarih\u00e7ilik ilkesinin alfabesini kabul etmemektir. Azerbaycan’\u0131n tarihi \u00f6zelliklerine de\u011finen ABD\u2019li \u0130ran\u015f\u00fcnas Richard Frye konuyu \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ifade ediyor: \u201cEskiden de, \u015fimdi oldu\u011fu gibi, bu vilayet … genel olarak \u2019\u0130ran topra\u011f\u0131\u2019 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d[96]<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkl\u00fck tarihini inceleyen \u0130ran tarih\u00e7ileri \u2018Azerbaycan’\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi\u2019 denilen meseleden s\u00fcrekli bahsetmi\u015flerdir. \u00c2deta \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f \u0130ran topraklar\u0131na M.\u00d6. 1000\u2019in ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130ran dilli boylar\u0131n (Ariyal\u0131lar\u0131n) g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcnden, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, onlar\u0131n burada autohton olmamalar\u0131ndan bahsettikleri halde, T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n buraya g\u00f6\u00e7 etme hakk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmektedirler. Sarvan Kaviyanpur \u015fu hakareti savunmaya devam etmi\u015ftir; \u201c\u0130ran’\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck bedbahtl\u0131klar\u0131ndan biri vah\u015fi O\u011fuz boylar\u0131n\u0131n buraya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d[97]<\/em><\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee \u0130ran tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131 ve dilini (T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e) tahrif etmekte, Kesrevi\u2019den kalan Azeri teorisini tekrarlamaktayd\u0131. Bu bilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 teori \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda oldu\u011fu gibi incelenen d\u00f6nemde de \u0130ran ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n heyecanla savundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f idi. Murteza M\u00fcrtezevi, R\u0131zazade \u015eafak, Abd\u00fcleli Kareng, S. \u015e\u00fcari, Yahya Z\u00f6ka gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n eserleri bu teorinin bilimsel \u00e7evrelerde yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kabul edilmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131. Yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Mahmud Af\u015far-Yezdi bu geleneksel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu: \u201c\u0130ran’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mill\u00ee birli\u011fi i\u00e7in tek ulusal dil [yani Fars\u00e7a] gerekir. Bu nedenle, bu konuda yapabilece\u011fimiz her \u015feyi basmal\u0131 ve yaymal\u0131y\u0131z.\u201d[98]<\/em><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 \u0130ranl\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, Azerbaycan’da T\u00fcrk dilinin yay\u0131lma meselesini \u00e7arp\u0131tm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Cemaladdin Fegih bu konuda Kesrevi\u2019den de ileri gitmi\u015ftir. Kesrevi T\u00fcrk dilinin \u0130ran co\u011frafyas\u0131na 1135’ten sonra, Sel\u00e7uklularla gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. Fegih, \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi Azerbaycan’a Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n getirmedi\u011fini\u201d iddia etmektedir. \u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n resm\u00ee dili Fars\u00e7a idi.\u201d[99]<\/i><\/span>Benzer ifadeler \u015eefi Cavadi\u2019nin eserinde de vard\u0131.[100]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019 kavram\u0131n\u0131n ana tezlerinden bahsederken \u0130ran sosyologlar\u0131n\u0131n en geni\u015f \u015fekilde \u00fczerinde durduklar\u0131 konulardan birisi de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f \u0130ran’daki halklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun din birli\u011fi meselesidir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 \u0130ran’da birle\u015ftiren temel etkenlerden biri elbette, dini birliktir. \u00dcstelik, uzun y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u015eiilik \u0130ran’daki en \u00e7ok iki halk\u0131 -T\u00fcrkleri ve Farslar\u0131- birle\u015ftiren bir fakt\u00f6r olmu\u015ftur. Safeviler (K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar) Devleti’nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra tek devlet mezhebi olarak \u015eiili\u011fin kabul edilmesinde Azerbaycan’\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve yerle\u015fik feodallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ran tarih\u00e7ili\u011finde Safevi Devleti Arap, T\u00fcrk, Mo\u011fol fatihlerinin \u0130ran’da as\u0131rlar s\u00fcren h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren mill\u00ee \u0130ran devleti niteli\u011finde tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. A.Tacbeh\u015f\u2019in, Rehimzade Safevi\u2019nin, N.M. \u015eeybani\u2019nin, Muhammed Cevad Me\u015fkur\u2019un, Z. Sabetiyan\u2019\u0131n, A. Neva\u00ee’nin ve di\u011ferlerinin eserlerine g\u00f6re, Safeviler k\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130ran (\u2018Ari\u2019) hanedan\u0131 olmu\u015f, \u0130ran’\u0131 birle\u015ftirmi\u015f, 7. yy\u2019da Araplar\u0131n darbeleri ile Sasaniler h\u00e2kimiyyetinin devrilmesinden sonra mill\u00ee Fars (\u2018\u0130ran\u2019) devletini restore etmi\u015fler. Safevilerin iktidara gelmesini \u2018mill\u00ee \u0130ran devletinin\u2019 kurulmas\u0131 ile ba\u011flayan baz\u0131 yazarlara g\u00f6re, \u0130ran’\u0131n \u2018mill\u00ee uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019 u\u011fruna \u2018\u0130ranl\u0131\u2019, \u2018Ariya\u2019 hanedanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadelede T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 pasif rol oynam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

N. \u015eeybani yaz\u0131yor ki; \u201cAsl\u0131nda \u0130ran’\u0131n siyasi birli\u011fi ad\u0131na \u015eiilik, \u015eah \u0130smail’in siyasi ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ara\u00e7 oldu\u011fu gibi, T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 da \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 alet ve ara\u00e7 idi.\u201d[101]<\/i><\/span>Baz\u0131 kat\u0131 Pan-\u0130ranist yazarlar Safevilerin \u0130ran (Fars) tarihinde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli role ra\u011fmen, onlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli g\u00f6rerek sadece bu nedenden dolay\u0131 Safevileri kabullenememi\u015flerdir. Safeviler d\u00f6neminin \u0130ran’da en b\u00fcy\u00fck ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Nesrulla Felsefi, \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019in Fars\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Arap\u00e7a, \u00f6zellikle de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u015fiir yazmas\u0131ndan son derece rahats\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. O, \u00f6rne\u011fin yaz\u0131yor; \u015eah \u0130smail \u201cmilletin iki ana dire\u011fi olan \u0130ran k\u00f6keni ve dilinden nefret ediyordu. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n yerel n\u00fcfusunu T\u00fcrkmen k\u00f6kenli K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f kabilelerine tabi ettirdi. \u015eirin Fars dili, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Hindistan’da siyaset ve y\u00fcksek z\u00fcmre dili iken, o, T\u00fcrk dilini \u0130ran saray\u0131n\u0131n resm\u00ee dili yapt\u0131. Hatta kendisi istisnas\u0131z olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u015fiirler yazd\u0131 ve bu yabanc\u0131 dilin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 Safeviler saray\u0131nda \u00f6yle geni\u015f v\u00fcsat ald\u0131 ki, bu hanedan\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00f6neminde, hatta ondan sonra da saray\u0131n resm\u00ee dili olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korudu. Nitekim, ku\u015fkusuz, T\u00fcrk h\u00e2kimiyetlerini [Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlu devletlerini] devirmek ve tek devlet yaratmakta \u015eah \u0130smail kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u0130ran’\u0131n mill\u00ee ve siyasi birli\u011fini kurtarmak amac\u0131 g\u00fctmemi\u015ftir.\u201d[102]<\/em><\/p>\n

Burada Azerbaycan halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda resm\u00ee propagandan\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir alan\u0131 \u00fczerinde de durulmas\u0131 gerekir. Bir yandan Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin tarih\u00ee birli\u011fi, dili, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131lara maruz kal\u0131yor, di\u011fer yandan da Azerbaycan \u0130ran’a anayasa, demokrasi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bah\u015feden, \u0130ran’\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 (tac\u0131) ilan ediliyordu. Me\u015frutiyet hareketi d\u00f6neminde Azerbaycan’\u0131n rol\u00fc, 1920 Tebriz Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareket olmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle vurgulan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Pehlevi ailesinin 1970’lerde Azerbaycan’la m\u00fcnasebetinin propagandas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle ilgin\u00e7tir. \u0130ran bas\u0131n\u0131nda \u015eah’\u0131n han\u0131m\u0131 Farah Pehlevi ve genellikle \u015eah ailesinin anne taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk oldu\u011fu s\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran \u015eah\u2019\u0131 Muhammed R\u0131zave han\u0131m\u0131 her defas\u0131nda yeri\u00a0 geldi\u011finde Azerbaycan’la akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinden gururla bahsetmi\u015flerdir. [103]<\/em><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin mill\u00ee konsolidasyonu i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan fakt\u00f6rlerden bir di\u011feri ise- Sovyet Azerbaycan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili konular, do\u011fal olarak resm\u00ee tarih\u00e7ili\u011fin dikkatinden ka\u00e7amazd\u0131. Eserlerinin ana \u00f6zelli\u011fi, Sovyet Azerbaycan\u0131 ve \u0130ran Azerbaycan’\u0131n\u0131n hem tarihsel hem de \u015fimdi \u2018farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeler\u2019 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlama \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Azerbaycan’\u0131n kuzeyinin \u2018yanl\u0131\u015f olarak Azerbaycan adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u2019 hakk\u0131nda Kesrevi\u2019nin tezini devam ettiren ve geli\u015ftiren yazarlar (Muhammed Cevad Me\u015fkur, Cemalettin Fegih, Enayetullah Reza ve di\u011ferleri) \u2018bilimsel olgularla\u2019 bu tezi gerek\u00e7elendirmeye, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Azerbaycan’\u0131n ve Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u011frafi-etnik birli\u011fini \u015f\u00fcphe alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.[104]<\/i><\/span>\u0130ran bas\u0131n\u0131nda bu alanda do\u011frudan tahriflere, hatta \u2018Azerbaycan\u2019 adl\u0131 devlet kurumunun ve co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n okurdan gizlenmesine bile rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin Keyhan gazetesi 7 Aral\u0131k 1968 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ran’la kom\u015fu olan Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin isimlerini s\u0131ralarken Sovyet Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n\u0131 \u2018Kafkas cumhuriyeti\u2019 olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle \u0130ran’da devlet tarihinin 2500. y\u0131ll\u0131k kutlamalar\u0131 arefesi ve sonras\u0131nda ideoloji alan\u0131nda baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu, monar\u015fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin tebli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in belirli nesnel olanaklar yaratan \u00fclke ekonomisinin geli\u015fmesi ile ilgiliydi. Propaganda faaliyetinde ba\u015fl\u0131ca y\u00f6n art\u0131k \u2018\u015ferefli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ge\u00e7mi\u015f\u2019 de\u011fil, \u0130ran’\u0131n sanayi ve askeri kudretinin \u00f6vg\u00fcs\u00fc idi. \u0130ran’\u0131n eski ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u2018kanuna uygun\u2019 halka olarak \u0130ran \u2018de\u011ferleri\u2019 – \u015fah\u0131n\u015fahl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u015fah g\u00f6steriliyordu. Kitlelere empoze edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, ekonomik alanda \u0130ran’\u0131n elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lar sadece \u015fah\u0131n\u015fah yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Ak Devrim doktrininde bu \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm tarih\u00ee te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn izah\u0131 asl\u0131nda tek bir basit fikri gerek\u00e7elendirme\u011fe y\u00f6nelikti: \u2018\u015eahen\u015fah yap\u0131s\u0131\u2019 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde \u2018\u0130ran halk\u0131 mutlak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ve gerileme s\u00fcrecine girecek\u2019 ve \u015fahen\u015fah kurulu\u015fu\u2019nun g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ile \u2018\u0130ran milleti\u2019ni refah bekliyordu. \u0130ran tarihi \u015fahen\u015fahl\u0131k tarihi olarak kabul edilir, bu tarihin uzun\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcy\u00fc, merkezinde \u015fahen\u015fahl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yerald\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez \u2018\u0130ran de\u011ferleri\u2019ne riayetin sonucu olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Ak Devrim doktrininin bir di\u011fer ayr\u0131lmaz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131n\u0131n kimli\u011fine g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z hayranl\u0131k idi. \u00dclkenin sosyo-ekonomik ve politik ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki herhangi bir ilerlemenin sebebi \u015faht\u0131. Onun i\u00e7in yeni bir epitet Ariyamehr (Arilerin atas\u0131) uyduruldu. \u0130ran’\u0131n hayat\u0131nda ve geli\u015fiminde \u2018milletatas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu ilan edildi. \u015eaha bu t\u00fcr bir rol bi\u00e7en Ak Devrim meddahlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten halk\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gasp ediyorlard\u0131. Halk, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n kararlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getiren itaatk\u00e2r uygulay\u0131c\u0131 i\u015flevi ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eah,\u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 halkla \u2018yo\u011fun i\u015fbirli\u011finde\u2019 kuruyor (buradan da \u2018\u015fah ve millet devrimi\u2019 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131); Ak Devrim propagandas\u0131nda \u2018emek b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019, \u2018ortak i\u015ftirak\u2019, \u2018tarafta\u015fl\u0131k\u2019,\u2018birlik\u2019, \u2018kavu\u015fma\u2019 vs. gibi s\u0131k s\u0131k rastlanan demagojik ifadeler yeral\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Ak Devrim doktrinine g\u00f6re, \u00fclkede yarat\u0131lan \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131k\u2019 insanl\u0131k tarihinde benzersiz bir olayd\u0131 ve sadece \u0130ran’a aitti. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu doktrin di\u011fer uygar de\u011ferleri benimseme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 da kabul ediyordu. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi Bat\u0131 de\u011ferleriydi. Ancak Ak Devrim ideologlar\u0131 Bat\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin, \u00f6rne\u011fin, \u2018nermenaziklik\u2019,\u2018tutuculuk\u2019, demokrasiden \u2018tek tarafl\u0131 istifade\u2019, \u2018sapk\u0131nl\u0131k\u2019 gibi \u00f6zelliklerine ele\u015ftiri yapmay\u0131 da kendilerine reva biliyorlard\u0131. Herhalde bu, Bat\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin reddi de\u011fil, onlar\u0131n \u2018kurtulu\u015fu\u2019 idi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ait bir \u00fclke olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.[105]<\/em><\/p>\n

Ak Devrim doktrininin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, Pan-\u0130ranizmin geli\u015fmesinde yeni bir a\u015famayd\u0131. Fars \u015fovenizmi ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ideolojinin art\u0131k \u00f6z\u00fc haline gelmi\u015fti. H\u00e2kim \u00e7evreler, Pan-\u0130ranizmin ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n \u2018mill\u00ee b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019 art\u0131rmak slogan\u0131n\u0131n zamanla Fars olmayanlar\u0131 da kendine ba\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcmidindeydiler.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran’\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015finde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynayan Azerbaycan’a devlet propagandas\u0131nda geni\u015f yer verilmekteydi. Bu a\u015famadan ba\u015flayarak \u2018vaatler siyaseti\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bas\u0131nda \u00fclke ekonomisi i\u00e7in Tebriz’de baz\u0131 \u2018\u0130ran ekonomisi devleri\u2019nin (Tebriz makine ve trakt\u00f6r fabrikalar\u0131, Aras SES) ve Tebriz \u00dcniversitesi in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi \u00f6zel propaganda unsuruna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1976\u2019da \u015eah\u2019\u0131n Tebriz’e seyahati m\u00fcnasebetiyle d\u00fczenlenen 40 bin ki\u015filik miting kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda monark y\u00fcksek sesle beyan etmi\u015fti ki; \u201cAzerbaycan \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla ilerliyor ki, bu sadece bizim arzular\u0131m\u0131za yan\u0131t vermiyor, bizde gurur yarat\u0131yor.\u201d[106]<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00f6ylenenlerden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Pehlevi rejimi \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra \u2018tek \u0130ran milleti\u2019 konusunda bilime dayanmayan teoriyi geni\u015f \u015fekilde yaym\u0131\u015f, n\u00fcfusun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyerek, T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k kompleksi olu\u015fturarak mill\u00ee hareket ideolojisinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 zeminini da\u011f\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u2018Beyin y\u0131kama\u2019n\u0131n ana y\u00f6ntemi monar\u015fizm, Pan-\u0130ranizm ve Fars \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikirlerinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Pehlevi rejimine muhalif \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n ve gruplar\u0131n \u00e7ok milletli \u0130ran’da Fars olmayanlar meselesine yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bu rejimin tutumundan pek de farks\u0131zd\u0131. Mihail \u0130vanov\u2019un yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, \u201c\u0130ran \u015fovenizminin tezah\u00fcr\u00fcne sadece irticac\u0131 \u00e7evrelerde rastlanm\u0131yor. \u0130lerici \u00e7evrelerin, \u00f6zellikle ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n baz\u0131 temsilcileri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcya Fars dilinin zorunlu devlet dili olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u0130ran’da hi\u00e7bir e\u015fitsizlik ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k mevcut de\u011fildir, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm n\u00fcfusu ekonomik ili\u015fkilerde e\u015fit durumdad\u0131r.\u201d[107]<\/em><\/p>\n

Pehlevi rejimi \u0130ran’\u0131n T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunu ideolojik etkisi alt\u0131nda tutarak, onlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle Pan-\u0130ranizm ve Fars \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131yordu. Bu propagandan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc \u015fuydu: E\u011fer T\u00fcrkler anadillerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini unutup, Fars dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ederlerse, o zaman Azerbaycan \u0130ran’\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri gibi yak\u0131n gelecekte \u2018millet atas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ile \u2018uygarl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u2019na kavu\u015facak. \u0130ran yazar\u0131 Ali R\u0131za Nabdel) bu konuda hakl\u0131 olarak \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: \u201c\u0130rtica uzun y\u0131llar sa\u011f\u0131r edici \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kla bo\u015f yere kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131 ki; Azerbaycan’\u0131n halk\u0131n\u0131n dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kendisinin de\u011fil ve ona d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan zorla kabul ettirilmi\u015ftir. Bu tezi kabul etmekle Azerbaycanl\u0131 kendini eksik saymaya mecburdur ve \u015fimdiki esareti, zulm\u00fc g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kabul etmelidir. Gerici rejimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00fclkenin \u015fair ve yazarlar\u0131 (Sad\u0131k Hidayet ve Pervin Etisami\u2019den, Behazin ve Ehvan Sales\u2019e kadar) suskunluklar\u0131yla mill\u00ee zulme oy vermi\u015f oluyorlard\u0131. Musadd\u0131k\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm taraftarlar\u0131, Mill\u00ee Cephe \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc bir yana, yazarlar ve toplumun ileri gelenleri de kendi s\u00f6zleri ve i\u015fleriyle irtican\u0131n zulm ve bask\u0131lar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar.\u201d[108]<\/em><\/p>\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1 \u015e\u00f6vk\u0259t Ta\u011f\u0131yeva, \u018fkr\u0259m R\u0259himli (Bije), S\u0259m\u0259d Bayramzad\u0259, G\u00fcney Az\u0259rbaycan. M\u0259lumat kitab\u0131,s. 239-241.<\/p>\n

2 A.g.e., s. 272.<\/p>\n

3 Qozare\u015fe moq\u0259dd\u0259matiye c\u0259ma\u0259te \u0130ran. S\u0259r\u015fomariye omumiye abanmahe 1345, Tehran, 1345, s.7; Qozare\u015fe xolaseye s\u0259r\u015fomariye omumiye ke\u015fv\u0259r d\u0259r sale 1335, celde dovvom, Tehran, 1961, s.5, 9, 10, 165; Qozare\u015fe n\u0259tayece moq\u0259dd\u0259mati. S\u0259r\u015fomariye omumiye nofus v\u0259 m\u0259sk\u0259n. Abanmahe 2535. C\u0259ma\u0259te kolle ke\u015fv\u0259r, Tehran, 2535, s.7; N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri), Bak\u0131: Ay-Ulduz, 1997, s. 69, 172.<\/p>\n

4 Amar d\u0259r \u0130ran. N\u0259\u015friyyeye salaneye amare omumi, Tahran, 1338, s. 100-101.<\/p>\n

5 A.g.e., s. 444.<\/p>\n

6 F\u0259rh\u0259nge co\u011frafiyaye \u0130ran (Abadiha), c. 1-10, Tahran, 1949-54.<\/p>\n

7 Mahmud Penahiyan-Tebrizi, F\u0259rh\u0259nge co\u011frafiyaye melliye torkane iranz\u0259min, c. 4, [Ba\u011fdat] , 1972, s. 371-374.<\/p>\n

8 \u0413.\u041c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u2018\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0438)\u2019, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0425\u0425\u0425. \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1961, \u0441. 35.<\/p>\n

9 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0418\u0437-\u0432\u043e \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, 1957, \u0441. 28.<\/p>\n

10 N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s.71-72.<\/p>\n

11 Keyhan, 28.03.1979.<\/p>\n

12 \u041d.\u041b. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u00ab\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0410\u041d \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0442\u043e\u043c XLI, N 2, 1985, c.83-86.<\/p>\n

13\u00a0 N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 172.<\/p>\n

14 Qozare\u015fe holaseye s\u0259r\u015fomariye omumiye ke\u015fv\u0259r d\u0259r sale 1335, celde dovvom,s. 165-168.<\/p>\n

15 A.g.e., s. 165, 168.<\/p>\n

16 A.g.e., s. 172-190.<\/p>\n

17 B\u0259rr\u0259siye m\u0259saele ensaniye \u0130ran, 35, Tehran, 1345, s.247.<\/p>\n

18 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1982, \u0441. 294.<\/p>\n

19 A. Aghajanian, \u2018Ethnic Inequality in Iran: An Overview?\u2019 International Journal of Middle East Studies, no 2, vol. 15, 1983, p. 223.<\/p>\n

20 1963\/64\u2019de Rezaiyye\u2019nin (Urmu\u2019nun) Saatl\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan Japon do\u011fubilimcinin verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, k\u00f6y\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fl\u0131 n\u00fcfusu (k\u00f6yde toplam 314 ki\u015fi, 54 aile ya\u015f\u0131yordu) 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonu, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in k\u00f6yden gidiyorlard\u0131. Onlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00f6zellikle 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler bir daha geri d\u00f6nmediler. Do\u011fubilimcinin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7 y\u00f6nlerinden (Kuveyt, Ba\u011fdat, Abadan, Tahran vs.) ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 Kuveyt idi. (Tayobunka Kenkyudzyo Kiyo, Tokio, no 38, 1965, s. 105-110).<\/p>\n

21 N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 78.<\/p>\n

22 A.g.e., s. 173.<\/p>\n

23 S\u0259rvan Kaviyanpur, Tarixe omumiye Az\u0259rbaycan, Tehran, 1346, s. 347.<\/p>\n

24 Keyhan, 17.02.1973.<\/p>\n

25 A.g.e., 06.10.1962.<\/p>\n

26 \u0412.\u0412.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u2018\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u2019,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1982, \u0441. 265.<\/p>\n

27 Keyhan, 29.08.1965.<\/p>\n

28 Bkz: Keyhan, 10.06.1965, 06.03.1967, 30.12.1968, 18.02.1969, 08.07.1969, 16.011972, 14.05.1972, 06.06.1972, 24.01.1973, 16.11.1974, 08.01.1975; Ettelaat, 10.09.1962; Tehrane Ekonomist, 02.11.1971.<\/p>\n

29 Keyhan, 22.07.1965.<\/p>\n

30 A.g.e.<\/p>\n

31 \u0410.\u0417.\u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0434\u0436\u044f\u043d, \u2018\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 60-70-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b\u2019, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1980, \u0441. 7, 15.<\/p>\n

32 Rahnemaye meaden ve kargahhaye bozorge senetiye \u0130ran der sale 1342, celde evv\u0259l, Tehran, 1965, s. 17-165.<\/p>\n

33 Keyhan, 30.07.1965.<\/p>\n

34 Firuz Toufig, Abbas Xegani, Daryu\u015f Behazin, Mentegeyi galibafiye Azerbaycan, Tehran: Sazemane bername, 1969, s. 1-5.<\/p>\n

35 Rahn\u0259maye m\u0259aden v\u0259 karqahhaye bozorge s\u0259n\u0259tiye \u0130ran d\u0259r sale 1342, s. 47-66, 92-103.<\/p>\n

36 T\u0259la\u015f (Tehran), 1970, no 27, s. 72.<\/p>\n

37 Amare s\u0259n\u0259tiye sale 1344, Tehran, 1967, s. 1, 29, 36; N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 163.<\/p>\n

38 Rahn\u0259maye m\u0259aden v\u0259 karqahhaye bozorge s\u0259n\u0259tiye \u0130ran d\u0259r sale 1342, s. 47-66; Amarnameye ostane Azerbaycane Q\u0259rbi, Tehran, 1978, s.61;Amarnameye ostane Azerbaycane \u015e\u0259rqi, Tehran, 1979,s.67; Amarnameye ostane Z\u0259ncan, Tehran, 1979, s.43.<\/p>\n

39 Keyhan, 30.07.1965, 02.10.1974; Ayendegan, 29.08.1977; Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n jurnal\u0131), 1978, no 7, s. 38-39, 1978, no 12, s. 20.<\/p>\n

40 Amarnameye ostane Azerbaycane \u015e\u0259rqi,s. 67.<\/p>\n

41 N\u0259tayece s\u0259r\u015fomari \u0259z karqahhaye bozorge s\u0259n\u0259tiye 2532, Tehran, 2536, s. 123.<\/p>\n

42 Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n jurnal\u0131), 1977, no 8, s. 20.<\/p>\n

43 Bkz: Keyhan, 14.05.1972; Ettelaat, 19.06.1977, 17.10.1977.<\/p>\n

44 Keyhan \u0130nternational, 29.06.1977; Burs, 17.10.1979; Keyhan, 28.06.1977.<\/p>\n

45 Bkz: Amare karqahhaye ku\u00e7eke s\u0259n\u0259tiye \u015f\u0259hriye sale 1355, Tehran, 1980, s.10, 42, 50, 170; Amare karqahhaye ku\u00e7eke s\u0259n\u0259tiye rustaiye sale 1353, Tehran, 1980, s.10, 33, 41; N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 40, 165, 166.<\/p>\n

46 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 60-70-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1982, \u0441. 35.<\/p>\n

47\u00a0 Amare s\u0259n\u0259tiye sale 1344, Tehran, 1967, s. \u201cje\u201d; N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 40.<\/p>\n

48\u00a0 N\u0259tayece s\u0259r\u015fomari \u0259z karqahhaye bozorge s\u0259n\u0259tiye 2532, s.27.<\/p>\n

49 Der Aufstieg des \u0130ran sur Wirtsehafttsmacht und die entwicking der Iranisch-Sowjetischen injiehungen, Austenpolitik und Zeitgeschichte, 1975, no 12, s. 1-28.<\/p>\n

50 \u0130ran Almanac and Book of Facts 1961, Teheran, (n.a.), p.14; M\u0259sud Keyhan,Co\u011frafiyaye mof\u0259ss\u0259le \u0130ran, c.3, Tehran, 1311, s. 39; Burs, 30.10.1977, 24.09.1978.<\/p>\n

51 Burs, 03.02.1974; Ettelaat, 22.10.1977.<\/p>\n

52 Rahn\u0259maye m\u0259aden v\u0259 karqahhaye bozorge s\u0259n\u0259tiye \u0130ran d\u0259r sale 1342, celde \u0259vv\u0259l, Tehran, 1965, s. 1-16.<\/p>\n

53 Salnameye amariye ke\u015fv\u0259re sale 1347, Tehran, 1968, s. 5.<\/p>\n

54 Amarnameye ostane Azerbaycane Q\u0259rbi, Tehran, 1978, s.60; Amarnameye ostane Azerbaycane \u015e\u0259rqi, Tehran, 1979, s.66; Amarnameye ostane Z\u0259ncan, Tehran, 1978, s. 44.<\/p>\n

55 Qozare\u015fe touseeye s\u0259naye v\u0259 m\u0259aden.P\u0259rvanehaye t\u0259sis v\u0259 b\u0259hreb\u0259rdarihaye nimeye sale 1350, Tehran, 1351, s. 79.<\/p>\n

56 \u0412.\u041f.\u0426\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u2018\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u2019, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441. 181.<\/p>\n

57 Iran Almanac and Book of Facts 1974, Teheran: Plan Organization, (n.a.), p. 247.<\/p>\n

58 \u0412.\u041f.\u0426\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u2018\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u2019, c. 201.<\/p>\n

59 \u0412.\u041f.\u0426\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u2018\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u2019, s. 495.<\/p>\n

60 \u041d. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 60-70-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1982, \u0441. 8-9.<\/p>\n

61 A.g.e.<\/p>\n

62 Keyhan, 24.01.1973.<\/p>\n

63 Tehrane Ekonomist,02.10.1971.<\/p>\n

64 A.g.e., 20.02.1959.<\/p>\n

65 Statistical Handbook of \u0130ran, vol. 2, Teheran, 1966, p. 149.<\/p>\n

66 Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n jurnal\u0131), 05.11.1965.<\/p>\n

67 A.g.e., 24.05.1967.<\/p>\n

68 Keyhan, 24.01.1973.<\/p>\n

69 R.E.Looney, The Economic Development of \u0130ran. A Recent Survey with Projections to 1981, New York etc, 1973, p. 143.<\/p>\n

70 Bkz: N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 46-48.<\/p>\n

71 \u0130ran Almanac and Book of Facts 1967, Teheran, (n.a.), p. 314.<\/p>\n

72 Keyhan, 13.07.1965.<\/p>\n

73 Amarnameye ostane Az\u0259rbaycane – Q\u0259rbi, Tehran, 1978, s.70; Amarnameye ostane Az\u0259rbaycane \u2013 \u015e\u0259rqi, Tehran, 1979, s. 75; Amarnameye ostane Z\u0259ncan, Tehran, 1978, s. 75.<\/p>\n

74 \u041c. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 60-70-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1977, \u0441. 68.<\/p>\n

75 Amarnameye ostane Az\u0259rbaycane \u2013 \u015e\u0259rqi, Tehran, 1979, s. 78.<\/p>\n

76 Ettelaat, 28.08.1949.<\/p>\n

77 S\u0259m\u0259d Bayramzad\u0259,\u2019\u0130ran h\u00e2kim dair\u0259l\u0259rinin C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan maarif v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti sah\u0259sind\u0259ki siyas\u0259ti (1947-1978-ci ill\u0259r)\u2019, \u015e\u00f6vk\u0259t Ta\u011f\u0131yeva (m\u0259sul redaktor), C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan tarixi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri, Bak\u0131: Elm, 1989, s. 50.<\/p>\n

78 \u00c7\u0259nlibel, 21.07.1979.<\/p>\n

79 Qozare\u015fe xolaseye s\u0259r\u015fomariye omumiye ke\u015fv\u0259r d\u0259r sale 1335, c. 2, Tehran, 1961, s. 55-59, 8285; N\u0259sib N\u0259sibzad\u0259, \u0130randa Az\u0259rbaycan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si (XX \u0259srin 60-70-ci ill\u0259ri),s. 98, 174.<\/p>\n

80 Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259zeti), 05.12.1962.<\/p>\n

81 Amarnameye ostane Az\u0259rbaycane – Q\u0259rbi, Tehran, 1978, s.8; Amarnameye ostane Az\u0259rbaycane \u2013 \u015e\u0259rqi, Tehran, 1979, s. 13; Amarnameye ostane Z\u0259ncan, Tehran, 1978, s. 10, \u0130ran d\u0259r ayineye amar, Tehran, 1360, s.19.<\/p>\n

82 Keyhan, 18.09.1975; Ettelaat, 11.07.1976<\/p>\n

83 Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259rgisi), N 11, 1977, s.31.<\/p>\n

84 Keyhan, 12.09.1971, 17.05.1972, 29.05.1976; Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259zeti), 03.03.1965.<\/p>\n

85 Ettelaat, 19.01.1965.<\/p>\n

86 Keyhan, 29.05.1976.<\/p>\n

87 Keyhan, 27.09.1962, 28.07.1967, 15.05.1968, 21.07.1969, 07.09.1969; Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MKn\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259zeti), 06.09.1967; Az\u0259rbaycan (ADP MK-n\u0131n \u2013 Tud\u0259nin Az\u0259rbaycandak\u0131 yerli t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259rgisi), N 1, 1961, s. 52-57.<\/p>\n

88 Keyhan, 29.05.1976.<\/p>\n

89 Al\u0131nt\u0131:\u0421.\u041c.\u0410\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432, \u041a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1964, N 77, c.45.<\/p>\n

90 C\u0259mal\u0259ddin F\u0259qih, Aturpatakan (Az\u0259rbaycan) v\u0259 nehz\u0259te \u0259d\u0259bi, Tehran, 1967, s.9.<\/p>\n

91 H. V\u0259hidi, Pojuxe\u015fi d\u0259r m\u0259ne\u015fe melli v\u0259 m\u0259ne\u015fe pasayi, Tehran, 2535, s.10.<\/p>\n

92 H.Behzadi-M\u0259d\u0259di, Nasyonalizm, Tehran, 1975.<\/p>\n

93 M.A. Foru\u011fi, \u0130ran ra \u00e7era bay\u0259d dust da\u015ft? Ettelaat, 14.05.1975.<\/p>\n

94 M.M\u00fc\u0259yyedi, H\u0259mb\u0259stegi v\u0259 yeqanegiye melliye iraniyan, Tehran, 1976, s.41.<\/p>\n

95 Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Mission for My Country, London, 1960; Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, The White\u00a0 Revolution, Teheran, 1967; M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d Reza P\u0259hl\u0259vi, Besuye t\u0259m\u0259ddone bozorg, (yersiz), 1977.<\/p>\n

96 \u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1972, \u0441. 30.<\/p>\n

97 S\u0259rvan Kaviyanpur, Tarixe omumiye Az\u0259rbaycan, Tehran, 1346, s.82.<\/p>\n

98 M\u0259hmud \u018ff\u015far-Y\u0259zdi, Moq\u0259dd\u0259me, M\u0259nu\u00e7ehr Mort\u0259zevi, Z\u0259bane dirine Az\u0259rbaycan, Tehran, 1360 (safha g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

99 C\u0259mal\u0259ddin F\u0259qih, Aturpatekan (Az\u0259rbaycan) v\u0259 nehz\u0259te \u0259d\u0259bi,\u00a0 s.186.<\/p>\n

100 \u015e\u0259fi C\u0259vadi, T\u0259briz v\u0259 piramune an, T\u0259briz, 1350, s.62.<\/p>\n

101 N. \u015eeybani, T\u0259\u015fkile \u015fah\u0259n\u015fahiye S\u0259f\u0259viyye, ehyaye v\u0259hd\u0259t\u0259 melli, Tehran, 1346, s.246.<\/p>\n

102 N\u0259srulla F\u0259ls\u0259fi, Zendegiye \u015eahe Abbase \u018fvv\u0259l, c.1, Tehran, 1334. s. \u201cse\u201d v\u0259 \u201ci\u201d; \u041e.\u042d\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432, \u201c\u041a \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u201d, \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443: \u042d\u043b\u043c, 1978, \u0441.135.<\/p>\n

103 \u00d6rne\u011fin bkz: Keyhan, 26.08.1976, 28.08.1976; Ettelaat, 28.08.1976.<\/p>\n

104 \u015e\u00f6vk\u0259t Ta\u011f\u0131yeva, \u201cM\u00fcasir \u0130ran burjua tarix\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Az\u0259rbaycan xalq\u0131n\u0131n etnik birliyinin inkar edilm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda\u201d, \u018f. Sumbatzad\u0259 (red.), Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n tarix v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin burjua saxtala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131, s.114-124.<\/p>\n

105 \u041b.\u0420.\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0410.\u0425.\u0412\u0430\u0444\u0430, \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 (\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f), \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1982, \u0441. 73-78.<\/p>\n

106 Keyhan, 28.08.1976.<\/p>\n

107 \u041c.\u0421.\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, 1970, \u0441. 120-121. 160 \u018fli Reza Nabdel, Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259leyi melli, s.38.<\/p>\n

108 \u018fli Reza Nabdel, Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259leyi melli, s.38.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda Pehlevi rejiminin T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 zulm\u00fc, asimilasyon \u00e7abalar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rla kalmam\u0131\u015f; \u0130ran ve Azerbaycan’da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkleri inkarla ve ekonomik alanlarda T\u00fcrk burjuvazisine engeller \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmakla devam etmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"featured_media":10237,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_ef_editorial_meta_date_first-draft-date":"","_ef_editorial_meta_paragraph_assignment":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,68,69],"tags":[],"coauthors":[1246],"class_list":["post-9914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","category-turkluk-turkculuk","category-yakin-cografya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9914"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10236,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9914\/revisions\/10236"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10237"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9914"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=9914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}