{"id":9944,"date":"2020-04-23T13:15:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T10:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/?p=9944&preview=true&preview_id=9944"},"modified":"2025-05-16T01:00:47","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T22:00:47","slug":"birinci-turkiye-buyuk-millet-meclisi-ve-milli-egemenlik-yolunda-atilan-adimlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/millidusunce.com\/misak\/birinci-turkiye-buyuk-millet-meclisi-ve-milli-egemenlik-yolunda-atilan-adimlar\/","title":{"rendered":"Birinci T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi ve mill\u00ee egemenlik yolunda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/h2>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Mill\u00ee egemenlik, bir milletin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak kendi kendine karar verip hareket etmesi, hi\u00e7bir bask\u0131 ve etki alt\u0131nda kalmadan, kendi y\u00f6netimini kendisinin tayin etmesi demektir. Yani bir millet kaderini tayinde, kendi g\u00fcc\u00fc ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f engelleri a\u015farak, kendi kaderini ve kendi siyasi d\u00fczenini kurma g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip ise o millet egemendir.[1]<\/a> T\u00fcrk milletinin egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi eline alma s\u00fcreci olduk\u00e7a sanc\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan yenik ayr\u0131lan ve alt\u0131 y\u00fcz y\u0131ld\u0131r ki\u015fi egemenli\u011finin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan imzalanan Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin i\u015fgaline u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir vaziyette, 19 May\u0131s 1919 tarihinde Samsun\u2019a \u00e7\u0131karak i\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fi ve millet egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, hayat\u0131 boyunca mill\u00ee egemenlik ve tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilkeleri ekseninde hareket etmi\u015f ve bu ilkelerden asla taviz vermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

15 May\u0131s 1919\u2019da \u0130zmir\u2019in Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali \u00fczerine Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7en Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, 28 May\u0131s 1919 tarihinde Havza\u2019dan b\u00fct\u00fcn memlekete, asker\u00ee ve m\u00fclk\u00ee amirlere bildirdi\u011fi genelgede, yapil\u00e2n i\u015fgallerin protesto edilmesi amac\u0131yla yurdun her yerinden miting \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu genelge, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in mill\u00ee m\u00fccadeleyi h\u00e2lka m\u00e2l etmek amac\u0131yla att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ad\u0131md\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan 22 Haziran 1919\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan ve tarihimiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip Amasya Genelgesinde \u201cMilletin istikbalini yine milletin azim ve karar\u0131 kurtaracakt\u0131r\u201d<\/em> diyerek milletin kaderini kendisinin \u00e7izece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Sonras\u0131nda s\u0131rayla toplanan kongrelere h\u00e2lk\u0131n temsilcileri kat\u0131lacak ve millet egemenli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ad\u0131na sa\u011flam ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda 23 Temmuz – 7 A\u011fustos tarihleri aras\u0131nda toplanan Erzurum Kongresinde \u201cKuva-y\u0131 Mill\u00eeyeyi amil ve mill\u00ee iradeyi h\u00e2kim k\u0131lmak esast\u0131r\u201d<\/em> maddesine yer verilecek, 4-11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihleri aras\u0131nda toplanan Sivas Kongresi\u2019nde ise bu karar aynen kabul edilecektir.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, millet egemenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan at\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlardan biri de 28 Ocak 1920\u2019de kabul edilen Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee kararlar\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019nin kabul\u00fcnden sonra \u0130ngilizler, 16 Mart 1920\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019u i\u015fgal etmi\u015f ve son Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece millet egemenli\u011finin tam anlam\u0131yla sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir meclise ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmu\u015f ve Mustafa Kemal\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Ankara\u2019ya gelebilen mebuslar\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 23 Nisan 1920 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Meclisin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla millet, egemenli\u011fini ve kaderini kendi eline alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olduk\u00e7a zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda verdi\u011fi ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi sonucunda kurulan yeni T\u00fcrkiye Devleti ise 29 Ekim 1923 tarihinde Cumhuriyet\u2019in il\u00e2n\u0131 ile ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 Meclisin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Misak-\u0131 mill\u00eenin il\u00e2n\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130tilaf Devletleri, 16 Mart 1920 tarihinde \u0130stanbul\u2019u resmen i\u015fgal etmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019un resmen i\u015fgalinden \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra 19 Mart 1920 tarihinde Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa yerel y\u00f6netim birimlerine ve kolordu komutanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir bildiri yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bildiride Ankara\u2019da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilere sahip bir meclisin toplanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek iki dereceli, gizli ve mutlak ekseriyetle yap\u0131lacak se\u00e7imin on be\u015f g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Ankara\u2019da toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, her sancaktan be\u015f \u00fcye se\u00e7ilece\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. Bildirisinin ilk tasla\u011f\u0131nda kurucu meclis deyimini kullanm\u0131\u015fsa bile hen\u00fcz yeni bir rejim i\u00e7in uygun \u015fartlar olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilere sahip meclis deyimini kullanmay\u0131 uygun bulmu\u015ftur[2]<\/a>. Ancak bu bile Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n akl\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da millet egemenli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir meclis kurmak istedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. 21 Mart\u2019ta yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirisinde de s\u00f6z konusu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc meclisin 23 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc Cuma namaz\u0131na m\u00fcteakip a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. Burada ama\u00e7, Anadolu Hareketi\u2019nin dine kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylemlerini bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kartmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

23 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc meclis yukar\u0131da bildirildi\u011fi gibi din\u00ee merasim ve dualarla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u015f\u00e7a en b\u00fcy\u00fck olan Sinop mebusu \u015eerif Bey, meclisteki ilk oturumu a\u00e7arak verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te; \u0130stanbul\u2019un bulundu\u011fu vaziyetten s\u00f6z etmi\u015f ve milletimizin tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeyece\u011fini, esaret alt\u0131nda ya\u015famay\u0131 kesinlikle kabul etmeyece\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden milletin derh\u00e2l vekillerini toplayarak bir meclis kurdu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek \u0130stanbul\u2019un ve i\u015fgal at\u0131ndaki illerimizin kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in Allah\u2019tan ba\u015far\u0131 dilemi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n meclisin hangi \u00e2z\u00e2lardan te\u015fekk\u00fcl edece\u011fine dair beyanat\u0131 dinlenmi\u015f ve mazbatalar\u0131 tetkik enc\u00fcmenlerinin se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[3]<\/a>. Yap\u0131lan bu ilk oturumda mecliste 115 mebus vard\u0131r. Bu say\u0131 salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun \u00e7ok alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak sonradan gelenlerle art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[4]<\/a>. 24 Nisan g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lan ikinci i\u00e7timada ise Ankara mebusu Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, m\u00fctarekeden meclisin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en zaman zarf\u0131nda meydana gelen siyas\u00ee ahval hakk\u0131ndaki uzun konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1.1. Birinci T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonraki en \u00f6nemli g\u00fcndem maddesi yeni ana-kurulu\u015f esaslar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak olmu\u015ftur. Bu ama\u00e7la, 24 Nisan tarihli konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa \u015fu esaslar\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00f6nergeyi sunmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurmak zorunludur.<\/li>\n
  2. Ge\u00e7ici bile olsa bir \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcmet (devlet) reisi\u201d tan\u0131mak ya da \u201cpadi\u015fah kaymakam\u0131\u201d se\u00e7mek do\u011fru olmaz.<\/li>\n
  3. Mecliste yo\u011funla\u015fan mill\u00ee irade vatan\u0131n kaderine fiilen el koymu\u015ftur ve meclisin \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir g\u00fc\u00e7 yoktur.<\/li>\n
  4. TBMM yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkilerini kendinde toplar. Meclisten se\u00e7ilip g\u00f6revlendirilecek bir heyet h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. Meclis ba\u015fkan\u0131 bu kurulunda ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. Padi\u015fah ve h\u00e2life bask\u0131dan kurtuldu\u011funda, meclisin d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi \u201cesasat-\u0131 kanuniye\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki yerini al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bu \u00f6nerge tart\u0131\u015f\u0131larak kabul edildi ve meclis karar\u0131 h\u00e2line geldi. Asl\u0131nda burada, \u201cyeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet te\u015fkili\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cyeni bir devlet kurulmas\u0131\u201d<\/em>n\u0131n ana esaslar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.[6]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece meclis padi\u015faha de\u011fil \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu il\u00e2n ettikten sonra Ankara\u2019da bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlulu\u011fu ve ge\u00e7ici bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 kabul etmeyece\u011fini belirterek, TBMM\u2019nin mill\u00ee iradeyi temsil etti\u011fini ve yasama ile y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkilerini kendisinde toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyordu. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn yap\u0131lan oylama sonucu Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, oy \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ile meclis ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a> Meclis ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7imi yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, mebuslara ithafen bir te\u015fekk\u00fcr konu\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra meclisin o g\u00fcnk\u00fc oturumuna son verilmi\u015ftir. Bu arada 30 Nisan\u2019da Avrupal\u0131 devletlere meclisin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 duyurulurken \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yapaca\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fmalar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir.[8]<\/a> \u00a0TBMM, daha ilk g\u00fcnden itibaren kendisini kurucu bir meclis olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, yeni bir devlet kurman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn gereklerini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 oturumlarda g\u00fcnler s\u00fcren tart\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra nihayet meclis 2 May\u0131s 1920 tarihinde icra vekillerinin se\u00e7imine dair kanunu \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015f ve 11 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan bir \u0130cra Vekilleri Heyeti<\/em> meydana gelmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/a> TBMM\u2019nin 29 Ekim 1923 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemi Meclis H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Sistemi<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sistemi, 2 May\u0131s 1920 tarihinde \u0130cra Vekilleri Kanunu ile ilk resmi ifadesini bulmu\u015f ve daha sonra 1921 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu ile anayasal niteli\u011fine kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Meclisin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u015fartlar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla benimsedi\u011fi bu sistemde, bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 yoktur. Bu g\u00f6revi meclis ba\u015fkan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Yine bu sistemde y\u00fcr\u00fctme i\u015fleri meclisin kendi \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7ti\u011fi vekiller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi b\u00f6ylece b\u00fcnyesinde toplayan Birinci TBMM\u2019nin denetim yetkilerini kullanmada ve hukuk\u00ee usullere sayg\u0131da, g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi titizlik de son derece \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00d6te yandan meclisin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve otoritesi kabul ettirme ihtiyac\u0131 da do\u011fmu\u015ftu. Bu konuda TBMM\u2019nin ilk \u00f6nemli i\u015flemi, 2 say\u0131l\u0131 ve 29 Nisan 1920 tarihli H\u0131yanet-i Vataniye Kanunu<\/em> oldu. Bu yasa, TBMM\u2019nin me\u015frulu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 isyan niteli\u011finde s\u00f6zl\u00fc, yaz\u0131l\u0131 ya da fiili muh\u00e2lefet veya bozgunculuk yapanlar\u0131 vatan haini il\u00e2n ederek cezaland\u0131r\u0131yordu.[13]<\/a> Ger\u00e7ek \u015fuydu ki, Ankara\u2019da kurulan B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Mustafa Kemal dahi s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etmemekle beraber, yeni bir devletti. \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti art\u0131k bitmi\u015fti. Gerek padi\u015fahl\u0131k, gerek h\u00e2lifelik makamlar\u0131 art\u0131k yoktu ama bu ger\u00e7ek, 1920 Ankara\u2019s\u0131nda ve BMM kurulurken elbette ki a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Birinci Meclis\u2019te toplumun her kesimine hitap eden, \u00e7e\u015fitli meslek gruplar\u0131ndan mebuslar bulunuyordu. Ancak bu mebuslar \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 siyasi, sosyal ve dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri benimseyen ki\u015filerden meydana gelmesine ra\u011fmen, mill\u00ee b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k konusunda hemfikirdi. Meclisin kendine edindi\u011fi esas vazife ise mill\u00ee birlik h\u00e2linde memleketi d\u00fc\u015fman i\u015fgalinden kurtarmak bunun i\u00e7in de mill\u00ee kuvvetleri bu u\u011furda birle\u015ftirmekti.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

    2. 1921 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h2>\n

    2.1. Haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kabul\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    TBMM\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte ortaya ciddi bir anayasa sorunu da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki Kanun-i Esasi<\/em> yeni kurulan meclisin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap verecek nitelikte de\u011fildi. B\u00f6ylece h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kurulmas\u0131 ile birlikte ge\u00e7ici bir anayasa haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu konuda \u0130cra Vekilleri Heyeti\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu Layihas\u0131<\/em>\u201d olan ama daha \u00e7ok \u201cH\u00e2lk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> Program\u0131<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bir metin, 18 Eyl\u00fcl 1920 g\u00fcn\u00fc Meclise sunuldu.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Yeni anayasaya at\u0131lan ilk somut ad\u0131m da bu olmu\u015ftur. 1921 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi ve kabul\u00fcnde kat\u0131 anayasalar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6zel kurallar\u0131n hi\u00e7 biri uygulanmam\u0131\u015f ve Kanun-i Esasi\u2019nin anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7in gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funluk kural\u0131na da uyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1921 anayasas\u0131 kabul ve \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en demokratik \u00f6rne\u011fidir.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

    2.2. Esaslar\u0131 <\/strong><\/h2>\n

    20 Ocak 1921\u2019de kabul edilen toplam 23 maddeden olu\u015fan anayasan\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi kuvvetler birli\u011fi temeline dayanmas\u0131 ve h\u00e2lk egemenli\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim usul\u00fcn\u00fcn benimsendi\u011finin t\u00fcm yurda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a il\u00e2n edilmesidir.<\/p>\n

    1921 anayasas\u0131 ilk ba\u015fta ad\u0131 ile dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir: Te\u015fkilat-I Esasiye Kanunu<\/em>. Bu tarihe kadar Osmanl\u0131 anayasa literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan deyim \u201cKanun-\u0131 Esasi\u201d<\/em> idi. Yeni bir anayasa yapma ihtiyac\u0131 duyan BMM\u2019nin ise Kanun-\u0131 Esasi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteyken kendi anayasas\u0131na ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 vermesi beklenemezdi.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019nun bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise \u201c H\u00e2kimiyet bil\u00e2 kayd\u00fc \u015fart milletindir<\/em>\u201d diye ba\u015flayan birinci maddesinin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z kabul edilmesiyle ilk defa egemenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z T\u00fcrk milletine vermesidir. B\u00f6ylece millet egemenli\u011fi, T\u00fcrk milletinde a\u015fama a\u015fama ilerleyerek bir millet g\u00fcc\u00fc \u015feklinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, onu temsil eden bir mecliste toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Art\u0131k milleti temsil eden organ, onun ad\u0131na en \u00fcst\u00fcn organd\u0131r ve TBMM \u00fczerinde bir g\u00fc\u00e7 yoktur.[19]<\/a> Egemenli\u011fin millete ait oldu\u011funun il\u00e2n\u0131, saltanat ve hilafetin yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmekteydi. Ancak bu ger\u00e7e\u011fin ad\u0131n\u0131n konabilmesi i\u00e7in Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek gerekecekti.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Egemenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131n sahipli\u011fi ve bu hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeni bir anlay\u0131\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunuldu\u011fu da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc maddelerde yer alan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi milletin yeg\u00e2ne ve hakiki m\u00fcmessilidir\u201d<\/em> ve \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Devleti B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan idare olunur\u201d<\/em> c\u00fcmleleri ise yeni bir devletin kuruldu\u011funun da habercisi olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc maddeler ayn\u0131 zamanda kuvvetler birli\u011fini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla meclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sisteminin benimsendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu sistemde yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme mecliste birle\u015fmektedir. \u0130cra Vekilleri Heyeti, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya BMM\u2019den do\u011fmu\u015f, direktif ve talimatlar\u0131n\u0131 ondan alan bir kuruldur ve \u00fcyeleri teker teker meclis taraf\u0131ndan azledilip tayin edilebilmektedir.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

    23 maddelik bu k\u0131sa anayasan\u0131n toplam 14 maddesinin merkez\u00ee idarenin ta\u015fra te\u015fkilat\u0131na ve yerel y\u00f6netimlere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Buradan Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019nun \u00e2dem-i merkeziyete \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenebilir.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

    1921 Anayasas\u0131, yeni bir devletin kuruldu\u011funu bildirmekle, egemenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak millete vermekle, b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ime dayand\u0131rmakla, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme hatta yarg\u0131 yetkilerini BMM\u2019de toplamakla, asl\u0131nda Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin varl\u0131k nedenlerini kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. Yeni rejim, ad\u0131 konmam\u0131\u015f \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d<\/em>ten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. Bu ise Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmden d\u00fc\u015fmesi demekti.[23]<\/a> Ne var ki Kanun-\u0131 Esasi\u2019nin tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ancak 1924 Anayasas\u0131 ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    2. Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    T\u00fcrk h\u00e2lk\u0131, Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nden itibaren ba\u015flayan zorlu s\u00fcre\u00e7te mill\u00ee birlik ve beraberlik i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve TBMM y\u00f6netimiyle egemenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131 bizzat kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u0130stanbul\u2019daki h\u00fck\u00fcmet zaman zaman d\u00fc\u015fmanla i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde bulunarak mill\u00ee m\u00fccadeleye kar\u015f\u0131 bir tav\u0131r alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Yunan ordusunun topraklar\u0131m\u0131zdan at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan toplanan Lozan\u2019daki bar\u0131\u015f konferans\u0131na hem \u0130stanbul hem de Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin temsilcilerinin davet edilmi\u015ftir. Bu davet \u00fczerine Sadrazam Tevfik Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n iki h\u00fck\u00fcmetin i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile o zamana kadar g\u00fcndeme gelmemi\u015f rejim konusu, bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi gereken bir mesele h\u00e2lini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Tevfik Pa\u015fa H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin bu tavr\u0131n\u0131 ve meclisten gelen tepkileri iyi de\u011ferlendiren Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa sorunun k\u00f6kten \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi i\u00e7in Saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015f ve konuyla ilgili 1 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de komisyonda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda, millet egemenli\u011fi yan\u0131nda ki\u015fisel egemenli\u011finde s\u00fcrmesinin akla ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.[25]<\/a> Bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra al\u0131nan iki Meclis Karar\u0131\u2019ndan bahsetmek gerekmektedir. Bunlardan ilki 30 Ekim 1922 tarihli ve 307 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201c Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun \u0130nk\u0131raz Bulup, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin Te\u015fekk\u00fcl Etti\u011fine Dair Heyet-i Umumiye Karar\u0131<\/em>\u201dd\u0131r. Bu karar\u0131n metni \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n

    \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun m\u00fcnkariz oldu\u011funa ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi te\u015fekk\u00fcl etti\u011fine ve yeni T\u00fcrkiye H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu yerine kaim olup onun hududu mill\u00ee dahilinde yeni varisi oldu\u011funa ve Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu ile hukuk-\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmrani milletin nefsine verildi\u011finden \u0130stanbul\u2019daki padi\u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n madum ve tarihe m\u00fcntakim bulundu\u011funa ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da me\u015fru bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet mevcut olmay\u0131p \u0130stanbul ve civar\u0131n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisine ait ve binaenaleyh oralar\u0131n umuru idaresinin de B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi memurlar\u0131na tevdi edilmesine ve T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin hakk-\u0131 me\u015fruu olan makam-\u0131 Hilafeti esir bulundu\u011fu ecnebilerin elinden kurtaraca\u011f\u0131na karar verildi\u201d<\/em>.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Meclisin bu do\u011frultuda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci karar ise 1-2 Kas\u0131m 1922 tarihli ve 308 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201c T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinin Hukuku H\u00e2kimiyet ve H\u00fck\u00fcmraninin M\u00fcmessili Hakikisi Oldu\u011funa Dair Heyeti Karar\u0131<\/em>\u201d olmu\u015ftur. Meclis bu karar\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu ile h\u00e2kimiyetin padi\u015fahtan al\u0131n\u0131p millete verildi\u011fini belirtmi\u015f ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun tarihe intikal edip yerine yeni ve mill\u00ee bir T\u00fcrkiye Devleti kuruldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan Hilafet \u2019in Hanedan-\u0131 \u00e2li Osman\u2019a ait oldu\u011funu ve bu makama T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan yine bu hanedan\u0131n ilmen ve ahlaken daha uygun ve iyi olan\u0131 intikap olunur diyerek T\u00fcrkiye Devletinin makam\u0131 hilafetin istinatg\u00e2h\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Bu \u015fekilde padi\u015fahl\u0131k yetkilerini kaybeden Sultan Vahdettin\u2019in \u00fczerinde sadece h\u00e2lifelik g\u00f6revi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ba\u015fka bir yere naklini talep eden Vahdettin\u2019in 17 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de \u0130ngilizlerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine TBMM veliaht Abd\u00fclmecit\u2019i halife se\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>4. Cumhuriyetin ilan edilmesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki anayasaya g\u00f6re; egemenlik kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete ait bulunuyor ve idare usul\u00fc fiili olarak millet idaresi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu. Bu idare usul\u00fc, nitelik ve mahiyet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Cumhuriyet rejiminden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. Ancak, uygulanan idare rejimine \u201cCumhuriyet\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli bir ortam\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.[28]<\/a> Ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Devleti\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihli Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda s\u0131ra yeni rejimin ad\u0131n\u0131n konulmas\u0131na geliyordu. Ancak bu noktada Cumhuriyet\u2019in il\u00e2n\u0131na kadarki s\u00fcrecin de iyi de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Mecliste ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flayan fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yar\u0131da kesildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde iyice belirginle\u015fmi\u015f ve ili\u015fkiler gerilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00f6revini yapamaz h\u00e2le gelmi\u015fti. Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine 1 Nisan 1923\u2019te TBMM da\u011f\u0131lma ve se\u00e7im karar\u0131 ald\u0131.\u00a0 Se\u00e7imler a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. Yine o ay H\u00e2lk F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 yolunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015fland\u0131 ve 9 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 2 Ekim\u2019de \u0130tilaf Kuvvetleri \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131lar. 13 Ekim\u2019de Ankara\u2019y\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti yapan yasa kabul edildi.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

    27 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc Bakanlar Kurulu istifas\u0131n\u0131 Meclis Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na sundu. Fethi (Okyar) h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin istifanamesi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Devletinin, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan d\u00e2hili ve harici \u00f6nemli ve g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6revleri kolayl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015farmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kuvvetli ve meclisin deste\u011fini tam kazanm\u0131\u015f bir Bakanlar Kuruluna kesin ihtiya\u00e7 bulundu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131z. Bu nedenle y\u00fcksek meclisin g\u00fcvenine ve deste\u011fine dayanan bir Bakanlar Kurulunun kurulu\u015funa hizmet etmek maksad\u0131 ile istifa eyledi\u011fimizi sayg\u0131 ile arz eyleriz efendim\u201d.[30]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    H\u00fck\u00fcmetin istifas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi andan itibaren yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak durum olduk\u00e7a zordu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her bakan\u0131n tek tek TBMM taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmesi gerekiyordu. Bu da bakanlar kurulu i\u00e7inde uyum sorunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerine Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa 28 Ekim ak\u015fam\u0131nda yeme\u011fe davet etti\u011fi arkada\u015flar\u0131na yemek esnas\u0131nda:<\/p>\n

    \u201cYar\u0131n Cumhuriyeti il\u00e2n edece\u011fiz<\/em>\u201d demi\u015f ve orada bulunan arkada\u015flar\u0131 bu fikre hemen kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    O gece Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, \u0130smet pa\u015fa ile beraber bir kanun tasla\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve bu taslakta Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye\u2019nin devlet \u015feklini tespit eden maddeleri tadil edilmi\u015ftir.[32]<\/a> Ertesi g\u00fcn tasar\u0131, \u00f6nce parti grubunda kabul edilmi\u015f \u00f6\u011fleden sonra da meclis toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasa enc\u00fcmeninde tasar\u0131n\u0131n mazbatas\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131p genel kurulda m\u00fczakeresi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok konu\u015fmac\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ven konu\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u201d<\/em> 29 Ekim 1923 tarihinde kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imine gidilmi\u015f ve yeni cumhuriyetin ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 yap\u0131lan oylama sonucu oy \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla Gazi Mustafa Kemal se\u00e7ildi. Ertesi g\u00fcn \u0130smet Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan ilk cumhuriyet kabinesi kurulmu\u015ftur.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Cumhuriyetin il\u00e2n\u0131 halk taraf\u0131ndan sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u0131navlardan ge\u00e7erek \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan her zorlu\u011fu birlik ve beraberlik i\u00e7erisinde atlatan T\u00fcrk milleti mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fini i\u015fte bu \u00e7aba neticesinde eline alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de Ankara\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbi\u2019nden yenik ayr\u0131lan memleketin topraklar\u0131 \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgale u\u011fram\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131. 19 May\u0131s 1919\u2019da Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Samsun\u2019a ayak basmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi tarihimizde ilk defa ki\u015fi egemenli\u011finden millet egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Atat\u00fcrk i\u00e7in mill\u00ee egemenlik ve tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelemizin temelini olu\u015fturuyordu. Bunu att\u0131\u011f\u0131 her ad\u0131mda \u00f6nemle vurgulam\u0131\u015f ve hayat\u0131n\u0131 bu u\u011furda m\u00fccadele ederek ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Tarihimiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz eden Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee kararlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130ngilizlerin \u0130stanbul\u2019u i\u015fgali ve Mebusan Meclisi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 yeni bir meclis kurma zorunlulu\u011funu da ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130stanbul\u2019dan gelmeyi ba\u015farabilen mebuslar\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla yeni meclis 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de Ankara\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6rev ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihler s\u00fcresince olduk\u00e7a demokratik bir meclis olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015f olan Birinci T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadeleyi ba\u015far\u0131yla sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek kurucu meclis olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini de \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmeler sonucunda h\u00e2kimiyetin kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete ait oldu\u011fu 1921 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Anayasas\u0131 ile kanunen g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve bunu takiben 1 Kas\u0131m 1922 tarihinde Saltanat kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 29 Ekim 1923 tarihinde Cumhuriyetin il\u00e2n edilmesi ile birlikte Mill\u00ee Egemenlik tam anlam\u0131yla sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Ak\u015fin, Sina, K\u0131sa T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2018<\/p>\n

    Altay, Fahrettin, G\u00f6r\u00fcp Ge\u00e7irdiklerim On Y\u0131l Sava\u015f Ve Sonras\u0131 1912-1922, \u0130nsel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,\u00a0 \u0130stanbul 1970<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk, Kemal, Nutuk- 1. Cilt ( 1919-1920), Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul, 1970<\/p>\n

    Atat\u00fcrk, Kemal, Nutuk \u2013 2.Cilt ( 1920-1927), \u00a0Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul, 1970<\/p>\n

    Aydemir, \u015eevket S\u00fcreyya, Tek Adam Mustafa Kemal 1919-1922, Cilt 2, Remzi Kitabevi, 17.Bas\u0131m,1999<\/p>\n

    Aysal, Necdet, Atat\u00fcrk D\u00f6neminde \u0130\u00e7 Politika. T.F.Ertan ( Ed.), Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi, Ankara, 2019, Siyasal Kitabevi<\/p>\n

    Dal, Kemal, Mill\u00ee Egemenlik Ve Temsili, AAMD, II. Kas\u0131m ( 1985). Say\u0131 4<\/p>\n

    Din\u00e7er, Hasan, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 Ve Yeni T\u00fcrk Devletinin Kurulu\u015fu. T. F. Ertan ( Ed.), Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi, Ankara, 2019, Siyasal Kitabevi<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6zler, Kemal, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Hukuku, Bursa, Ekin, 2000<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6z\u00fcb\u00fcy\u00fck, A. \u015eeref\u00a0 & Kili Suna, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Metinleri Sened-i \u0130ttifaktan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1985<\/p>\n

    \u00d6z\u00fc\u00e7etin Ya\u015far & \u0130nce Y\u00fcksel, Meclis Celse Zab\u0131tlar\u0131 Temelinde Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye, Uluslararas\u0131 Tarih Ve Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi s:7, 2012<\/p>\n

    Tan\u00f6r, B\u00fclent, Osmanl\u0131 – T\u00fcrk Anayasal Geli\u015fmeleri, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2017<\/p>\n

    T.B.M.M. Zab\u0131t Ceridesi, Devre 1. Cilt 1.\u0130\u00e7tima 1. 23.4.1920 Cuma ss.2<\/p>\n

    T.B.M.M. Zab\u0131t Ceridesi; Devre 1. Cilt 1. \u0130\u00e7tima 2. 24.4.1920 Cumartesi ss.8,9<\/p>\n

    T.B.M.M. Zab\u0131t Ceridesi, Devre 1. Cilt 1. \u0130\u00e7tima 2. 24.4.1920 Cumartesi ss. 38<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk \u0130stiklal Harbi II\u2019 nci Cilt Bat\u0131 Cephesi VI. K\u0131s\u0131m IV. Kitap, Genelkurmay Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara- 1969<\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> Kemal Dal, Mill\u00ee Egemenlik Ve Temsili, AAMD, II. Kas\u0131m ( 1985). Say\u0131 4 s.97<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Nutuk- 1. Cilt ( 1919-1920), Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul, 1970 s.421,422<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> TBMMZC, Devre 1, Cilt 1, \u0130\u00e7tima 1, 23. 4. 1920 Cuma ss.2,3<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> B\u00fclent Tan\u00f6r, Osmanl\u0131 – T\u00fcrk Anayasal Geli\u015fmeleri, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2017, s.231<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> TBMMZC, Devre 1, Cilt 1, \u0130\u00e7tima, 2, 24.4.1920 Cumartesi ss.8,9<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.235<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> TBMMZC, Devre 1, Cilt 1, \u0130\u00e7tima 2, 24.4.1920 Cumartesi ss.38<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Din\u00e7er, H. ( 2019).T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin A\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 Ve Yeni T\u00fcrk Devletinin Kurulu\u015fu. T. F. Ertan ( Ed.), Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi ( s. 107). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> \u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam Mustafa Kemal 1919-1922, Cilt 2, Remzi Kitabevi, 17.Bas\u0131m, 1999 s.255<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> Din\u00e7er, a.g.m., s.107<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> \u00d6z\u00fc\u00e7etin Ya\u015far & \u0130nce Y\u00fcksel, Meclis Celse Zab\u0131tlar\u0131 Temelinde Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye, Uluslararas\u0131 Tarih Ve Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dergisi s:7 ( 2012), s ( 225-253)<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.269<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.234<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a>Aydemir, a.g.e., s.253<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> Fahrettin Altay, G\u00f6r\u00fcp Ge\u00e7irdiklerim On Y\u0131l Sava\u015f Ve Sonras\u0131 1912-1922, \u0130nsel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,\u00a0 \u0130stanbul 1970,\u00a0 s.238<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.247<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s. 249,250<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.252<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> Dal, a.g.m., s.104<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s. 255<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> Kemal G\u00f6zler, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Hukuku, Bursa, Ekin, 2000, s.51<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> G\u00f6zler, a.g.e., s.53<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.267<\/p>\n

    [24]<\/a> Tan\u00f6r, a.g.e., s.277<\/p>\n

    [25]<\/a> Aysal, N. ( 2019). Atat\u00fcrk D\u00f6neminde \u0130\u00e7 Politika. T.F.Ertan ( Ed.), Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi ( s.153). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi<\/p>\n

    [26]<\/a> A.\u015eeref G\u00f6z\u00fcb\u00fcy\u00fck ve Suna Kili, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Metinleri Sened-i \u0130ttifaktan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara,1985 s.95<\/p>\n

    [27]<\/a> G\u00f6z\u00fcb\u00fcy\u00fck ve Kili, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Metinleri, s. 96,97<\/p>\n

    [28]<\/a> T\u00fcrk \u0130stiklal Harbi II\u2019 nci Cilt Bat\u0131 Cephesi VI. K\u0131s\u0131m IV. Kitap, Genelkurmay Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara- 1969 s.265<\/p>\n

    [29]<\/a> Sina Ak\u015fin, K\u0131sa T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2018 s. 183<\/p>\n

    [30]<\/a> T\u0130H, II\u2019 nci Cilt Bat\u0131 Cephesi VI. K\u0131s\u0131m s.266<\/p>\n

    [31]<\/a> Ak\u015fin, a.g.e., s. 183<\/p>\n

    [32]<\/a> Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, Nutuk \u2013 Cilt 2 ( 1920-1927), \u00a0Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul, 1970, s.803<\/p>\n

    [33]<\/a> T\u0130H, II\u2019 nci Cilt Bat\u0131 Cephesi VI. K\u0131s\u0131m s.266<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Hande Araz Tekin bu yaz\u0131s\u0131nda mill\u00ee egemenli\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Milet Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan itibaren hangi a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7erek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini i\u015flemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":137,"featured_media":10006,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[2,64,66,68],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nBirinci T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi ve mill\u00ee egemenlik yolunda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar - M\u0130SAK- Mill\u00ee Strateji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurulu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TBMM, daha ilk g\u00fcnden itibaren kendisini kurucu bir meclis olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, yeni bir devlet kurman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn gereklerini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 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